271:
700:
40:
68:
261:. These parts were formerly accessible, which made it necessary to keep constant guards there, as well to prevent desertions from within as a surprise from without. Of late years, much labour has been bestowed in making all these parts more abrupt and difficult, yet it is still necessary to watch them, as there are always some hardy adventurers who will wantonly risk their lives down these perilous cliffs, either in attempting to desert or in search of flowers."
204:
1854:
1878:
1890:
75:
1866:
322:
the catchment area increased to 24 acres (97,000 m). By 1961 the total catchment area had increased to its maximum of 34 acres (140,000 m). It took roughly 5,928 rafters, 1,112 purlins, 1,161 piles, 5,928 sheets, 2,920 kg of screws and 850 kg of washers for every hectare of the Great Dune that was covered.
306:
area on the east side of the Rock and the driving of an 800 metres (2,600 ft) tunnel through the Rock running east-west to channel the water to the existing reservoirs. The catchment which was the original idea of the then City
Engineer of Gibraltar and was constructed in 1903 on the Great Sand
286:
began with the construction of four 5,000,000 imperial gallons (23,000,000 L) reservoirs cut inside the western side of the Rock at an elevation of 103.6 metres (340 ft) above sea level, each being 60.96 metres (200.0 ft) long 15.24 metres (50.0 ft) high and with an average width
316:
and 75 millimetres (3.0 in) x 75 millimetres (3.0 in) x 2,400 millimetres (94 in) rafters were nailed to them which was followed by screwing corrugated galvanised iron sheets 2,400 millimetres (94 in) x 900 millimetres (35 in) round the edges. The timber had been previously
321:
at a pressure of 170 pounds per square inch (1,200 kPa). Further expansions of the Great Sand Dune catchments were carried out in stages up until 1961. The original plan was to cover an area of 10 acres (40,000 m). Between 1911 and 1914 a fifth reservoir was excavated inside the Rock and
240:
from the precipice above added boulders to the dune so the formation seen today is a consolidated composite of rocks and windblown sands. The upper limits of the dune were scarped by the
British garrison for two reasons - to avoid soldiers deserting the place and to prevent surprise attacks by
307:
Dune which has an average inclination of 1â…“ to 1. The largest of the boulders embedded in the dune were blasted away in order to trim the surface as even as possible. A footpath and channel for the collection of rainwater were constructed along the lower perimeter of the catchment area.
311:
piles 1,500 millimetres (59 in) x 150 millimetres (5.9 in) x 40 millimetres (1.6 in) were driven their full length into the smoothed dune. To these a timber framing of 75 millimetres (3.0 in) x 75 millimetres (3.0 in) x 4,500 millimetres (180 in)
301:
As
Gibraltar's population and demand for a fresh water supply increased, further sources of supply were required and a scheme to expand the system was proposed and carried out. This consisted of the construction of a 40,000 square metres (4.0 ha)
334:
particularly when the sea removed material from the beach. This dynamic nature meant that little vegetation of any significant height could grow on the dune with any permanence as many pre-catchment photographs demonstrate.
231:
winds of prehistory continuously blew sand from this savanna westwards, accumulating against the eastern cliffs of the Rock, reaching from the base of the cliff right down to sea level (at that time there was no road where
342:
began to manage the phased work of dismantling the catchment construction. By 2006 the slope was entirely restored to its natural state and is now completely covered in vegetation native to the habitat of
Gibraltar.
253:"The Eastern side of the hill consists of an immense sloping bank of whitish sand interspersed with huge fragments of rock, and reaching from the sea nearly to the summit of the rock in some parts not far from the
1074:
215:
The prehistoric dune is made from yellow, windblown sands lacking the red component of the sands on the west side of the Rock. It is made of the same sand that once formed part of a vast
1147:
39:
810:
485:
339:
1916:
623:
1152:
1328:
893:
1728:
788:
610:
391:
103:
521:
1020:
1580:
1383:
362:
67:
1806:
1782:
1125:
1140:
1135:
741:
451:
560:
287:
of 6.1 metres (20 ft), with a total capacity of 22,727 square metres (244,630 sq ft). They were officially inaugurated by
1777:
1757:
1605:
1511:
1118:
638:
633:
628:
291:
1701:
1610:
1296:
921:
815:
1894:
1787:
1615:
1483:
991:
986:
763:
1745:
1665:
1587:
736:
294:
in 1901. These reservoirs were initially fed by relatively small water catchment areas on the western side of the Rock above the
1762:
1711:
1363:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1740:
1600:
1345:
1318:
685:
514:
254:
1718:
1706:
781:
643:
600:
1723:
1625:
1478:
1434:
1253:
1069:
1015:
776:
172:
1921:
1792:
1670:
1323:
1280:
1036:
564:
1373:
270:
1829:
1595:
1575:
1439:
1333:
1243:
771:
580:
242:
403:
1819:
1658:
1493:
1187:
981:
883:
805:
555:
507:
352:
180:
282:
which has been historically problematic for its population over the centuries. In 1898, the construction on the
1752:
1260:
1202:
1177:
1172:
1008:
901:
848:
605:
575:
433:
1461:
936:
246:
1444:
911:
477:
330:
The Great Dune served to maintain a regular supply of sand on the eastern beaches of
Gibraltar, especially
1523:
1473:
1429:
1355:
1338:
1197:
1081:
1003:
713:
233:
1735:
1648:
1545:
1506:
1378:
1265:
1164:
1056:
1041:
963:
288:
1870:
863:
1424:
1406:
1313:
1270:
1225:
1113:
868:
731:
585:
544:
357:
331:
1468:
1518:
1368:
1302:
906:
873:
793:
570:
258:
241:
Spanish troops. The Great Sand Dune was constantly shifting right up to the late 19th century when
135:
1877:
1858:
1686:
1653:
1632:
1620:
1456:
1182:
1064:
1046:
1824:
1565:
1560:
858:
753:
655:
651:
595:
184:
53:
455:
1882:
1814:
1570:
1528:
998:
916:
853:
838:
661:
399:
208:
203:
1248:
152:
147:
1451:
931:
926:
615:
303:
295:
192:
1910:
1501:
1192:
878:
746:
228:
191:
which was contained in underground tanks within the Rock to satisfy the population's
45:
669:
590:
207:
The Great Sand Dune as depicted in the 1865 scale model of
Gibraltar, now at the
1130:
843:
279:
224:
220:
140:
1308:
283:
118:
105:
699:
530:
176:
155:
88:
49:
30:
677:
318:
237:
1533:
216:
313:
499:
437:
269:
202:
489:
308:
274:
View of Sandy Bay, Gibraltar in 1992 showing the catchment areas
188:
168:
1404:
1223:
961:
711:
542:
503:
1288:
245:
were laid over the dune for the collection of rainwater.
249:
described this and the efforts to make it inaccessible:
811:
Ornithological & Natural
History Society (GONHS)
486:
340:
1805:
1694:
1685:
1641:
1553:
1544:
1492:
1417:
1354:
1279:
1236:
1163:
1055:
1029:
974:
892:
831:
824:
762:
724:
146:
134:
21:
74:
1153:European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)
515:
8:
1691:
1550:
1414:
1401:
1233:
1220:
971:
958:
828:
721:
708:
539:
522:
508:
500:
18:
1021:Political development in modern Gibraltar
478:"Image of successfully re-vegetated dune"
1917:Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar
363:Water supply and sanitation in Gibraltar
183:and dominates the eastern cliffs of the
436:. DiscoverGibraltar.com. Archived from
374:
145:
133:
87:Location of the Great Sand Dune within
60:
36:
278:Gibraltar has few natural sources of
7:
1865:
427:
425:
423:
421:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
1889:
1297:Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation
14:
1616:Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned
1484:Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar
1888:
1876:
1864:
1853:
1852:
742:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
698:
452:"Gibraltar Water Supply History"
73:
66:
38:
392:"The Great Gibraltar Sand Dune"
1065:Black Swan Project controversy
187:. It was once used to capture
1:
1581:Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
601:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
44:View of the dune and eastern
1626:Shrine of Our Lady of Europe
1435:Bayside Comprehensive School
1384:Vehicle registration plates
1324:Royal Gibraltar Post Office
1938:
1329:postage stamps and history
236:is today). The occasional
173:British Overseas Territory
1848:
1773:
1659:Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque
1413:
1400:
1232:
1219:
1188:Napier of Magdala Battery
970:
957:
720:
707:
696:
556:Neanderthals in Gibraltar
551:
538:
454:. AquaGib. Archived from
396:Underground-Gibraltar.com
353:Upper Rock Nature Reserve
181:Upper Rock Nature Reserve
165:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
99:
81:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
61:
37:
28:
23:Great Gibraltar Sand Dune
1203:Royal Gibraltar Regiment
1178:Gibraltar Defence Police
1173:British Forces Gibraltar
576:First Siege of Gibraltar
1445:University of Gibraltar
1131:Sovereignty referendums
789:Reptiles and amphibians
179:. It forms part of the
1374:Gibraltar–Spain border
1198:Royal Gibraltar Police
937:St. Bernard's Hospital
922:King George V Hospital
611:George Augustus Eliott
317:pressure treated with
275:
263:
243:corrugated iron sheets
234:Sir Herbert Miles Road
212:
119:36.134166°N 5.343221°W
16:Sand dune in Gibraltar
1379:Shipping in Gibraltar
644:Explosion of the RFA
289:Governor of Gibraltar
273:
251:
206:
1788:Records in athletics
1763:Campo Gibraltar RUFC
1741:Football Association
1590:(Church of Scotland)
1588:St. Andrew's Church
1319:Regulatory Authority
639:Maltese in Gibraltar
634:Genoese in Gibraltar
586:Capture of Gibraltar
358:Sandy Bay, Gibraltar
124:36.134166; -5.343221
1519:Gibraltarian status
1303:Gibraltar Chronicle
874:Strait of Gibraltar
798:Iberis gibraltarica
581:Battle of Gibraltar
571:Pillars of Hercules
115: /
1922:Dunes of Gibraltar
1778:Commonwealth Games
1633:Trafalgar Cemetery
1621:Our Lady of Europe
1462:LlĂ©vame Donde NacĂ
1183:Gibraltar Squadron
982:Constitution Order
864:St. Michael's Cave
276:
259:Middle-hill Guards
213:
1904:
1903:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1801:
1800:
1681:
1680:
1601:Roman Catholicism
1566:Diocese in Europe
1396:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1346:Telephone numbers
1291:(Internet domain)
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1126:Political parties
953:
952:
949:
948:
945:
944:
859:Rock of Gibraltar
754:Iberian Peninsula
694:
693:
656:Death on the Rock
652:Operation Flavius
596:Treaty of Utrecht
185:Rock of Gibraltar
161:
160:
54:Rock of Gibraltar
1929:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1855:
1793:Victoria Stadium
1692:
1591:
1576:Bishop suffragan
1551:
1415:
1402:
1292:
1234:
1221:
972:
959:
917:Garrison Library
839:Bay of Gibraltar
829:
801:
782:Barbary macaques
722:
709:
702:
619:
540:
524:
517:
510:
501:
494:
493:
488:. Archived from
474:
468:
467:
465:
463:
458:on 15 April 2013
448:
442:
441:
429:
416:
415:
413:
411:
402:. Archived from
400:Gibraltar Museum
388:
292:Sir George White
266:Water catchments
209:Gibraltar Museum
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
120:
116:
113:
112:
111:
108:
77:
76:
70:
42:
19:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1836:
1797:
1769:
1677:
1671:Great Synagogue
1637:
1589:
1571:Bishop diocesan
1540:
1488:
1479:Public holidays
1440:Westside School
1409:
1388:
1350:
1290:
1275:
1249:Gibraltar pound
1228:
1207:
1159:
1070:Disputed status
1051:
1025:
966:
941:
888:
820:
806:Botanic Gardens
795:
758:
716:
703:
690:
617:
616:Gibraltar real
547:
534:
528:
498:
497:
476:
475:
471:
461:
459:
450:
449:
445:
431:
430:
419:
409:
407:
390:
389:
376:
371:
349:
328:
304:water catchment
268:
201:
123:
121:
117:
114:
109:
106:
104:
102:
101:
95:
94:
93:
92:
85:
84:
83:
82:
78:
57:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1935:
1933:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1768:
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1760:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1498:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Gibraltar Fair
1466:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1452:Miss Gibraltar
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1281:Communications
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1261:Stock Exchange
1258:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:Chief Minister
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
996:
995:
994:
989:
978:
976:
968:
967:
962:
955:
954:
951:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
940:
939:
934:
932:The Rock Hotel
929:
927:Moorish Castle
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
896:
890:
889:
887:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
835:
833:
826:
822:
821:
819:
818:
813:
808:
803:
791:
786:
785:
784:
774:
768:
766:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
750:
749:
744:
734:
728:
726:
718:
717:
712:
705:
704:
697:
695:
692:
691:
689:
688:
683:
675:
667:
659:
649:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
558:
552:
549:
548:
543:
536:
535:
529:
527:
526:
519:
512:
504:
496:
495:
492:on 2013-03-17.
469:
443:
440:on 2012-06-26.
417:
373:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
360:
355:
348:
345:
327:
324:
296:Moorish Castle
267:
264:
200:
197:
167:is an ancient
159:
158:
150:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
97:
96:
86:
80:
79:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
43:
35:
34:
29:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1825:Official flag
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:national team
1756:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:national team
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:national team
1727:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1712:national team
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1672:
1669:
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1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:Gibraltarians
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:postal orders
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
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747:Gibraltar Arc
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100:Coordinates:
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1820:Coat of arms
1783:Island Games
1724:Field hockey
1642:Other faiths
1554:Christianity
1494:Demographics
1474:National Day
1339:Study Circle
1301:
1004:court system
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624:World War II
591:George Rooke
490:the original
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460:. Retrieved
456:the original
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438:the original
432:Crone, Jim.
408:. Retrieved
404:the original
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255:Signal House
252:
227:hunted. The
225:Neanderthals
219:of the late
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164:
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1895:WikiProject
1830:other flags
1753:Rugby union
1561:Anglicanism
1009:LGBT rights
912:The Convent
844:Catalan Bay
764:Environment
629:Nationality
606:Great Siege
434:"Sandy Bay"
280:fresh water
221:Pleistocene
141:Pleistocene
122: /
1911:Categories
1702:Basketball
1309:Gibtelecom
1114:Parliament
794:Candytuft
618:(currency)
369:References
326:Other uses
284:waterworks
257:, and the
247:John White
107:36°08′03″N
1596:Methodism
1524:Languages
1512:in the UK
1430:Education
1369:Cable car
1356:Transport
1082:Elections
907:City Hall
869:Sandy Bay
714:Geography
671:New Flame
531:Gibraltar
482:GONHS.org
332:Sandy Bay
189:rainwater
177:Gibraltar
169:sand dune
156:Gibraltar
110:5°20′36″W
89:Gibraltar
52:from the
50:Gibraltar
48:coast of
31:Sand dune
1859:Category
1736:Football
1695:By sport
1649:Hinduism
1546:Religion
1314:Panorama
1266:Taxation
1165:Military
1057:Politics
1042:Governor
1016:Passport
964:Politics
686:COVID-19
681:incident
673:incident
665:incident
646:Bedenham
561:Timeline
410:29 March
347:See also
319:creosote
238:rockfall
148:Topo map
1871:Commons
1807:Symbols
1719:Cycling
1707:Cricket
1666:Judaism
1606:Diocese
1534:Llanito
1529:English
1425:Cuisine
1418:General
1407:Culture
1364:Airport
1271:Tourism
1237:General
1226:Economy
1119:Speaker
1075:isthmus
975:General
832:Natural
777:Mammals
737:Geology
732:Climate
725:General
545:History
462:6 April
314:purlins
217:savanna
199:Geology
195:needs.
171:in the
1883:Portal
1815:Anthem
1611:Bishop
1030:People
825:Places
663:Aurora
565:sieges
533:topics
309:Timber
229:levant
223:where
1687:Sport
1654:Islam
1457:Music
1254:coins
1244:Banks
1047:Mayor
894:Built
772:Birds
679:Fedra
1507:list
1289:.gi
1141:2002
1136:1967
1107:2023
1102:2019
1097:2015
1092:2011
1087:2007
992:2006
987:1969
464:2013
412:2013
163:The
999:Law
175:of
136:Age
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