Great Basin Desert - Knowledge (XXG)

2201: 2771: 479:. Rising 14,000 feet (4,300 m) above sea level, this mountain range casts a large rain shadow over the desert. Weather coming in from the Pacific Ocean quickly loses its moisture as rain and snow as it is forced up and over the steep mountains. By the time it reaches the east side of the mountains, little moisture is left to bring to the desert. The rain shadow effect is more pronounced closer to the Sierra Nevada, with yearly precipitation in the Great Basin desert averaging 9 inches (230 mm) in the west and 12 inches (300 mm) inches in the east. Moisture that manages to reach the ecoregion tends to precipitate as rain and snow in higher elevations, primarily over the region's long, parallel mountains. Ultimately, any precipitation that falls within the desert fails to drain either to the 2666: 2544: 2880: 3079: 456:, from the former "Northern Basin and Range" ecoregion and renamed it the "Great Basin Shrub Steppe". Although the EPA had refined the boundaries of the Central Basin and Range ecoregion by 2003, when USGS geographer Christopher Soulard wrote his reports on the region, his maps used the 1999 boundary for the "Central Basin and Range", which is essentially the same as the "Great Basin Shrub Steppe". He states that the Great Basin Desert is "encompassed within" that area. 3015: 2176:) also characterize this zone, although native bunchgrasses once thrived amongst sagebrush. Historical fire suppression, adjusted fire frequency following the introduction of annual grasses and widespread livestock grazing have contributed to contraction of the sagebrush zone. According to Noss, 99 percent of the sagebrush-grass zone has been damaged by livestock, with major damage in 30 percent of the zone. Other shrubs commonly found in the sagebrush zone are 71: 2123: 393: 2419: 53: 3091:

vulnerable to the forces of extinction - generally small populations have less genetic diversity and therefore a lesser ability to adapt to changing conditions. Groundwater pumping, road and home construction, grazing, and mining are all activities that alter habitat; as more habitat is affected, the threat of extinction increases. The Great Basin desert is home to many threatened and endangered species:

2272: 2334: 2952: 2054: 4256: 499: 4144: 4001: 3893: 3565: 2649:, cover the lower basin slopes. These shrubs distinguish the Lahontan salt shrub basin and the Tonopah Basin from other Nevada salt shrub ecoregions. Sand dunes may occur where windblown sand accumulates against a barrier; dune complexes support a specialized plant community and diverse small mammal populations. The 2926:

grows only sparsely through the shrub layer due to combined effects of past fire, logging, and local climate factors, including lack of summer rain and the pattern of winter cold air inversions. Where extensive woodlands do exist, understory diversity tends to be very low, especially in closed canopy

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The bristlecone pine is an important species that is indicative of the Great Basin desert. Bristlecones live a long time, some for thousands of years. The harsh areas they occupy are often devoid of other plant life, so there is little competition and reduced risk of fire. The trees grow very slowly,

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Isolated from one mountain range to the next, montane communities in the region have long individual histories, each one affected differently by chance factors of migration over vast expanses of desert. Smaller communities are also vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change and to genetic drift.

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is high. These shrubs and associated grasses typically produce abundant small seeds that are harvested by rodents and insects. The soil salinity and lack of moisture in this zone is not very conducive to most agriculture; however, livestock grazing and grain farming have historically contributed to a

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characterizes the desert: wide valleys bordered by parallel mountain ranges generally oriented north–south. There are more than 33 peaks within the desert with summits higher than 9,800 feet (3,000 m), but valleys in the region are also high, most with elevations above 3,900 feet (1,200 m).

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gained in elevation. This translates to as much as a 30 °F (17 °C) difference between mountaintops and valley floors on the same day at the same time. In the heat of summer this difference can be even more pronounced. With some exceptions wind generally increases with elevation or altitude

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The trees are widely spaced and have an understory of a mixture of shrubs and herbaceous plants, often with nearly bare ground. These characteristics have led this zone to be named the "pygmy forest" by many scientists. The lower end of this zone is dominated by juniper; the middle is a combination

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can also indicate the boundaries of the Great Basin Desert. In 1987 J.M. Omernik defined a desert ecoregion between the Sierra Nevada and Wasatch Range, naming it the "Northern Basin and Range" ecoregion. In 1999, the U.S. EPA renamed the "Northern Basin and Range" the "Central Basin and Range" and

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The topography of the Great Basin desert ("island" mountain tops separated from one another by vast expanses of desert valleys) renders it vulnerable to extinctions. Populations that occupy the high peaks are isolated from one another; therefore, they cannot interbreed. Small populations are more

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The elevational range of this zone varies, but it is usually found between 6,000 and 8,000 feet (1,800 and 2,400 m), with lower limits determined by lack of moisture and the upper limits determined by temperature. The pinyon-juniper community consists of short evergreen trees that rarely grow

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The Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland ecoregion at 6,500 to 8,000 feet (2,000 to 2,400 m) of elevation is analogous in altitudinal range to other woodland areas in Nevada. However, continuous woodland is not as prevalent on the mountains of central Nevada as in other woodland

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defines its Central Basin and Range ecoregion as Level III: it is at the third level of a tree of ecoregions that cover North America. It further defines sub-ecoregions at Level IV, which describe differences in the ecoregion at different locations. The map shows the Level IV EPA ecoregions in

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communities in the desert. Across the high desert there are numerous sub-climates correlating to the varied elevations. Heading from the valley bottoms to the mountain peaks one will encounter constantly changing combinations of plant and animal species making up some 200 distinct biological

2463:: they have a higher salt content than those of the Lahontan and Tonopah playas ecoregion, below. Water levels and salinity varies from year to year. During dry periods salt encrustation and wind erosion occur. Vegetation is mostly absent, although scattered salt-tolerant plants, such as 2377:

communities of the Great Basin desert cut across all elevations and life zones. In the Great Basin desert surface water is rapidly lost by evaporation or infiltration. However, areas around streams where plant life is abundant constitute a riparian area. Water-loving plants like

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The climate of the Great Basin desert is characterized by extremes: hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters; frigid alpine ridges and warm, windy valleys; days over 90 °F (32 °C) followed by nights near 40 °F (4 °C). This is the climate of the high desert.

2353:. Treeline is generally found above 10,000 feet (3,000 m) in the Great Basin desert, moving downslope with higher latitudes. The plants that grow above treeline are separated from other such areas by miles of foothills and valleys. This "island" phenomenon produces many 331:

forests. The significant variation between valleys and peaks has created a variety of habitat niches which has in turn led to many small, isolated populations of genetically unique plant and animal species throughout the region. According to Grayson, more than 600 species of

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and fewer associated shrubs surround these playas than in other, lower more arid ecoregions in the west, including the Lahontan salt shrub ecoregion and the Tonopah Basin ecoregion. Valleys with permanent water support endemic fish populations, such as the

3753:] deserved recognition…and defined it…as the interior drainage lying between the Sierra Nevada and the Wasatch Mountains of Utah. For the purpose of this study I am defining the Great Basin Desert as the high elevation desert that lacks Creosote Bush. 2267:

The taller ranges of the Great Basin desert have a montane community. Due to the great distances created by basins between these small forest habitats, various rock substrates, and local climates, montane forests are tremendously varied across the desert.

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The Lahontan uplands are restricted to the highest elevations of the mountains ranges within the Lahontan salt shrub basin. Slopes vary in elevation from 6,400 to 8,800 feet (2,000 to 2,700 m) and are covered in sagebrush, grasses, and scattered

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layer formed by carbonates leaching through the soil and accumulating. As a result, shrub cover is sparse in contrast to other sagebrush-covered ecoregions in Nevada. The grass understory grades from a dominance of cool season grasses, such as

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over 20 feet in height. This zone of dense vegetation, made possible by thermal inversions and increased precipitation, is important to a wide variety of isolated animals that rely on this vegetation interface for survival (for example,

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conditions. The amount of water and the soil type in any one area will determine exactly which plants will live there. Certain areas of the valley floors may harbor no life. These parched areas that flood periodically are called

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live in the floristic Great Basin, which has a similar areal footprint to the ecoregion. Sixty-three of these species have been identified as species of conservation concern due to contracting natural habitats (for example,

2200: 2846:. The combination of summer moisture and a limestone or dolomite substrate affects regional vegetation, particularly in terms of species dominance and elevational distribution. The substrate favors shrubs, such as 2899:

dominates on the volcanic hills and alluvial fans. This ecoregion tends to have lower species diversity than other sagebrush ecoregions, because of its aridity and isolation from more species-rich areas. Saline

376:. Different locations in the desert have different amounts of precipitation depending on the strength of these rain shadows. The environment is influenced by Pleistocene lakes that dried after the last ice age: 2613:. This ecoregion has limited grazing potential. Windblown salt dust from exposed playas may affect upland soils and vegetation. The Lahontan and Tonopah playas are important as wildlife habitat, as well as for 2515:, which dominates ecoregion 13c at somewhat higher elevation. The basins in Nevada, in contrast to those in Utah, are more constricted in area and are more influenced by nearby mountain ranges with extensive 3041:

and associated arid land shrubs cover broad rolling valleys, hills, and alluvial fans. However, unlike the Lahontan salt shrub basin and Upper Lahontan basin, the shrubs often co-dominate in highly diverse

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the "(Snake River) High Desert" the "Northern Basin and Range". The World Wildlife Fund adopted the Basin and Range ecoregions from Omernik, but excised a small region of high-altitude areas which contain

3006:) is high enough to have an alpine zone, but lacks a suitable substrate to retain snowmelt moisture. The isolation of these "sky islands" has led to the development of many rare and endemic plant species. 2398:

are found along these wet areas. The willow has a spreading root network that allows it to reach all around for water and it also helps streams by slowing erosion. These plants provide wood for

2138:) and grasses just above the shadscale zone. This expanse, called the sagebrush zone, constitutes the largest amount of land in the desert (38.7 percent) and is dominated by big sagebrush ( 513:

On any given day, the weather across the Great Basin desert is variable. The region is extremely mountainous, and the temperatures vary depending on the elevation. In general, temperature

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This article describes the general ecology of the region, including the high-elevation areas, and does not rely on minor differences in the definitions of the ecoregion or desert. See

2770: 2982:. They contrast with the High-elevation Carbonate Mountains to the east, where the mountain brush zone is too narrow to be mapped as a separate ecoregion. Scattered groves of 364:

The ecology of the desert varies across geography also. The desert's high elevation and location between mountain ranges influences regional climate: the desert formed by the

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Scientists have different definitions of the Great Basin Desert, which are often defined by negatives. J. Robert Macey defines the "Great Basin scrub desert as lacking

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sediments that are found in lower parts of the Lahontan Basin. Because moisture increases and alkalinity decreases with elevation, the shrub community grades from the

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Hoekstra, J. M.; Molnar, J. L.; Jennings, M.; Revenga, C.; Spalding, M. D.; Boucher, T. M.; Robertson, J. C.; Heibel, T. J.; Ellison, K. (2010). Molnar, J. L. (ed.).

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The pattern of 'basin and range' with adjacent basins and ranges in this region results in incredible biological diversity. Climate, elevation, soil type, and many

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The Shadscale-dominated saline basins ecoregion is arid, internally drained and gently sloping to nearly flat. These basins are in, or are characteristic of, the

2657:, originating in the Sierra Nevada, provide water for irrigated farming. Riparian corridors along these rivers support the only trees found in this ecoregion. 3797: 3364:

was extended further east, contracting the eastern portion of the Central Basin and Range to the south, separating it from the Snake River Plain ecoregion.

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potential. The salt deserts provide wildlife habitat and serve some recreational, military, and industrial uses. A prime example of this ecoregion is the

5290: 2966:, they lack Sierra species due to the dry conditions. These barren-looking mountains are covered instead by dense mountain brush that is dominated by 2665: 2887:

The Central Nevada high valleys ecoregion contains sagebrush-covered rolling valleys that are generally over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation.

2503:: they are higher in elevation and colder in winter than the Lahontan salt shrub basin ecoregion to the west. Light-colored soils with high salt and 30:"Great Basin shrub steppe" and "Central Basin and Range ecoregion" redirect here. For desert ecology of northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon, see 5295: 2838:

The basins and semi-arid uplands of the Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys surround the carbonate ranges of eastern Nevada. These valleys are underlain by

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illustrates the boundaries of the "(Snake River) High Desert", which had been split off earlier from Ormernik's "Snake River Basin/High Desert".

2943:, which straddles the transition between this mid-elevation brushland and the mountain brush zone of the higher Central Nevada Bald Mountains. 2637:, winters are cold enough in this ecoregion to discourage the northward dispersal of Mojavean species into the Lahontan Basin. In addition to 3833: 3442: 3312: 4010: 2058: 281: 119: 4070:

Eiswerth, M.E.; Shonkwiler, J.S. (2006). "Examining post-wildfire reseeding on arid rangeland: A multivariate tobit modelling approach".

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that spans the Nevada-Oregon border. However, as in the warmer Lahontan Basin to the west, lightning fires are common and a post-fire

2811: 2543: 31: 5305: 4288: 131: 5138: 5058: 3233: 5239: 4162: 3584: 3322: 2879: 2810:. The ecoregion is wetter and cooler than other Nevada ecoregions in its elevation range. The ecoregion is transitional to the 2597:. Playas occur in the lowest elevation of the Lahontan Basin, and represent the terminus or sink of rivers running east of the 2427: 2029: 532:, located in a central part of the Great Basin desert, provides perhaps the best example of a typical climate for the region. 285: 76: 5280: 4238: 3434: 4153: 2962:

The Central Nevada Bald Mountains are dry and mostly treeless. Although they rise only 100 miles (160 km) east of the

453: 4260: 3724: 3692: 5270: 2357:- species that have evolved while isolated on a particular mountain peak or range and are found only in that one place. 2310: 2276: 106: 3029:. The basin shows varying characteristics of both deserts. The west side of the Tonopah Basin is a continuation of the 2212: 3306: 3286: 3244: 2432: 2338: 2262: 460: 434: 35: 2609:

may grow around the perimeter in the transition to the salt shrub community, where they often stabilize areas of low

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to the east, is lower in elevation and warmer in winter. Although there is a direct connection to the south to the

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vegetation common to this ecoregion has a higher tolerance for extremes in temperature, aridity, and salinity than

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Nevada. The low-elevation ecoregions lie in the Great Basin shrub steppe, while the high-elevation ones lie in the

1033:, due to the region's higher elevation and latitude. Winters in this section of the basin are still cold, however. 1025:, precipitation is rare, and summers are hot, though temperatures are more moderate than those in deserts like the 315: 3805: 2717:. The low hills and mountains of the Lahontan Basin experience frequent summer lightning and fire. The introduced 3227: 3222: 3205: 1528:. Although still arid, it is worthy to note that this portion of the desert receives more precipitation than the 529: 339: 125: 4838: 5285: 4961: 3294: 3250: 3238: 3138: 2407: 2094: 2082: 539:

Climate data for Great Basin National Park - Lehman Caves Visitor Center (elevation 6,840 feet (2,080 m))

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spilling from the surrounding mountain ranges fill the valleys, often leaving little intervening flat ground.

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The drop in soil salinity and increase in moisture as elevation increases leads to a transition to sagebrush (

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This dry climate and rugged topography proves too harsh for many plant and animal species; however, genetic

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The Lahontan salt shrub basin is an expansive dry plain that was once below Pleistocene Lake Lahontan. The

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dominate areas with steep rocky slopes and shallow soils. Introduced annual grasses such as cheatgrass (

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producing very dense, disease-resistant wood. These factors contribute to the bristlecone's long life.

288:. It is a temperate desert with hot, dry summers and snowy winters. The desert spans large portions of 2045:

communities. These communities can be generally grouped into six general communities or "life zones".

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climate is typical of lower elevations in the western part of the Great Basin desert. Located in the

320: 5249: 5048: 4886: 4700: 4620: 4542: 3262: 3078: 2698: 2403: 2318: 2205: 1525: 438: 273: 210: 89: 300:. The desert is one of the four biologically defined deserts in North America, in addition to the 5222: 5078: 5038: 4976: 4941: 4931: 4334: 3399: 2807: 2606: 2448: 2229: 2149: 2086: 476: 396:

Ecoregions as currently delineated by the Environmental Protection Agency and World Wildlife Fund

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in the southeast portion of the Lahontan Basin, but it is otherwise absent from this ecoregion.

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The Tonopah Basin lies in the transition between the Great Basin Desert and the more southerly

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The Atlas of Global Conservation: Changes, Challenges, and Opportunities to Make a Difference

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Climate data for Knolls, Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah. (Elevation 4,250 feet (1,300 m))

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The Great Basin Desert is defined by its animals and plants, yet the boundaries are unclear.

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Endangered ecosystems of the United States; a preliminary assessment of loss and degradation

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In the lower valley bottoms where mountain run off evaporates to create saline soils is the

1524:, located near the northeast corner of the Great Basin desert, is an excellent example of a 509:

as air descends and compresses, resulting in arid warming on the leeward side of a mountain.

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Then and now: a photographic history of vegetation change in the central Great Basin desert

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Map of ecoregions in Nevada. Some of the Level IV ecoregions are described in this article.

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The Upper Humboldt Plains ecoregion is an area of rolling plains punctuated by occasional

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The Biogeography of a Herpetofaunal Transition Between the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts

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is common in extensive areas of shallow, stony soil, as are cool season grasses, such as

2758:, dominate the understory in the north, but are replaced by warm-season grasses, such as 17: 5158: 5153: 5128: 5106: 5068: 5063: 4986: 4981: 4783: 4763: 4705: 4677: 4567: 4562: 4552: 4547: 4499: 4494: 4457: 4397: 4387: 4377: 3870: 3575: 3427: 3059: 3030: 2827: 2626: 2516: 2294: 2122: 2081:. On the shores of the playas, shadscale is the dominant plant, but is kept company by 1030: 1018: 525:

to these conditions have led to reasonably high species richness within the ecoregion.

484: 480: 392: 373: 305: 3599: 2677:, and low mountains comprise the Lahontan sagebrush slopes ecoregion. These areas are 5264: 5088: 5083: 5033: 4971: 4956: 4946: 4881: 4856: 4828: 4768: 4758: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4710: 4655: 4645: 4519: 4422: 4407: 4382: 4372: 4357: 3051: 3026: 2999: 2979: 2956: 2910: 2795: 2747: 2654: 2634: 2590: 2512: 2346: 2302: 2157: 2153: 2090: 2073: 2069: 1873: 1370: 1026: 869: 430: 404: 377: 301: 265: 261: 4083: 3953: 3931: 3505: 2418: 52: 5190: 5143: 4667: 4660: 4650: 4534: 4524: 4437: 4427: 4392: 4319: 3055: 2971: 2888: 2803: 2783: 2731: 2674: 2650: 2532: 2391: 2387: 2220: 2145: 422: 3852: 3463: 3037:

on the east side is more like the Mojave Desert. Similar to basins further north,

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or to the Pacific Ocean (thus the term "basin"). Instead, precipitation drains to

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grow to the mountaintops above the woodland zone. Cool-season grasses, including

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is adjacent and above the sagebrush zone. The main plants in this community are

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Lightning-sparked wildfires are common occurrences in the Great Basin desert.

2152:. Areas in this zone that have wetter and less saline soils are dominated by 5215: 4612: 4106: 4056: 3038: 2975: 2905: 2851: 2839: 2721:

tends to replace the shrub community and provides fuel for recurrent fires.

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of the Sierra Nevada that blocks moisture from the Pacific Ocean, while the

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Status and Trends of Land Change in the Western United States—1973 to 2000

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substrate to surface as valley springs. Isolated valley drainages support

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Some mountain ranges in the Great Basin desert are high enough to have an

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understory. Other species of junipers also occur in this zone, including

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and thus strong winds are often encountered on mountain tops and ridges.

450: 384:. Each of these lakes left different amounts of salinity and alkalinity. 94: 34:. For more details on the ecology of high elevation in this region, see 4592: 3698:. In Mac, M.J.; Opler, P.A.; Puckett Haeker, C.E.; et al. (eds.). 3405:. In Sleeter, Benjamin M.; Wilson, Tamara S.; Acevedo, William (eds.). 2923: 2859: 2855: 2823: 2555: 2528: 2484: 1040:

Climate data for Fallon, Nevada. (Elevation 3,960 feet (1,210 m))

498: 328: 3871:"Level III Ecoregions of the Continental United States (revised 2003)" 3373:

Both areas correspond to Omernik's Northern Basin and Range ecoregion.

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The nearly level and often barren Lahontan and Tonopah playas contain

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zone. Plants in this community are adapted to living with very little

4597: 4442: 4309: 4298: 2642: 2504: 2399: 2379: 2144:) shrubland. The sagebrush zone occurs on the lower mountain slopes, 323:: from low salty dry lakes, up through rolling sagebrush valleys, to 289: 197: 177: 60: 3747:

Banta & Tanner (1964) felt that the Great Basin Desert [

3702:. Vol. 2. Reno, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from 4504: 4417: 4051:. Vol. Series B. International Union of Biological Sciences. 3506:"Deserts - Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)" 3077: 3013: 2990:

in moister microsites grow above the shrub layer. A few scattered

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often dominates drier, warmer south-facing slopes. Pure stands of

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are found in the middle elevations of some mountain ranges, while

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Vegetational zonation in the Great Basin of western North America

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is the major land use, though there is some agriculture near the

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occupy the higher elevations, continuing to the upper tree line.

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Brussard, P.F.; Charlet, D.A.; Dobkin, D.S.; Ball, L.C. (1998).

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Rowland, M.M.; Wisdom, M.J.; Suring, L.H.; Meinke, C.W. (2006).

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community on the basin floor, to a shrub community dominated by

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The Great Basin desert climate begins with the Sierra Nevada in

407:." The Great Basin Desert includes several arid basins lacking 293: 268:. The desert is a geographical region that largely overlaps the 182: 4270: 3798:"Ecoregional Boundaries; Omernik Ecoregions Level 3, Metadata" 3749: 2032:

variables greatly influence the diversity and distribution of

3046:. The shrub understory includes warm-season grasses, such as 495:. The desert is the coldest of the deserts in North America. 3660:

Level III and IV Ecoregions of the Continental United States

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and associated grasses are common on the flatter areas, and

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grow on ranges that exceed 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The

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of both species, and the upper end is dominated by pinyon.

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for more specific details on the high-elevation ecoregion.

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Land-Cover Trends of the Central Basin and Range Ecoregion

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The desert's past; a natural prehistory of the Great Basin

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valleys," as well as all but the southeast portion of the

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The biological communities of the Great Basin Desert vary

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The Sagebrush Ocean: A Natural History Of The Great Basin

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create a barrier effect that restricts moisture from the

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is the dominant shrub in more saline areas or where the

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community; a community of low growing plants above the

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Status and trends of the nation's biological resources

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Sagebrush in the Upper Humboldt Plains (13m) ecoregion

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The Salt desert ecoregion is composed of nearly level

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which includes part of the Great Basin scrub desert.

3954:"Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information" 3932:"Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information" 3409:. U.S. Geological Survey. Professional Paper 1794–A. 2507:

content occur and are dry for extended periods. The

5201: 5176: 5167: 5119: 5097: 5024: 5015: 4847: 4804: 4782: 4729: 4686: 4611: 4533: 4475: 4466: 4343: 4138: 4136: 3530:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2922:

ecoregions, such as ecoregions 13d and 13q. Pinyon-

242: 234: 229: 206: 170: 162: 157: 149: 141: 112: 100: 88: 83: 43: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 3636:. Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. 3426: 75:The Great Basin Desert, as marked on a map by the 4097:Noss, R.F.; LaRoe, E.T. III; Scott, J.M. (1995). 3768:"Ecoregions: a framework for managing ecosystems" 4155:Level IV Ecoregions of Nevada--poster front side 2871:(an indicator of summer rainfall) in the south. 2867:, in the north, to warm season grasses, such as 2822:tends to replace the native grasses and shrubs. 2917:Central Nevada mid-slope woodland and brushland 1536:on the western edge of the Great Basin desert. 3887: 3885: 3883: 3828:. University of California Press. p. 32. 3817: 3815: 3393: 3391: 3389: 491:via streams, or disappears via evaporation or 4282: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 2782:and low mountains. It is mostly underlain by 2114:decline in the already scattered vegetation. 8: 2016:Source: The Western Regional Climate Center 1513:Source: The Western Regional Climate Center 4101:. National Biological Service. p. 58. 3792: 3790: 3788: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3118:Astragalas lentiginosus var. sesquimetralis 3070:are found in valleys with perennial water. 2459:. These features are characteristic of the 515:decreases 3.6 degrees F for every 1000 feet 5173: 5021: 4472: 4289: 4275: 4267: 1539: 1036: 535: 3847: 3845: 3653: 3651: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 2105:. Trees are not found in this community. 3995: 3993: 3991: 3718: 3716: 3479: 3477: 3458: 3456: 3454: 437:valleys" have creosote bush, unlike the 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3400:"20. Central Basin and Range Ecoregion" 3385: 3340: 3054:. Endemic fish species, including the 132:Wasatch and Uinta Mountains (ecoregion) 2641:, other salt-tolerant shrubs, such as 40: 3825:The Great Basin: A Natural Prehistory 3313:Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge 7: 4233:. Reno: University of Nevada Press. 2059:Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge 282:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 120:Northern Basin and Range (ecoregion) 4215:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 4193:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 3328:Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge 2904:may occur on available flats. Less 2709:towards the northeast, outside the 2321:are also common in this community. 27:Desert in the western United States 3693:"Great Basin-Mojave Desert Region" 3362:Northern Basin and Range ecoregion 3318:Ruby Lake National Wildlife Refuge 2812:Northern Basin and Range ecoregion 2519:exposures, which provide water by 57:Central Basin and Range from space 32:Northern Basin and Range ecoregion 25: 5291:Central Basin and Range ecoregion 4213:Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office 4191:Nevada Fish & Wildlife Office 3956:. Western Regional Climate Center 3934:. Western Regional Climate Center 3723:Macey, J. Robert (May 28, 1986). 2495:Shadscale-dominated saline basins 278:Central Basin and Range ecoregion 4254: 4147: This article incorporates 4142: 4004: This article incorporates 3999: 3896: This article incorporates 3891: 3568: This article incorporates 3563: 3398:Soulard, Christopher E. (2012). 3234:Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest 69: 51: 5296:Ecoregions of the United States 4163:United States Geological Survey 4084:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.003 3585:United States Geological Survey 3323:Fallon National Wildlife Refuge 2428:Environmental Protection Agency 286:United States Geological Survey 3435:University of California Press 2681:and their soils lack the fine 1: 3853:"Great Basin montane forests" 3033:, while the lower and hotter 2947:Central Nevada Bald Mountains 2593:, which was once the size of 2277:Great Basin bristlecone pines 2223:, often with a sagebrush and 1946:Average snowfall inches (cm) 1443:Average snowfall inches (cm) 942:Average snowfall inches (cm) 3619:10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.048 3143:Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi 3103:Sterna antillarum athalassos 3021:is part of the Tonopah Basin 2911:Monitor Valley speckled dace 444:The study and definition of 107:Deserts and xeric shrublands 3904:Climate: Past & Present 3822:Grayson, Donald K. (2011). 3804:. EPA. 2003. Archived from 3307:South Egan Range Wilderness 3287:White Pine Range Wilderness 3245:Currant Mountain Wilderness 2875:Central Nevada high valleys 2834:Carbonate Sagebrush Valleys 2539:Lahontan and Tonopah playas 2433:Great Basin montane forests 2406:often provides shelter for 2263:Great Basin montane forests 2204:Pinyon-Juniper woodland in 1732:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 1662:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 1229:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 1159:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 728:Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 658:Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 461:Great Basin montane forests 296:, and extends into eastern 36:Great Basin montane forests 5322: 5301:Ecology of the Great Basin 4012:Ecology of the Great Basin 3802:NV Geospatial Data Browser 3766:Omernik, James M. (1995). 3485:"What is the Great Basin?" 3464:"Great Basin shrub steppe" 3212:Government Peak Wilderness 3064:Railroad Valley springfish 2984:curlleaf mountain-mahogany 2941:curlleaf mountain-mahogany 2738:grows with juniper on the 2483:and there is very limited 2260: 2015: 1542: 1512: 1039: 1011: 538: 316:Basin and range topography 29: 5235: 4305: 4229:Trimble, Stephen (1999). 3228:Highland Ridge Wilderness 3223:Great Basin National Park 3206:Goshute Canyon Wilderness 3060:Pahranagat roundtail chub 2661:Lahontan sagebrush slopes 2621:Lahontan salt shrub basin 2435:(as defined by the WWF). 2408:North American porcupines 1945: 1871: 1801: 1731: 1661: 1591: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1442: 1368: 1298: 1228: 1158: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 941: 867: 797: 727: 657: 587: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 530:Great Basin National Park 413:(chaparral) such as the " 388:Definition and boundaries 340:Centrocercus urophasianus 126:Sierra Nevada (ecoregion) 68: 50: 5306:Basin and Range Province 4183:"White River Spinedace ( 3730:(Report). Archived from 3574:Christopher E. Soulard. 3295:Mount Grafton Wilderness 3251:East Humboldt Wilderness 3239:Bald Mountain Wilderness 3139:Lahontan cutthroat trout 3056:Railroad Valley tui chub 2213:pinyon–juniper community 2196:Pinyon-Juniper community 493:absorption into the soil 270:Great Basin shrub steppe 46:Great Basin shrub steppe 18:Great Basin shrub steppe 4330:List of deserts by area 4109:. Biological Report 28. 4047:Billings, W.D. (1951). 3775:The George Wright Forum 3607:Biological Conservation 3487:. National Park Service 3301:Mount Moriah Wilderness 3275:Red Mountain Wilderness 3269:Quinn Canyon Wilderness 3257:High Schells Wilderness 2643:Shockley's desert-thorn 2586:are all that remain of 63:region, view due-south) 44:Central Basin and Range 4912:Gran Desierto de Altar 4149:public domain material 4006:public domain material 3898:public domain material 3859:. World Wildlife Fund. 3857:Terrestrial Ecoregions 3570:public domain material 3526:Grayson, D.K. (1993). 3470:. World Wildlife Fund. 3468:Terrestrial Ecoregions 3200:Bristlecone Wilderness 3087: 3068:White River springfish 3022: 2968:mountain big sagebrush 2959: 2937:mountain big sagebrush 2884: 2883:Ralston Valley, Nevada 2775: 2701:at higher elevations. 2670: 2551: 2533:Newark Valley tui chub 2423: 2342: 2279: 2236:Juniperus occidentalis 2217:singleleaf pinyon pine 2208: 2131: 2061: 2024:Biological communities 1522:Great Salt Lake Desert 510: 417:, Hammil, Benton, and 397: 358:Phrynosoma platyrhinos 5281:Deserts of California 5211:North American Arctic 4952:North American Arctic 4185:Lepidomeda albivallis 4020:National Park Service 3912:National Park Service 3663:, EPA, archived from 3632:Rogers, G.F. (1982). 3194:Becky Peak Wilderness 3163:Lepidomeda albivallis 3159:White River spinedace 3128:Spiranthes diluvialis 3084:Spiranthes diluvialis 3081: 3017: 2954: 2933:Wyoming big sagebrush 2893:Wyoming big sagebrush 2882: 2773: 2705:grasses increase the 2695:Wyoming big sagebrush 2668: 2546: 2489:Bonneville Salt Flats 2479:occur. Soils are not 2421: 2402:. In this community, 2384:narrowleaf cottonwood 2336: 2274: 2203: 2125: 2099:four-winged saltbrush 2056: 501: 395: 321:according to altitude 4263:at Wikimedia Commons 4072:Ecological Modelling 3281:Shellback Wilderness 2865:bluebunch wheatgrass 2800:bluebunch wheatgrass 2766:Upper Humboldt Plain 2756:bluebunch wheatgrass 2607:four-winged saltbush 2582:, remnant lakes and 2173:Halogeton glomeratus 2141:Artemisia tridentata 1592:Record high °F (°C) 1089:Record high °F (°C) 588:Record high °F (°C) 425:. Conversely, the " 5271:Great Basin deserts 5139:Los Médanos de Coro 4887:Channeled scablands 4510:Ramlat al-Sab'atayn 4205:"Utah prairie dog ( 3303:(Humboldt NF / BLM) 3263:Jarbidge Wilderness 3114:Sodaville milkvetch 2617:and military uses. 2562:, and intermittent 2404:silver buffaloberry 2206:Elko County, Nevada 1802:Record low °F (°C) 1526:cold desert climate 1299:Record low °F (°C) 798:Record low °F (°C) 439:Deep Springs Valley 274:World Wildlife Fund 4932:Jornada del Muerto 4335:Desert exploration 4261:Great Basin Desert 3124:Ute lady's tresses 3088: 3074:Endangered species 3023: 2960: 2935:grade upward into 2885: 2808:Sandberg bluegrass 2776: 2699:Lahontan sagebrush 2671: 2629:, compared to the 2552: 2531:fish, such as the 2424: 2369:Riparian community 2343: 2280: 2230:Juniperus communis 2209: 2132: 2062: 511: 477:eastern California 398: 310:Chihuahuan Deserts 254:Great Basin Desert 5276:Deserts of Nevada 5258: 5257: 5231: 5230: 5115: 5114: 4800: 4799: 4477:Arabian Peninsula 4433:Plaine des Sables 4259:Media related to 4207:Cynomys parvidens 3835:978-0-520-26747-3 3444:978-0-520-26256-0 3178:Cynomys parvidens 3153:Eremichthys acros 3035:Pahranagat Valley 2996:bristlecone pines 2713:influence of the 2647:Bailey greasewood 2568:Black Rock Desert 2549:Black Rock Desert 2337:Alpine tundra at 2315:Mountain mahogany 2311:bristlecone pines 2257:Montane community 2170:) and halogeton ( 2126:Sagebrush in the 2103:green rabbitbrush 2072:, high heat, and 2057:Valley bottom at 2020: 2019: 1517: 1516: 1023:Forty Mile Desert 1015: 1014: 503:Orographic uplift 410:Larrea tridentata 250: 249: 16:(Redirected from 5313: 5174: 5022: 4473: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4258: 4244: 4217: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4169: 4160: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4111: 4110: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4078:(1–2): 286–298. 4067: 4061: 4060: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4028: 4022:. Archived from 4017: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3909: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3849: 3840: 3839: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3794: 3783: 3782: 3772: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3697: 3688: 3669: 3668: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3540: 3539: 3523: 3510: 3509: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3492: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3460: 3449: 3448: 3432: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3358: 3352: 3345: 3174:Utah prairie dog 3048:Indian ricegrass 3019:Big Smoky Valley 3004:Big Smoky Valley 2927:areas. Areas of 2792:tuffaceous rocks 2762:, in the south. 2760:Indian ricegrass 2740:Stillwater Range 2725:Lahontan uplands 2697:and the endemic 2631:Bonneville Basin 2603:Black greasewood 2501:Bonneville Basin 2477:inland saltgrass 2473:black greasewood 2461:Bonneville Basin 2329:Alpine community 2307:Engelmann spruce 2246:Eutamias palmeri 2128:Virgin Mountains 1540: 1037: 536: 73: 55: 41: 21: 5321: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5286:Deserts of Utah 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5227: 5197: 5163: 5111: 5093: 5054:Nullarbor Plain 5011: 4922:Great Salt Lake 4867:Baja California 4843: 4814:Bardenas Reales 4796: 4778: 4731:Iranian Plateau 4725: 4682: 4607: 4588:Saryesik-Atyrau 4529: 4462: 4398:Farafra (White) 4339: 4325:List of deserts 4315:Desertification 4301: 4295: 4251: 4241: 4228: 4225: 4223:Further reading 4220: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4158: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4114: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3907: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3672: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3580: 3573: 3564: 3562: 3543: 3525: 3524: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3462: 3461: 3452: 3445: 3424: 3423: 3414: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3189: 3076: 3012: 2949: 2919: 2897:black sagebrush 2877: 2848:black sagebrush 2836: 2768: 2752:black sagebrush 2727: 2679:rock controlled 2663: 2623: 2576:Sarcobatus Flat 2547:A playa in the 2541: 2497: 2441: 2416: 2371: 2355:endemic species 2331: 2295:ponderosa pines 2265: 2259: 2198: 2167:Bromus tectorum 2162:black sagebrush 2120: 2051: 2026: 2021: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1518: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1016: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 505:resulting in a 469: 390: 382:Lake Bonneville 370:Rocky Mountains 352:Dipodomys ordii 346:Vulpes macrotis 280:defined by the 272:defined by the 256:is part of the 202: 137: 79: 64: 58: 45: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5319: 5317: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5223:Russian Arctic 5220: 5219: 5218: 5207: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5182: 5180: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5044:Great Victoria 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4992:Tule (Arizona) 4989: 4987:Tonopah Desert 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4962:Painted Desert 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4810: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4784:Southeast Asia 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4692: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563:Dasht-e Naomid 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4479: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4250: 4249:External links 4247: 4246: 4245: 4239: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4196: 4174: 4112: 4089: 4062: 4039: 3967: 3945: 3923: 3879: 3862: 3841: 3834: 3811: 3808:on 2014-01-12. 3784: 3758: 3712: 3709:on 2007-07-14. 3670: 3647: 3624: 3613:(3): 323–335. 3590: 3541: 3511: 3497: 3473: 3450: 3443: 3412: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3366: 3353: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3181: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3146: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3121: 3108: 3107: 3106: 3075: 3072: 3031:Lahontan Basin 3011: 3008: 2948: 2945: 2918: 2915: 2876: 2873: 2835: 2832: 2828:Humboldt River 2767: 2764: 2726: 2723: 2662: 2659: 2655:Truckee Rivers 2627:Lahontan Basin 2622: 2619: 2566:, such as the 2540: 2537: 2517:carbonate rock 2496: 2493: 2440: 2437: 2415: 2412: 2370: 2367: 2339:White Mountain 2330: 2327: 2261:Main article: 2258: 2255: 2197: 2194: 2119: 2118:Sagebrush zone 2116: 2107:Big greasewood 2050: 2049:Shadscale zone 2047: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1530:similar playas 1515: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 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659: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 585: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 541: 540: 534: 481:Atlantic Ocean 468: 465: 389: 386: 374:Gulf of Mexico 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 236: 232: 231: 227: 226: 219:cold semi-arid 208: 204: 203: 201: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 174: 172: 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 155: 154: 151: 150:Mammal species 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 136: 135: 129: 123: 116: 114: 110: 109: 104: 98: 97: 92: 86: 85: 81: 80: 74: 66: 65: 59:(central-west 56: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5318: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5234: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169:Polar regions 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5121:South America 5118: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4997:Tule (Nevada) 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4849:North America 4846: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Gurbantünggüt 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4515:Rub' al Khali 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4178: 4175: 4164: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4029:on 2015-07-15 4025: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4007: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3913: 3906: 3905: 3899: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3737:on 2015-07-14 3733: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3671: 3667:on 2016-01-23 3666: 3662: 3661: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3289:(Humboldt NF) 3288: 3285: 3283:(Humboldt NF) 3282: 3279: 3277:(Humboldt NF) 3276: 3273: 3271:(Humboldt NF) 3270: 3267: 3265:(Humboldt NF) 3264: 3261: 3259:(Humboldt NF) 3258: 3255: 3253:(Humboldt NF) 3252: 3249: 3247:(Humboldt NF) 3246: 3243: 3241:(Humboldt NF) 3240: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052:galleta grass 3049: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Mojave Desert 3020: 3016: 3010:Tonopah Basin 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 3000:Toiyabe Range 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:low sagebrush 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:Sierra Nevada 2958: 2957:Toiyabe Range 2953: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Alluvial fans 2881: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:Low sagebrush 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2772: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748:Low sagebrush 2745: 2744:Fairview Peak 2741: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715:Sierra Nevada 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:alluvial fans 2667: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635:Mojave Desert 2632: 2628: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:Sierra Nevada 2596: 2592: 2591:Lake Lahontan 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2513:big sagebrush 2510: 2506: 2502: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2420: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2341:in California 2340: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303:subalpine fir 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2240: 2238: 2237: 2232: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2202: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2158:Low sagebrush 2155: 2154:big sagebrush 2151: 2147: 2146:alluvial fans 2143: 2142: 2137: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2091:spiny hopsage 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2070:precipitation 2067: 2060: 2055: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:anthropogenic 2023: 2014: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1874:precipitation 1870: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1371:precipitation 1367: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 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283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 266:Wasatch Range 263: 262:Sierra Nevada 259: 255: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 209: 205: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 169: 166:United States 165: 161: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 133: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 115: 111: 108: 105: 103: 99: 96: 93: 91: 87: 82: 78: 72: 67: 62: 54: 49: 42: 37: 33: 19: 5191:Meyer Desert 5049:Little Sandy 4916: 4819:Cabo de Gata 4701:Indus Valley 4621:Badain Jaran 4543:Aral Karakum 4535:Central Asia 4525:Wahiba Sands 4438:Richtersveld 4363:Black Desert 4320:Polar desert 4230: 4212: 4206: 4199: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4166:. 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Retrieved 3467: 3428: 3406: 3369: 3356: 3349:this website 3343: 3177: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3127: 3117: 3102: 3089: 3082: 3024: 2972:serviceberry 2961: 2920: 2886: 2837: 2804:Idaho fescue 2784:volcanic ash 2777: 2732:Utah juniper 2728: 2707:productivity 2672: 2624: 2615:recreational 2564:saline lakes 2560:alkali flats 2553: 2523:through the 2498: 2457:saline lakes 2442: 2439:Salt deserts 2425: 2388:choke cherry 2372: 2344: 2323: 2285: 2281: 2266: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2221:Utah juniper 2210: 2171: 2165: 2139: 2133: 2063: 2027: 1876:inches (mm) 1519: 1373:inches (mm) 1017: 872:inches (mm) 527: 520: 512: 489:saline lakes 474: 470: 458: 443: 423:Owens Valley 408: 402: 399: 363: 356: 350: 344: 338: 314: 277: 269: 260:between the 253: 251: 235:Habitat loss 230:Conservation 222: 214: 207:Climate type 142:Bird species 5099:New Zealand 5079:Sturt Stony 5039:Great Sandy 4977:Smoke Creek 4942:Lechuguilla 4927:Great Sandy 4917:Great Basin 4558:Betpak-Dala 3781:(1): 35–51. 3347:The map on 3218:Great Basin 3149:Desert dace 2816:monoculture 2711:rain shadow 2588:Pleistocene 2572:Carson Sink 2521:percolation 2299:limber pine 2291:Douglas fir 2275:A grove of 2225:bitterbrush 2192:(ephedra). 2182:bitterbrush 2178:rabbitbrush 2111:water table 2083:iodine bush 523:adaptations 507:rain shadow 366:rain shadow 334:vertebrates 258:Great Basin 211:Cold desert 5265:Categories 5186:Antarctica 5149:Patagonian 5134:La Guajira 5074:Strzelecki 4967:Red Desert 4907:Forty Mile 4892:Chihuahuan 4872:Black Rock 4688:South Asia 4673:Taklamakan 4448:Tanezrouft 4240:0874173434 4168:2015-07-18 4033:2015-07-13 3960:August 28, 3917:2015-07-20 3741:2011-11-22 3491:2015-07-14 3381:References 3099:Least tern 3066:, and the 2869:blue grama 2820:cheatgrass 2719:cheatgrass 2703:Understory 2687:greasewood 2683:lacustrine 2611:sand dunes 2469:iodinebush 2465:pickleweed 2449:salt flats 2414:Subregions 2190:Mormon tea 446:ecoregions 298:California 276:, and the 188:California 5216:Greenland 5178:Antarctic 5026:Australia 4902:Escalante 4839:Deliblato 4696:Cholistan 4613:East Asia 4413:Moçâmedes 3536:668191550 3039:shadscale 3002:(west of 2976:snowberry 2906:shadscale 2852:winterfat 2840:limestone 2691:shadscale 2639:shadscale 2595:Lake Erie 2525:limestone 2453:mud flats 2426:The U.S. 2392:wild rose 2287:White fir 2186:snowberry 2136:Artemisia 2095:winterfat 2087:saltgrass 2066:shadscale 2038:grassland 2034:shrubland 1534:salt pans 485:ephemeral 243:Protected 158:Geography 5245:Category 4897:Colorado 4877:Carcross 4862:Amargosa 4834:Tabernas 4824:Monegros 4774:Registan 4578:Moiynkum 4573:Kyzylkum 4485:Ad-Dahna 4403:Kalahari 4353:Algerian 4107:32333902 4057:43401391 3938:April 1, 3187:See also 3170:Mammals 2844:dolomite 2788:rhyolite 2556:mudflats 2509:saltbush 2375:riparian 2351:treeline 2130:, Nevada 2042:woodland 1872:Average 1369:Average 1019:Fallon's 868:Average 451:Holocene 427:Panamint 415:Chalfant 264:and the 95:Nearctic 5250:Commons 5240:Project 5159:Tatacoa 5154:Sechura 5129:Atacama 5107:Rangipo 5069:Simpson 5064:Pedirka 5059:Painted 5017:Oceania 4982:Sonoran 4829:Oleshky 4706:Katpana 4678:Tengger 4603:Ustyurt 4593:Sarykum 4568:Karakum 4553:Barsuki 4548:Aralkum 4500:Judaean 4495:Arabian 4458:Western 4388:Eastern 4378:Danakil 4299:deserts 3642:8388381 3110:Plants 3044:mosaics 2924:juniper 2860:caliche 2856:hardpan 2824:Grazing 2742:and on 2673:Hills, 2580:Marshes 2529:endemic 2485:grazing 2400:beavers 2359:Grasses 2150:bajadas 2006:(0.25) 1956:(0.25) 1951:(0.76) 1792:(−9.7) 1787:(−4.8) 1772:(15.3) 1767:(16.7) 1762:(12.6) 1747:(−1.6) 1742:(−7.1) 1737:(−8.4) 1727:(17.4) 1712:(17.9) 1707:(26.7) 1702:(32.7) 1697:(33.8) 1692:(28.6) 1687:(22.4) 1682:(16.8) 1677:(12.4) 1493:(0.25) 1468:(0.25) 1463:(0.51) 1289:(−7.3) 1284:(−4.0) 1269:(10.8) 1264:(12.2) 1244:(−2.3) 1239:(−4.9) 1234:(−7.7) 1224:(19.8) 1214:(13.0) 1209:(20.7) 1204:(27.3) 1199:(32.3) 1194:(33.4) 1189:(28.4) 1184:(23.3) 1179:(18.8) 1174:(14.9) 1169:(10.7) 1031:Sonoran 987:(0.51) 972:(0.51) 788:(−6.9) 783:(−3.4) 768:(13.2) 763:(14.1) 748:(−0.3) 743:(−3.6) 738:(−6.0) 733:(−7.3) 723:(15.9) 708:(16.5) 703:(23.6) 698:(28.5) 693:(29.8) 688:(25.2) 683:(19.2) 678:(13.7) 467:Climate 454:refugia 329:juniper 306:Sonoran 163:Country 113:Borders 84:Ecology 5203:Arctic 5089:Tirari 5084:Tanami 5034:Gibson 4972:Sevier 4957:Owyhee 4947:Mojave 4882:Carson 4857:Alvord 4806:Europe 4792:La Paz 4769:Polond 4764:Naomid 4711:Kharan 4668:Qaidam 4656:Kubuqi 4646:Kumtag 4598:Taukum 4520:Syrian 4453:Ténéré 4443:Sahara 4423:Nubian 4408:Libyan 4383:Djurab 4373:Chalbi 4358:Bayuda 4345:Africa 4310:Desert 4297:World 4237: 4105: 4055: 3832: 3640: 3534: 3441: 3095:Birds 2992:limber 2978:, and 2902:playas 2806:, and 2790:, and 2780:buttes 2736:Pinyon 2651:Carson 2584:playas 2574:, and 2505:alkali 2481:arable 2475:, and 2455:, and 2445:playas 2394:, and 2380:willow 2363:sedges 2347:alpine 2309:, and 2293:, and 2188:, and 2148:, and 2101:, and 2079:playas 2074:saline 2040:, and 2011:(1.3) 1941:(200) 1936:(9.7) 1916:(7.9) 1911:(9.1) 1867:(−32) 1862:(−32) 1857:(−19) 1852:(−13) 1822:(−10) 1817:(−18) 1812:(−27) 1807:(−27) 1797:(2.8) 1782:(1.3) 1777:(8.9) 1757:(7.2) 1752:(2.6) 1722:(2.5) 1717:(8.1) 1672:(5.2) 1667:(2.5) 1548:Month 1503:(3.3) 1498:(1.3) 1458:(2.0) 1453:(2.3) 1448:(4.6) 1438:(126) 1428:(9.7) 1418:(7.1) 1413:(5.6) 1408:(4.1) 1364:(−33) 1359:(−29) 1354:(−18) 1349:(−11) 1319:(−11) 1314:(−17) 1309:(−33) 1304:(−32) 1294:(1.6) 1279:(1.0) 1274:(6.2) 1259:(8.8) 1254:(5.2) 1249:(1.1) 1219:(7.4) 1164:(6.8) 1045:Month 1027:Mojave 1007:(184) 992:(9.4) 967:(5.3) 937:(339) 863:(−29) 858:(−28) 853:(−24) 848:(−14) 843:(−12) 828:(−10) 823:(−14) 818:(−18) 813:(−19) 808:(−26) 803:(−29) 793:(2.1) 778:(2.8) 773:(8.3) 758:(9.4) 753:(4.4) 718:(5.1) 713:(9.1) 673:(9.3) 668:(6.0) 663:(4.7) 544:Month 435:Eureka 433:, and 431:Saline 355:, and 325:pinyon 308:, and 302:Mojave 290:Nevada 246:76.62% 217:) and 198:Oregon 178:Nevada 171:States 61:Nevada 5144:Monte 4759:Margo 4749:Leili 4744:Khash 4739:Kavir 4661:Mu Us 4651:Ordos 4505:Negev 4490:Nefud 4428:Nyiri 4418:Namib 4393:Ferlo 4159:(PDF) 4151:from 4027:(PDF) 4016:(PDF) 4008:from 3908:(PDF) 3900:from 3874:(PDF) 3771:(PDF) 3735:(PDF) 3728:(PDF) 3707:(PDF) 3696:(PDF) 3603:(PDF) 3581:(PDF) 3572:from 3403:(PDF) 3335:Notes 3309:(BLM) 3297:(BLM) 3230:(BLM) 3214:(BLM) 3208:(BLM) 3202:(BLM) 3196:(BLM) 3135:Fish 2988:aspen 2929:black 2396:aspen 2319:aspen 1931:(15) 1926:(20) 1921:(14) 1906:(17) 1901:(31) 1896:(26) 1891:(23) 1886:(12) 1881:(15) 1847:(−4) 1827:(−4) 1657:(41) 1652:(19) 1647:(22) 1642:(32) 1637:(37) 1632:(39) 1627:(41) 1622:(40) 1617:(37) 1612:(31) 1607:(26) 1602:(17) 1597:(17) 1587:Year 1508:(14) 1433:(12) 1423:(10) 1403:(11) 1398:(15) 1393:(13) 1388:(12) 1383:(14) 1378:(14) 1344:(−6) 1329:(−3) 1324:(−7) 1154:(42) 1149:(22) 1144:(27) 1139:(33) 1134:(38) 1129:(41) 1124:(42) 1119:(41) 1114:(39) 1109:(32) 1104:(29) 1099:(26) 1094:(22) 1084:Year 1002:(27) 997:(22) 962:(18) 957:(34) 952:(35) 947:(33) 935:13.33 932:(24) 927:(25) 922:(31) 917:(27) 912:(30) 907:(25) 902:(22) 897:(31) 892:(31) 887:(35) 882:(30) 877:(27) 653:(38) 648:(19) 643:(25) 638:(28) 633:(34) 628:(36) 623:(38) 618:(36) 613:(33) 608:(27) 603:(23) 598:(19) 593:(19) 583:Year 419:Queen 193:Idaho 102:Biome 90:Realm 5007:Yuma 5002:Yuha 4937:Kaʻū 4721:Thar 4716:Thal 4636:Hami 4626:Gobi 4468:Asia 4368:Blue 4235:ISBN 4103:OCLC 4053:OCLC 3962:2013 3940:2013 3830:ISBN 3638:OCLC 3532:OCLC 3439:ISBN 3360:The 3050:and 2986:and 2955:The 2939:and 2931:and 2850:and 2750:and 2653:and 2645:and 2373:The 2233:and 2219:and 2211:The 2001:(0) 1996:(0) 1991:(0) 1986:(0) 1981:(0) 1976:(0) 1971:(0) 1966:(0) 1961:(0) 1939:7.88 1934:0.38 1929:0.61 1924:0.77 1919:0.56 1914:0.31 1909:0.36 1904:0.68 1899:1.23 1894:1.01 1889:0.91 1884:0.46 1879:0.61 1842:(4) 1837:(6) 1832:(2) 1795:37.0 1790:14.5 1785:23.3 1780:34.4 1775:48.0 1770:59.5 1765:62.1 1760:54.7 1755:44.9 1750:36.6 1745:29.1 1740:19.3 1735:16.9 1725:63.4 1720:36.5 1715:46.5 1710:64.3 1705:80.0 1700:90.9 1695:92.8 1690:83.5 1685:72.3 1680:62.3 1675:54.4 1670:41.4 1665:36.5 1584:Dec 1581:Nov 1578:Oct 1575:Sep 1572:Aug 1569:Jul 1566:Jun 1563:May 1560:Apr 1557:Mar 1554:Feb 1551:Jan 1532:and 1520:The 1488:(0) 1483:(0) 1478:(0) 1473:(0) 1436:4.98 1431:0.48 1426:0.38 1421:0.41 1416:0.28 1411:0.22 1406:0.16 1401:0.43 1396:0.60 1391:0.51 1386:0.46 1381:0.54 1376:0.54 1339:(1) 1334:(2) 1292:34.9 1287:18.9 1282:24.8 1277:33.8 1272:43.2 1267:51.4 1262:54.0 1257:47.9 1252:41.4 1247:33.9 1242:27.8 1237:23.2 1232:18.1 1222:67.6 1217:45.4 1212:55.4 1207:69.2 1202:81.1 1197:90.1 1192:92.2 1187:83.1 1182:73.9 1177:65.9 1172:58.9 1167:51.3 1162:44.3 1081:Dec 1078:Nov 1075:Oct 1072:Sep 1069:Aug 1066:Jul 1063:Jun 1060:May 1057:Apr 1054:Mar 1051:Feb 1048:Jan 1029:and 1005:72.6 1000:10.7 982:(0) 977:(0) 955:13.2 950:13.8 945:12.8 930:0.96 925:0.97 920:1.24 915:1.08 910:1.18 905:0.97 900:0.87 895:1.24 890:1.21 885:1.37 880:1.18 875:1.05 838:(0) 833:(0) 791:35.7 786:19.6 781:25.9 776:37.1 771:47.0 766:55.8 761:57.4 756:49.0 751:40.0 746:31.5 741:25.5 736:21.2 731:18.9 721:60.6 716:41.1 711:48.4 706:61.7 701:74.5 696:83.3 691:85.7 686:77.4 681:66.5 676:56.7 671:48.7 666:42.8 661:40.5 580:Dec 577:Nov 574:Oct 571:Sep 568:Aug 565:Jul 562:Jun 559:May 556:Apr 553:Mar 550:Feb 547:Jan 528:The 380:and 294:Utah 292:and 284:and 252:The 183:Utah 134:(19) 122:(80) 77:USGS 4754:Lut 4641:Lop 4583:Ryn 4080:doi 4076:192 3750:sic 3615:doi 3611:129 2994:or 2858:or 2842:or 2818:of 2605:or 2249:). 2160:or 2009:0.5 2004:0.1 1954:0.1 1949:0.3 1865:−25 1860:−25 1810:−17 1805:−16 1655:106 1630:103 1625:106 1620:104 1506:5.7 1501:1.3 1496:0.5 1491:0.1 1466:0.1 1461:0.2 1456:0.8 1451:0.9 1446:1.8 1362:−27 1357:−21 1307:−27 1302:−25 1152:108 1132:100 1127:105 1122:108 1117:106 1112:102 995:8.7 990:3.7 985:0.2 970:0.2 965:2.1 960:7.1 861:−20 856:−19 851:−12 806:−15 801:−20 651:100 621:100 487:or 361:). 238:90% 223:BSk 215:BWk 153:105 145:204 128:(5) 5267:: 4211:. 4209:)" 4189:. 4187:)" 4161:. 4115:^ 4074:. 4018:. 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3165:) 3161:( 3155:) 3151:( 3145:) 3141:( 3130:) 3126:( 3120:) 3116:( 3105:) 3101:( 2689:- 1999:0 1994:0 1989:0 1984:0 1979:0 1974:0 1969:0 1964:0 1959:0 1850:8 1486:0 1481:0 1476:0 1471:0 1352:0 1312:1 980:0 975:0 846:6 821:6 816:0 327:- 225:) 221:( 213:( 38:. 20:)

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Index