733:. Over the course of her essay, Clark considers the question of what makes a piece of literature a classic and why the idea of "the classics" is important to society as a whole. Clark says that "teachers of English have been so long trained in the 'classics' that these 'classics' have become to them very much like the Bible, for the safety of which the rise of modern science causes such unnecessary fears." She goes on to say that among the sources she consulted was a group of eighth-graders when she asked them the question: "What do you understand by the classics in literature?" Two of the answers Clark received were "Classics are books your fathers give you and you keep them to give to your children" and "Classics are those great pieces of literature considered worthy to be studied in English classes of high school or college". Calvino agrees with the Ohio educator when he states "Schools and universities ought to help us understand that no book that talks about a book says more than the book in question, but instead they do their level best to make us think the opposite." Clark and Calvino come to a similar conclusion that when a literary work is analyzed for what makes it 'classic', that in just the act of analysis or as Clark says "the anatomical dissection", the reader can end up destroying the unique pleasure that mere enjoyment a work of literature can hold.
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intertwined with the idea of the classic, an idea that T.S. Eliot tried to revitalize for the 'modern experiment'".) In echoes of Sainte-Beuve, Eliot gave a speech to the Virgil
Society concerning himself with the very same question of "What is a Classic?" In his opinion, there was only one author who was 'classic': "No modern language can hope to produce a classic, in the sense I have called Virgil a classic. Our classic, the classic of all Europe, is Virgil." In this instance, though, Eliot said that the word had different meanings in different surroundings and that his concern was with "one meaning in one context". He states his focus is to define only "one kind of art" and that it does not have to be "better...than another kind". His opening paragraph makes a clear distinction between his particular meaning of classic having Virgil as the classic of all literature and the alternate meaning of classic as "a standard author".
1030:) frequently publish collections of classic books. Publishers have their various types of "classic book" lines, while colleges and universities have required reading lists as well as associated publishing interests. If these books are the works of literature that well-read people are supposed to have read or at least be familiar with, then the genesis of the classic book genre and the processes through which texts are considered for selection (or not) is of interest. The development of the Penguin Classics line of books, among the best-known of the classic imprints, can serve as a good example.
886:, each heavily focused on the "great books" of the Western canon, are prominent examples of Classic Books programs that the majority of enrolled students participate. Fordham University's Honors Program at Rose Hill incorporates the Great Books curriculum into a rigorous first four semesters in the program. Loyola University Chicago's Honors Program combines a Great Books curriculum with additional elective classes on subjects not covered in traditional Western thought over a rigorous four-year program. Over 100 institutions of higher learning in the United States,
660:
to advance a step; who has discovered some moral and not equivocal truth, or revealed some eternal passion in that heart where all seemed known and discovered; who has expressed his thought, observation, or invention, in no matter what form, only provided it be broad and great, refined and sensible, sane and beautiful in itself; who has spoken to all in his own peculiar style, a style which is found to be also that of the whole world, a style new without
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on
October 21, 1850, as "Qu'est-ce qu'un classique?—Lundis" ("Monday"), Volume III, 40. (Stephen Moeller-Sally, "Gogol's afterlife: the evolution of a classic in Imperial and Soviet Russia" , p. 168). However it originated, an error regarding the date of Saint-Beauve's "What Is a Classic?" has crept
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The idea of a classic implies something that has continuance and consistence, and which produces unity and tradition, fashions and transmits itself, and endures.... A true classic, as I should like to hear it defined, is an author who has enriched the human mind, increased its treasure, and caused it
740:
thought that the works that become classic books have their start in childhood, saying that "If you wish to live long in the memory of men, you should not write for them at all. You should write what their children will enjoy." In his view, the works we now judge to be classics are "great starters".
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The first are those we know we should have read, but probably have not. These are generally the books that make us burn with shame when they come up in conversation... The second kind, meanwhile, are those books that we've read five times, can quote from on any occasion, and annoyingly push on to
842:, and helped shape its core curriculum. The course, however, initially began to fail shortly after its introduction due to numerous disputes between senior faculty over the best way to conduct classes, as well as concerns about the rigor of the courses. This resulted in junior faculty, including
792:
classic author is the one you cannot feel indifferent to, who helps you define yourself in relation to him, even in dispute with him." Consideration of what makes a literary work a classic is for
Calvino ultimately a personal choice, and, constructing a universal definition of what constitutes a
689:
he thought that one of the reasons "Dante is a classic, and Blake only a poet of genius was" because of "the concentration resulting from a framework of mythology and theology and philosophy". (In commenting about Eliot's influence, Professor Jan Gorak stated that "the idea of a canon has become
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Despite the prevalence of Great Books style courses and majors at a number of universities, there are only a few colleges that teach their curriculum exclusively through the Great Books model. These schools, with their dates either of founding or move to a Great Books model include:
643:. The study of these classic texts both allows and encourages students to become familiar with some of the most revered authors throughout history. This is meant to equip students and newly found scholars with a plethora of resources to utilize throughout their studies and beyond.
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The essay "Why Read the
Classics?" is available in two different anthologies. It was first published in 1980/82 in the Italian as a chapter in "The Uses of Literature" (in 1986 in the English translation) and then re-published in the posthumous collection titled "Why Read the
771:, gave his opinion when he stated, "A classic is classic not because it conforms to certain structural rule, or fits certain definitions (of which its author had quite probably never heard). It is classic because of a certain eternal and irrepressible freshness."
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train station. As the company website tells it, "appalled by the selection on offer, Lane decided that good quality contemporary fiction should be made available at an attractive price and sold not just in traditional bookshops, but also in railway stations,
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said in his essay "Why Read the
Classics?" that "a classic is a book that has never finished saying what it has to say" and comes to the crux of personal choice in this matter when he says (italics in the original translation):
592:). The ability of a classic book to be reinterpreted, to seemingly be renewed in the interests of generations of readers succeeding its creation, is a theme that is seen in the writings of literary critics including
779:
winning critic, concurred with Pound's view regarding the vitality of a classic when he wrote that "...one of the true elements of a classic" was that "they can be read again and again with ever-deepening pleasure."
800:
in 2009, Chris Cox echoes Twain's "classic" sentiments of 1900 and
Bennett's witticism about classic books when he opined on the Guardian.Co "Books Blog" that there are actually two kinds of "classic novels":
726:
In 1920, Fannie M. Clark, a teacher at the
Rozelle School in East Cleveland, Ohio, attempted to answer the question of what makes a book a "classic" in her article "Teaching Children to Choose" in
676:
In this same essay, Sainte-Beuve quoted Goethe (referring to the 'classics' concept): "Ancient works are classical not because they are old, but because they are powerful, fresh, and healthy."
815:"Classic Books" reading lists are used at some universities and have been in modern vogue since at least the early part of the 20th century, with the additional impetus in 1909 of the
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1860. The year is erroneously stated as 1860 in A. Pichon's edition of Saint Beuve's work in "Causeries Du Lundi Et
Portraits Littraires" (republished in 2009 in its entirety by
697:, the modern English playwright and author, said that "Definition of a classic: a book everyone is assumed to have read and often thinks they have read themselves."
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Classic Book seems to him to be an impossibility, since, as
Calvino says "There is nothing for it but for all of us to invent our own ideal libraries of classics."
876:, in addition to the University of Chicago. This course was later named Humanities A for freshmen, and then subsequently evolved into Literature Humanities.
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and the related questions of "Why Read the
Classics?" and "What Is a Classic?" have been essayed by authors from different genres and eras (including Calvino,
1057:...We believed in the existence in this country of a vast reading public and staked everything on it." Within the first year, they had sold three million
827:. These "Reading Lists" have remained significant in the 21st century, with more of them being created during the past few decades (e.g. Jane Mallison's
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accepted as being exemplary or particularly noteworthy. What makes a book "classic" is a concern that has occurred to various authors ranging from
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Fadiman unites classic books through the ages in a continuum (and concurs with Goethe's thoughts on the vigour and relevance of the ancient
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620:. Although the term is often associated with the Western canon, it can be applied to works of literature from all traditions, such as the
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1934:
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723:) that the work met the Professor's definition of a classic as "something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read".
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Eliot, T.S. Address to the Virgil Society on October 16, 1944; first published by Faber & Faber, 1945, presently available in:
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frequently composed great books lists for his friends and correspondents, for example, for Peter Carr in 1785 and again in 1787.
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713:), as saying that "A classic is any book that stays in print". And in his "Disappearance of Literature" speech given in 1900,
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1080:. These programs were produced by Adler's Institute for Philosophical Research and were carried as a public service by the
1076:
In 1954 Mortimer Adler hosted a live weekly television series in San Francisco, comprising 52 half-hour programs, entitled
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after 1923, teaching parts of the course. The course was discontinued in 1928, though later reinstated. Adler left for the
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1980:
Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr (An honest heart, a knowing head; Paris, 19 August 1785). In: Merril D. Peterson (ed.),
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897:'s Program of Liberal Studies, established in 1950, and housed in the College of Liberals Arts, the Integral Program at
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2330:
1343:"Introductory Note. Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve. 1909–1914. Literary and Philosophical Essays. The Harvard Classics"
1092:. Adler bequeathed these films to the Center for the Study of the Great Ideas, where they are available for purchase.
31:
1275:"Reading list for BA course mapped and categorized by different traditions (Western, Chinese, Buddhist, Indian...)"
50:
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978:
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1993:
Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr (The homage to Reason; Paris, 10 August 1787). In: Merril D. Peterson (ed.),
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In addition, a handful of colleges offer a major whose pedagogy is structured around the Great Books. The
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120:
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745:), when he states that classic books share a "quality of beginningness" with the legendary writer of the
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655:(1804–1869) stated his answer to the question "What is a Classic?" ("Qu'est-ce qu'un classique?"):
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Many universities incorporate these readings into their curricula, such as "The Reading List" at
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discussing many of the Great Books of history and their impact on the world. It was narrated by
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in 1929, where he continued his work on the theme, and along with the university president,
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951:(1976) - first Great Books college offering studies combining Eastern and Western classics.
901:(1955), and the Bachelor of Humanities program offered by the College of the Humanities at
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1803:"An Oasis of Order: The Core Curriculum at Columbia College:Faculty Profiles:John Erskine"
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taught the first course based on the "Great Books" program, titled "General Honors", at
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890:, and Europe maintain some version of a Great Books Program as an option for students.
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2016:
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872:. In 1937, when Mark Van Doren redesigned the course, it was already being taught at
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1935:"Dharma Realm Buddhist University Accepting Applications for Undergraduate Program"
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706:
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202:
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1959:
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Book Smart: Your Essential Reading List for Becoming a Literary Genius in 365 Days
975:, Tempe, Arizona (1998) - online distance-learning and graduate and doctoral only.
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Book Smart: Your Essential Reading List for Becoming a Literary Genius in 365 Days
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The Great Books: A Journey through 2,500 Years of the West's Classic Literature
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2012:
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Brooke, Allen (Spring 2000), "Review: Calvino: Old Wine in a New Bottle",
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Literary and Philosophical Essays. 1909–14. Vol. 32. The Harvard Classics
858:, held an annual seminar of great books which he later reworked into The
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Literary figures from different eras have also weighed in on the matter.
600:, and Sainte-Beuve. These books can be published as a collection such as
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Education and Democracy: The Meaning of Alexander Meiklejohn, 1872–1964
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Sainte-Beuve's "What is a Classic" essay was originally published in
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other people with the words: "You have to read this. It's a classic."
1909:"St. John's College | Academic Program | The Reading List"
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1210:"St. John's College | Academic Program | The Reading List"
66:
2249:
2188:
Links to Italo Calvino writings & Critical Essays about Calvino
1867:. The Association for Core Texts and Courses (ACTC). Archived from
1549:, Volume 0-151, New York: New Directions (2010, ©1934). Pages 13–14
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1380:. New Jersey/United Kingdom. Athlone Press Limited, 1991, Page 253
1239:"Reading List:Rutgers University Senior Comprehensive Examination"
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said (referring to a learned academic's lofty opinion of Milton's
667:
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1393:. New York. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt/Farrar, Straus, Giroux.1975
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publishing imprimatur having individual works chosen by outgoing
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1891:"The Integral Program of Liberal Arts: A Great Books Curriculum"
1044:, was unable to find a book he actually wanted to read while at
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Classics are often defined in terms of their lasting freshness.
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In recent years, at least one Great Books college has closed:
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2228:
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Stanford Presidential Lectures in the Humanities and the Arts
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into some sources. According to historical calendars, <
882:, the Common Core at Chicago, and the Core Curriculum at
1828:"The Beginnings of the Great Books Movement at Columbia"
2158:
1040:, had its inception during the 1930s when the founder,
1522:
Party of One, The Selected Writings of Clifton Fadiman
2254:
1562:. New York. W.W. Norton & Company. 2005. Page 182
1448:"Classic Picture Books Every Child Should Experience"
1204:
1202:
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Classic Picture Books All Children Should Experience
1181:
The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages
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1178:
1233:
1231:
664:, new and old, easily contemporary with all time.
30:"Great Book" redirects here. For other uses, see
1367:. Mineola, NY. Dover Publications, 1920, Page 92
1138:>, Monday, October 21 had to be the in 1850,
921:, Annapolis, Maryland (1937) and Santa Fe (1964)
2214:Center for the Study of the Great Ideas website
2127:Education reform#Reforms of classical education
1644:"Review of 'Hermit in Paris' by Italo Calvino"
1307:. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1909.
864:. University trustee and Chicago businessman
532:
8:
1776:. Chicago: Library Bureau. 1910. p. 75.
679:The concept of 'the classic' was a theme of
1477:
1475:
1473:
905:in Ottawa (1995) are three such examples.
2038:"Mortimer Adler Videos on The Great Ideas"
1654:(1), St. John's University, archived from
1580:, Harcourt, Brace & Company, pp.
1524:New York. World Publishing. 1955. Page 387
1185:. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.
539:
525:
45:
2221:"Culture Wars and the Great Conversation"
868:was inspired by the seminar to found the
2179:Ezra Pound Bio and Selected Bibliography
2007:
2005:
2003:
213:Directed listening and thinking activity
2261:
2159:National Council of Teachers of English
1750:Kirsch, Adam (November–December 2001).
1684:(1), The Hudson Review, Inc.: 161–166,
1648:St. John's University Humanities Review
1169:
1120:
57:
2164:Harold Bloom's Faculty Profile at Yale
2117:Association for Core Texts and Courses
1822:
1820:
1061:of then-contemporary authors, such as
2183:Poets.Org (Academy of American Poets)
1022:) and colleges/universities (such as
616:'s list of books that constitute the
7:
1911:. Stjohnscollege.edu. Archived from
1752:"The 'Five-foot Shelf' Reconsidered"
1285:from the original on 7 November 2022
1212:. Stjohnscollege.edu. Archived from
990:Magdalen College of the Liberal Arts
338:Reading differences and disabilities
992:, Warner, New Hampshire (1974–2024)
955:Thomas More College of Liberal Arts
2013:"About Penguin - Penguin Books UK"
1960:"Thomas Jefferson's Reading Lists"
1604:Calvino, Italo (21 October 1987),
899:Saint Mary's College of California
683:'s literary criticism as well. In
25:
2097:Intercollegiate Studies Institute
1725:"The other kind of classic novel"
957:, Merrimack, New Hampshire (1978)
705:professor and poet, is quoted by
2288:
2276:
2264:
2245:National Association of Scholars
1939:Dharma Realm Buddhist University
1830:. Columbia Magazine. Winter 2001
1279:Dharma Realm Buddhist University
941:Dharma Realm Buddhist University
937:, Santa Paula, California (1971)
861:Great Books of the Western World
641:Dharma Realm Buddhist University
612:or presented as a list, such as
602:Great Books of the Western World
564:, an example of a "classic book"
136:The active view of reading model
65:
1088:, the precursor to what is now
1086:National Educational Television
2219:Dorfman, Ron (25 April 1997).
1865:"College Great Books Programs"
1723:Cox, Chris (8 December 2009).
1711:The Uses of Literature: Essays
1378:The Making of the Modern Canon
1136:http://arc.id.au/Calendar.html
796:While blogging on the website
109:Scientific theories and models
1:
1576:The Uses of Literature: Essay
1484:"Teaching children to choose"
1391:Selected Prose of T. S. Eliot
1305:Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve
1101:a series of one-hour programs
1082:American Broadcasting Company
973:Harrison Middleton University
874:St. John's College, Annapolis
672:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
653:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
590:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
2250:The Agora Foundation website
1850:"Course Description LUC.EDU"
1144:BiblioBazaar/BiblioLife, LLC
765:in his own tome on reading,
27:Exemplary or noteworthy book
2077:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
32:Great Book (disambiguation)
2352:
1642:Devlin, Paul (Fall 2003),
880:Columbia's Core Curriculum
709:(in his library-monograph
131:Scarborough's Reading Rope
36:
29:
2200:Definition of GREAT BOOKS
961:New Saint Andrews College
925:Shimer Great Books School
360:Reading for special needs
2193:5 September 2012 at the
2132:Educational perennialism
2071:Nelson, Adam R. (2001).
1791:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1036:, the parent company of
981:, Lander, Wyoming (2005)
979:Wyoming Catholic College
895:University of Notre Dame
248:Sustained silent reading
37:Not to be confused with
1787:Mallison, Jane (2007).
1572:Calvino, Italo (1986),
1303:Harper, George McLean.
1024:Oxford University Press
969:, Eugene, Oregon (1994)
243:Structured word inquiry
2326:Liberal arts education
2209:Thomas Aquinas College
2205:"Why the Great Books?"
1997:, 1984. (pp. 900–906).
1995:Thomas Jefferson Works
1982:Thomas Jefferson Works
1607:The Uses of Literature
1177:Bloom, Harold (1994).
1095:In 1993 and 1994, The
963:, Moscow, Idaho (1994)
935:Thomas Aquinas College
808:
673:
666:
565:
166:Phonological awareness
121:Simple view of reading
91:Vocabulary development
2042:www.thegreatideas.org
1984:, 1984. (pp. 814–818)
1482:Fannie Clark (1920).
1465:Mark Twain's Speeches
1028:Yale University Press
929:North Central College
927:(1950) - merged into
852:University of Chicago
803:
671:
657:
554:
489:Functional illiteracy
1895:Saint Mary's College
909:Great books colleges
382:Alphabetic principle
315:Automatic assessment
39:Classical literature
2225:Shattering Silences
2099:; 2 edition, 2009.
2048:on 15 February 2020
1962:. John-uebersax.com
1871:on 16 November 2012
1863:Casement, William.
1488:The English Journal
903:Carleton University
840:Columbia University
811:University programs
703:Columbia University
402:History of printing
238:Reciprocal teaching
223:Independent reading
190:Reading instruction
149:Cognitive processes
96:Vocabulary learning
2331:Literary education
1805:. Columbia College
1246:Rutgers University
1130:Le Constitutionnel
919:St. John's College
856:Robert M. Hutchins
821:Harvard University
674:
637:Rutgers University
633:St. John's College
566:
499:Literary criticism
355:Reading disability
161:Phonemic awareness
126:Science of reading
2241:Recommended books
2142:Transcendentalism
2105:978-1-933859-78-1
2091:O'Hear, Anthony.
2084:978-0-299-17140-7
1678:The Hudson Review
1617:978-0-15-693250-9
1610:, Mariner Books,
1591:978-0-15-193205-4
1520:Fadiman, Clifton.
1105:Donald Sutherland
1008:Publishing houses
967:Gutenberg College
884:Boston University
549:
548:
469:Critical literacy
253:Synthetic phonics
228:Literature circle
116:Dual route theory
86:Reading readiness
16:(Redirected from
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2169:Harold Bloom Bio
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2044:. Archived from
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1558:Dirda, Michael.
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1294:
1292:
1290:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1248:. Archived from
1243:
1235:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1184:
1174:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1125:
1111:, among others.
1097:Learning Channel
1067:Ernest Hemingway
1038:Penguin Classics
1016:Franklin Library
1002:Thomas Jefferson
825:Charles W. Eliot
817:Harvard Classics
622:Chinese classics
610:Penguin Classics
541:
534:
527:
437:Written language
325:Readability test
293:Words per minute
208:Concept-oriented
198:Analytic phonics
176:Word recognition
78:Learning to read
69:
46:
21:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2263:
2255:
2218:
2195:Wayback Machine
2155:
2113:
2085:
2070:
2067:
2065:Further reading
2062:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1862:
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1857:
1848:
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1843:
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1831:
1826:
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1800:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1772:
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1767:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1704:
1690:10.2307/3853113
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1658:on 10 July 2019
1641:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1560:Bound to Please
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1419:. Pages 115–116
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1365:The Sacred Wood
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1255:on 21 June 2010
1252:
1241:
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1236:
1229:
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1207:
1200:
1193:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1084:, presented by
1078:The Great Ideas
1063:Agatha Christie
999:
911:
870:Aspen Institute
813:
738:Clifton Fadiman
730:English Journal
686:The Sacred Wood
649:
562:Herman Melville
545:
516:
515:
484:Family literacy
479:Distant reading
464:
463:
452:
451:
392:Dolch word list
377:
376:
365:
364:
340:
339:
330:
329:
310:
309:
298:
297:
273:
272:
263:
262:
193:
192:
181:
180:
171:Subvocalization
151:
150:
141:
140:
111:
110:
101:
100:
81:
80:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2349:
2347:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2316:Lists of books
2313:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2185:
2176:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2153:External links
2151:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2089:
2083:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2029:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1951:
1926:
1915:on 27 May 2010
1900:
1882:
1855:
1841:
1816:
1794:
1779:
1765:
1742:
1715:
1702:
1668:
1634:
1624:on 7 July 2010
1616:
1596:
1590:
1564:
1551:
1547:ABC of Reading
1539:
1526:
1513:
1500:10.2307/802644
1494:(3): 135–138.
1469:
1456:
1439:
1430:"Alan Bennett"
1421:
1417:Selected Prose
1408:
1404:Selected Prose
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1345:. Bartleby.com
1334:
1309:
1296:
1266:
1227:
1216:on 27 May 2010
1198:
1191:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1109:Morgan Freeman
998:
995:
994:
993:
983:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
938:
932:
922:
910:
907:
866:Walter Paepcke
848:Mortimer Adler
844:Mark Van Doren
812:
809:
798:guardian.co.uk
791:
783:In the 1980s,
777:Pulitzer Prize
768:ABC of Reading
699:Mark Van Doren
648:
645:
624:or the Indian
606:Modern Library
547:
546:
544:
543:
536:
529:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
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459:
458:
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454:
453:
450:
449:
447:Writing system
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
378:
372:
371:
370:
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341:
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331:
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311:
305:
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300:
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296:
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290:
285:
280:
274:
270:
269:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
258:Whole language
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
218:Guided reading
215:
210:
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200:
194:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
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139:
138:
133:
128:
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118:
112:
108:
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102:
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93:
88:
82:
76:
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71:
70:
62:
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55:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2312:
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2284:
2274:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Greater Books
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:Western canon
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2017:Penguin Books
2014:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
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1366:
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1357:
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1338:
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1300:
1297:
1284:
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1251:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:9780151957477
1188:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
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1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1071:Andre Maurois
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Penguin Books
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1020:Folio Society
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
996:
991:
988:
987:
986:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
946:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
916:
915:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
810:
807:
802:
799:
794:
789:
786:
785:Italo Calvino
781:
778:
774:
773:Michael Dirda
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
732:
731:
724:
722:
721:
720:Paradise Lost
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
688:
687:
682:
677:
670:
665:
663:
656:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:Western canon
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Michael Dirda
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:Italo Calvino
575:
571:
563:
559:
558:
553:
542:
537:
535:
530:
528:
523:
522:
520:
519:
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:Close reading
472:
470:
467:
466:
462:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
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410:
408:
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403:
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393:
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385:
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375:
369:
368:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
342:
334:
333:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
302:
301:
294:
291:
289:
288:Speed reading
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
267:
266:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
191:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
156:Comprehension
154:
153:
145:
144:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
105:
104:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
79:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2224:
2137:Liberal arts
2122:Banned books
2092:
2072:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:the original
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
1994:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1954:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1913:the original
1903:
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:the original
1858:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1807:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1728:
1718:
1710:
1705:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1660:, retrieved
1656:the original
1651:
1647:
1637:
1626:, retrieved
1622:the original
1606:
1599:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1542:
1535:Party of One
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1491:
1487:
1464:
1459:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:Gorak, Jan.
1372:
1364:
1363:Eliot, T.S.
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1337:
1326:, retrieved
1318:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1278:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1245:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:the original
1180:
1172:
1151:
1139:
1128:
1123:
1094:
1077:
1075:
1055:chain stores
1051:tobacconists
1032:
1012:Easton Press
1006:
1000:
984:
912:
892:
878:
859:
836:John Erskine
833:
828:
814:
804:
795:
782:
766:
752:
746:
735:
727:
725:
718:
710:
707:Jim Trelease
695:Alan Bennett
692:
685:
678:
675:
658:
650:
630:
614:Harold Bloom
569:
567:
555:
283:Slow reading
271:Reading rate
203:Basal reader
43:
2321:Great Books
2052:24 December
997:Book series
775:, the 1993
586:T. S. Eliot
494:Great books
417:Orthography
307:Readability
18:Great books
2336:Literature
2305:Categories
1966:9 November
1919:9 November
1713:, Page 133
1467:, Page 194
1406:. Page 130
1289:7 November
1164:References
1156:Classics?"
1059:paperbacks
1042:Allen Lane
949:California
823:president
763:Ezra Pound
761:himself.
715:Mark Twain
681:T.S. Eliot
598:Ezra Pound
582:Mark Twain
509:Children's
504:Literature
432:Vocabulary
427:Sight word
350:Hyperlexia
320:Legibility
2311:Curricula
2295:Education
1944:10 August
1709:Calvino,
1537:, Page 42
834:In 1920,
831:(2007)).
662:neologism
651:In 1850,
557:Moby-Dick
2191:Archived
2111:See also
2022:22 March
1731:. London
1729:Guardian
1582:128, 130
1533:Fadiman,
1283:Archived
1281:. 2022.
1099:created
751:and the
743:Classics
461:Literacy
412:Morpheme
407:Language
397:Grapheme
374:Language
345:Dyslexia
51:a series
49:Part of
2283:History
2257:Portals
2175:website
2171:at the
1834:27 June
1809:27 June
1735:13 June
1698:3853113
1662:13 June
1628:13 June
1463:Twain,
1415:Eliot,
1402:Eliot,
1349:13 June
1328:13 June
1259:12 June
1220:13 June
1010:(e.g.,
931:in 2017
754:Odyssey
647:History
570:classic
442:Writing
422:Phoneme
387:Braille
278:Fluency
233:Phonics
59:Reading
2103:
2081:
1875:29 May
1696:
1614:
1588:
1508:802644
1506:
1189:
1069:, and
1046:Exeter
1018:, and
888:Canada
701:, the
2271:Books
1694:JSTOR
1504:JSTOR
1451:(PDF)
1323:(PDF)
1253:(PDF)
1242:(PDF)
1115:Notes
945:Ukiah
759:Homer
748:Iliad
639:, or
626:Vedas
608:, or
572:is a
2101:ISBN
2079:ISBN
2054:2021
2024:2015
1968:2013
1946:2016
1921:2013
1877:2012
1836:2013
1811:2013
1762:(2).
1737:2010
1664:2010
1630:2010
1612:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1434:IMDb
1351:2010
1330:2010
1291:2022
1261:2010
1222:2010
1187:ISBN
1107:and
1053:and
1026:and
846:and
790:Your
728:The
574:book
2229:PBS
2207:at
2181:at
1760:103
1686:doi
1496:doi
1140:not
1090:PBS
580:to
560:by
2307::
2243:-
2227:.
2223:.
2095:.
2040:.
2015:.
2002:^
1937:.
1893:.
1819:^
1758:.
1754:.
1727:.
1692:,
1682:53
1680:,
1650:,
1646:,
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1490:.
1486:.
1472:^
1432:.
1277:.
1244:.
1230:^
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1073:.
1065:,
1014:,
947:,
943:,
757:–
635:,
628:.
604:,
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588:,
568:A
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2259::
2231:.
2087:.
2056:.
2026:.
1970:.
1948:.
1923:.
1897:.
1879:.
1852:.
1838:.
1813:.
1739:.
1688::
1652:2
1510:.
1498::
1492:9
1453:.
1436:.
1353:.
1293:.
1263:.
1224:.
1195:.
788:"
540:e
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41:.
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
