3247:
3235:
3259:
3291:
605:= 59.58 is, so Earth will be closer to the same position in its orbit and conjunctions will appear more similar. All series will have progressions where conjunctions gradually shift from only visible before sunrise to visible throughout the night to only visible after sunset and finally back to the morning sky again. The location in the sky of each conjunction in a series should increase in longitude by 16.3 degrees on average, making one full cycle relative to the stars on average once every 2,634 years. If instead we use the convention of measuring longitude eastward from the First Point of Aries, we have to keep in mind that the equinox circulates
3223:
3177:
369:
474:
3303:
3101:
3279:
33:
210:
4194:
378:
4218:
4170:
4206:
4182:
490:
the two inclinations. Indeed, between year 1 and 3000, the maximum conjunction distances were 1.3 degrees in 1306 and 1940. Conjunctions in both years occurred when the planets were tilted most out of the plane: longitude 206 degrees (therefore above the plane) in 1306, and longitude 39 degrees (therefore below the plane) in 1940.
3188:. This great conjunction was also the most easily visible close conjunction since 1226 (as the previous close conjunctions in 1563 and 1623 were closer to the Sun and therefore more difficult to see). It occurred seven weeks after the heliocentric conjunction, when Jupiter and Saturn shared the same heliocentric longitude.
3258:
3191:
The closest separation occurred on 21 December at 18:20 UTC, when
Jupiter was 0.1° south of Saturn and 30° east of the Sun. This meant both planets appeared together in the field of view of most small- and medium-sized telescopes (though they were distinguishable from each other without optical aid).
3160:
the astronomers found
Jupiter and Saturn so close to each other that Jupiter covered Saturn (actual angular separation was 6.8 minutes on 25 August 1563). The Alfonsine tables suggested that the conjunction should be observed on another day but on the day indicated by the Alfonsine tables the angular
440:
was ascribed to each triangular pattern. Particular importance was accorded to the occurrence of a great conjunction in a new trigon, which is bound to happen after some 240 years at most. Even greater importance was attributed to the beginning of a new cycle after all fours trigons had been visited.
397:
Because 19.859 years is equal to 1.674 Jupiter orbits and 0.674 Saturn orbits, three of these periods come close to a whole number of revolutions. As successive great conjunctions occur nearly 120° apart, their appearances form a triangular pattern. In a series, every third conjunction returns after
178:
Clusterings of several planets were considered even more significant. The
Chinese apparently remembered the clustering of all five planets in 1953 BC, and noted the clustering of all but Venus in 1576 BC and of all five in 1059 BC. These were connected in Chinese thought to the founding of the first
3326:: one partial on 16 February, and one total on 17 June. Superimposition requires a separation of less than approximately 0.4 arcminutes. This will be the first occultation between the two planets since 6857 BC, and the only instance of two occultations within the same year in maybe a million years.
489:
of both planets are similar (100.6 degrees for
Jupiter and 113.7 degrees for Saturn), meaning if Saturn is above or below Earth's orbital plane Jupiter usually is too. Because these nodes align so well it would be expected that no closest approach will ever be much worse than the difference between
432:
The three points of the triangle revolve in the same direction as the planets at the rate of approximately one-sixth of a revolution per four centuries, thus creating especially close conjunctions on an approximately four-century cycle. Currently the longitudes of close great conjunctions are about
191:. The intervals involved, of 377.8 years (19 great conjunction intervals) and 516.4 years (26 great conjunction intervals) bring Mars back to approximately the same position. Further repeats of the 516-year period lead to the clustering in AD 1524, considered ominous in Europe at the time of the
469:
against divination was issued in 1586 but as nothing significant happened by the feared event of 1603, public interest rapidly died. By the start of the next trigon, modern scientific consensus had condemned astrology as pseudoscience, and astronomers no longer perceived planetary alignments as
326:
of
Jupiter (4332.59 days) and Saturn (10759.22 days), respectively. This is about 52 days less than 20 years, but in practice, Earth's orbit size can cause great conjunctions to reoccur anytime between 18 years 10 months and 20 years 8 months after the previous one. (See table below.) Since the
3168:, who noticed that the Copernican and Ptolemaic tables used to predict the conjunction were inaccurate. This led him to realise that progress in astronomy required systematic, rigorous observation, night after night, using the most accurate instruments obtainable.
309:
3234:
464:
began, belief in the significance of such events generated a stream of publications that grew steadily until the end of the 16th century. As the great conjunction of 1583 was last in the water trigon it was widely supposed to herald apocalyptic changes; a
3192:
During the closest approach, both planets appeared to be a binary object to the naked eye. From mid-northern latitudes, the planets were visible one hour after sunset at less than 15° in altitude above the southwestern horizon in the constellation of
572:
and less difficult elsewhere. Note that the exact moment of conjunction cannot be seen everywhere as it is below the horizon or it is daytime in some places, but a place on Earth affects minimum separation less than it would if an
441:
Medieval astrologers usually gave 960 years as the duration of the full cycle, perhaps because in some cases it took 240 years to pass from one trigon to the next. If a cycle is defined by when the conjunctions return to the same
589:(which are Sun–Moon conjunctions). Conjunctions in a particular series occur about 119.16 years apart. The reason it is every six conjunctions instead of every three is that 119.16 years is closer to a whole number of years than
567:
from the Sun in degrees. An elongation between around −20 and +20 degrees indicates that the Sun is close enough to the conjunction to make it difficult or impossible to see, sometimes more difficult at some geographic
3161:
separation was a full 141 minutes. The Cracow professors suggested following the more accurate
Copernican predictions and between 1578 and 1580 Copernican heliocentrism was lectured on three times by Valentin Fontani.
3246:
616:. In a triple conjunction, the series does not advance by one each event as the constellation and year is the same or close to it, this is the only time great conjunctions can be less than about 20 years apart.
3290:
3222:
577:
was involved. Negative elongations indicate the planet is west of the Sun (visible in the morning sky), whereas positive elongations indicate the planet is east of the Sun (visible in the evening sky).
353:
The most recent great conjunction occurred on 21 December 2020, and the next will occur on 4 November 2040. During the 2020 great conjunction, the two planets were separated in the sky by 6
231:
3760:
Using sidereal periods, this comes to about 836 years. But the return must be a whole number of conjunction intervals, such as 794, 854, or 913 years. However, for returning to the same
357:
at their closest point, which was the closest distance between the two planets since 1623. The closeness is the result of the conjunction occurring in the vicinity of one of the two
3851:
398:
some 60 years to the vicinity of the first. These returns are observed to be shifted by some 8° relative to the fixed stars, so no more than four of them occur in the same
3758:
3184:
The great conjunction of 2020 was the closest since 1623 and eighth closest of the first three millennia AD, with a minimum separation between the two planets of 6.1
4248:
3199:
The conjunction attracted considerable media attention, with news sources calling it the "Christmas Star" due to the proximity of the date of the conjunction to
4077:
3302:
87:, when the two planets appear closest together in the sky. Great conjunctions occur approximately every 20 years when Jupiter "overtakes" Saturn in its
3120:
might have been the occurrence of a great conjunction. He calculated that a triple conjunction of
Jupiter and Saturn occurred in 7 BC (−6 using
3278:
4030:
4003:
477:
Cumulative distribution of separation distance of great conjunctions between AD 1200 and AD 2400 (blue), and an approximation formula (red)
4149:
3978:
3935:
3819:
3528:
3955:
195:, and the upcoming clustering of September 2040, which will involve all five planets again, in a longitude span of less than 7°.
3140:, Stanisław Jakobejusz, Nicolaus Schadeck, Petrus Probosczowicze, and others) observed the great conjunction of 1563 to compare
3669:
3025:
Morning, not easy to see from high northern latitudes and the South Pole area due to a low height above the horizon and/or
4243:
4107:
4160:
144:
they were a topic broached by the pre-scientific and transitional astronomer-astrologers of the period up to the time of
537:
429:
After about 220 years the pattern shifts to the next trigon, and in about 800 or 900 years returns to the first trigon.
4055:
3121:
304:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\left({\frac {1}{J}}-{\frac {1}{S}}\right)}}\approx 7253.46\;\mathrm {days} \displaystyle ,}
498:
The following table details great conjunctions in between 1200 and 2400. The dates are given for the conjunctions in
327:
equivalent periods of other naked-eye planet pairs are all under 900 days, this makes great conjunctions the rarest.
350:
and happens within months). The most recent triple conjunction occurred in 1980–81 and the next will be in 2238–39.
122:
standards): separations of less than 10 arcminutes have only happened four times since 1200, most recently in 2020.
609:, so longitudes measured that way increase slightly faster and those numbers become 17.95 degrees and 2,390 years.
470:
omens. However, in the year 1962, when all five planets formed a cluster 17° wide, there was considerable concern.
347:
330:
Occasionally there is more than one great conjunction in a season, which happens whenever they're close enough to
3240:
Great conjunction photographed on
December 19, 2020, with a 360 mm (14 in) SCT telescope and color CCD.
3375:
or midnight twilight; this is not mentioned when the conjunction is easily visible from most of each hemisphere.
361:
where the two orbits appear to intersect when viewed from the Sun (which has a point of view similar to Earth).
3890:
3185:
3153:
3577:
was translated in the 12th century, a modern edition-translation by K. Yamamoto and Ch. Burnett, Leiden, 2000
3811:
502:(the dates for conjunctions in ecliptic longitude can differ by several days). Dates before 1582 are in the
218:
76:
3808:
Religion and the
Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century England
639:
560:
338:(which is not exclusive to great conjunctions). In this scenario, Jupiter and Saturn will occupy the same
331:
3831:
106:
The spacing between the planets varies from conjunction to conjunction with most events being 0.5 to 1.3
3516:
549:
4138:
3618:
3176:
373:
Jupiter and Saturn's great conjunctions repeat every ~120°, Saturn's path relative to
Jupiter in blue.
368:
3860:
3335:
2707:
517:
118:). Very close conjunctions happen much less frequently (though the maximum of 1.3° is still close by
4238:
4222:
3523:, ed. Massimo Ciavolella and Amilcare A. Iannucci (Toronto: Dovehouse Editions, 1993), pp. 151-72.
3228:
Photograph taken two days before closest approach with a separation of approximately 15 arcminutes.
552:
of the equinox point both extended upwards indefinitely; ecliptic separations are usually smaller.
482:
204:
192:
131:
3704:
3638:
4210:
4198:
3557:
3499:
3359:
3264:
Photograph of the great conjunction of 2020 taken two days before closest approach with the four
625:
613:
513:
507:
358:
343:
335:
3540:
Aston, Margaret (1970). "The Fiery Trigon Conjunction: An Elizabethan Astrological Prediction".
3322:
As well as being a triple conjunction, the great conjunction of 7541 is expected to feature two
3100:
473:
4146:
3931:
3815:
3765:
3588:
3524:
3208:
3204:
3117:
545:
450:
437:
157:
92:
4253:
4174:
4095:
3599:
3549:
3397:
3145:
3141:
632:
606:
564:
533:
525:
485:
is inclined 2.485 degrees relative to Earth's, and Jupiter's is inclined 1.303 degrees. The
446:
346:
on three occasions, depending on which definition of "conjunction" one uses (this is due to
4258:
4153:
3761:
3355:
3157:
3149:
3113:
541:
503:
499:
442:
383:
339:
149:
136:
Great conjunctions attracted considerable attention in the past as omens. During the late
56:
4100:"Was an occultation of Saturn by Jupiter ever seen, or will it ever be seen from Earth?"
2904:
Evening, hard to see from high northern latitudes, not visible in Antarctic (poor angle,
213:
Diagram showing the movements of Jupiter and Saturn during the 1980–81 triple conjunction
3864:
32:
3265:
3133:
556:
486:
388:
323:
222:
107:
3371:
There is always at least a small area around one or both poles that cannot see due to
4232:
3846:
3783:
3603:
3561:
3137:
2916:
586:
184:
171:. This interest is traced back in Europe to translations of Arabic texts, especially
60:
39:
photograph of the great conjunction of 2020 four hours before closest approach, with
36:
3443:
4186:
4133:
3372:
3269:
3026:
2990:
2954:
2912:
2905:
582:
574:
209:
188:
164:
119:
64:
4078:"Starwatch: 'Christmas star' is the closest great conjunction in almost 400 years"
3463:
of Roger Bacon, ed. J. H. Bridges, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1897, Vol. I, p. 263.
555:
Distance is the angular separation between the planets in sixtieths of a degree (
91:. They are named "great" for being by far the rarest of the conjunctions between
17:
3323:
3193:
3165:
180:
168:
153:
145:
141:
137:
4099:
460:
Despite mathematical errors and some disagreement among astrologers about when
3180:
Separation of Jupiter and Saturn around the time of the 2020 great conjunction
2742:
2696:
529:
466:
461:
404:
354:
2953:
Morning, not easy to impossible to see from parts of the Southern Hemisphere
3472:
3200:
3105:
377:
172:
115:
111:
52:
44:
160:, and they are mentioned in popular and literary works by authors such as
4128:
3490:
Woody, K. M. (1977). "Dante and the Doctrine of the Great Conjunctions".
569:
399:
3503:
4139:
The exceptional conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn on December 21, 2020!
4056:"5 upcoming conjunctions visible in the night sky, and how to see them"
3296:
Photograph depicting the great conjunction, taken from Syracuse, Italy.
100:
80:
40:
4124:
3956:"Witness the Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn on December 21st"
3104:
A simulated view of the great conjunction of 7 BC as viewed from
402:
constellation. Usually the conjunctions occur in one of the following
3788:, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 94, p.174
2695:
List of close great conjunctions consisting of all events under 9.95
454:
221:(each of which is 365.25 days). This number can be calculated by the
96:
84:
48:
528:, thus being suited for calculations of the locations of stars. (In
4181:
3553:
3039:
Events closer than 9.95 arcmin AD 1–3000, sorted by direction
3701:
designate the periods of Jupiter and Saturn then the return takes
3175:
3099:
2920:
2711:
521:
433:
307.4 and 127.4 degrees, in Capricornus and Cancer respectively.
363:
161:
88:
31:
4031:"2020: December 21: The Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn"
4004:"2020: December 21: The Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn"
3309:
3519:, “Saturn in Conjunction: From Albumasar to Lope de Vega.” in
217:
On average, great conjunction seasons occur once every 19.859
3979:"2020, November 2: Jupiter – Saturn Heliocentric Conjunction"
3284:
December 21, 2020, Jupiter and Saturn, 130mm Bresser Messier
2363:
2888:
Evening, hard to see (especially from Northern Hemisphere).
3492:
Dante Studies, with the Annual Report of the Dante Society
532:
latitude and longitude are based on the ecliptic which is
3474:
De Concordia astronomice Veritatis et narrations historic
2937:
Morning, hard to see from mid and high northern latitudes
2778:
The closest conjunction of the first three millennia AD.
581:
The great conjunction series is roughly analogous to the
524:. This non-rotating coordinate system doesn't move with
4134:
The December 21, 2020 Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn
2699:
between AD 1 and 3000, plus other notable events.
445:
rather than to the same constellation, then because of
3252:
Simulated best-case scenario view through a telescope.
544:
from the First Point of Aries and is based on Earth's
516:
is measured counterclockwise from the location of the
382:
Kepler's trigon, a diagram of great conjunctions from
4158:
3707:
2745:
and the 46th century AD. Part of triple conjunction.
296:
234:
3852:
Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada
3670:"1623: The Great Conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn"
3589:"Astrological origins of Chinese dynastic ideology"
3043:
2643:
2516:
2373:
453:apparently led to the use of precessing signs, and
3752:
2973:Evening, easier to see in the Southern Hemisphere.
303:
3928:Letting the soul fly among the turrets of the sky
536:extended sunward and anti-sunward indefinitely.)
3032:The closest conjunction in almost 14,400 years.
4125:Orbital Motion Simulation of Jupiter and Saturn
3203:, and for a great conjunction being one of the
538:The other common conjunction coordinate system
3887:The Star of Bethlehem: The Legacy of the Magi
3112:When studying the great conjunction of 1603,
520:(the location of the March equinox) at epoch
457:gave a value of 794 years (40 conjunctions).
449:the cycle is less than 800 years. Use of the
132:Astrological aspect § Great conjunctions
27:Conjunction of the planets Jupiter and Saturn
8:
3924:Att låta själen flyga mellan himlens tinnar
3764:, periods must be used with respect to the
3949:
3947:
3308:Photograph of Jupiter and Saturn with the
3037:
2693:
2637:
2510:
2367:
618:
281:
3736:
3722:
3711:
3706:
3272:can also be seen to the right of Saturn.)
2639:Number of events 1200–2400 by triplicity
2512:Number of events 1200–2400 by elongation
494:List of great conjunctions (1200 to 2400)
282:
258:
245:
235:
233:
3930:]. Stockholm: Atlantis. p. 45.
3911:. New York: Roy Publishers. p. 320.
3663:
3661:
3659:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3521:Saturn from Antiquity to the Renaissance
3438:
2915:longitude close to the ideal 317 degree
2369:Number of events 1200–2400 by closeness
472:
208:
4165:
3485:
3483:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3388:
3347:
3218:
4249:Conjunctions (astronomy and astrology)
3977:Hunt, Jeffrey L. (11 September 2020).
3778:
3776:
3774:
3164:This conjunction was also observed by
2919:intersection longitude for closeness (
2808:Morning, part of a triple conjunction.
4029:Hunt, Jeffrey L. (11 December 2019).
3902:
3900:
3668:Hunt, Jeffrey L. (20 February 2020).
3639:"The December 2020 Great Conjunction"
7:
3444:"Jupiter-Saturn Conjunction Series"
2824:Too close to the Sun to be visible.
612:A conjunction can be a member of a
114:, or 1 to 2.5 times the width of a
4110:from the original on 22 July 2016.
4076:Clark, Stuart (14 December 2020).
3847:"Kepler and the Star of Bethlehem"
3785:Conjunctions of Jupiter and Saturn
3768:, giving about 763 years. See Etz.
506:while dates after 1582 are in the
292:
289:
286:
283:
25:
3396:Ford, Dominic (20 October 2020).
152:, by scholastic thinkers such as
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4084:– via www.theguardian.com.
3954:Jacob Dickey (6 December 2020).
3301:
3289:
3277:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3221:
2741:The closest conjunction between
540:is measured counterclockwise in
376:
367:
179:three historical dynasties, the
3744:
3716:
3108:on the evening of 12 November.
2993:hinders viewing in Antarctica.
526:the precession of Earth's axes
1:
3358:while dates after are in the
3354:Dates before 1582 are in the
2652:part of a triple conjunction
3753:{\displaystyle 1/(5/S-2/J).}
3604:10.1016/0083-6656(95)00007-0
2152:Depends on observer latitude
1972:Depends on observer latitude
1924:Depends on observer latitude
1853:Depends on observer latitude
1828:Depends on observer latitude
1717:Depends on observer latitude
1537:Depends on observer latitude
1397:Depends on observer latitude
1102:Depends on observer latitude
767:Depends on observer latitude
673:Depends on observer latitude
425:Cancer, Pisces, and Scorpius
419:Taurus, Capricorn, and Virgo
412:of zodiacal constellations:
3885:Molnar, Michael R. (1999).
3619:"Ephemerides for Year 2040"
3122:astronomical year numbering
422:Gemini, Aquarius, and Libra
416:Aries, Sagittarius, and Leo
342:on three occasions or same
4275:
3845:Burke-Gaffney, W. (1937).
2717:Separation (in arcminutes)
2712:non-rotating/star tracking
2690:Notable great conjunctions
607:once every c. 25,772 years
348:apparent retrograde motion
202:
129:
3922:Håkansson, Håkan (2006).
3575:De magnis coniunctionibus
3268:visible around Jupiter. (
3205:hypothesized explanations
3132:The astronomers from the
3079:
3065:
3051:
3046:
2665:
2651:
2646:
2622:
2608:
2594:
2580:
2566:
2552:
2538:
2524:
2519:
2493:
2479:
2465:
2451:
2437:
2423:
2409:
2395:
2381:
2376:
2178:
2090:
1743:
1655:
1312:
971:
793:
436:In astrology, one of the
175:'s book on conjunctions.
3909:Copernicus and his World
3907:Kesten, Hermann (1945).
3891:Rutgers University Press
3154:Copernican heliocentrism
4152:6 December 2020 at the
4142:(in French and English)
4035:When the Curves Line Up
4008:When the Curves Line Up
3983:When the Curves Line Up
3812:Oxford University Press
3674:When the Curves Line Up
3047:Number of conjunctions
3044:Longitude (from Earth)
3029:or "midnight twilight".
2647:Number of conjunctions
2520:Number of conjunctions
2377:Number of conjunctions
3797:See previous footnote.
3754:
3616:September 12, 2040 in
3587:D.W.Pankenier (1995).
3181:
3109:
478:
305:
214:
68:
3832:"Planets for dessert"
3755:
3517:Frederick A. de Armas
3179:
3103:
2840:Evening, hard to see.
2792:Evening, hard to see.
2759:Evening, hard to see.
2623:+135 to +180 degrees
2525:−180 to −135 degrees
476:
306:
212:
35:
4244:Astrological aspects
3814:, 1971) p. 414-415,
3705:
3336:Positional astronomy
2708:Ecliptic coordinates
2609:+90 to +135 degrees
2539:−135 to −90 degrees
518:First Point of Aries
232:
3865:1937JRASC..31..417B
3596:Vistas in Astronomy
3398:"Great Conjunction"
3312:on 16 December 2020
3066:297 to 321 degrees
3052:119 to 138 degrees
3040:
2700:
2666:single conjunction
2640:
2595:+45 to +90 degrees
2553:−90 to −45 degrees
2513:
2370:
334:: this is called a
205:Celestial mechanics
199:Celestial mechanics
193:Radical Reformation
4147:Great Conjunctions
4010:. 11 December 2019
3750:
3360:Gregorian calendar
3182:
3110:
3038:
2750:28 December 424 BC
2694:
2638:
2511:
2480:70 to 78.6 arcmin
2368:
614:triple conjunction
508:Gregorian calendar
479:
344:ecliptic longitude
336:triple conjunction
301:
300:
215:
69:
3766:celestial equinox
3209:Star of Bethlehem
3207:for the biblical
3118:Star of Bethlehem
3116:thought that the
3093:
3092:
3036:
3035:
2743:prehistoric times
2686:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2636:
2635:
2581:0 to +45 degrees
2567:−45 to 0 degrees
2507:
2506:
2494:over 78.6 arcmin
2374:Angular distance
2361:
2360:
1908:18 September 2100
1134:17 September 1544
705:21 September 1246
451:Alphonsine tables
395:
394:
273:
266:
253:
93:naked-eye planets
73:great conjunction
18:Great Conjunction
16:(Redirected from
4266:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4143:
4112:
4111:
4096:Vitagliano, Aldo
4092:
4086:
4085:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3904:
3895:
3894:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3822:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3782:Etz D., (2000),
3780:
3769:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3740:
3726:
3715:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3665:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3593:
3584:
3578:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3537:
3531:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3487:
3478:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3440:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3393:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3352:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3261:
3249:
3237:
3225:
3146:geocentric model
3142:Alfonsine tables
3088:
3087:
3074:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3041:
2980:25 December 2874
2895:21 December 2020
2831:11 December 1166
2799:13 September 709
2701:
2674:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2575:
2574:
2561:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2488:
2487:
2474:
2473:
2466:60 to 70 arcmin
2460:
2459:
2452:50 to 60 arcmin
2446:
2445:
2438:40 to 50 arcmin
2432:
2431:
2424:30 to 40 arcmin
2418:
2417:
2410:20 to 30 arcmin
2404:
2403:
2396:10 to 20 arcmin
2390:
2389:
2371:
2364:
2316:18 February 2378
2153:
2073:6 September 2238
1981:20 February 2159
1973:
1925:
1854:
1829:
1812:21 December 2020
1718:
1701:18 February 1961
1681:14 February 1941
1615:8 September 1921
1592:28 November 1901
1538:
1398:
1249:24 February 1643
1203:17 December 1603
1103:
1063:17 November 1484
954:10 February 1425
776:24 December 1305
768:
751:31 December 1285
674:
619:
604:
602:
601:
598:
595:
565:angular distance
447:axial precession
380:
371:
364:
321:
317:
310:
308:
307:
302:
295:
274:
272:
268:
267:
259:
254:
246:
236:
95:(i.e. excluding
21:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4179:
4169:
4167:
4159:
4154:Wayback Machine
4141:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4037:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3834:. NASA Science.
3830:
3829:
3825:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3781:
3772:
3762:right ascension
3703:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3643:timeanddate.com
3637:Jones, Graham.
3636:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3591:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3515:
3511:
3498:(95): 119–134.
3489:
3488:
3481:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3455:
3448:sparky.rice.edu
3442:
3441:
3416:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3356:Julian calendar
3353:
3349:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3294:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3262:
3253:
3250:
3241:
3238:
3229:
3226:
3217:
3174:
3158:Prutenic Tables
3150:Prutenic Tables
3130:
3114:Johannes Kepler
3098:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3061:
3057:
3056:
2783:31 December 431
2729:1 March 1793 BC
2721:
2692:
2687:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2382:0 to 10 arcmin
2270:1 December 2338
2161:5 February 2279
2151:
2136:2 February 2259
2096:12 January 2239
2050:1 November 2219
1971:
1956:14 January 2140
1923:
1852:
1837:4 November 2040
1827:
1716:
1661:21 October 1940
1546:20 October 1861
1536:
1521:26 January 1842
1452:5 November 1782
1396:
1318:8 February 1683
1295:23 October 1682
1272:17 October 1663
1111:30 January 1524
1101:
931:16 January 1405
885:25 October 1365
766:
672:
642:
635:
628:
599:
596:
593:
592:
590:
542:right ascension
504:Julian calendar
500:right ascension
496:
487:ascending nodes
443:right ascension
384:Johannes Kepler
381:
372:
340:right ascension
324:orbital periods
319:
315:
244:
240:
230:
229:
207:
201:
150:Johannes Kepler
134:
128:
79:of the planets
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4213:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4157:
4156:
4144:
4136:
4131:
4120:
4119:External links
4117:
4114:
4113:
4087:
4068:
4047:
4021:
3995:
3969:
3943:
3937:978-9173531047
3936:
3914:
3896:
3877:
3837:
3823:
3806:Keith Thomas,
3799:
3790:
3770:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3686:
3655:
3624:
3609:
3579:
3567:
3554:10.1086/350618
3548:(2): 159–187.
3532:
3509:
3479:
3465:
3461:The Opus Majus
3453:
3414:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3364:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3266:Galilean moons
3263:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3173:
3170:
3134:Cracow Academy
3129:
3126:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2944:24 August 2417
2941:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2863:25 August 1563
2860:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
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2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2754:
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2747:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2705:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2550:
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2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:2 October 2398
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2204:31 August 2279
2201:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:1 January 1981
1723:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:30 August 1742
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1381:5 January 1723
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:25 August 1563
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:24 August 1425
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
836:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
748:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
644:
637:
630:
623:
587:solar eclipses
557:minutes of arc
495:
492:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
393:
392:
389:De Stella Nova
374:
312:
311:
299:
294:
291:
288:
285:
280:
277:
271:
265:
262:
257:
252:
249:
243:
239:
223:synodic period
203:Main article:
200:
197:
158:Pierre d'Ailly
127:
124:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4271:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4214:
4212:
4202:
4200:
4190:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4022:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3841:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3820:9780195213607
3817:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:
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3777:
3775:
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3601:
3597:
3590:
3583:
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3555:
3551:
3547:
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977:10 March 1425
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862:24 March 1345
861:
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837:
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799:20 April 1306
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657:16 April 1206
656:
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631:
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534:Earth's orbit
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
509:
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501:
493:
491:
488:
484:
475:
471:
468:
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458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
439:
438:four elements
434:
430:
424:
421:
418:
415:
414:
413:
411:
407:
406:
401:
391:
390:
386:'s 1606 book
385:
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375:
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366:
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247:
241:
237:
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220:
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206:
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186:
185:Shang dynasty
182:
176:
174:
170:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
133:
125:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
104:
102:
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94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
4223:Solar System
4103:
4090:
4082:The Guardian
4081:
4071:
4059:. Retrieved
4050:
4038:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4007:
3998:
3986:. Retrieved
3982:
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3927:
3923:
3917:
3908:
3886:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3856:
3850:
3840:
3826:
3807:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3673:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:
3612:
3595:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3520:
3512:
3495:
3491:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3447:
3405:. Retrieved
3401:
3391:
3373:midnight sun
3367:
3350:
3324:occultations
3321:
3198:
3190:
3183:
3163:
3144:(based on a
3131:
3111:
3027:midnight sun
3016:8 March 4523
2913:heliocentric
2911:303+ degree
2879:16 July 1623
2847:4 March 1226
2680:
2644:Type of set
2224:12 July 2298
2027:8 April 2199
1933:15 July 2119
1862:8 April 2060
1769:25 July 1981
1749:6 March 1981
1498:18 June 1821
1475:16 July 1802
1226:17 July 1623
1040:7 April 1464
1017:13 July 1444
908:8 April 1385
819:19 July 1306
728:23 July 1265
682:4 March 1226
636:(arcminutes)
611:
583:Saros series
580:
575:inner planet
554:
512:
497:
480:
459:
435:
431:
428:
409:
405:triplicities
403:
396:
387:
352:
329:
313:
219:Julian years
216:
189:Zhou dynasty
177:
165:Lope de Vega
135:
120:inner planet
105:
72:
70:
67:are visible.
51:. The moons
29:
4211:Outer space
4199:Spaceflight
4104:solexorb.it
3962:20 December
3648:10 December
3407:22 December
3194:Capricornus
3166:Tycho Brahe
3148:) with the
2964:6 July 2477
2917:orbit plane
2815:22 July 769
2766:6 March 372
2517:Elongation
2293:22 May 2358
2004:28 May 2179
1789:28 May 2000
1358:21 May 1702
1338:17 May 1683
1086:25 May 1504
839:1 June 1325
649:Easy to see
483:orbit plane
181:Xia dynasty
169:Shakespeare
154:Roger Bacon
146:Tycho Brahe
142:Renaissance
138:Middle Ages
77:conjunction
4239:Astrometry
4233:Categories
3988:29 October
3402:In The Sky
3383:References
3186:arcminutes
3156:). In the
3152:(based on
2991:summer sun
2955:and Arctic
2906:summer sun
2720:Visibility
2697:arcminutes
2184:7 May 2279
1180:2 May 1583
640:Elongation
561:elongation
530:astrometry
467:papal bull
359:longitudes
355:arcminutes
332:opposition
187:, and the
130:See also:
126:In history
112:arcminutes
110:(30 to 78
45:arcminutes
4175:Astronomy
4061:17 August
4040:27 August
4014:11 August
3731:−
3679:24 August
3562:144351963
3201:Christmas
3106:Jerusalem
3096:7 BC
2989:Evening,
643:(degrees)
629:(degrees)
626:Longitude
570:latitudes
514:Longitude
481:Saturn's
314:in which
276:≈
256:−
173:Albumasar
116:full moon
4150:Archived
4129:GeoGebra
4108:Archived
4098:(2011).
3504:40166243
3330:See also
633:Distance
550:meridian
548:and the
400:zodiacal
322:are the
225:formula
57:Ganymede
4254:Jupiter
4161:Portals
3861:Bibcode
3859:: 417.
3215:Gallery
3009:Morning
2872:Morning
2856:Morning
2775:Morning
2738:Evening
652:Triple
603:
591:
563:is the
546:equator
462:trigons
410:trigons
279:7253.46
108:degrees
101:Neptune
81:Jupiter
41:Jupiter
37:Stacked
4259:Saturn
3958:. WCIA
3934:
3870:27 May
3818:
3560:
3527:
3502:
3476:(1414)
3080:Other
3019:287.8°
3003:307.6°
2983:297.1°
2967:126.2°
2947:119.6°
2931:310.8°
2898:300.3°
2882:131.9°
2866:125.3°
2850:313.8°
2834:303.3°
2818:137.8°
2802:130.8°
2786:320.6°
2769:316.6°
2753:322.8°
2732:153.4°
2724:Notes
2681:
2193:−172.6
2105:+161.3
1758:−155.9
1670:−165.7
1327:+175.8
986:−141.6
963:+104.1
808:+170.7
646:Series
594:119.16
559:) and
455:Kepler
183:, the
97:Uranus
85:Saturn
63:, and
61:Europa
49:Saturn
47:below
4187:Stars
3926:[
3592:(PDF)
3558:S2CID
3500:JSTOR
3342:Notes
3270:Titan
2921:J2000
2348:+58.2
2342:240.7
2325:+19.4
2319:343.7
2302:+50.7
2296:107.5
2273:237.3
2256:−51.8
2250:339.8
2227:100.6
2213:+73.3
2207:227.2
2187:229.9
2170:−80.3
2164:231.9
2145:+19.6
2139:329.6
2125:+89.9
2082:−67.6
2053:221.7
2036:−50.0
2030:325.6
2013:+16.1
1990:−50.3
1984:215.3
1965:+22.7
1959:315.1
1942:−37.8
1936:+73.2
1917:+29.5
1911:204.1
1894:−43.7
1888:310.8
1871:+41.7
1846:−24.6
1840:197.8
1821:+30.2
1815:300.3
1798:−14.6
1778:+62.7
1772:185.3
1752:188.3
1735:−91.4
1729:189.8
1710:−34.5
1704:295.7
1690:+73.3
1647:−89.8
1624:+11.1
1618:177.3
1601:+38.3
1595:285.4
1555:−39.5
1549:170.2
1530:−27.1
1524:281.1
1507:−62.9
1484:+41.3
1478:157.7
1461:+44.9
1455:271.1
1438:+14.5
1415:−10.3
1409:150.8
1390:−23.8
1384:265.1
1367:−53.5
1347:+77.5
1341:138.9
1321:141.1
1304:−71.8
1298:143.5
1281:+48.7
1275:254.8
1258:+18.8
1235:+12.9
1229:131.9
1212:−17.6
1206:253.8
1189:−51.2
1183:355.9
1166:−42.1
1160:125.3
1143:+53.4
1137:245.1
1120:+19.1
1114:345.8
1095:+33.5
1089:113.4
1072:−12.3
1066:240.2
1049:−52.6
1043:342.1
1026:−15.9
1020:106.9
1006:+62.6
1000:230.6
980:234.4
957:235.2
940:+18.1
934:332.1
917:+58.8
888:226.0
871:−52.5
865:328.2
828:+82.5
822:215.7
802:217.8
785:−70.0
779:220.4
760:+19.8
754:318.0
737:−58.5
714:+13.5
708:209.6
691:−48.6
685:313.8
666:+23.0
522:J2000
162:Dante
89:orbit
75:is a
65:Titan
4063:2020
4042:2020
4016:2020
3990:2020
3964:2020
3932:ISBN
3872:2020
3816:ISBN
3697:and
3681:2020
3650:2020
3542:Isis
3525:ISBN
3409:2020
3318:7541
3310:Moon
3172:2020
3128:1563
2704:Date
2345:65.9
2322:50.5
2299:18.5
2279:−7.4
2276:66.3
2253:41.8
2233:−6.0
2230:28.3
2219:Yes
2210:74.9
2199:Yes
2190:73.8
2179:Yes
2167:69.9
2142:33.3
2131:Yes
2122:45.3
2119:88.4
2111:Yes
2102:47.5
2099:90.2
2091:Yes
2079:39.3
2076:93.2
2059:+6.8
2056:63.1
2033:25.2
2010:49.5
2007:80.6
1987:71.2
1962:14.5
1939:57.5
1914:62.5
1868:67.5
1865:59.6
1843:72.8
1795:68.9
1792:52.6
1784:Yes
1775:67.6
1764:Yes
1755:63.3
1744:Yes
1732:63.7
1707:13.8
1696:Yes
1687:77.4
1684:39.9
1676:Yes
1667:74.1
1664:41.1
1656:Yes
1644:71.4
1641:45.2
1621:58.3
1598:26.5
1578:+3.8
1575:74.5
1572:33.0
1552:47.4
1527:32.3
1504:72.9
1501:27.1
1481:39.5
1458:44.6
1435:69.4
1432:15.6
1412:27.8
1387:47.7
1364:63.4
1361:10.8
1353:Yes
1344:15.8
1333:Yes
1324:11.6
1313:Yes
1301:15.4
1278:59.2
1255:59.3
1209:59.0
1186:52.9
1140:69.2
1117:46.1
1092:18.7
1069:68.3
1046:38.2
1023:28.5
1012:Yes
1003:76.3
992:Yes
983:72.4
972:Yes
960:70.7
937:29.3
914:43.2
911:94.4
894:−3.7
891:72.6
868:21.2
848:−0.4
845:49.2
842:87.2
834:Yes
825:78.6
814:Yes
805:75.5
794:Yes
782:71.5
757:10.6
734:57.3
731:79.9
711:62.3
663:65.3
660:66.8
622:Date
585:for
318:and
167:and
156:and
148:and
140:and
99:and
83:and
43:6–7
4127:at
3693:If
3600:doi
3550:doi
3124:);
3022:1.0
3006:9.3
2986:2.3
2970:6.3
2950:5.4
2934:6.0
2901:6.1
2885:5.2
2869:6.8
2853:2.1
2837:2.1
2821:4.3
2805:8.3
2789:6.2
2772:1.9
2756:1.5
2735:1.3
2357:No
2354:Yes
2334:No
2311:No
2308:Yes
2288:No
2265:No
2262:Yes
2242:No
2176:Yes
2156:No
2088:Yes
2068:No
2045:No
2042:Yes
2022:No
1999:No
1996:Yes
1976:No
1951:No
1948:Yes
1928:No
1903:No
1900:Yes
1891:6.0
1880:No
1877:Yes
1857:No
1832:No
1818:6.1
1807:No
1741:Yes
1721:No
1653:Yes
1633:No
1610:No
1607:Yes
1587:No
1564:No
1561:Yes
1541:No
1516:No
1513:Yes
1493:No
1490:Yes
1470:No
1467:Yes
1447:No
1424:No
1401:No
1376:No
1373:Yes
1310:Yes
1290:No
1287:Yes
1267:No
1252:0.1
1244:No
1232:5.2
1221:No
1198:No
1195:Yes
1175:No
1172:Yes
1163:6.8
1152:No
1149:Yes
1129:No
1106:No
1081:No
1058:No
1055:Yes
1035:No
969:Yes
949:No
926:No
923:Yes
903:No
880:No
877:Yes
857:No
791:Yes
771:No
746:No
743:Yes
723:No
700:No
697:Yes
688:2.1
677:No
408:or
103:).
4235::
4106:.
4102:.
4080:.
4033:.
4006:.
3981:.
3946:^
3899:^
3889:.
3857:31
3855:.
3849:.
3773:^
3672:.
3658:^
3641:.
3627:^
3598:.
3594:.
3556:.
3546:61
3544:.
3496:95
3494:.
3482:^
3446:.
3417:^
3400:.
3211:.
3196:.
2923:)
2908:).
2672:54
2658:21
2601:12
2587:22
2573:17
2559:15
2486:16
2472:16
2444:10
2331:No
2285:No
2239:No
2065:No
2019:No
1804:No
1630:No
1584:No
1444:No
1421:No
1264:No
1241:No
1218:No
1126:No
1078:No
1032:No
946:No
900:No
854:No
720:No
510:.
71:A
59:,
55:,
53:Io
4163::
4065:.
4044:.
4018:.
3992:.
3966:.
3940:.
3893:.
3874:.
3863::
3810:(
3748:.
3745:)
3742:J
3738:/
3734:2
3728:S
3724:/
3720:5
3717:(
3713:/
3709:1
3699:S
3695:J
3683:.
3652:.
3621:.
3606:.
3602::
3564:.
3552::
3506:.
3450:.
3411:.
3362:.
3136:(
3086:0
3072:8
3058:6
2957:.
2714:)
2710:(
2629:3
2615:1
2545:1
2531:4
2500:0
2458:8
2430:5
2416:7
2402:8
2388:5
2351:2
2328:1
2305:6
2282:5
2259:4
2236:3
2216:2
2196:2
2173:2
2148:1
2128:6
2108:6
2085:6
2062:5
2039:4
2016:3
1993:2
1968:1
1945:6
1920:5
1897:4
1874:3
1849:2
1824:1
1801:6
1781:5
1761:5
1738:5
1713:4
1693:3
1673:3
1650:3
1627:2
1604:1
1581:6
1558:5
1533:4
1510:3
1487:2
1464:1
1441:6
1418:5
1393:4
1370:3
1350:2
1330:2
1307:2
1284:1
1261:6
1238:5
1215:4
1192:3
1169:2
1146:1
1123:6
1098:5
1075:4
1052:3
1029:2
1009:1
989:1
966:1
943:6
920:5
897:4
874:3
851:2
831:1
811:1
788:1
763:6
740:5
717:4
694:3
669:2
600:2
597:/
320:S
316:J
298:,
293:s
290:y
287:a
284:d
270:)
264:S
261:1
251:J
248:1
242:(
238:1
20:)
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