1643:
1209:
5082:
189:
5187:
1957:
1352:
1799:
1282:
1871:
1233:
143:
553:– a new class of lake freighter, several of which entered service in the 2010s for Seaway Marine Transport, a division of Algoma Central. A class of vessel is created any time a new design is used to build a ship and is notable when multiple ships are built to the same design plans. The ships are used as dry-bulk lake freighters (two gearless bulk freighter and three self-unloading vessel). The first in the series,
2122:
1762:
1590:
1143:
790:
766:, highway department salt domes, and stone docks, where limestone is unloaded for the construction industry. U.S.-flagged freighters carried the largest portion of the trade, accounting for two-thirds of all cargo by weight. U.S. hulls carried most of the iron, limestone and cement, while Canadian boats carried most of the potash, and almost all of the salt and grain moved on the lakes.
752:
1221:
95:
33:
774:, as well as the industry using large volumes of material while being concentrated in a few large harbor locations. Salt and Canadian grain can be hauled to numerous smaller ports of either country on smaller, mostly Canadian, ships, which can also enter the St. Lawrence Seaway with the Canadian ports of Montreal and Quebec City.
849:
These are the largest vessels on the lakes. A dozen were built between 1976 and 1981, and all remain in service today. These are all U.S.-flagged vessels between 1,000 and 1,013.5 feet (304.8 and 308.9 m) long, 105 feet (32 m) wide and of 56 ft (17 m) hull depth. They can carry as
1575:
November was the traditional last month of shipping before the winter layup (and lake freeze-up). During
November, much of the worst weather of the navigation season occurs which has resulted in a disproportionate number of accidents. One study shows that over half of all strandings and one-third of
76:
Lakers have been used since the late 19th century to haul raw material from docks in the Great Lakes and St
Lawrence Seaway regions to the industrial centres of Ontario, Quebec, and the American Midwest. The navigation season typically begins in late March and ends mid-January due to the formation
1388:
uses the approximates 6,000 ships and 30,000 lives lost. David D. Swayze has compiled a list which details over 4,750 well-documented shipwrecks, mostly of commercial vessels and a list of known names of over 5,000 victims of those sinkings. Maritime historian Mark
Thompson reports that based on
1272:
Since Great Lakes waves do not achieve the great length or period of ocean waves, particularly compared to the waves' height, ships are in less danger of being suspended between two waves and breaking, so the ratio between the ship's length, beam and its depth can be larger than that of an
2988:
166:
The early lakers often had a wooden hull, or a composite hull of an oak frame wrapped in iron plating. With the depletion of high quality timber near the lake shore, shipbuilders increasingly utilized metal hulls. In 1881 and 1882, the first entirely iron-hulled freighters,
3411:
Rashid, Kaosar and Oyshi, Sarah Jabin
Chowdhury and Tahsin, Zarin, COMPARISON OF CORROSIVE NATURE OF SHIPBUILDING PLATES IN FRESH WATER AND SEA WATER (May 8, 2023). Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Marine Technology (MARTEC 2022), Available at SSRN:
828:. These vessels vary greatly in configuration and cargo capacity, being capable of hauling between 10,000 and 40,000 tons per trip depending on the individual boat. These smaller boats serve smaller harbors around the lakes which have irregular need for their services.
158:
forced ships to portage their cargo 1.25 miles (2.01 km) around the falls. In an effort to make shipping more efficient and profitable, Michigan representatives appealed to the federal government for funding to build a canal. In 1855, the
Michigan State Locks (now
501:
The many lake freighters operating on the Great Lakes can be differentiated by how they are used. This may be where the ships may be where they work, their design, their size, or other factors. The ships are not always exclusive to one category. These types include:
1789:) (1962 – 715.9 ft, 218.2 m) was the first modern laker built with all cabins aft (a "stern-ender"), following the lead of ocean-going bulk carriers and reprising a century old form used by little river steam barges and the whalebacks.
1303:
Modern lakers are usually designed and constructed for a 45-50 year old service life, outlasting ocean-going bulk carriers. As of 2023, ocean-going bulk freighters average an 11-year lifespan, due in part to the corrosive effects of saltwater.
4928:
1781:(1949 – 678 ft, 207 m) is considered to be the first of the modern lakers, and when converted to a self-unloader in 1975 was the first to have the equipment mounted aft. Since then all self-unloading equipment has been mounted aft.
114:. Often, these ships had accessible deck hatches, useful for loading and unloading cargo. Around this time, passenger steamboats were gaining popularity for their steam-powered shipping abilities, which were faster and more reliable.
253:
In the mid-20th century, 300 lakers worked the lakes, but by the early 21st century, there were fewer than 140 active lakers. By the 1990s, older and smaller self-unloaders and straight-deck freighters converted into tug-barges.
769:
Destination harbors, ship sizes, and legal restrictions greatly affect the pattern of haulage. Large U.S. ships hauled most of the iron ore on the lakes (79%) from U.S. mines to U.S. mills. This reflects the requirement of the
820:
vessels are able to access the Great Lakes and the ocean. The
Canadian fleet needs to travel to and from its major cities along the St. Lawrence Seaway, so the largest length for the Canadian vessels is 740 feet (230 m).
1670:
became the largest ship on the lakes at 729 feet (222 m) when launched in 1958. In addition to this, the ship was regarded for its "DJ Captain," Peter Pulcer, who frequently played music to entertain onlookers.
3354:
226:
After World War II, several ocean freighters and tankers were transported to the Great Lakes and converted to bulk carriers as a way to acquire ships cheaply. Several of them continue to sail today. The oil tanker
4976:
2192:, was involved in an attempt to save the ship as a museum. In the end, the company failed to locate an organization that was capable and willing to preserve the ship and she was sold and scrapped in
1725:
was the longest ship on the lakes and became the first bulk carrier to hold the unofficial title of "Queen of the Lakes." The title that has been passed down to record-breaking lake freighters since.
831:
Another reason for the lack of larger
Canadian vessels is legislative in nature. Larger ships on the lakes are generally used to transport American-mined ore bound for American mills. Because of the
1255:(28 km/h; 17 mph). Vessel speeds are not as important on the lakes as on the ocean. Ports are often closer together than in ocean trade, so cargo capacity is more important than speed.
475:
The most powerful freighter when launched with two engines rated at 19,500 brake horsepower (bhp) (14,500 kW) each. In 2011, it was repowered with two engines rated at 9,650 bhp (7,200 kW) each.
1859:'s flagship until 1980. In 1987, the ship was donated to the Great Lakes Historical Society for restoration and preservation. In 2005, the ship was moved to its present location at Cleveland's
4898:
1389:
nautical records, nearly 6,000 shipwrecks on the Great Lakes occurred between 1878 and 1994, with about a quarter of those being listed as total losses with a total of 1,166 lives lost.
123:
was launched. It was designed specifically for the iron ore trade and had an experimental design that would soon set the standard for subsequent bulk carriers on the Great Lakes. The
1199:(1869), lake freighters typically had the bridge and associated superstructure at the bow. Additionally, a second island would be located over the engine room in the stern. In 1974,
205:
boat, designed by
Alexander McDougall. These had cigar-shaped bodies that barely rose out of the water when fully loaded, and carried bulk cargo on the lakes from 1888 through 1970.
3049:
1937:
served from 1917 to 1966. Two years later the ship became a museum on the waterfront of the 'American Soo', east of the Soo Locks, in 1968. She holds many relics of the sinking of
3680:
1325:
Some shipping companies are building new freighters to ply the waters of the Great Lakes. The following are new freighters in use or will be launched for use in the Great Lakes:
816:
Many of the lakers are unable to navigate the locks of the St. Lawrence Seaway that restricts vessel size to 740 feet (230 m) in length and 78 feet (24 m) in breadth.
3145:
2098:
at Port Credit. It was built in 1905 and is one of the oldest surviving hulls on the lake. Its silhouette provides an example of the appearance of early 1900s lake freighters.
1269:
configuration. On the lake vessels, the hatches are traditionally spaced 24 feet (7.3 m) apart. This configuration was needed to match the chutes at loading facilities.
4888:
781:, salties often take on partial loads. Conversely, the Seaway allows smaller lakers to access the Atlantic Ocean. The larger, newer ships are restricted to the upper lakes.
3591:
106:
The lake freighter's recognizable design emerged from many years of innovation in Great Lakes shipping. By the late 1860s, most bulk cargo was still carried by unpowered
5016:
1518:
Ships on the lakes have been involved in many lesser incidents. Lakers have been subject to frequent groundings in ports and channels because of varying lake levels and
1262:
to maximize the vessel's size in the locks within the Great Lakes/St
Lawrence Seaway system. Therefore, ship designers have favored bluff bows over streamlined bows.
5117:
3603:"Shipwrecks of the Lakes", Dana T. Bowen, Freshwater Press, January 1, 1952, quoted in the U.S. Coast Guard's Board of Inquiry report on the foundering of the SS
5031:
4918:
1834:
4776:
4713:
1817:, widely known for her artistic design and being the only remaining straight-decker still in active service on the US side of the Great Lakes. In mid 2006,
2210:
with the last three-cycle reciprocating steam engine was too expensive to turn into a museum and was sent to Azcon Metals in Duluth to be scrapped in 2015.
4048:
5296:
401:
and nicknamed "Stubby," the ship only consisted of the bow and stern sections. It was then sailed to Erie, Pennsylvania and lengthened by over 700 feet.
2497:
384:
The last coal-fired freighter on the Great Lakes. In 1995, the ship's boiler was converted to be oil-firing. The 95-year-old ship was scrapped in 2022.
163:) opened, allowing vessels to keep up with demands for iron ore from further east. This would fuel the development of bulk carriers on the Great Lakes.
4119:
5547:
4938:
3474:
4646:
2064:, not sailed since 1981, is currently docked in DeTour, Michigan after conversion to a self-unloader and repowering was halted in November 2008.
155:
835:
of 1920, only
American ships can carry ore from American mines to American mills in American ports; ergo, larger Canadian ships are not needed.
4769:
1906:
5580:
5053:
3579:
2847:
2529:
2406:
1363:
185:, was launched in 1886. Soon both iron and composite hulls were discontinued, while wood was used for smaller vessels into the early 1900s.
127:
featured a raised pilothouse at the bow, situated on top of a set of cabins, and a boxy hull to maximize cargo capacity. Between the raised
4708:
4226:
4022:
3041:
3004:
2294:
5110:
5068:
4966:
4374:
4695:
2004:
1663:
131:
and engine funnel at the stern was a long, unbroken deck lined with hatches spaced 24 feet apart (to match the chutes of the gravity
5542:
5390:
5058:
4986:
4943:
3373:
3184:
2341:
2304:
2113:
in Lake Erie, where it was moved in 1986. It has been a private residence since 1999. The home is intermittently available to tour.
1629:
1367:
1182:
3539:
5186:
5036:
3249:
3652:
5929:
5785:
5759:
1607:
1208:
1160:
2964:
1642:
5772:
5103:
4933:
4923:
3618:
3549:
2237:
1611:
1164:
3506:
3223:
2153:, after a failed attempt to convert the ship into a museum in Erie. She had been saved from the scrapyard 11 years earlier.
2141:
Several other lakers nearly became museums, but were scrapped for lack of funding, political opposition, and other causes.
3353:
Waterhouse, John; Wren, Reginald; Johnson, Mike; Barczak, Nicholas; Lewandowski, M. J.; Tietje, E. David (November 2014).
2109:, was the flagship of the Ford Motor Company fleet when launched in 1924. The forward cabin is now located on a cliff on
1049:
First 1000-footer on the lakes, and the only one with a forward pilothouse, following the traditional Great Lakes style.
4893:
4883:
2587:
2231:
1993:
1561:
1527:
1385:
1273:
ocean-going ship. The lake vessels generally have a 10:1 length to beam ratio, whereas ocean vessels are typically 7:1.
188:
86:, which sank in 1975, became widely known as the largest and most recent major vessel to be wrecked on the Great Lakes.
4764:
1850:
1494:
976:
614:
450:
5919:
4759:
3833:
2226:
1864:
1339:
824:
Lake boats in the 600-and-700-foot (180 and 210 m) classes are more common, because of the limitations of the
4673:
1600:
1424:, May 11, 1953, Lake Superior, 17 of 31 crew died, (flooded after the cargo hatch covers were lost during a storm)
1153:
5573:
4750:
4725:
4718:
4425:
2545:
2242:
2207:
2077:
1511:
Shoal in November 1966, but before it could be refloated, it was further damaged in the same storm that sank the
1092:
576:
570:
542:
Tug-barge - a bulk carrier created by pairing barges (former self-unloaders and straight-deckers) with a tugboat.
4160:
3755:
1372:
The Great Lakes have a long history of shipwrecks, groundings, storms, and collisions. From the 1679 sinking of
805:
The size of a lake freighter determines where it can work. The shallow draft imposed by the St. Marys River and
4847:
4219:
2035:
742:
562:
5001:
2691:
2054:
construction in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. The ship was sold for scrap 2003, but the pilothouse and hull of
5026:
4971:
4668:
4384:
4127:
3681:"45 years after Edmund Fitzgerald sank, Arthur Anderson crosses Lake Superior under gale warning, snowstorm"
3449:
1771:
1741:
1308:
763:
588:
550:
408:
119:
4176:
3071:
1384:, thousands of ships and thousands of lives have been lost, many involving vessels in the cargo trade. The
5914:
5410:
5223:
5006:
4908:
4651:
4597:
4404:
3423:
2938:
2660:
2149:: 1897-built freighter, later converted to a sand-sucker. Scrapped in 1997 by Liberty Iron & Metal of
1989:
s pilothouse is set to be displayed in the National Museum of the Great Lakes' upcoming museum expansion.
1351:
566:
539:(bulker) – a freighter built without conveyors and cranes to offload cargo, instead using port facilities.
177:, were launched. Around this time, steel was quickly becoming a standard hull material as a result of the
3482:
2716:
5395:
5046:
4857:
4802:
4567:
4534:
1798:
1674:
1418:
880:
844:
604:
36:
3807:
1956:
1322:
had one of the longest careers, having been built in 1898 until being sold for scrap in November 2008.
3705:
3299:
3198:
2884:
1698:" as the largest ship on the lakes since launching in 1981. The modern stern-ender was first launched
5749:
5745:
5726:
5566:
5400:
4867:
4842:
4602:
4184:
3387:
2247:
1812:
1802:
1765:
1557:
1549:
1500:
1475:
1466:
1015:
706:
In 2023, 81.4 million tons of cargo were shipped on the Great Lakes. The most common cargoes include
480:
80:
3323:
2742:
2443:
748:
The 1940s saw the rise in the use of taconite pellets, as sources of higher quality ore diminished.
5924:
5527:
5471:
5253:
4913:
4903:
4862:
4683:
4663:
4639:
4212:
2088:
1921:
1892:
1790:
1447:
1200:
918:
228:
136:
1281:
5739:
5641:
5616:
5611:
5481:
5156:
5041:
4852:
4781:
4634:
4420:
4399:
4389:
3367:
3178:
2150:
2134:
1860:
1733:
1726:
1711:
1695:
1508:
1440:
582:
243:
5558:
3957:
3522:
3015:
2471:
5791:
5258:
5161:
5021:
4961:
4730:
4435:
3910:
3626:
3575:
3545:
2863:
2843:
2525:
2402:
2337:
2300:
2164:
2110:
1879:
1472:, November 29, 1966, Lake Huron, 28 of 29 crew died, (split in half by hogging during a storm)
1380:
1329:
1259:
1213:
1073:
741:
The iron ore transported from the upper Great Lakes primarily supplies the steel mills of the
608:
70:
2837:
2569:
2519:
2396:
5778:
5506:
5491:
5425:
5369:
5268:
5171:
4991:
4468:
4341:
4311:
1856:
1659:
1545:
1540:
causing a fire). To prevent collisions and groundings, the Great Lakes are well-served with
1536:
1396:
956:
466:
178:
3730:
2767:
2331:
1232:
42:, with pilothouse forward and engine room astern, also equipped with a self-unloading boom.
5496:
5486:
5306:
5291:
5238:
5166:
4703:
4629:
4509:
4483:
4452:
4440:
4367:
3510:
3094:
2252:
1493:
sank in the Great Lakes during the 1950s; both in collisions with other ships. The saltie
1054:
536:
217:
208:
The early lake freighters required cargo to be manually unloaded, or with assistance from
3996:
3782:
813:
is the largest deep lock at 1,200 feet (370 m) long and 110 feet (34 m) wide.
5765:
5466:
5326:
5233:
5228:
4827:
4817:
4807:
4745:
4544:
4430:
4379:
4306:
4301:
4291:
2262:
1932:
1870:
806:
554:
142:
3450:"Attempts to save oldest freighter on Great Lakes fail; E.M. Ford headed to scrapyard"
2792:
1481:, November 10, 1975, Lake Superior, 29 of 29 crew died, (unknown cause during a storm)
5908:
5648:
5537:
5532:
5415:
5283:
5176:
5127:
4797:
4735:
4678:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4587:
4539:
4270:
4260:
2203:
1821:
was fitted out and put into service following a long-term lay-up that began in 1998.
1755:
1747:
1531:
1453:
1195:
Lakers feature a design distinct from their ocean-going counterparts. Because of the
825:
17:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5798:
5708:
5676:
5670:
5654:
5634:
5627:
5621:
5606:
5601:
5451:
5243:
5208:
5086:
5011:
4837:
4822:
4812:
4740:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4504:
4445:
4362:
4346:
4286:
4265:
2257:
2182:, formerly owned by Upper Lakes Shipping, and the setting for the movie version of
2012:
2000:
1795:(1974–2015 730 ft, 220 m) was the last laker built in the classic style.
1459:, May 7, 1965, Straits of Mackinac, 10 of 35 crew died, (collision with the saltie
1427:
996:
247:
111:
54:
3335:
2818:
2080:
on Belle Isle. The pilot house is open for tours and overlooks the Detroit River.
1415:, June 4, 1947, Lake Superior, 12 of 33 crew died, (ran into rocks at Isle Royale)
1358:
beset in ice during a December trip until freed by two US Coast Guard icebreakers.
1295:(right) in her last month of a 70-year sailing career, which included surviving a
445:
The first 1000-foot integrated tugboat/barge and the second 1,000 footer overall.
3356:
Ballast Water Treatment, U.S. Great Lakes Bulk Carrier Engineering and Cost Study
2636:"LCT-203 - Historical Collections of the Great Lakes - BGSU University Libraries"
5882:
5869:
5852:
5846:
5446:
5420:
5374:
5364:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5311:
5301:
5273:
5263:
5063:
4832:
4549:
4488:
4394:
4296:
4235:
4168:
3677:
3503:
2183:
2121:
1917:
1761:
1732:
held the title for 22 years, longer than any other laker of the classic design.
1589:
1402:, August 20, 1920, Lake Superior, 29 of 33 crew died, (collision with freighter
1266:
1252:
1142:
789:
340:
58:
4204:
3885:
3274:
751:
738:. The cargo is carried in large contiguous holds, not packed into containers.
5894:
5476:
5359:
5316:
5218:
5195:
5146:
4981:
4592:
4473:
4336:
4255:
2912:
2267:
1898:
1553:
1541:
1409:
1374:
1286:
354:, it was the first ship retrofitted to have self-unloading equipment in 1902.
128:
3630:
2007:. When launched in 1911, it was the largest bulk freighter in the world. The
5890:
5886:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5501:
5461:
5213:
4929:
Great Lakes–Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement
4656:
4514:
4478:
4250:
3975:
3859:
3412:
https://ssrn.com/abstract=4441299 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4441299
2051:
1576:
all vessels lost to foundering between 1900–1950 were lost during November.
1220:
832:
817:
810:
771:
711:
524:
202:
192:
160:
147:
2365:
1564:
and other agencies maintain the harbors and seaways to limit groundings by
1265:
Another distinguishing feature of lake vessels versus ocean vessels is the
2635:
2425:
1446:, November 18, 1958, Lake Michigan, 33 of 35 crew died, (split in half by
94:
5511:
5456:
5405:
2272:
2188:
1717:
1565:
1335:
851:
778:
707:
517:
513:
308:
173:
132:
5095:
2610:
2011:
had been a floating museum before, after being purchased by the City of
1433:, June 20, 1953, Lake Superior, 1 of 29 crew died, (rammed by freighter
5802:
5732:
5430:
2095:
2094:
was partially sunk as a breakwater (with stack and cabins intact) near
1614: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1569:
1519:
1167: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
32:
2498:"Vernacular in Curves: The Mythologizing of the Great Lakes Whaleback"
527:
vessels that access the Great Lakes through the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
2839:
Superships of the Great Lakes: Thousand-foot Ships on the Great Lakes
1296:
731:
727:
715:
223:
Around 1916, 600-foot vessels more or less became the standard size.
209:
181:
making it more affordable, and the first steel-hulled freighter, the
4192:
4066:
1867:
for use as a museum ship. The ship is available to tour seasonally.
506:
Laker – a bulk carrier operating primarily in the upper Great Lakes.
1658:, which sank during a storm on Lake Superior on November 10, 1975.
1530:), icing in during winter trips and shipboard fires (including the
530:
Self-unloader – a lake freighter equipped with self-unloading gear.
5805:
5354:
5203:
5151:
4092:
3935:
3042:"First new ship built for the Great Lakes in 35 years is underway"
2989:
Canadian company orders five lakers, Wheat Board orders two others
2221:
2193:
2120:
1955:
1869:
1797:
1760:
1641:
1350:
1280:
1231:
1219:
1207:
788:
750:
700:
Source: "Cargo Reports – Year-in-Review 2023 – U.S.-Flag Vessels"
322:
in advancing the design of what would become the Great Lakes boat
187:
141:
107:
93:
66:
62:
31:
4049:"William Clay Ford Pilot House | Detroit Historical Society"
3388:"An ageing bulk carrier fleet | Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide"
3095:"U.S.-flag Great Lakes cargo float increased 6.5 percent in 2023"
2058:
were saved and now are used as a residence along the lake shore.
1878:, one of the long-lived bulk freighters on the Lakes, unloads in
5141:
3976:"Col. James M. Schoonmaker – National Museum of the Great Lakes"
2546:"Whaleback Boats on the Great Lakes | Minnesota Digital Library"
735:
723:
719:
5562:
5099:
4208:
3731:"The Ford Fleet -- The Henry Ford Blog - Blog - The Henry Ford"
2768:"The Ford Fleet -- The Henry Ford Blog - Blog - The Henry Ford"
1721:
was the second iron-hulled laker, launched in 1882. At 302 ft,
1534:
in 2001 where a drawbridge ran into the Canadian grain carrier
3653:"The Wheeling Connection to Gordon Lightfoot & His Ballad"
3619:"How 'The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald' Defied Top 40 Logic"
1583:
1136:
745:. Iron ore makes up a majority of the cargo shipped annually.
512:
Oreboat/Ironboat – a bulk carrier used primarily to transport
2034:
s bow and bow superstructure are preserved as a residence in
1522:, collisions with objects (such as the 1993 collision of the
1307:
Some of the lakers have been known to have long careers. The
220:, allowing its cargo to be landed in a fraction of the time.
3958:"On the waterfront: Relocated museum celebrates Great Lakes"
2299:(1st ed.). Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing. p. 53.
4899:
Great Lakes Basin Soil Erosion and Sediment Control Program
3224:"Marine shipping in the Great Lakes: What you need to know"
1924:. The ship is permanently land-berthed on Barker's Island.
1905:
was retired in 1978 and purchased eight years later by the
4152:
3336:"Great Lakes Fleet Page Vessel Feature -- Stewart J. Cort"
2234:, training center for merchant mariners on the Great Lakes
1680:. launched in 1952, is known for having last contact with
1314:
launched in 1906 and worked independently until 2013. The
1248:, have a single large superstructure island at the stern.
69:. Freighters typically have a long, narrow hull, a raised
3544:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 17–18.
2296:
Cruising Guide to New York Waterways & Lake Champlain
1650:
is possibly the most famous shipwreck in the Great Lakes.
61:
of North America. These vessels are traditionally called
3448:
Mid-Michigan, Amy L. Payne | Booth (November 11, 2008).
3119:
3072:
Cargo Reports – Year-in-Review 2023 – U.S.-Flag Vessels
809:
restrict the cargo capacity of lakers. Poe Lock at the
3936:"The Second Wave – National Museum of the Great Lakes"
3834:"William A. Irvin –A History of Canal Park's Flagship"
3074:(Report). Lake Carriers’ Association. January 31, 2024
2873:. Great Lakes Maritime Research Institute. April 2011.
2431:. Bowling Green State University University Libraries.
546:
Some of the newer classes of lake freighters include:
509:
Longboats – lakers noted for their slender appearance.
490:
The largest ship currently on the lakes at 1013.5 ft.
3146:"Iron ore to flow to steel mills as Soo Locks reopen"
777:
Because of their deeper draft and freshwater's lower
1684:
and was the first vessel on-scene to search for the
242:
was originally commissioned as LCT-203 for use as a
5862:
5815:
5718:
5686:
5663:
5594:
5520:
5439:
5383:
5325:
5282:
5194:
5134:
4954:
4889:
Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers
4876:
4790:
4694:
4580:
4560:
4497:
4461:
4413:
4355:
4329:
4320:
4279:
4243:
1552:maintain stations around the Great Lakes including
1212:Self-unloading freighter discharging bulk cargo at
533:
Stern-ender – a lake freighter with all cabins aft.
73:, and the engine located at the rear of the ship.
3424:"Meeting the Challenge: The St. Mary's Challenger"
858:List of 1000-footers operating on the Great Lakes
5297:Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)
3005:"SMT Announces Equinox Class of Newbuild Vessels"
2293:Brown, Chris W. III; Young, Claiborne S. (1998).
1916:, the last surviving whaleback ship, floats as a
1318:is still in service as a barge at 118 years old.
1291:(left) in use for cement storage at age 102 with
201:An early variation on the lake freighter was the
2171:, played a central role in the loss of the ship.
1251:The largest lake freighters can travel up to 15
1108:Highest cargo capacity (78,850 long tons )
146:The State Lock at the Michigan State Locks (now
2336:. Wayne State University Press. p. 78-98.
1920:less than a mile from where it was launched in
607:– a new class of lake freighter, one of which,
4193:Great Lakes Naval Memorial & Museum – USS
3594:, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, July 31, 2006.
3173:. Lancaster, PA: Martin Associates. July 2018.
1863:. Then, in 2006, the ship was acquired by the
1544:and lights, and floating navigation aids. The
1392:The most recent losses of modern lakers were:
565:– a new class of lake freighter delivered for
5589:World War II Maritime Commission ship designs
5574:
5111:
4919:Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory
4220:
3706:"M/V Paul R. Tregurtha | Interlake Steamship"
2885:"M/V Paul R. Tregurtha | Interlake Steamship"
2717:"95-year-old Laker S.T. Crapo to Be Scrapped"
1882:. Scrapped in 2012 when she was 83 years old.
1835:List of Great Lakes museum and historic ships
1126:Only 1000 ft tug/barge combination unit
1031:Longest vessel operating on the Great Lakes.
397:First 1000-footer lake freighter. Originally
102:, the first modern Great Lakes bulk freighter
8:
3533:
3531:
2401:. Wayne State University Press. p. 38.
1901:'s Great Lakes fleet from 1938 to 1975. The
1258:Lake vessels are designed with the greatest
845:List of bulk carriers § Lake freighters
2743:"M/V Stewart J. Cort | Interlake Steamship"
2398:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes
2333:Steamboats & Sailors of the Great Lakes
1971:was later converted to a barge and renamed
1499:was a total loss after running aground off
1378:with its cargo of furs to the 1975 loss of
1299:attack in the Atlantic during World War II.
1240:, a laker with a single aft superstructure.
601:) began service on the Great Lakes in 2015.
419:First lake freighters with diesel engines.
5581:
5567:
5559:
5118:
5104:
5096:
4326:
4227:
4213:
4205:
3911:"Explore an actual Great Lakes Freighter!"
2999:
2997:
2661:"Ship fans mourn scrapping of the Calumet"
2159:: The second-to-last whaleback freighter.
1855:was first built in 1925 and served as the
971:Most powerful engines on the Great Lakes.
758:laid up in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin. (2021)
216:was the first ship to be retrofitted with
5548:List of merchant navy capacity by country
3203:Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
2429:Historical Collections of the Great Lakes
1630:Learn how and when to remove this message
1205:was the final vessel designed this way.
1183:Learn how and when to remove this message
991:First standard construction 1000-footer.
460:First standard construction 1000-footer.
4023:"Shipwatching is a fun, addictive habit"
3756:"Edward Ryerson returns to Cumming Slip"
3574:, Michael Schumacher, Bloomsbury, 2008,
3362:. United States Coast Guard. p. 22.
2939:"Lakers and Salties and Bulkers, Oh My!"
2864:"M/V Gott Repowering Project Completion"
2202:: 1904 freighter that survived the 1905
1825:has been in long-term layup since 2009.
1754:of 1967 was the last laker built with a
856:
625:
261:
2444:"The Soo Locks – One Hundred Years Ago"
2285:
1654:The most well-known lake freighter was
1228:passing through the Straits of Mackinac
3864:Duluth Entertainment Convention Center
3679:, Tanda Gmiter | (November 11, 2020).
3365:
3279:Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System
3176:
2991:, John Snyder, Issue #149, August 2011
2117:Failed museum attempts, ships scrapped
1907:Duluth Entertainment Convention Center
1746:of 1924 were the first lakeboats with
1338:, China, delivered in August 2011 for
432:Last ship built with a steam turbine.
2907:
2905:
2696:eek! Environmental Education for Kids
2686:
2684:
2682:
2588:"Iron Ore Traffic on the Great Lakes"
1503:on November 29, 1960. Another saltie
1364:List of shipwrecks in the Great Lakes
1244:The more recently built lakers, like
371:First ship built as a self-unloader.
7:
2937:McLean, Samuel (November 29, 2021).
2466:
2464:
2420:
2418:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2325:
2323:
2163:was scrapped in 1969 in the city of
2050:and used to store cement during the
2038:. The ship was christened as the SS
1887:Duluth-Superior, Minnesota-Wisconsin
1702:and measures 1013.5 feet (308.9 m).
1612:adding citations to reliable sources
1165:adding citations to reliable sources
617:and entered service on July 1, 2022.
4967:Chicago Yacht Club Race to Mackinac
3651:Fisanick, Christina (May 4, 2023).
3525:, David D. Swayze, October 3, 2008.
335:First steel-hulled lake freighter.
290:burned at Whaleback Shoal in 1905.
4120:"One final sail set for J.B. Ford"
4001:Shipwatcher News Great Lakes Ships
3144:Pete, Joseph S. (March 30, 2016).
3052:from the original on July 17, 2022
2842:. Inland Expressions. p. 55.
2797:Shipwatcher News Great Lakes Ships
2609:Wharton, George (April 20, 2021).
2448:National Museum of the Great Lakes
2005:National Museum of the Great Lakes
1664:The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald
801:) pounds through Lake Huron waves.
303:First iron-hulled lake freighter.
25:
5543:International Chamber of Shipping
5391:Anchor handling tug supply vessel
4714:Isle Royale National Park Islands
4118:Slater, Brady (October 8, 2015).
4067:"History - Benson Ford Shiphouse"
3171:Economic Impacts of the Soo Locks
2586:Harkins, Wesley (November 1954).
2167:. Politics, as was the case with
2019:Surviving hulls and partial ships
1368:List of storms on the Great Lakes
1121:1,000 ft Ă— 104 ft 7 in
5185:
5080:
3422:Bansek, Ed (November 15, 2023).
3040:Lofton, Justine (July 6, 2022).
2524:. Wayne State University Press.
1829:Museum ships and surviving hulls
1666:", publicized the incident. The
1588:
1141:
1099:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
1080:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
1061:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
1041:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
1022:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
1003:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
983:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
963:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
943:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
925:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
905:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
887:Bulk freighter (self unloading)
627:Average yearly cargoes 2018–2022
4093:"Tours - Benson Ford Shiphouse"
2496:Lengieza, Joseph (April 2016).
2178:: The Canadian straight decker
1599:needs additional citations for
1515:and was declared a total loss.
1334:– built by Chengxi Shipyard of
1152:needs additional citations for
854:(80,120 t) of bulk cargo.
4934:International Joint Commission
4924:Great Lakes Fishery Commission
3523:The Great Lakes Shipwreck File
2238:Great Lakes passenger steamers
1909:and is available for touring.
1025:1,013.5 ft Ă— 105 ft
286:First of the lake freighters.
1:
3808:"William G. Mather Steamship"
3479:seawaymarinetransport-new.com
3372:: CS1 maint: date and year (
3183:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1967:in the Maumee River, Toledo.
1857:Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company
4894:Great Lakes Areas of Concern
4884:Alliance for the Great Lakes
3513:, accessed February 28, 2009
3504:Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum
3392:www.hellenicshippingnews.com
3120:"Lake Carriers' Association"
2965:"Fun facts about freighters"
2570:"Giant Jaws Upload Ore Ship"
2232:Great Lakes Maritime Academy
1811:Also of note is the steamer
1562:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
1528:Lansing Shoals Light Station
1386:Great Lakes Shipwreck Museum
1102:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
1083:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
1064:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
1044:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
1006:1,004 ft Ă— 105 ft
986:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
966:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
946:1,004 ft Ă— 105 ft
928:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
908:1,004 ft Ă— 105 ft
890:1,000 ft Ă— 105 ft
4760:Province of Ontario Islands
3710:www.interlake-steamship.com
3592:Dredging on the Great Lakes
3304:www.interlake-steamship.com
2963:Gross, Bob (May 18, 2015).
2889:www.interlake-steamship.com
2747:www.interlake-steamship.com
1694:currently holds the title "
762:Other destinations include
615:Interlake Steamship Company
238:In addition, the freighter
5946:
3956:Dispatch, Steve Stephens.
3812:Great Lakes Science Center
3617:Ives, Mike (May 2, 2023).
3538:Thompson, Mark L. (2000).
3509:December 17, 2009, at the
3124:Lake Carriers' Association
3099:American Maritime Officers
2836:Bawal, Raymond A. (2011).
2518:Thompson, Mark L. (1994).
2442:Brotherton, R. S. (1955).
2395:Thompson, Mark L. (1991).
2330:Thompson, Mark L. (1991).
2227:Glossary of nautical terms
1928:Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
1897:served as the flagship of
1865:Great Lakes Science Center
1832:
1709:
1361:
1340:Algoma Central Corporation
842:
234:is now the bulk freighter
5879:
5183:
5077:
5032:Museum and historic ships
4765:State of Michigan Islands
3093:matt (February 2, 2024).
3012:seawaymarinetransport.com
2472:"iron ore & taconite"
2243:Great Lakes Storm of 1913
2208:Great Lakes Storm of 1913
2078:Dossin Great Lakes Museum
2009:Col. James M. Schoonmaker
2003:as a museum ship for the
1996:Col. James M. Schoonmaker
1750:. The Canadian grainboat
1347:Ship losses and incidents
699:
358:sank in a storm in 1927.
117:In 1869, the wood-hulled
65:, although classified as
4848:Midcontinent Rift System
2505:East Carolina University
2024:DeTour Village, Michigan
497:Types of lake freighters
218:self-unloading equipment
5370:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
5269:Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)
4669:Sturgeon Bay Ship Canal
3890:Superior Public Museums
3300:"M/V Paul R. Tregurtha"
2943:Global Maritime History
1975:and currently is named
1774:, on February 19, 2008.
1772:Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin
764:coal-fired power plants
593:). An additional pair (
559:, was launched in 2013.
212:at the docks. In 1902,
5930:Great Lakes freighters
5411:Platform supply vessel
5224:Coastal trading vessel
5017:Marine protected areas
5007:Lake Michigan Triangle
4909:Great Lakes Commission
4652:Sault Ste. Marie Canal
3541:Graveyard of the Lakes
3254:www.lre.usace.army.mil
2675:– via mlive.com.
2665:The Grand Rapids Press
2576:, May 1953, pp. 74–77.
2138:
2042:in 1923. In 1965, the
1979:
1883:
1808:
1775:
1651:
1359:
1300:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1118:Tug/barge combination
1094:Walter J. McCarthy Jr.
802:
759:
613:, was commissioned by
567:Canada Steamship Lines
523:Saltie – ocean-going,
198:
151:
103:
43:
5396:Diving support vessel
4858:Nipissing Great Lakes
4803:Glacial Lake Iroquois
4709:Detroit River Islands
4674:Trent–Severn Waterway
4053:detroithistorical.org
3962:The Columbus Dispatch
2592:U. S. Naval Institute
2137:in Detroit, Michigan.
2124:
1984:St. Mary's Challenger
1959:
1873:
1801:
1764:
1645:
1354:
1284:
1235:
1223:
1211:
792:
754:
191:
145:
97:
77:of ice on the lakes.
35:
18:Great Lakes freighter
5401:Emergency tow vessel
4868:Wisconsin glaciation
4843:Last Glacial Maximum
4603:Great Lakes Waterway
3915:Sault Historic Sites
3735:www.thehenryford.org
3572:Wreck of the Carl D.
2772:www.thehenryford.org
2723:. September 23, 2022
2248:Great Lakes Waterway
2084:Mississauga, Ontario
1982:The 118-year-old SS
1948:s mauled lifeboats.
1770:on winter lay-up in
1608:improve this article
1550:Canadian Coast Guard
1501:South Manitou Island
1316:St. Marys Challenger
1311:St. Marys Challenger
1161:improve this article
5816:Miscellaneous-cargo
5528:Nautical operations
5472:Floating restaurant
5254:Lighter aboard ship
5002:Lake Michigan–Huron
4914:Great Lakes Compact
4904:Great Lakes Charter
4863:Scotch Bonnet Ridge
4664:Straits of Mackinac
4640:St. Lawrence Seaway
4124:Duluth News Tribune
3814:. September 2, 2016
3783:"William G. Mather"
3760:Duluth News Tribune
3485:on January 30, 2011
3250:"Soo Locks History"
2692:"Great Lakes ships"
2667:. December 30, 2007
2640:greatlakes.bgsu.edu
2476:project.geo.msu.edu
1922:Superior, Wisconsin
859:
630:
352:Str. George H. Dyer
210:unloading machinery
137:Marquette, Michigan
5784:Type S4-SE2-BE1 ("
5771:Type S4-SE2-BD1 ("
5753:-class cable layer
5740:Landing Ship, Tank
5482:Merchant submarine
5157:Maritime transport
4853:Niagara Escarpment
4782:Potawatomi Islands
4770:Lake Huron Islands
4635:St. Lawrence River
4421:Grand Traverse Bay
4400:St. Joseph Channel
4390:Potagannissing Bay
3997:"John W. Boardman"
3762:. November 9, 2019
3657:Archiving Wheeling
3623:The New York Times
3230:. January 17, 2023
2969:Detroit Free Press
2913:"Boating Glossary"
2611:"Lee A. Tregurtha"
2521:Queen of the Lakes
2366:"Icebreaking FAQs"
2151:Erie, Pennsylvania
2139:
2135:Renaissance Center
2072:The pilothouse of
1980:
1884:
1861:North Coast Harbor
1809:
1776:
1734:Ford Motor Company
1712:Queen of the Lakes
1700:William J. Delancy
1696:Queen of the Lakes
1677:Arthur M. Anderson
1652:
1558:rescue helicopters
1509:Thunder Bay Island
1421:Henry Steinbrenner
1360:
1301:
1242:
1230:
1218:
882:American Integrity
857:
803:
760:
626:
244:Landing Craft Tank
199:
152:
104:
44:
39:Arthur M. Anderson
5920:Great Lakes ships
5902:
5901:
5831:("Coastal Cargo")
5792:attack cargo ship
5758:Type S4-S2-BB3 ("
5556:
5555:
5259:Livestock carrier
5162:Freight transport
5093:
5092:
5022:Marysburgh vortex
4731:Manitoulin Island
4726:Lake Erie Islands
4576:
4575:
4436:Little Bay de Noc
4170:William G. Mather
4029:. August 15, 2016
4003:. October 1, 2020
3607:, published 1958.
3580:978-1-59691-484-1
2849:978-0-9818157-4-9
2574:Popular Mechanics
2531:978-0-8143-2393-9
2408:978-0-8143-2359-5
2196:, India, in 2004.
2165:Hamilton, Ontario
2111:South Bass Island
2074:William Clay Ford
2068:Detroit, Michigan
2056:Lewis G. Harriman
2048:Lewis G. Harriman
2029:Lewis G. Harriman
1943:Edmund Fitzgerald
1941:including two of
1939:Edmund Fitzgerald
1880:Holland, Michigan
1852:William G. Mather
1823:Edward L. Ryerson
1819:Edward L. Ryerson
1814:Edward L. Ryerson
1805:Edward L. Ryerson
1767:Paul R. Tregurtha
1692:Paul R. Tregurtha
1686:Edmund Fitzgerald
1682:Edmund Fitzgerald
1668:Edmund Fitzgerald
1656:Edmund Fitzgerald
1648:Edmund Fitzgerald
1640:
1639:
1632:
1496:Francisco Morazan
1478:Edmund Fitzgerald
1469:Daniel J. Morrell
1381:Edmund Fitzgerald
1293:J. A. W. Iglehart
1260:block coefficient
1214:Duluth, Minnesota
1193:
1192:
1185:
1130:
1129:
1017:Paul R. Tregurtha
795:George A. Stinson
756:Cason J. Callaway
704:
703:
494:
493:
482:Paul R. Tregurtha
154:The falls of the
83:Edmund Fitzgerald
57:operating on the
16:(Redirected from
5937:
5849:("Refrigerated")
5779:attack transport
5738:Type S3-S2-BP ("
5583:
5576:
5569:
5560:
5507:Semi-submersible
5492:Pipe-laying ship
5189:
5172:Maritime history
5120:
5113:
5106:
5097:
5087:Lakes portal
5085:
5084:
5083:
4992:Lake-effect snow
4791:Historic geology
4469:Hamilton Harbour
4342:Presque Isle Bay
4327:
4238:of North America
4229:
4222:
4215:
4206:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4126:. Archived from
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4097:shiponthebay.com
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4071:shiponthebay.com
4063:
4057:
4056:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3866:. August 3, 2015
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3614:
3608:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3481:. Archived from
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3419:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3363:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3182:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:on July 27, 2011
3020:
3014:. Archived from
3009:
3001:
2992:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2917:Boating Glossary
2909:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2871:Quarterly Update
2868:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2823:www.boatnerd.com
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2799:. April 27, 2020
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2583:
2577:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2422:
2413:
2412:
2392:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2290:
2125:A modern laker,
2102:Put-In-Bay, Ohio
2044:John W. Boardman
2040:John W. Boardman
2036:DeTour, Michigan
2033:
1988:
1947:
1903:William A. Irvin
1894:William A. Irvin
1660:Gordon Lightfoot
1635:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1592:
1584:
1546:U.S. Coast Guard
1188:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1145:
1137:
920:American Century
860:
631:
262:
258:Landmark vessels
236:Lee A. Tregurtha
179:Bessemer process
98:The wood-hulled
21:
5945:
5944:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5875:
5858:
5811:
5719:Special-purpose
5714:
5682:
5664:Emergency cargo
5659:
5590:
5587:
5557:
5552:
5516:
5497:Research vessel
5487:Narco-submarine
5435:
5379:
5321:
5307:Hydrogen tanker
5292:Chemical tanker
5278:
5239:Heavy-lift ship
5190:
5181:
5167:Merchant marine
5130:
5124:
5094:
5089:
5081:
5079:
5073:
4950:
4872:
4786:
4751:Treasure Island
4704:Apostle Islands
4690:
4647:St. Marys River
4630:St. Clair River
4572:
4556:
4510:Chequamegon Bay
4493:
4457:
4453:Manitou Passage
4441:Porte des Morts
4409:
4368:Nottawasaga Bay
4351:
4322:
4316:
4280:Secondary lakes
4275:
4239:
4233:
4162:Willis B. Boyer
4149:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4130:on July 7, 2019
4117:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4099:. April 3, 2021
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4073:. April 3, 2021
4065:
4064:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4032:
4030:
4021:
4020:
4016:
4006:
4004:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3714:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3605:Carl D. Bradley
3602:
3598:
3590:
3586:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3511:Wayback Machine
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3475:"Fleet Renewal"
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3324:Stewart J. Cort
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3233:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2819:"Edwin H. Gott"
2817:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2500:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:"Hackett, R.J."
2424:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2394:
2393:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2253:Merchant vessel
2217:
2119:
2104:
2086:
2076:is part of the
2070:
2031:
2026:
2021:
1986:
1961:Willis B. Boyer
1954:
1945:
1930:
1889:
1847:
1845:Cleveland, Ohio
1842:
1837:
1831:
1729:Carl D. Bradley
1714:
1708:
1706:Notable vessels
1636:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1605:
1593:
1582:
1450:during a storm)
1443:Carl D. Bradley
1370:
1349:
1279:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1146:
1135:
1037:Stewart J. Cort
978:James R. Barker
901:American Spirit
872:Cargo capacity
850:much as 78,850
847:
841:
799:American Spirit
787:
629:(million tons)
628:
624:
599:CSL St. Laurent
537:Straight decker
499:
452:James R. Barker
407:Henry Ford II,
390:Stewart J. Cort
260:
196:Joseph L. Colby
156:St. Marys River
92:
47:Lake freighters
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5943:
5941:
5933:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5907:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5850:
5844:
5838:
5832:
5826:
5819:
5817:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5795:
5782:
5769:
5766:escort carrier
5756:
5746:Type S3-S2-BP1
5743:
5736:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5711:("Z-ET1-S-C3")
5706:
5701:
5696:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5680:
5674:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5563:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5467:Fishing vessel
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5249:Lake freighter
5246:
5241:
5236:
5234:Container ship
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5131:
5128:merchant ships
5125:
5123:
5122:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5090:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4997:Lake freighter
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4955:Related topics
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4946:
4939:Municipalities
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Lake Frontenac
4825:
4820:
4818:Lake Algonquin
4815:
4810:
4808:Lake Admiralty
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4746:Lake Mindemoya
4743:
4738:
4728:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4545:Batchawana Bay
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Big Bay de Noc
4423:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4380:Munuscong Lake
4377:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4190:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4148:
4147:External links
4145:
4142:
4141:
4110:
4084:
4058:
4040:
4014:
3988:
3967:
3948:
3927:
3902:
3877:
3851:
3840:. June 6, 2016
3825:
3799:
3773:
3747:
3722:
3697:
3669:
3643:
3609:
3596:
3584:
3564:
3550:
3527:
3515:
3496:
3466:
3440:
3414:
3404:
3379:
3345:
3327:
3316:
3291:
3266:
3241:
3215:
3190:
3162:
3136:
3111:
3085:
3063:
3032:
2993:
2981:
2955:
2929:
2901:
2876:
2855:
2848:
2828:
2810:
2793:"Presque Isle"
2784:
2759:
2734:
2708:
2678:
2652:
2627:
2601:
2578:
2562:
2537:
2530:
2510:
2488:
2460:
2434:
2414:
2407:
2378:
2356:
2342:
2319:
2305:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Ship transport
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2197:
2172:
2154:
2133:), passes the
2118:
2115:
2103:
2100:
2085:
2082:
2069:
2066:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
1999:floats in the
1973:Lewis J. Kuber
1953:
1950:
1929:
1926:
1888:
1885:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1830:
1827:
1748:diesel engines
1707:
1704:
1638:
1637:
1596:
1594:
1587:
1581:
1580:Famous vessels
1578:
1524:Indiana Harbor
1487:Prins Willem V
1483:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1404:Willis L. King
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1331:Algoma Mariner
1278:
1275:
1226:James R Barker
1191:
1190:
1149:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:Indiana Harbor
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1001:
993:
992:
989:
987:
984:
981:
973:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
953:
952:
950:
947:
944:
941:
939:Edgar B. Speer
935:
934:
932:
929:
926:
923:
915:
914:
912:
909:
906:
903:
897:
896:
894:
891:
888:
885:
877:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
840:
837:
807:Lake St. Clair
786:
783:
702:
701:
697:
696:
693:
687:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
655:
654:
651:
647:
646:
643:
639:
638:
635:
623:
620:
619:
618:
610:Mark W. Barker
602:
563:Trillium class
560:
556:Algoma Equinox
544:
543:
540:
534:
531:
528:
521:
510:
507:
498:
495:
492:
491:
488:
485:
477:
476:
473:
470:
462:
461:
458:
455:
447:
446:
443:
440:
434:
433:
430:
427:
421:
420:
417:
414:
403:
402:
395:
392:
386:
385:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
366:
360:
359:
348:
345:
337:
336:
333:
330:
324:
323:
316:
313:
305:
304:
301:
298:
292:
291:
284:
281:
275:
274:
271:
268:
259:
256:
91:
88:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5942:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5915:Bulk carriers
5913:
5912:
5910:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5845:
5843:("Passenger")
5842:
5839:
5837:("Passenger")
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5807:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5770:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:("VC2-S-AP1")
5678:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:Cargo designs
5593:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5570:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5538:Admiralty law
5536:
5534:
5533:Affreightment
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5178:
5177:Shipping line
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5088:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
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4973:
4970:
4968:
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4960:
4959:
4957:
4953:
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4932:
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4927:
4925:
4922:
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4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:Organizations
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
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4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4798:Champlain Sea
4796:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Lake Kagawong
4734:
4733:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4679:Welland Canal
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4625:Nipigon River
4623:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:Niagara River
4611:
4609:
4608:Chicago River
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Detroit River
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:Whitefish Bay
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:North Channel
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4157:
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4151:
4150:
4146:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4111:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3977:
3971:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3937:
3931:
3928:
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3809:
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3800:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3761:
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3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3711:
3707:
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3698:
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3673:
3670:
3658:
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3647:
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3600:
3597:
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3547:
3543:
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3534:
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3528:
3524:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3429:
3428:Seaway Review
3425:
3418:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3051:
3047:
3046:Michigan Live
3043:
3036:
3033:
3017:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2970:
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2940:
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2918:
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2908:
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2902:
2890:
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2865:
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2841:
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2832:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2697:
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2679:
2666:
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2656:
2653:
2641:
2637:
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2628:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2550:mndigital.org
2547:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2492:
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2477:
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2427:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2343:9780814323595
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2308:
2306:9781565542501
2302:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:Mataafa storm
2201:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2161:John Ericsson
2158:
2157:John Ericsson
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1779:Wilfred Sykes
1773:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1758:on the lakes.
1757:
1756:steam turbine
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1738:Henry Ford II
1735:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1631:
1623:
1620:February 2021
1613:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1597:This section
1595:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:in heavy fog)
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:Superior City
1395:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:R. J. Hackett
1187:
1184:
1176:
1173:February 2021
1166:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1150:This section
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
982:
980:
979:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
962:
960:
959:
958:Edwin H. Gott
955:
954:
951:
948:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
922:
921:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
884:
883:
879:
878:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
855:
853:
846:
838:
836:
834:
829:
827:
826:Welland Canal
822:
819:
814:
812:
808:
800:
796:
791:
784:
782:
780:
775:
773:
767:
765:
757:
753:
749:
746:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
698:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
633:
632:
621:
616:
612:
611:
606:
603:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
585:
580:
579:
578:Whitefish Bay
574:
573:
572:Baie St. Paul
568:
564:
561:
558:
557:
552:
551:Equinox class
549:
548:
547:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
522:
519:
515:
511:
508:
505:
504:
503:
496:
489:
486:
484:
483:
479:
478:
474:
471:
469:
468:
467:Edwin H. Gott
464:
463:
459:
456:
454:
453:
449:
448:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
413:
412:
411:
405:
404:
400:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
357:
353:
349:
346:
344:
343:
339:
338:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
317:
314:
312:
311:
307:
306:
302:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
285:
282:
280:
279:R. J. Hackett
277:
276:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
257:
255:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:
224:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
197:
194:
190:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:
170:
164:
162:
157:
149:
144:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
120:R. J. Hackett
115:
113:
112:sailing ships
109:
101:
100:R. J. Hackett
96:
89:
87:
85:
84:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:bulk carriers
52:
48:
41:
40:
34:
30:
19:
5799:Crane vessel
5786:
5773:
5760:
5750:
5727:
5709:Liberty ship
5677:Victory ship
5673:("EC2-S-C1")
5671:Liberty ship
5452:Crane vessel
5248:
5244:Hopper barge
5209:Bulk carrier
5012:Lake surfing
4996:
4838:Lake Stanley
4823:Lake Chicago
4813:Lake Agassiz
4741:Lake Manitou
4598:French River
4530:Superior Bay
4525:Pokegama Bay
4520:Keweenaw Bay
4505:Au Train Bay
4446:Sturgeon Bay
4363:Georgian Bay
4347:Sandusky Bay
4198:
4197:& USCGC
4194:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:the original
4123:
4113:
4101:. Retrieved
4096:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4031:. Retrieved
4026:
4017:
4005:. Retrieved
4000:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3970:
3961:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3930:
3920:September 2,
3918:. Retrieved
3914:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3889:
3880:
3868:. Retrieved
3863:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3811:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:
3725:
3713:. Retrieved
3709:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3684:
3672:
3660:. Retrieved
3656:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3622:
3612:
3604:
3599:
3587:
3571:
3567:
3555:. Retrieved
3540:
3518:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:the original
3478:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:
3443:
3431:. Retrieved
3427:
3417:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3382:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3303:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:
3275:"The Seaway"
3269:
3257:. Retrieved
3253:
3244:
3232:. Retrieved
3227:
3218:
3206:. Retrieved
3202:
3193:
3170:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3150:nwitimes.com
3149:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3123:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3098:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3045:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3016:the original
3011:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2968:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2942:
2932:
2920:. Retrieved
2916:
2892:. Retrieved
2888:
2879:
2870:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2796:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2746:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2720:
2711:
2699:. Retrieved
2695:
2669:. Retrieved
2664:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:
2630:
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2475:
2451:. Retrieved
2447:
2437:
2428:
2397:
2369:. Retrieved
2359:
2349:November 17,
2347:. Retrieved
2332:
2312:November 15,
2310:. Retrieved
2295:
2288:
2258:Navigability
2199:
2187:
2180:Seaway Queen
2179:
2176:Seaway Queen
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2106:
2105:
2090:
2087:
2073:
2071:
2062:John Sherwin
2061:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2046:was renamed
2043:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2013:Toledo, Ohio
2008:
2001:Maumee River
1995:
1991:
1983:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:Toledo, Ohio
1942:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1875:
1851:
1848:
1840:Museum ships
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1752:Feux-Follets
1751:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1699:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1662:'s ballad, "
1655:
1653:
1647:
1626:
1617:
1606:Please help
1601:verification
1598:
1574:
1535:
1532:unusual case
1523:
1517:
1512:
1507:grounded on
1504:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1485:The salties
1484:
1477:
1468:
1461:Topdalsfjord
1460:
1455:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1355:
1330:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1287:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1238:John B. Aird
1237:
1225:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1179:
1170:
1159:Please help
1154:verification
1151:
1114:Presque Isle
1113:
1105:80,120 tons
1093:
1074:
1056:Burns Harbor
1055:
1036:
1028:68,000 tons
1016:
998:Mesabi Miner
997:
977:
957:
949:80,900 tons
938:
931:73,700 tons
919:
911:80,900 tons
900:
893:89,000 tons
881:
848:
839:1000-footers
830:
823:
815:
804:
798:
794:
793:1000-footer
776:
768:
761:
755:
747:
740:
705:
690:
609:
598:
594:
589:
583:
577:
575:) and 2013 (
571:
555:
545:
500:
481:
465:
451:
438:Presque Isle
437:
425:Feux Follets
424:
409:
406:
398:
389:
376:
363:
355:
351:
341:
327:
319:
309:
295:
287:
278:
265:
252:
248:World War II
240:Outer Island
239:
235:
230:
225:
222:
213:
207:
200:
195:
182:
172:
168:
165:
153:
124:
118:
116:
105:
99:
82:
79:
75:
50:
46:
45:
38:
29:
5883:Empire ship
5881:See also:-
5447:Cable layer
5440:Other types
5421:Salvage tug
5375:Train ferry
5365:Ocean liner
5350:Cruiseferry
5345:Cruise ship
5340:Cargo liner
5335:Cable ferry
5312:LNG carrier
5302:Gas carrier
5274:Train ferry
5264:Reefer ship
5064:Third Coast
5027:Megalopolis
4987:Lake breeze
4972:Circle Tour
4833:Lake Maumee
4719:Isle Royale
4684:First canal
4550:Goulais Bay
4535:Thunder Bay
4489:Wellers Bay
4484:Toronto Bay
4405:Thunder Bay
4395:Saginaw Bay
4375:Lake George
4312:Couchiching
4236:Great Lakes
4195:Silversides
4178:Valley Camp
3886:"SS Meteor"
3787:MuseumShips
2184:David Mamet
2107:Benson Ford
1934:Valley Camp
1787:Silver Isle
1743:Benson Ford
1554:icebreakers
1542:lighthouses
1267:cargo hatch
1246:CSL Niagara
869:Dimensions
605:River class
595:CSL Welland
590:Baie Comeau
584:Thunder Bay
410:Benson Ford
377:S. T. Crapo
350:Originally
59:Great Lakes
5925:Ship types
5909:Categories
5895:Ocean ship
5825:("Lakers")
5761:Casablanca
5725:Type S2 ("
5477:Icebreaker
5360:Narrowboat
5317:Oil tanker
5219:Chain boat
5147:Cargo ship
5054:Shipwrecks
4982:Great Loop
4593:Erie Canal
4568:Anchor Bay
4474:Humber Bay
4337:Maumee Bay
4244:Main lakes
3838:Canal Park
3551:0814332269
3199:"Taconite"
2721:MarineLink
2598:(11): 621.
2280:References
2268:Watercraft
2200:J. B. Ford
1899:U.S. Steel
1833:See also:
1785:(formerly
1710:See also:
1570:seawalling
1456:Cedarville
1435:Burlington
1375:Le Griffon
1362:See also:
1320:E. M. Ford
1288:J. B. Ford
1224:Freighter
843:See also:
129:forecastle
71:pilothouse
5891:Park ship
5887:Fort ship
5855:("Barge")
5704:T3 tanker
5699:T2 tanker
5694:T1 tanker
5502:Riverboat
5462:Drillship
5327:Passenger
5214:Car float
5196:Dry cargo
5135:Overviews
5047:Laurentia
4977:Crossings
4777:Populated
4657:Soo Locks
4581:Waterways
4561:St. Clair
4515:Huron Bay
4479:Sodus Bay
4426:Green Bay
4307:Winnebago
4302:St. Clair
4292:Nipissing
4103:April 30,
4077:April 30,
4033:April 20,
4007:April 20,
3895:April 20,
3870:April 20,
3860:"History"
3844:April 20,
3818:April 20,
3792:April 20,
3766:April 30,
3740:April 21,
3715:April 21,
3690:April 20,
3662:April 20,
3636:April 19,
3631:0362-4331
3557:April 16,
3489:April 21,
3368:cite book
3340:Boat Nerd
3309:March 21,
3234:April 20,
3228:ClearSeas
3208:April 30,
3179:cite book
3025:April 21,
2894:April 30,
2777:April 21,
2752:April 29,
2727:April 30,
2169:Canadiana
2131:Manitowoc
2091:Ridgetown
2015:in 1987.
1977:Menominee
1526:with the
1430:Scotiadoc
1356:Cedarglen
1285:In 2006,
852:long tons
833:Jones Act
818:Seawaymax
811:Soo Locks
772:Jones Act
712:limestone
650:Limestone
569:in 2012 (
525:seawaymax
399:Hull 1173
364:Wyandotte
320:Brunswick
318:Followed
296:Brunswick
270:Launched
203:whaleback
193:Whaleback
169:Brunswick
161:Soo Locks
148:Soo Locks
27:Ship type
5872:("Tugs")
5512:Snagboat
5406:Fireboat
5069:Treaties
4498:Superior
4414:Michigan
4323:channels
4321:Bays and
4271:Superior
4261:Michigan
4154:Boatnerd
3781:Yeoman.
3507:Archived
3078:March 4,
3056:July 26,
3050:Archived
2615:Boatnerd
2273:Waterway
2215:See also
2206:and the
2189:Lakeboat
2186:'s play
2052:Poe Lock
1994:SS
1803:SS
1783:Algoisle
1727:SS
1675:SS
1566:dredging
1505:Nordmeer
1491:Monrovia
1476:SS
1467:SS
1454:SS
1441:SS
1428:SS
1419:SS
1336:Jiangyin
1309:SS
1277:Lifespan
779:buoyancy
708:taconite
634:Iron ore
520:pellets.
518:taconite
514:iron ore
356:Hennepin
342:Hennepin
214:Hennepin
133:ore dock
81:SS
37:SS
5841:Type P2
5835:Type P1
5823:Type L6
5803:Derrick
5787:Artemis
5774:Gilliam
5751:Neptune
5733:frigate
5655:Type N3
5649:Type C9
5642:Type C8
5635:Type C7
5628:Type C6
5622:Type C5
5617:Type C4
5612:Type C3
5607:Type C2
5602:Type C1
5521:Related
5457:Dredger
5431:Tugboat
5384:Support
5284:Tankers
5229:Collier
5126:Modern
4696:Islands
4462:Ontario
4287:Nipigon
4266:Ontario
4188:website
4186:Norisle
4180:website
4172:website
4164:website
4156:website
4134:July 7,
4027:KPCNews
3459:May 15,
3284:May 15,
3259:May 14,
3155:May 31,
3129:May 19,
3104:May 31,
2974:May 31,
2948:May 19,
2922:May 19,
2803:May 15,
2701:May 22,
2671:July 7,
2645:May 16,
2481:May 19,
2453:May 19,
2371:May 19,
2147:Niagara
2127:Earl W.
2096:Toronto
1969:Buckeye
1965:Buckeye
1912:The SS
1792:Algosoo
1646:The SS
1520:silting
1513:Morrell
1448:hogging
1412:Emperor
1202:Algosoo
743:Midwest
328:Spokane
288:Hackett
246:during
231:Chiwawa
183:Spokane
125:Hackett
90:History
5870:Type V
5853:Type B
5847:Type R
5829:Type N
5789:-class
5776:-class
5763:-class
5730:-class
5728:Tacoma
5687:Tanker
5426:Tender
5416:Pusher
5059:Storms
5042:Region
4944:Cities
4297:Simcoe
4199:McLane
3981:May 2,
3941:May 2,
3629:
3578:
3548:
3433:May 2,
3397:May 2,
2846:
2620:May 2,
2555:May 3,
2528:
2405:
2340:
2303:
1918:museum
1914:Meteor
1876:Maumee
1560:. The
1537:Windoc
1297:U-boat
1133:Design
875:Notes
734:, and
732:gypsum
728:cement
658:Cement
273:Notes
108:barges
53:, are
51:lakers
5806:Barge
5355:Ferry
5204:Barge
5152:Cargo
5037:Ports
4962:Basin
4618:Falls
4356:Huron
4256:Huron
3685:mlive
3454:mlive
3360:(PDF)
3019:(PDF)
3008:(PDF)
2867:(PDF)
2501:(PDF)
2364:LCA.
2222:Canal
2194:Alang
2129:(now
2032:'
1987:'
1946:'
1723:Onoko
1718:Onoko
1253:knots
866:Type
863:Name
797:(now
716:grain
695:80.4
691:Total
682:Grain
653:22.9
645:10.0
637:42.3
622:Cargo
487:1981
472:1978
457:1976
442:1973
429:1967
416:1924
394:1972
381:1927
368:1908
347:1888
332:1886
315:1882
310:Onoko
300:1881
283:1869
174:Onoko
67:ships
63:boats
49:, or
5863:Tugs
5142:Ship
4330:Erie
4251:Erie
4136:2019
4105:2024
4079:2024
4035:2024
4009:2024
3983:2024
3943:2024
3922:2020
3897:2024
3872:2024
3846:2024
3820:2024
3794:2024
3768:2024
3742:2024
3717:2024
3692:2024
3664:2024
3638:2024
3627:ISSN
3576:ISBN
3559:2009
3546:ISBN
3491:2011
3461:2024
3435:2024
3399:2024
3374:link
3311:2024
3286:2024
3261:2024
3236:2024
3210:2024
3185:link
3157:2024
3131:2024
3106:2024
3080:2024
3058:2022
3027:2011
2976:2024
2950:2024
2924:2024
2896:2024
2844:ISBN
2805:2024
2779:2024
2754:2024
2729:2024
2703:2024
2673:2008
2647:2024
2622:2024
2557:2024
2526:ISBN
2483:2024
2455:2024
2403:ISBN
2373:2024
2351:2012
2338:ISBN
2314:2012
2301:ISBN
1992:The
1963:and
1891:The
1849:The
1740:and
1568:and
1556:and
1548:and
1489:and
1366:and
785:Size
736:sand
724:coal
720:salt
685:0.3
677:0.5
674:Sand
669:0.9
666:Salt
661:3.4
642:Coal
597:and
587:and
516:and
266:Name
250:.
229:USS
171:and
139:).
110:and
2174:SS
2145:SS
2089:SS
1874:MV
1736:'s
1610:by
1410:SS
1397:SS
1236:MV
1163:by
135:in
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