Great Fire of London - Knowledge (XXG)

679:, four miles (6 km) outside the City, and so he did not see the early stages of the disaster. He went by coach to Southwark on Monday, joining many other upper-class people, to see the view which Pepys had seen the day before of the burning City across the river. The conflagration was much larger now: "the whole City in dreadful flames near the water-side; all the houses from the Bridge, all Thames-street, and upwards towards Cheapside, down to the Three Cranes, were now consumed". In the evening, Evelyn reported that the river was covered with barges and boats making their escape piled with goods. He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates, making for the open fields to the north and east, "which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away. Oh, the miserable and calamitous spectacle!" 869:, a large public park immediately north of the City, there was a great encampment of homeless refugees. Evelyn was horrified at the numbers of distressed people filling it, some under tents, others in makeshift shacks: "Many without a rag or any necessary utensils, bed or board ... reduced to extremest misery and poverty." Most refugees camped in any nearby available unburned area to see if they could salvage anything from their homes. The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full-scale London rebellion against the monarchy. Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day, and markets set up round the perimeter. 393:" (projecting upper floors). They had a narrow footprint at ground level, but maximised their use of land by "encroaching" on the street with the gradually increasing size of their upper storeys. The fire hazard was well perceived when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys—"as it does facilitate a conflagration, so does it also hinder the remedy", wrote one observer. In 1661, Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties, but this was largely ignored by the local government. Charles's next, sharper message in 1665 warned of the risk of fire from the narrowness of the streets and authorised both imprisonment of recalcitrant builders and demolition of dangerous buildings. It too had little impact. 1188: 488:, which had been used in earlier large-scale fires. However, unlike the useful firehooks, these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference. Only some of them had wheels; others were mounted on wheelless sleds. They had to be brought a long way, tended to arrive too late, and had limited reach, with spouts but no delivery hoses. On this occasion, an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets. Firefighters tried to manoeuvre the engines to the river to fill their tanks, and several of the engines fell into the Thames. The heat from the flames by then was too great for the remaining engines to get within a useful distance. 1080: 778: 336: 741:

contemporaneous accounts of the Monday's events. In this state of emergency, the King put his brother James, Duke of York, in charge of operations. James set up command posts on the perimeter of the fire. Three courtiers were put in charge of each post, with authority from Charles himself to order demolitions. James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday, "rescuing foreigners from the mob" and attempting to keep order. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire," wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September.

1066: 823:. James's firefighters created a large firebreak to the north of the conflagration, although it was breached at multiple points. Through the day, the flames began to move eastward from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane, straight against the prevailing east wind and towards the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores. The garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands after waiting all day for requested help from James's official firemen, who were busy in the west. They created firebreaks by blowing up houses on a large scale in the vicinity, halting the advance of the fire. 367: 876:, Moorfields, and Islington: a light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants had risen, and were marching towards Moorfields to murder and pillage. Surging into the streets, the frightened mob fell on any foreigners whom they happened to encounter, and were pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands, troops of Life Guards, and members of the court. The light turned out to be a flareup east of Inner Temple, large sections of which burned despite an effort to halt the fire by blowing up Paper House. 434: 110: 267:—was only a part of London, covering some 700 acres (2.8 km; 1.1 sq mi), and home to about 80,000 people, or one quarter of London's inhabitants. The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived. The City was then, as now, the commercial heart of the capital, and was the largest market and busiest port in England, dominated by the trading and manufacturing classes. The City was traffic-clogged, polluted, and unhealthy, especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of 473:. It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to spray on a fire or fill buckets. Further, the site where the fire started was close to the river: all the lanes from the river up to the bakery and adjoining buildings should have been filled with double chains of firefighters passing buckets of water up to the fire and then back down to the river to be refilled. This did not happen, as inhabitants panicked and fled. The flames crept towards the riverfront and set alight the 547:, rather than by possessing requisite capabilities for the job. He panicked when faced with a sudden emergency and, when pressed, made the oft-quoted remark, "A woman might piss it out", and left. Jacob Field notes that although Bloodworth "is frequently held culpable by contemporaries (as well as some later historians) for not stopping the Fire in its early stages... there was little could have done" given the state of firefighting expertise and the sociopolitical implications of antifire action at that time. 454:

explosions. This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire, and modern historians believe that this in combination with the wind dying down was what finally won the struggle. Demolishing the houses downwind of a dangerous fire was often an effective way of containing the destruction by means of firehooks or explosives. This time, however, demolition was fatally delayed for hours by the Lord Mayor's lack of leadership and failure to give the necessary orders.

571:, "where people come about me, and did give them an account dismayed them all, and the word was carried into the King. So I was called for, and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw, and that unless His Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire. They seemed much troubled, and the King commanded me to go to my Lord Mayor from him and command him to spare no houses, but to pull down before the fire every way." Charles' brother 765: 683: 502: 885: 4372: 1211:". Areas to the west of London received the highest number of new residents, but there was a general increase in the population density of the suburbs surrounding London. Approximately 9,000 new houses were built in the area in which over 13,000 had been destroyed, and by 1674 thousands of these remained unoccupied. Tenants who did remain in London saw a significant decrease in the costs of their lease. 86: 551: 302: 624: 984:"all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades". Royal proclamations were issued to forbid people to "disquiet themselves with rumours of tumults", and to institute a national charitable collection to support fire victims. The official account of the fire in the 963:. The monetary value of the loss was estimated at around 9–10 million pounds (equivalent to £2.13 billion in 2023). François Colsoni says that the lost books alone were valued at £150,000. Evelyn believed that he saw as many as "200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed, and lying along their heaps of what they could save" in the fields towards 301: 1019:. It received many submissions alleging a conspiracy of foreigners and Catholics to destroy London. The committee's report was presented to Parliament on 22 January 1667. Versions of the report that appeared in print concluded that Hubert was one of a number of Catholic plotters responsible for starting the fire. 1239:

private firemen and offered incentives for clients who took measures to prevent fires—for example, a cheaper rate for brick versus wooden buildings. Confusion between parish and private firefighting efforts led the insurance companies in 1832 to form a combined firefighting unit which would eventually become the

1098:, was to deal with disputes between tenants and landlords and decide who should rebuild, based on ability to pay. Cases were heard and a verdict usually given within a day; without the Fire Court, lengthy legal proceedings would have seriously delayed the rebuilding which was necessary if London was to recover. 737:

chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates briefly ordered the gates shut, in the hope of turning the inhabitants' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to fighting the fire: "that, no hopes of saving any things left, they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire."

286:(1642–1651), and the wealthy and economically dynamic capital still had the potential to be a threat to Charles II, as had been demonstrated by several republican uprisings in London in the early 1660s. The City magistrates were of the generation that had fought in the Civil War, and could remember how 983:

sought to quickly begin clearing debris and re-establish food supplies. By the Saturday after the fire "the markets were operating well enough to supply the people" at Moorfields. Charles II encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere, immediately issuing a proclamation that

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the week before the fire; on Monday, it rose to as much as £40, a fortune equivalent to roughly £133,000 in 2021. Seemingly every cart and boat owner in the area of London came to share in these opportunities, the carts jostling at the narrow gates with the panicked inhabitants trying to get out. The

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The fire spread quickly in the high wind and, by mid-morning on Sunday, people abandoned attempts at extinguishing it and fled. The moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firemen and carriages. Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall, but reached only

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or "bellmen" who patrolled the streets at night watched for fire as one of their duties. Self-reliant community procedures were in place for dealing with fires, and they were usually effective. "Public-spirited citizens" would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells,

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at ground level. The resulting strong inward winds fueled the flames. The fire pushed towards the city's centre "in a broad, bow-shaped arc". By Sunday evening it "was already the most damaging fire to strike London in living memory", having travelled 500 metres (1,600 ft) west along the river.

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The riverfront was important in the development of the Great Fire. The Thames offered water for firefighting and the chance of escape by boat, but the poorer districts along the riverfront had stores and cellars of combustibles which increased the fire risk. All along the wharves, the rickety wooden

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According to Jacob Field, "the reaction to the Fire revealed England's long-standing hostility to Catholics, which manifested itself most visibly at times of crisis". Allegations that Catholics had started the fire were exploited as powerful political propaganda by opponents of pro-Catholic Charles

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began to burn on Monday afternoon, prompting a rush to rescue their stacks of gold coins before they melted. Several observers emphasise the despair and helplessness which seemed to seize Londoners on this second day, and the lack of efforts to save the wealthy, fashionable districts which were now

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ascended the Tower of London on Sunday morning to view the fire from the battlements. He recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration. It had burned down an estimated 300 houses and reached the riverfront. The houses on London Bridge were burning. He took a boat to

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a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September. The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door, except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try, thus becoming the first victim. The neighbours tried to help douse the fire; after an hour, the

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had been prohibited for centuries, but these cheap materials continued to be used. The only major area built with brick or stone was the wealthy centre of the city, where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots, surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes, in

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had led to that national trauma. They were determined to thwart any similar tendencies in his son, and when the Great Fire threatened the City, they refused the offers that Charles made of soldiers and other resources. Even in such an emergency, the idea of having the unpopular royal troops ordered

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When Bloodworth arrived, the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the warehouses and flammable stores on the riverfront. The more experienced firemen were clamouring for demolition, but Bloodworth refused on the grounds that most premises were rented and the owners could

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The high Roman wall enclosing the city impeded escape from the inferno, restricting exit to eight narrow gates. During the first couple of days, few people had any notion of fleeing the burning city altogether. They would remove what they could carry of their belongings to a safer area; some moved

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The firefighting methods relied on demolition and water. By law, every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts: long ladders, leather buckets, axes, and "firehooks" for pulling down buildings. Sometimes buildings were levelled quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder

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The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. Flight from London and settlement elsewhere were strongly encouraged by Charles II, who feared a London rebellion amongst the dispossessed refugees. Various schemes for rebuilding the city were proposed, some of them very

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The Crown and the City authorities attempted to negotiate compensation for the large-scale remodelling that these plans entailed, but that unrealistic idea had to be abandoned. Exhortations to bring workmen and measure the plots on which the houses had stood were mostly ignored by people worried

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or foreigners being beaten to death or lynched were the ones rescued by the Duke of York", that official figures say very little about the fate of the undocumented poor, and that the heat at the heart of the firestorms was far greater than an ordinary house fire, and was enough to consume bodies

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The inhabitants, especially the upper class, were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City. This provided a source of income for the able-bodied poor, who hired out as porters (sometimes simply making off with the goods), being especially profitable for the owners of carts and

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Cultural responses to the Great Fire emerged in poetry, "one of the chief modes of media in seventeenth-century England", as well as in religious sermons. At least 23 poems were published in the year following the fire. More recent cultural works featuring the Great Fire include the 1841 novel

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In 1667 strict new fire regulations were imposed in London to reduce the risk of future fire and allow any fire that did occur to be more easily extinguished. The fire resulted in the emergence of the first insurance companies, starting with Nicholas Barbon's Fire Office. These companies hired

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Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded, and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few. Porter gives the figure as eight and Tinniswood as "in single figures", although he adds that some deaths must have gone unrecorded and that, besides direct deaths from burning and

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on the south bank of the river. London Bridge, the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames, had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1633. However, Southwark was preserved by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak.

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First published between 1970 and 1983, by Bell & Hyman, London. Quotations from and details involving Pepys are taken from this standard, and copyright, edition. All web versions of the diaries are based on public domain 19th century editions and unfortunately contain many errors, as the

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borrowed heavily to fund its rebuilding, defaulting on its loans in 1683; as a result, it had its privileges stripped by Charles. The commercial district of London had significant vacancies as merchants who had left the city resettled elsewhere. Charitable foundations experienced significant

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their belongings and themselves "four and five times" in a single day. The perception of a need to get beyond the walls took root only late on the Monday, and then there were near-panic scenes at the gates as distraught refugees tried to get out with their bundles, carts, horses, and wagons.

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The conflagration was so universal, and the people so astonished, that from the beginning, I know not by what despondency or fate, they hardly stirred to quench it, so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without at all

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Monday marked the beginning of organised action, even as order broke down in the streets, especially at the gates, and the fire raged unchecked. Bloodworth was responsible as Lord Mayor for coordinating the firefighting, but he had apparently left the City; his name is not mentioned in any

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city maps. The reconstruction saw improvements in hygiene and fire safety: wider streets, open and accessible wharves along the length of the Thames, with no houses obstructing access to the river, and, most importantly, buildings constructed of brick and stone, not wood. The

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sailed down from Whitehall in the Royal barge to inspect the scene. He found that houses were still not being pulled down, in spite of Bloodworth's assurances to Pepys, and daringly overrode the authority of Bloodworth to order wholesale demolitions west of the fire zone.

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which defeated such measures. The fire pushed north on Monday into the heart of the City. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England's enemies in the ongoing

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financial losses because of direct fire-related costs as well as loss of rental income. Despite these factors, London retained its "economic pre-eminence" because of the access to shipping routes and its continued central role in political and cultural life in England.

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would form a natural firebreak, making a stand with his firemen from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames. However, early on Tuesday morning, the flames jumped over the Fleet and outflanked them, driven by the unabated easterly gale, forcing them to run for it.

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metres (202 ft) tall. In 1681, accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read, in part, "Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched". The inscription remained until after the passage of the

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Despite this, residents were inclined to put the blame for the fire on foreigners, particularly Catholics, the French, and the Dutch. Trained bands were put on guard and foreigners arrested in locations throughout England. An example of the urge to identify

703:. Fear and suspicion hardened into certainty on Monday, as reports circulated of imminent invasion and of foreign undercover agents seen casting "fireballs" into houses, or caught with hand grenades or matches. There was a wave of street violence. 566:

that lay off; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another." Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at

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St Paul's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk. Pedestrians with handcarts and goods were still on the move away from the fire, heavily weighed down. They deposited their valuables in parish churches away from the direct threat of fire.

1004:, who claimed that he was a member of a gang that had started the Great Fire in Westminster. He later changed his story to say that he had started the fire at the bakery in Pudding Lane. Hubert was convicted, despite some misgivings about his 1206:

In addition to the physical changes to London, the Great Fire had a significant demographic, social, political, economic, and cultural impact. The fire "caused the largest dislocation of London's residential structure in its history until

1045:, to send food and whatever goods might be of aid in alleviating the plight of Londoners, yet he made no secret that he regarded "the fire of London as a stroke of good fortune for him" as it reduced the risk of French ships crossing the 636:

Throughout Monday, the fire spread to the west and north. The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river, but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of

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The city was essentially medieval in its street plan, an overcrowded warren of narrow, winding, cobbled alleys. It had experienced several major fires before 1666, the most recent in 1633. Building with wood and roofing with

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A firehook was a heavy pole perhaps 30 feet (9 m) long with a strong hook and ring at one end, which would be attached to the roof trees of a threatened house and operated by means of ropes and pulleys to pull down the

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epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London's inhabitants, or 80,000 people, and it is sometimes suggested that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their

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Instead, much of the old street plan was recreated in the new City. According to Michael Hebbert, this process "accelerated the development of scientific survey and cartographic techniques", including the development of

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The crucial factor which frustrated firefighting efforts was the narrowness of the streets. Even under normal circumstances, the mix of carts, wagons, and pedestrians in the undersized alleys was subject to frequent

342: 228:. London had been a Roman settlement for four centuries and had become progressively more crowded inside its defensive city wall. It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into extramural settlements such as 699:, causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose. Foreigners were immediately suspected because of the ongoing 908:, refugees also perished in the impromptu camps. Field argues that the number "may have been higher than the traditional figure of six, but it is likely it did not run into the hundreds": he notes that the 308: 1572:

330 acres is the size of the area within the Roman wall, according to standard reference works (see, for instance, Sheppard, 37), although Tinniswood gives that area as a square mile (667 acres).

1454:. When recording British history, it is usual to use the dates recorded at the time of the event. Any dates between 1 January and 25 March have their year adjusted to start on 1 January according to the 1320:

Although it was never implemented, Wren's plan for the rebuilding of London has itself had a significant cultural impact. The decision not to implement the plan was criticized by later authors such as

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proposed rebuilding plans. All were based on a grid system, which became prevalent in the American urban landscape. If it had been rebuilt under some of these plans, London may have rivalled Paris in

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banned wood from the exterior of buildings, regulated the cost of building materials and the wages of workers, and set out a rebuilding period of three years, after which the land could be sold. A

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shacks of the poor were shoehorned amongst "old paper buildings and the most combustible matter of tarr, pitch, hemp, rosen, and flax which was all layd up thereabouts". London was also full of

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pulling down houses: "But the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it." Holding on to his "dignity and civic authority", he refused James's offer of more soldiers and then went home to bed.

192:. Coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously getting underway. The battle to put out the fire is considered to have been won by two key factors: the strong east wind dropped, and the 1041:

announced that he would not "have any rejoicings about it, being such a deplorable accident involving injury to so many unhappy people". Louis had made an offer to his aunt, the British Queen

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inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range and describes a "lamentable" fire, "everybody endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into

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about day-to-day survival, as well as by those who had left the capital; for one thing, with the shortage of labour following the fire, it was impossible to secure workmen for the purpose.

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being taken or sunk by the English fleet. Louis tried to take advantage but an attempt by a Franco-Dutch fleet to combine with a larger Dutch fleet ended in failure on 17 September at the

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filled wooden barrels with their stocks. Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War. Five to six hundred tons of powder was stored in the

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The fire seriously disrupted commercial activity, as premises and stock were destroyed and victims faced heavy debts and rebuilding costs. As a result, economic recovery was slow. The

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Suspicion soon arose in the threatened city that the fire was no accident. The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden

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Pepys found Bloodworth trying to coordinate the fire-fighting efforts and near to collapse, "like a fainting woman", crying out plaintively in response to the King's message that he

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in 1659, called it a "wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion of Houses". By "inartificial", Evelyn meant unplanned and makeshift, the result of organic growth and unregulated

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and accidents. Refugees escaping outwards, away from the centre of destruction, were blocked by soldiers trying to keep the streets clear for firefighters, causing further panic.

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Fears of foreign terrorists and of a French and Dutch invasion were as high as ever among the traumatised fire victims. There was panic on Wednesday night in the encampments at

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magnificence. According to archaeologist John Schofield, Wren's plan "would have probably encouraged the crystallisation of the social classes into separate areas", similar to

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on 29 October 1666. After his death, it became apparent that he had been on board a ship in the North Sea, and had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started.

180:; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of street violence. On Tuesday, the fire spread over nearly the whole city, destroying St Paul's Cathedral and leaping the 1142:

was imposed on coal to support civic rebuilding costs. Most private rebuilding was complete by 1671. New public buildings were created on their predecessors' sites including

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was set up from February 1667 to December 1668, and again from 1670 to February 1676. The aim of the court, which was authorized by the Fire of London Disputes Act and the

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two centuries later, this belief led to the burning of tenements as an antiplague measure. The suggestion that the fire prevented further outbreaks is disputed; the

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just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer's premises went up in flames. Suspicions rose to panic and collective paranoia on Monday, and both the

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a safe refuge, with its thick stone walls and natural firebreak in the form of a wide empty surrounding plaza. It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its

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The wind dropped on Tuesday evening, and the firebreaks created by the garrison finally began to take effect on Wednesday, 5 September. Pepys climbed the

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among survivors of the fire, "huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes" in the cold winter that followed. The dramatist

690: Approximate damage by the evening of Monday, 3 September, outlined in dashes (Pudding Lane origin is short vertical road in lower right damage area) 3772: 728:

focused less on fire fighting and more on rounding up foreigners and anyone else appearing suspicious, arresting them, rescuing them from mobs, or both.

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into the City was political dynamite. By the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor, the fire was already out of control.

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By the 1660s, London was by far the largest city in Britain and the third largest in the Western world, estimated at 300,000 to 400,000 inhabitants.

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fully or leave only a few skeletal fragments, producing a death toll not of eight, but of "several hundred and quite possibly several thousand."

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shorthand in which Pepys' diaries were originally written was not accurately transcribed until the pioneering work of Latham and Matthews.

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and was referenced by reports on the reconstruction of London after the Second World War. Wren presenting the plan was the subject of a

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concluded that the fire was an accident: "it stressed the role of God in starting the flames and of the king in helping to stem them".

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Radical rebuilding schemes poured in for the gutted City and were encouraged by Charles. Apart from Wren and Evelyn, it is known that

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Fires were common in the crowded wood-built city with its open fireplaces, candles, ovens, and stores of combustibles. A thousand

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Hanson, 81. The section "17th-century firefighting" is based on Tinniswood, 46–52, and Hanson, 75–78, unless otherwise indicated.

1091: 772: Approximate damage by the evening of Tuesday, 4 September. The fire did not spread significantly on Wednesday, 5 September. 531:

arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread. The householders protested, and

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Tinniswood, 44: "He didn't have the experience, the leadership skills or the natural authority to take charge of the situation."

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and was frequently cited by advocates for public health. It also featured heavily in textbooks for the nascent discipline of

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Carlson, Jennifer Anne (September 2005). "The economics of fire protection: from the Great Fire of London to Rural/Metro".

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and his wife are believed to have died in this way. Hanson maintains that "it stretches credulity to believe that the only

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radical. After the fire, London was reconstructed on essentially the same medieval street plan, which still exists today.

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The Great Fire of London, depicted by an unknown painter (1675), as it would have appeared from a boat in the vicinity of

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in the mid-1800s. Wren's plan was particularly challenging to implement because of the need to redefine property titles.

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The human habitations were crowded, and their design increased the fire risk. The typical multistorey timbered London

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Contemporary maps record the site as 23 Pudding Lane. The plot is now "within the roadway of Monument Street".

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Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths, enumerating known deaths from hunger and

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The relationship between the City and the Crown was often tense. The City of London had been a stronghold of

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Hanson, 77–80. The section "Fire hazards in the City" is based on Hanson, 77–101 unless otherwise indicated.

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by means of removing structures in the fire's path, was critically delayed due to the indecisiveness of the

3411:"Building Consensus: London, the Thames, and Collective Memory in the Novels of William Harrison Ainsworth" 457:

The use of water to extinguish the fire was frustrated. In principle, water was available from a system of

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Compare Hanson, who claims that they had wheels (76), and Tinniswood, who states that they did not (50).

846:

roof was melting, and the books and papers in the crypt were burning. The cathedral was quickly a ruin.

788:

in the distance (square tower without the spire) now catching flames. Oil painting by anonymous artist,

591: 370: 185: 69: 645:

The fire's spread to the north reached "the financial heart of the City". The houses of the bankers in

3410: 811:, was supposed to stop the fire's westward advance towards the Palace of Whitehall. He hoped that the 662:. The Royal Exchange caught fire in the late afternoon, and was a "smoking shell" within a few hours. 543:

not be found. Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a

4281: 4261: 4170: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4021: 4001: 2849:"Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice Volume 35, 1666–1668" 1263:

which transmitted the plague, as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire. During the

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The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news. The

572: 327:(far right) was a notorious death-trap in case of fire; much would be destroyed in a fire in 1633. 4203: 4180: 3898: 3877: 3847: 3834: 1352: 1314: 1023: 931:

The material destruction has been computed at 13,200–13,500 houses, 86 or 87 parish churches, 44

800: 628: 349: 90: 1368:, which was performed as part of the commemorations of the 350th anniversary of the Great Fire. 602:

that created its own weather. A tremendous uprush of hot air above the flames was driven by the

469:, filled from the river at high tide, and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in 2114:

Tinniswood, 72. The section "Monday" is based on Tinniswood, 58–74, unless otherwise indicated.

838:. However, the building was covered in wooden scaffolding, undergoing piecemeal restoration by 764: 4337: 4271: 3950: 3945: 3826: 3725: 3704: 3692: 3646: 3620: 3601: 3582: 3563: 3245: 3135: 3077: 3011: 1676: 980: 896: 725: 682: 576: 536: 501: 353: 312: 291: 283: 168: 3719: 799:

Tuesday, 4 September was the day of greatest destruction. The Duke of York's command post at

714:, through which post passed for the entire country, burned down early on Monday morning. The 4322: 4031: 3867: 3764: 3353: 3182: 3127: 2961: 2549: 1782: 1753: 1279: 1268: 1162: 1106: 1083: 1005: 944: 905: 839: 528: 466: 320: 3377: 1235:

view questioning the loyalties of Catholics in general and the Duke of York in particular.

382:

which all available building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population.

4312: 4291: 4142: 4137: 1451: 1382: 1306: 1154: 1046: 1042: 835: 753: 563: 519: 438: 410: 193: 109: 98: 3331: 3537: 4276: 4248: 3872: 3852: 3555: 2061: 1894: 1158: 1073: 1034: 1015:

A committee was established to investigate the cause of the Great Fire, chaired by Sir

1009: 932: 804: 716: 606:

wherever constrictions narrowed the air current, such as the constricted space between

406: 316: 268: 253: 137: 113: 1033:

On 5 October, Marc Antonio Giustinian, Venetian Ambassador in France, reported to the

899:

published in 1666 giving an account of the fire, and of the limits of its destruction.

884: 671:

attempting to save even their goods, such a strange consternation there was upon them.

4422: 4327: 3913: 3186: 1364: 1325: 1244: 1196: 1001: 920: 721: 478: 324: 279: 249: 129: 94: 2508:

The section "Wednesday" is based on Tinniswood, 101–110, unless otherwise indicated.

509: Approximate damage by the evening of Sunday, 2 September, outlined in dashes ( 263:

By the late 17th century, the City proper—the area bounded by the city wall and the

4332: 3908: 3634: 1321: 1283: 1102: 993: 834:

filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining

808: 603: 558: 523: 510: 402: 264: 225: 156: 148: 117: 3490:"The Great Fire of London, 350th anniversary: How did it start and what happened?" 3288: 2965: 2949: 3433: 1706:

Observations both Historical and Moral upon the Burning of London, September 1666

819:

By mid-morning the fire had breached the wide affluent luxury shopping street of

17: 4036: 3996: 3784: 3533: 2418:

The section "Tuesday" is based on Tinniswood, 77–96, unless otherwise indicated.

1727: 1539: 1427:

A patent had been granted in 1625 for the fire engines; they were single-acting

1224: 1130: 1069: 916: 812: 696: 663: 485: 474: 462: 257: 241: 237: 213: 181: 141: 85: 3131: 1309:. Another monument marks the spot where the fire is said to have died out: the 3791:

Records on the Great Fire of London 1666 from the UK Parliamentary Collections

3662: 2554: 2537: 1758: 1741: 1428: 1329: 1305:

when it was removed in 1830 following a successful campaign by City Solicitor

1166: 1139: 960: 866: 544: 532: 229: 4404: 4391: 2922:"How London might have looked: five masterplans after the great fire of 1666" 3939: 3893: 3862: 3842: 3745: 2084: 1455: 1208: 964: 820: 659: 638: 623: 599: 568: 470: 433: 398: 245: 197: 189: 172: 160: 64:

This article is about the 1666 Fire of London. For other "Great Fires", see

3078:

Financing the rebuilding of the City of London after the Great Fire of 1666

2950:"The long after-life of Christopher Wren's short-lived London plan of 1666" 1157:

illegally reshaped London with his own rebuilding schemes, which developed

632:

for 3–10 September, facsimile front page with an account of the Great Fire.

136:

from Sunday 2 September to Thursday 6 September 1666, gutting the medieval

3598:

The Anglo-Dutch Wars of the Seventeenth Century Modern Wars In Perspective

3415:

Literary London: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Representation of London

550: 1958:

The information in the day-by-day maps comes from Tinniswood, 58, 77, 97.

1228: 968: 842:. The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night. Within half an hour, the 756:. This historic royal palace was completely consumed, burning all night. 733: 676: 607: 422: 390: 386: 152: 3076:

Sussman, Nathan; Coffman, D'Maris; Stephenson, Judy (19 November 2020).

4342: 1170: 1114: 956: 952: 781: 233: 217: 971:. The fire destroyed approximately 15 percent of the city's housing. 924: 744:

On Monday evening, hopes were dashed that the massive stone walls of

611: 378: 133: 3795: 752:

would stay the course of the flames, the western counterpart of the

3560:

London, Londoners and the Great Fire of 1666: Disaster and Recovery

116:

in 1666, with the burnt area shown in pink and outlined in dashes (

3760: 3579:

The Dreadful Judgement: The True Story of the Great Fire of London

1334:

six in a set commemorating the 350th anniversary of the Great Fire

1186: 1078: 1064: 1022:

Abroad in the Netherlands, the Great Fire of London was seen as a

883: 831: 776: 763: 681: 622: 549: 500: 484:

London possessed advanced fire-fighting technology in the form of

432: 365: 221: 108: 84: 3118:

Porter, Stephen (28 September 2006). "The great fire of London".

1072:'s plan, never carried out, for rebuilding a radically different 200:

to create effective firebreaks, halting further spread eastward.

2221:

All quotes from and details involving John Evelyn come from his

1260: 843: 155:

on Sunday 2 September, and spread rapidly. The use of the major

3799: 3200:

Kirkpatrick, David; Hakim, Danny; Glanz, James (24 June 2017).

3755: 3699:

By Permission of Heaven: The Story of the Great Fire of London

3202:"Why Grenfell Tower burned: regulators put cost before safety" 1256: 458: 3528:(in French) (Reprint ed.). London Topographical Society. 3267:"3 myths you probably believe about the Great Fire of London" 1875:"Bludworth's failure of nerve was crucial" (Tinniswood, 52). 658:

and shopping centre—and the opulent consumer goods shops in

93:

on the evening of Tuesday, 4 September 1666. To the left is

2801:"England and the Netherlands: the ties between two nations" 3242:

Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present

356:, 1647, notable for being rendered all from one viewpoint. 3617:

Underground Overground: A Passenger's History of the Tube

3438:. Vol. 2 (reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 191. 2400:

Spelling modernised for clarity; quoted by Tinniswood, 80

1231:

perspective of the fire as accidental was opposed by the

513:

origin is short vertical road in lower right damage area)

3358:"The Golden Boy of Pye Corner (Grade II) (1286479)" 1378:

List of buildings that survived the Great Fire of London

42: 1590:

See Hanson, 85–88, for the Republican temper of London

996:

for the fire is the acceptance of the confession of a

1492: 1490: 1488: 105:

is in the distance, surrounded by the tallest flames.

1053:

when they encountered a larger English fleet led by

4300: 4247: 4196: 4153: 4100: 3959: 3886: 3833: 3696: 3488: 1742:"1666 and London's fire history: a re-evalulation" 598:By Sunday afternoon, the fire had become a raging 2538:"1666 and London's fire history: A re-evaluation" 1271:identifies this as a common myth about the fire. 1247:on restricting the spread of fire between units. 1227:and the exclusion crisis later in his reign. The 1612:. City of London. 23 August 2018. Archived from 450:and would congregate hastily to fight the fire. 3539:Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn, F.R.S. 2910:These plans are detailed in Tinniswood, 196–210 668: 3080:(Report). Centre for Economic Policy Research. 461:pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high 3811: 3676:The Rebuilding of London after the Great Fire 1730:, September 1666, quoted by Tinniswood, 45–46 1550: 1548: 1478: 1476: 1431:worked by long handles at the front and back. 1086:'s rejected plan for the rebuilding of London 8: 2786: 2784: 2659: 2657: 2655: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 3308: 3306: 3235: 3233: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 1278:was erected near Pudding Lane, designed by 26: 3818: 3804: 3796: 2833: 2831: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 1466: 1464: 732:boats. Hiring a cart had cost a couple of 3244:. Yale University Press. pp. 80–81. 2553: 2163: 2161: 2047: 2045: 1927: 1925: 1757: 1673:Robert Hooke and the Rebuilding of London 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 481:, eliminating the supply of piped water. 68:. For other notable fires in London, see 1726:Letter from an unknown correspondent to 405:, especially along the riverfront where 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3380:. The Postal Museum. 30 September 2016. 3120:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2235: 2233: 1443: 1394: 1183:Great Fire of London in popular culture 159:technique of the time, the creation of 28: 3468:Nicholson, Rebecca (17 October 2014). 1969:"Where the Great Fire of London began" 1899:"London: Brighter Lights, Bigger City" 3501:from the original on 11 January 2022. 3409:Minott-Ahl, Nicola (September 2006). 1450:All dates are given according to the 539:was summoned to give his permission. 7: 4047:Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings 1276:Monument to the Great Fire of London 1193:Monument to the Great Fire of London 437:"Firehooks" used to fight a fire at 3008:The Origins of Scientific Economics 951:, and the three western city gates— 650:menaced by the flames, such as the 76:. For the Peter Ackroyd novel, see 3487:Sabur, Rozina (2 September 2016). 3363:National Heritage List for England 3269:. Museum of London. Archived from 3265:Jeater, Merial (6 December 2016). 2144:"London's Burning: The Great Fire" 1148:Christopher Wren's 51 new churches 554:Oil painting of Samuel Pepys, 1666 57: 3643:The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Vol. 7 3287:. British Library. Archived from 2920:Forrest, Adam (25 January 2016). 1675:. The History Press. p. 69. 346:Long View of London from Bankside 256:to the Royal Palace and Abbey at 4371: 4370: 4262:Lord Mayor of the City of London 3517:The Story of London's Great Fire 3449:Wilson, Leslie (25 March 2006). 3187:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2005.00570.x 334: 300: 147:The fire started in a bakery in 120:origin marked with a green line) 78:The Great Fire of London (novel) 1119:Haussmann's renovation of Paris 666:, courtier and diarist, wrote: 252:. To the West it reached along 4007:1908 Franco-British Exhibition 3787:pupils (ages 5–7) and teachers 2030:Pepys' diary, 2 September 1666 1303:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 1223:II's court, mostly during the 1199:on the site of a lost church, 313:panorama of the City of London 1: 4474:History of the City of London 3010:. Routledge. pp. 50–51. 2966:10.1080/02665433.2018.1552837 1332:stamp issued in 2016, one of 1243:. The fire led to a focus in 1136:Rebuilding of London Act 1666 1096:Rebuilding of London Act 1670 789: 4239:London Metropolitan Archives 3781:London Metropolitan Archives 3515:Bell, Walter George (1929). 2847:Hinds, Allen B, ed. (1935). 1356:, the 2014 television drama 1201:St Margaret, New Fish Street 947:and other City prisons, the 216:, contrasting London to the 4267:Wards of the City of London 4113:Metropolitan Board of Works 3724:. Jeremy Mills Publishing. 3641:; William Matthews (eds.). 3435:The History of British Film 3432:Low, Rachael, ed. (2013) . 3378:"Flames, First and Friends" 943:, St Paul's Cathedral, the 132:that swept through central 74:Second Great Fire of London 4490: 4257:City of London Corporation 4012:The Battle of Cable Street 3904:Norman and Medieval London 3777:London Fire Brigade Museum 3683:Sheppard, Francis (1998). 3526:Le Guide de Londres (1693) 1704:Rege Sincera (pseudonym), 1274:On Charles' initiative, a 1216:City of London Corporation 1180: 63: 4366: 4042:1966 FIFA World Cup final 4027:Abdication of Edward VIII 3773:National Portrait Gallery 3718:Wallington, Neil (2005). 2978:Tinniswood, 220–224 2948:Hebbert, Michael (2020). 2807:. Koninklijke Bibliotheek 2805:Memory of the Netherlands 2568:Quoted in Tinniswood, 104 2555:10.1017/S0018246X15000382 2526:Quoted in Tinniswood, 101 1759:10.1017/S0018246X15000382 1542:, quoted in Tinniswood, 3 575:, offered the use of the 429:17th-century firefighting 4224:Port of London Authority 4214:London Ambulance Service 4133:Greater London Authority 3674:Reddaway, T. F. (1940). 3667:London: A Social History 3006:Letwin, William (1963). 2536:Garrioch, David (2016). 2341:"Relative Values – UK £" 2142:Robinson, Bruce (2011). 1781:Gough MSS London14, the 1740:Garrioch, David (2016). 1671:Cooper, Michael (2013). 1311:Golden Boy of Pye Corner 1195:stands near the rebuilt 1000:French watchmaker named 770: 688: 579:to help fight the fire. 507: 362:Fire hazards in the city 39:latest accepted revision 4082:2012 Summer Paralympics 3615:Martin, Andrew (2013). 3240:Snowden, Frank (2019). 3124:Oxford University Press 2338:Using relative income. 1785:, quoted by Hanson, 123 492:Development of the fire 441:in Devon, England, 1612 103:Old St Paul's Cathedral 4449:17th century in London 4123:Greater London Council 3761:Fire of London website 3132:10.1093/ref:odnb/95647 2853:British History Online 2542:The Historical Journal 1746:The Historical Journal 1708:, quoted by Hanson, 80 1265:Bombay plague epidemic 1203: 1087: 1076: 900: 880:Deaths and destruction 826:Everybody had thought 796: 774: 701:Second Anglo-Dutch War 692: 673: 633: 555: 515: 442: 373: 178:Second Anglo-Dutch War 121: 106: 66:List of historic fires 4287:City of London Police 4118:London County Council 3992:1854 cholera outbreak 3769:The National Archives 3577:Hanson, Neil (2001). 3451:"Bring out your dead" 2954:Planning Perspectives 2364:Quoted by Hanson, 158 2039:Tinniswood, 45–46, 53 1190: 1082: 1068: 1037:and the Senate, that 949:General Letter Office 887: 780: 767: 708:General Letter Office 685: 626: 553: 504: 436: 369: 112: 88: 70:Early fires of London 59:Conflagration in 1666 4454:Disasters in England 4429:Great Fire of London 3746:Great Fire of London 3273:on 22 December 2016. 2708:Quoted in Evelyn, 16 1348:1914 film adaptation 828:St. Paul's Cathedral 518:A fire broke out at 126:Great Fire of London 97:; to the right, the 4459:Disasters in London 4401: / 4358:Scheduled monuments 4318:Palace of Whitehall 4308:St Paul's Cathedral 4229:London sewer system 4219:London Fire Brigade 4209:Metropolitan Police 4188:London independence 4087:Grenfell Tower fire 4017:Festival of Britain 3926:19th-century London 3921:18th-century London 3858:City of Westminster 3596:Jones, J.R (2013). 3524:Colsoni, F (1951). 2892:Tinniswood, 240–247 2778:Tinniswood, 154–158 2760:Tinniswood, 163–168 2640:Tinniswood, 127–129 2595:Tinniswood, 108–110 2586:Tinniswood, 105–107 1975:. 12 February 2016. 1616:on 15 December 2018 1470:Tinniswood, 131–135 1241:London Fire Brigade 1144:St Paul's Cathedral 1051:Battle of Dungeness 786:St Paul's Cathedral 712:Threadneedle Street 573:James, Duke of York 208:London in the 1660s 29:Page version status 4439:17th-century fires 4234:London Underground 4204:Bow Street Runners 4181:London Green Party 3899:Anglo-Saxon London 3693:Tinniswood, Adrian 3645:. Harper Collins. 3542:Hurst and Blackett 3206:The New York Times 2203:Tinniswood, 70, 72 2087:and Hanson, 102–05 2065:, 3 September 1666 1610:"Fire in the City" 1362:, and the musical 1353:Forged in the Fire 1350:), the 2006 novel 1204: 1153:English economist 1092:special Fire Court 1088: 1077: 1024:divine retribution 901: 797: 775: 693: 634: 629:The London Gazette 610:, and this left a 556: 516: 443: 374: 350:panorama of London 122: 107: 35: 4384: 4383: 4338:Westminster Abbey 4282:Lord Mayor's Show 4176:Liberal Democrats 4161:Political parties 4092:COVID-19 pandemic 4052:Anti-war protests 3827:History of London 3731:978-0-9546484-6-6 3703:. Jonathan Cape. 3685:London: A History 3626:978-1-84668-478-4 3619:. Profile Books. 3607:978-1-317-89948-8 3569:978-1-315-09932-3 3291:on 1 January 2022 3251:978-0-300-19221-6 3141:978-0-19-861412-8 3017:978-0-415-31329-2 2490:Tinniswood, 91–95 2427:Tinniswood, 75–77 2391:Tinniswood, 74–75 2320:Tinniswood, 63–64 2311:Tinniswood, 58–63 2293:Tinniswood, 64–66 2074:Tinniswood, 54–55 1985:Tinniswood, 42–43 1919:Tinniswood, 48–49 1884:Tinniswood, 48–49 1682:978-0-7524-9485-2 981:Court of Aldermen 726:Coldstream Guards 608:jettied buildings 577:Royal Life Guards 537:Thomas Bloodworth 529:parish constables 354:Wenceslaus Hollar 284:English Civil War 169:Thomas Bloodworth 47:17 September 2024 18:Great London Fire 16:(Redirected from 4481: 4464:Fires in England 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4394: 4374: 4373: 4323:Westminster Hall 4277:Livery Companies 4002:Great Exhibition 3972:Peasants' Revolt 3868:County of London 3820: 3813: 3806: 3797: 3765:Museum of London 3763:produced by the 3735: 3714: 3702: 3688: 3679: 3678:. Jonathan Cape. 3670: 3656: 3630: 3611: 3592: 3573: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3529: 3520: 3503: 3502: 3492: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3354:Historic England 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3334:. 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4143:Mayor of London 4138:London Assembly 4096: 4032:Swinging London 3955: 3882: 3829: 3824: 3742: 3732: 3721:In Case of Fire 3717: 3711: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3661: 3653: 3633: 3627: 3614: 3608: 3595: 3589: 3576: 3570: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3532: 3523: 3514: 3511: 3506: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3399:Tinniswood, 214 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3227:Hanson, 249–250 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2947: 2946: 2933: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865:Tinniswood, 144 2864: 2860: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2837:Tinniswood, 146 2836: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2676: 2672:Tinniswood, 128 2671: 2667: 2662: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2604:Tinniswood, 111 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577:Tinniswood, 103 2576: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329:Hanson, 156–157 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2055: 2050: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1895:Robinson, Bruce 1893: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794:Hanson, 157–158 1793: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1518: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1496:Hanson, 326–333 1495: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1462: 1452:Julian calendar 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1396: 1391: 1383:1666 in England 1374: 1307:Charles Pearson 1296: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1185: 1179: 1155:Nicholas Barbon 1063: 1047:English Channel 1043:Henrietta Maria 977: 882: 874:Parliament Hill 852: 836:Paternoster Row 792: 769: 768: 762: 754:Tower of London 687: 686: 621: 592:King Charles II 520:Thomas Farriner 506: 505: 499: 494: 431: 411:Tower of London 371:King Charles II 364: 359: 358: 357: 344: 339: 330: 329: 328: 310: 305: 210: 194:Tower of London 142:Roman city wall 140:inside the old 99:Tower of London 81: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4487: 4485: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4434:1666 disasters 4431: 4421: 4420: 4405:51.51°N 0.09°W 4382: 4381: 4379: 4378: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4353:Fortifications 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4253: 4251: 4249:City of London 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4157: 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3083: 3068: 3066:Field, 100–102 3059: 3050: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3016: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2960:(2): 231–252. 2931: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2858: 2839: 2827: 2818: 2792: 2790:Field, 132–133 2780: 2771: 2762: 2753: 2744: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2651: 2642: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2561: 2548:(2): 319–338. 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2481:Tinniswood, 96 2474: 2472:Tinniswood, 86 2465: 2463:Tinniswood, 84 2456: 2454:Tinniswood, 80 2447: 2445:Tinniswood, 78 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2382:Tinniswood, 71 2375: 2373:Tinniswood, 68 2366: 2357: 2345:MeasuringWorth 2331: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2266:Tinniswood, 59 2259: 2250: 2248:Tinniswood, 58 2241: 2229: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2185:Tinniswood, 63 2178: 2176:Tinniswood, 67 2169: 2157: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2096:Tinniswood, 55 2089: 2076: 2067: 2062:London Gazette 2053: 2051:Tinniswood, 53 2041: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1994:Tinniswood, 44 1987: 1978: 1960: 1951: 1949:Tinniswood, 50 1942: 1933: 1931:Tinniswood, 52 1921: 1912: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1848:Tinniswood, 49 1841: 1832: 1830:Tinniswood, 48 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1774: 1765: 1752:(2): 319–338. 1732: 1719: 1710: 1697: 1688: 1681: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1601: 1599:Wallington, 18 1592: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1544: 1532: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1484: 1472: 1460: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1420: 1410: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1373: 1370: 1359:The Great Fire 1343:Old St. Paul's 1245:building codes 1178: 1175: 1131:ichnographical 1074:City of London 1062: 1059: 1035:Doge of Venice 986:London Gazette 976: 973: 937:Royal Exchange 910:London Gazette 881: 878: 860:Barking Church 851: 848: 761: 758: 717:London Gazette 652:Royal Exchange 647:Lombard Street 620: 617: 604:chimney effect 498: 495: 493: 490: 430: 427: 407:ship chandlers 397:tenements and 363: 360: 341: 340: 333: 332: 331: 317:Claes Visscher 307: 306: 299: 298: 297: 292:absolute power 269:bubonic plague 209: 206: 196:garrison used 151:shortly after 138:City of London 114:Central London 58: 56: 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4486: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4377: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:London Bridge 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4171:Conservatives 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 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Samuel 3632: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3600:. Routledge. 3599: 3594: 3590: 3588:0-385-60134-4 3584: 3581:. Doubleday. 3580: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562:. Routledge. 3561: 3557: 3553: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3495:The Telegraph 3491: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3428: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3096: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3039:Field, 39, 71 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2898: 2895: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2855:. p. 82. 2854: 2850: 2843: 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2138: 2135: 2129: 2126: 2123:Hanson, 82–83 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1881: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1803:Hanson, 78–79 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1684: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1643:Hanson, 82–83 1640: 1637: 1634:Hanson, 78–79 1631: 1628: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 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837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 817: 814: 810: 806: 802: 787: 783: 779: 766: 759: 757: 755: 751: 747: 742: 738: 735: 729: 727: 723: 722:Trained Bands 719: 718: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 684: 680: 678: 672: 667: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 643: 640: 631: 630: 625: 618: 616: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 593: 589: 584: 580: 578: 574: 570: 565: 560: 552: 548: 546: 540: 538: 534: 530: 525: 522:'s bakery in 521: 512: 503: 496: 491: 489: 487: 482: 480: 479:London Bridge 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 455: 451: 448: 440: 435: 428: 426: 424: 418: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 394: 392: 388: 383: 380: 372: 368: 361: 355: 351: 347: 343: 337: 326: 325:London Bridge 322: 318: 314: 309: 303: 296: 293: 289: 285: 281: 280:republicanism 276: 274: 270: 266: 261: 259: 255: 251: 250:Inns of Court 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 207: 205: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 130:conflagration 127: 119: 115: 111: 104: 100: 96: 95:London Bridge 92: 87: 83: 79: 75: 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Retrieved 3538: 3534:Evelyn, John 3525: 3519:. John Lane. 3516: 3494: 3482: 3474:The Guardian 3473: 3463: 3455:The Guardian 3454: 3444: 3434: 3427: 3418: 3414: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3372: 3361: 3348: 3338:26 September 3336:. Retrieved 3326: 3317: 3293:. Retrieved 3289:the original 3279: 3271:the original 3260: 3241: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3195: 3181:(3): 39–44. 3178: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3119: 3113: 3104: 3095: 3086: 3071: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3007: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2957: 2953: 2926:The Guardian 2925: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2888: 2883:Field, 33–34 2879: 2870: 2861: 2852: 2842: 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2804: 2795: 2774: 2769:Field, 21–22 2765: 2756: 2747: 2722: 2713: 2704: 2699:Field, 22–23 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2663:Reddaway, 26 2645: 2636: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2564: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2499:Field, 17–18 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2348:. 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