1177:
687:
42:
1325:
806:
1001:
772:
1221:
1333:
1193:
1189:
reacts passively to the male's aggression, enabling him to recognise her sex and initiate pair formation by display, including head raising and bowing; this behaviour is frequently repeated during nesting to reinforce the bond between the pair. Terns also use fish as part of the courtship ritual. One bird flies around the colony with a fish in its beak, calling loudly; its partner may also fly, but the pair eventually settle and the gift is exchanged.
102:
1236:
904:
2822:
1269:
1139:
856:
77:
224:
1393:
2810:
1265:, has been observed feeding on eggs or nestlings, especially when colonies are disturbed. Smaller subcolonies with a relatively larger numbers of nests located on the perimeter are subject to more predation. In Australia, predation by cats and dogs, and occasional deaths by shooting or collisions with cars, wires or light-towers have been documented.
1285:
fishing reduces the available food supply, and sizeable fluctuations in the numbers of great crested terns breeding in the
Western Cape of South Africa are significantly related to changes in the abundance of pelagic fish, which are intensively exploited by purse-seine fishing. Terns may be killed or
1211:
by both parents for 25 to 30 days prior to hatching. The eggs are cream with blackish streaks. Egg laying is synchronised within a breeding colony and more tightly so within sub-colonies. Parents do not recognize their own eggs or newly hatched chicks, but are able to distinguish their chicks by
1070:
The nests are located on low‑lying sandy, rocky, or coral islands, sometimes amongst stunted shrubs, often without any shelter at all. When not breeding, the greater crested tern will roost or rest on open shores, less often on boats, pilings, harbour buildings and raised salt mounds in lagoons. It
1188:
A male greater crested tern establishes a small area of the colony in preparation for nesting, and initially pecks at any other tern entering his territory. If the intruder is another male, it retaliates in kind, and is normally vigorously repelled by the incumbent. A female entering the nest area
969:
The royal tern is similar in size to this species, but has a heavier build, broader wings, a paler back and a blunter, more orange bill. The greater crested often associates with the lesser crested tern, but is 25% larger than the latter, with a proportionately longer bill, longer and heavier
1367:
The greater crested tern feeds mostly at sea by plunge diving to a depth of up to 1 m (3.3 ft), or by dipping from the surface, and food is usually swallowed in mid-air. Birds may forage up to 10 km (6.2 mi) from land in the breeding season. Prey size ranges from 7–138 mm
1380:
are typical prey, but bottom-living species are taken as discards from commercial fishing. This tern actively follows trawlers, including at night, and during the fishing season trawl discards can constitute 70% of its diet. Prawn fishing is particularly productive in providing extra food, since
1280:
Commercial fisheries can have both positive and negative effects on the greater crested tern. Juvenile survival rates are improved where trawler discards provide extra food, and huge population increases in the southeastern Gulf of
Carpentaria are thought to have been due to the development of a
1455:
The greater crested tern has a widespread distribution range, estimated at 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million square miles). The population has not been quantified, but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for either the size criterion (fewer than 10,000 mature
337:
The greater crested tern has grey upperparts, white underparts, a yellow bill, and a shaggy black crest that recedes in winter. Its young have a distinctive appearance, with strongly patterned grey, brown and white plumage, and rely on their parents for food for several months after they have
1483:). Parties to the Agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan. The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and habitat conservation, management of human activities, research, education, and implementation.
389:. They are gull-like in appearance, but typically have a lighter build, long pointed wings (which give them a fast, buoyant flight), a deeply forked tail and short legs. Most species are grey above and white below, and have a black cap that is reduced or flecked with white in the winter.
1216:
chicks, which are very pale with black speckling, are brooded and fed by both parents, but may gather in crèches when older. The young terns fledge after 38 to 40 days, but remain dependent on the parents after leaving the colony until they are about four months old.
1250:, which also shares the more typical nesting sites of the nominate race. In 2000, 7.5% of the population of this subspecies bred on roofs. Artificial islands in salt pans and sewage works have also recently been colonised by this adaptable seabird.
930:
The adults of both sexes are identical in appearance, but juvenile birds are distinctive, with a head pattern like the winter adult, and upperparts strongly patterned in grey, brown, and white; the closed wings appear to have dark bars. After
927:). The forehead and the underparts are white, the back and inner wings are dusky-grey. In winter, the upperparts plumage wears to a paler grey, and the crown of the head becomes white, merging at the rear into a peppered black crest and mask.
1416:
have moved away and now breed on a part of the reef where fishing is banned. It is possible that the large increase in the number of greater crested terns may have affected other species through competition for food and nesting sites.
369:, and human activities such as fishing, shooting and egg harvesting have caused local population declines. There are no global conservation concerns for this bird, which has a stable total population of more than 500,000 individuals.
2986:
1078:, most adults move east to the Indian Ocean coastline of South Africa. Many young birds also travel east, sometimes more than 2,000 km (1,200 mi), but others move northwards along the western coast.
911:
The greater crested tern is a large tern with a long (5.4–6.5 cm or 2.1–2.6 in) yellow bill, black legs, and a glossy black crest that is noticeably shaggy at its rear. The breeding adult of the
2721:
1012:
The greater crested tern occurs in tropical and warm temperate coastal parts of the Old World from South Africa around the Indian Ocean to the
Pacific and Australia. The subspecies
1176:
2437:
Blaber, S. J. M.; Milton, D. A.; Farmer, M. J.; Smith, G. C. (1998). "Seabird breeding populations on the far northern Great
Barrier Reef, Australia: trends and influences".
651:
The greater crested tern has four or five geographical races (depending on authority), differing mainly in the colour of the upperparts and bill. These are listed below in
1098:
mostly stays within 400 km (250 mi) of its colonies, but some birds wander up to around 1,000 km (620 mi). This species has occurred as a vagrant to
2591:
3281:
3038:
1460:. For these reasons, the species is evaluated as being of Least Concern at the global level. However, there are concerns for populations in some areas such as the
1439:
in the cone oil drops than other avian species. The improved eyesight helps terns to locate shoals of fish, although it is uncertain whether they are sighting the
3090:
2039:
346:, the greater crested tern feeds by plunge diving for fish, usually in marine environments; the male offers fish to the female as part of the courtship ritual.
3397:
3437:
1122:
1169:
flooding, it is presumably a response to fish stocks rising, probably due to river run-off providing extra nutrient to the Gulf. This tern does not show
950:
are in breeding plumage from May to
September or October, whereas the relevant period for the two southern African races is from December to April. For
569:
studies confirmed that the three main head patterns shown by terns (no black cap, black cap, black cap with a white forehead) corresponded to distinct
3268:
3012:
3294:
3051:
970:
head, and bulkier body. Lesser crested tern has an orange-tinted bill, and in immature plumage it is much less variegated than greater crested.
1157:
and the pair bond is maintained through the year and sometimes in consecutive breeding seasons. The colony size is related to the abundance of
3330:
1432:, especially in hazy conditions. Birds that have to see through an air/water interface, such as terns and gulls, have more strongly coloured
1203:
The nest is a shallow scrape in the sand on open, flat or occasionally sloping ground. It is often unlined, but sometimes includes stones or
2766:
2496:
Varela, F. J.; Palacios, A. G.; Goldsmith T. M. (1993) "Vision, Brain, and
Behavior in Birds" in Harris, Philip; Bischof, Hans-Joachim
3427:
2680:
1628:
1181:
686:
41:
3412:
2776:
2754:
2735:
2709:
2690:
2672:
2526:
2505:
2481:
2125:
1980:
1959:
1884:
1859:
1165:
in northern
Australia, a region which also supports major colonies of other seabirds. Since nesting in this area follows the summer
2141:
1951:
1938:
1629:"A phylogenetic framework for the terns (Sternini) inferred from mtDNA sequences: implications for taxonomy and plumage evolution"
3432:
3356:
3175:
2309:
3255:
1340:
Fish are the main food of the greater crested tern, found to make up nearly 90% of all prey items with the remainder including
919:
is 46–49 cm (18–19.5 in) long, with a 125–130 cm (49–51 in) wing-span; this subspecies weighs 325–397
2627:
1570:
3299:
3056:
2390:
Parsons, Nola J.; Tjørve, Kathy M. C.; Underhill, Les G.; Strauss, Venessa (April 2006). "The rehabilitation of Swift Terns
2014:
1614:
in 1822, but had been abandoned until the Bridge (2005) study confirmed the need for a separate genus for the crested terns.
1324:
2602:
1074:
All populations of greater crested tern disperse after breeding. When
Southern African birds leave colonies in Namibia and
3407:
3307:
3077:
593:
2800:
1456:
individuals) or the population decline criterion (declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations) of the
2950:
2898:
1024:, and possibly on islands around Madagascar. There is then a break in the breeding distribution of this species until
101:
3095:
3422:
1548:
798:
1000:
805:
3374:
2661:
Potential impacts of marine fisheries on migratory waterbirds of the
Afrotropical Region: a study in progress
2727:
935:, the young terns resemble the adult, but still have a variegated wing pattern with a dark bar on the inner
1408:
where the number of breeding great crested terns has grown ten-fold, probably due to extra food from trawl
771:
3417:
2924:
2838:
1992:
848:
2955:
2876:
1903:
Carrick, R.; Wheeler, W. R.; Murray, M. D. (1957). "Seasonal dispersal and mortality in the Silver Gull,
1173:, frequently changing its nest site from year to year, sometimes by more than 200 km (120 mi).
3234:
3149:
1075:
637:
354:
196:
1526:
1220:
3361:
3322:
3180:
3115:
2916:
2885:
2446:
2403:
2362:
2218:
2086:
596:
1381:
prawns usually represent only 10–20% of the catch, the remaining being bycatch, mainly fish such as
3402:
1443:
on which the fish feed, or observing other terns diving for food. Tern's eyes are not particularly
1162:
1154:
655:. A similar number of other potential subspecies have been proposed, but are not considered valid.
577:
553:
420:
331:
213:
66:
1332:
3167:
2937:
2419:
1405:
1044:
1040:
652:
608:
248:
96:
3154:
2348:"Trawl discards in the diets of tropical seabirds of the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia"
1253:
Adult terns have few predators, but in
Namibia immature birds are often robbed of their food by
1247:
1192:
1090:
breeding from the Persian Gulf eastwards appear to be sedentary or dispersive rather than truly
3286:
3043:
2040:"Lakshadweep gets world's first sea cucumber conservation reserve to curb smuggling into China"
1942:
1246:
In South Africa, this species has adapted to breeding on the roofs of building, sometimes with
711:
20,000 individuals (inc 6,336 breeding pairs in South Africa and up to 1,682 pairs in Namibia)
3343:
3242:
3136:
3069:
2973:
2772:
2750:
2731:
2705:
2686:
2668:
2573:
2522:
2501:
2477:
2171:
Dunlop, J. N. (1987). "Social-behavior and colony formation in a population of crested terns,
2121:
1955:
1880:
1855:
1651:
1235:
974:
903:
3348:
3141:
2660:
2563:
2555:
2454:
2411:
2370:
2317:
2257:
2226:
2184:
2094:
1920:
1643:
1521:
1461:
1287:
1240:
1208:
764:
358:
2929:
977:, especially at its breeding grounds. The territorial advertising call is a loud, raucous,
3123:
2821:
1659:
1286:
injured by collisions with trawl warps, trapped in trawls or discarded gear, or hooked by
1197:
1060:
721:
153:
2903:
2347:
1503:
353:, and to use unusual nest sites such as the roofs of buildings and artificial islands in
2450:
2407:
2366:
2222:
2149:
2090:
1268:
1094:, but those breeding in the Red Sea winter south along the east African coast to Kenya.
326:
widely from the breeding range after nesting. This large tern is closely related to the
2826:
2568:
2543:
2276:
2115:
1225:
1212:
the time they are two days-old, shortly before they begin to wander from the nest. The
1150:
1138:
1091:
936:
623:
604:
382:
377:
The terns, family Sternidae, are small to medium-sized seabirds closely related to the
323:
298:
that nests in dense colonies on coastlines and islands in the tropical and subtropical
2890:
855:
349:
This is an adaptable species that has learned to follow fishing boats for jettisoned
3391:
3064:
2021:
1611:
1512:
1457:
1440:
1313:
1302:
1282:
1273:
872:
495:
315:
86:
81:
3105:
2423:
1368:(0.28–5.43 in) in length and up to 30 g (1.1 oz) in weight. Shoaling
3247:
3193:
2991:
2978:
2942:
2814:
1361:
1158:
864:
835:
817:
695:
563:
512:
311:
307:
58:
2965:
2635:
1574:
17:
3260:
3220:
3312:
3162:
3082:
3025:
2870:
1647:
1444:
1429:
1262:
1258:
1229:
1161:
prey, and the largest documented colony, with 13,000 to 15,000 pairs, is in the
1107:
1103:
1005:
827:
2793:
576:
The greater crested tern's closest relatives within its genus appear to be the
3188:
2415:
2346:
Blaber, S. J. M.; Milton, D. A.; Smith, G. C.; Farmer, M. J. (November 1995).
2205:
Langham, N.P.E.; Hulsman, K (1986). "The Breeding Biology of the Crested Tern
1433:
1413:
1382:
1353:
1341:
1204:
1170:
1035:
The greater crested tern breeds on many islands in the Indian Ocean including
913:
786:
751:
733:
585:
558:
437:
327:
303:
223:
173:
2599:
Agreement on the conservation of African-Eurasian migratory Waterbirds (AEWA)
1465:
1447:
sensitive, an adaptation more suited to terrestrial feeders like the gulls.
1421:
1392:
1345:
1298:, there is little evidence that overall numbers are significantly affected.
1291:
1254:
1213:
868:
645:
644:
pharmacist and botanist who collected the first specimens of this tern near
319:
299:
113:
2861:
2577:
2559:
1655:
2244:
Davies, S. J. J. F.; Carrick, R (1962). "On the ability of crested terns,
2077:
colony and concentrated breeding by seabirds in the Gulf of Carpentaria".
1305:, South Africa by marine foam, generated by a combination of wave action,
3214:
3128:
2855:
1309:
1064:
1048:
1021:
963:
959:
880:
133:
54:
3369:
3273:
3017:
2911:
2375:
1924:
1436:
1409:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1357:
1166:
1036:
1025:
955:
813:
729:
699:
641:
630:
350:
295:
163:
3030:
2261:
2230:
2188:
2098:
1477:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
3229:
1425:
1349:
1295:
1115:
1111:
1099:
876:
737:
339:
123:
3004:
2832:
2458:
1028:
and the Red Sea, and another discontinuity further east in southern
958:
are in breeding plumage from September to about April, but those in
2999:
2663:" (PDF extract) in Boere, C.A.; Galbraith G.C.; Stroud D.A. (eds)
1397:
1391:
1331:
1323:
1316:. After treatment, 90% of the birds were fit to be released.
1267:
1234:
1219:
1191:
1175:
1137:
1083:
1056:
1029:
999:
932:
924:
902:
619:
570:
2542:
Håstad, Olle; Ernstdotter, Emma; Ödeen, Anders (September 2005).
2281:
breeding on roofs and at other new localities in southern Africa"
954:, the moult timing depends on location; birds from Australia and
3335:
2678:
Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi, eds. (1996).
2544:"Ultraviolet vision and foraging in dip and plunge diving birds"
2316:. Avian Demography Unit, University of Cape Town. Archived from
1745:
Parentheses indicate originally described under a different name
1480:
1386:
1306:
1086:
and Somalia and may move as far south as Durban. Populations of
1052:
978:
920:
831:
386:
378:
366:
362:
291:
143:
2836:
2394:
incapacitated by marine foam on Robben Island, South Africa".
1497:
1495:
566:
1428:
of their eyes. This improves contrast and sharpens distance
1301:
An unusual incident was the incapacitation of 103 terns off
2592:"Annex 2: Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies"
1601:(2005). This study did not include the Chinese crested tern
889:, with tail, rump and back concolorous; paler in Australia
2498:
Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds: a comparative review
1627:
Bridge, Eli S.; Jones, Andrew W.; Baker, Allan J. (2005).
1047:
There are colonies on numerous Pacific islands, including
988:
given at the nest by anxious or excited birds, and a hard
823:
Largest, heaviest, darkest and longest-billed subspecies
334:, but can be distinguished by its size and bill colour.
2722:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
2020:. Ornithological Society of New Zealand. Archived from
1328:
Greater crested tern with prey caught via a surface dip
1121:
In India, the Greater crested tern is protected in the
782:
Small and pale, larger and less pale in south of range
1879:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 178.
2798:
1573:. International Ornithologists' Union. Archived from
548:
The greater crested tern was originally described as
966:
have this appearance from February to June or July.
657:
3204:
2845:
2794:
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
2764:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
1875:Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, P.; Berrett, D. (1987).
2719:Higgins, P. J.; Davies, S. J. J. F., eds. (1996).
1850:Skerrett, Adrian; Bullock, I.; Disley, T. (2001).
1527:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694571A132561035.en
1153:, often in association with other seabirds. It is
603:) but, as that bird was formerly considered to be
1071:is rarely seen on tidal creeks or inland waters.
1257:, and that species, along with Hartlaub's gull,
2476:. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm. pp. 93–95.
2120:. London: Bloomsbury Books. pp. 155–156.
1683:Mees, G. F. (1975). "Identiteit en status van
785:2,550–4,500 individuals in Eastern Africa and
615:, it is presumably also very closely related.
2521:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 180–183.
2073:Walker, T. A. (1992). "A record Crested Tern
1207:bones. One, sometimes two, eggs are laid and
556:in 1823, but was moved to its current genus,
8:
2745:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995).
1989:BirdLife Species Factsheet (additional data)
1877:The Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific
1820:Not considered by Olsen & Larsson (1995)
1622:
1620:
1336:Greater crested tern with a fish in its beak
622:of the greater crested tern is derived from
2474:How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World
2015:"New Zealand recognized bird names (NZRBN)"
1975:
1973:
1971:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1464:where the species no longer breeds, and in
1180:Greater crested tern chick with parents on
1123:PM Sayeed Marine Birds Conservation Reserve
1082:winters on the east African coast north to
2833:
2500:Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press 77–94
1898:
1896:
1807:
1610:This genus had originally been created by
1468:where egg harvesting has caused declines.
222:
75:
40:
31:
2567:
2374:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2303:
2301:
1854:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 230.
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1525:
1020:breed in Southern Africa from Namibia to
2634:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat. Archived from
2601:. UNEP/ AEWA Secretariat. Archived from
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1704:
1702:
2805:
2792:(Greater crested tern = ) Swift tern -
2396:Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology
1491:
1281:large prawn trawl fishery. Conversely,
2200:
2198:
2112:Fisher, James; Lockley, R. M. (1989).
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1564:
1562:
704:Dark grey above, slightly larger than
1636:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
592:). The DNA study did not include the
7:
3375:3A370500-3B7B-4448-AFDB-678E27790828
3323:6aa0405b-0ef3-4a41-8d9c-fac2a43a87b2
3116:6797b459-fbe8-4d34-bf31-a7297daf49f8
2632:African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement
2275:Crawford, R. J. M.; Dyer B. (2000).
1412:, suggested that lesser crested and
3398:IUCN Red List least concern species
2771:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2767:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
2148:. Australian Museum. Archived from
2063:Higgins & Davies (1996) 610–611
1708:Higgins & Davies (1996) 605–609
1513:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1420:Terns have red oil droplets in the
1149:The greater crested tern breeds in
973:The greater crested tern is highly
607:with the greater crested tern as a
487:
412:
404:
396:
3438:Taxa named by Hinrich Lichtenstein
2681:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2667:Edinburgh: The Stationery Office,
2248:, to recognize their own chicks".
1950:(7th ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1944:Check-list of North American Birds
1272:Nominate subspecies roosting with
1039:and Etoile in the Seychelles, the
892:500,000+ individuals in Australia
361:. Its eggs and young are taken by
25:
2769:(BWP) concise edition (2 volumes)
2747:Terns of Europe and North America
2820:
2808:
2013:Robertson C.J.R.; Medway, D. G.
1840:Snow & Perrin (1998) 770–771
1781:Olsen & Larsson (1995) 35–42
854:
804:
770:
685:
342:. Like all members of the genus
235: Approximate breeding range
100:
1571:"IOC World Bird Names (v 2.11)"
1502:BirdLife International (2018).
834:and 3,500 pairs on islands off
2355:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2175:, in southwestern Australia".
1952:American Ornithologists' Union
1939:American Ornithologists' Union
1400:fishing can provide extra food
743:Palest subspecies Included in
1:
2250:Australian Journal of Zoology
27:Seabird in the family Laridae
2749:. London: Christopher Helm.
2724:: Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons
2704:. London: Christopher Helm.
2685:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.
2665:Waterbirds around the world.
2177:Australian Wildlife Research
1907:Stephens, and Crested tern,
1588:Snow & Perrin (1998) 764
1569:Gill, F; Donsker, D (eds.).
750:8,000–10,000 individuals in
1648:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.010
691:Western Cape, South Africa
539:Relationships in the genus
3454:
1911:Lichstein, in Australia".
1579:Retrieved 28 February 2012
1404:A study of an area of the
3428:Birds of the Indian Ocean
2472:Sinclair, Sandra (1985).
2416:10.2989/00306520609485514
1520:: e.T22694571A132561035.
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
629:, "sea", and the species
509:
492:
485:
461:
434:
417:
410:
402:
254:
247:
230:
221:
202:
195:
97:Scientific classification
95:
73:
64:
48:
39:
34:
3413:Birds of Southern Africa
2700:Harrison, Peter (1988).
2038:KA Shaji (13 May 2020).
996:Distribution and habitat
984:. Other calls include a
942:The northern subspecies
820:, northern Indian Ocean
3433:Birds described in 1823
2728:Oxford University Press
2517:Lythgoe, J. N. (1979).
306:breed in the area from
2683:: Hoatzin to Auks v. 3
2560:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0320
1993:BirdLife International
1905:Larus novae-hollandiae
1549:"Greater crested tern"
1475:are covered under the
1471:All subspecies except
1401:
1337:
1329:
1277:
1243:
1232:
1200:
1185:
1146:
1009:
1008:, note size difference
908:
708:, least white on head
3150:Paleobiology Database
2659:Cooper, John (2006) "
2519:The Ecology of Vision
1811:Cooper (2006) 760–764
1395:
1335:
1327:
1271:
1238:
1223:
1195:
1179:
1141:
1076:Western Cape Province
1003:
906:
779:Western Indian Ocean
682:(Lichtenstein, 1823)
673:Population estimates
670:Distinctive features
638:Carl Heinrich Bergius
594:critically endangered
552:by German naturalist
242: Wintering range
35:Greater crested tern
3408:Birds of East Africa
1981:"Great Crested Tern
1597:Adapted from Bridge
1224:A nesting colony in
1196:Breeding plumage in
860:Tasmania, Australia
597:Chinese crested tern
332:lesser crested terns
270:greater crested tern
2638:on 11 February 2012
2451:1998EmuAO..98...44B
2408:2006Ostri..77...95P
2367:1995MEPS..127....1B
2320:on 24 December 2012
2223:1986EmuAO..86...23L
2152:on 13 November 2008
2114:Sea‑Birds (Collins
2091:1992EmuAO..92..152W
1852:Birds of Seychelles
1759:Harrison (1988) 383
1184:, Western Australia
1163:Gulf of Carpentaria
914:nominate subspecies
582:T. bengalensis
578:lesser crested tern
554:Martin Lichtenstein
67:Conservation status
2938:BirdLife-Australia
2376:10.3354/meps127001
2288:Marine Ornithology
1925:10.1071/CWR9570116
1406:Great Barrier Reef
1402:
1338:
1330:
1278:
1244:
1233:
1201:
1186:
1147:
1041:Chagos Archipelago
1010:
909:
653:taxonomic sequence
611:of the subspecies
322:, all populations
288:great crested tern
260:Lichtenstein, 1823
18:Great crested tern
3385:
3384:
3344:Open Tree of Life
3194:Thalasseus-bergii
3137:Open Tree of Life
2992:thalasseus-bergii
2904:Thalasseus_bergii
2877:Thalasseus bergii
2847:Thalasseus bergii
2839:Taxon identifiers
2308:le Roux, Janine.
2262:10.1071/ZO9620171
2231:10.1071/MU9860023
2189:10.1071/WR9870529
2099:10.1071/MU9920152
1913:Wildlife Research
1685:Sterna bernsteini
1506:Thalasseus bergii
896:
895:
830:(inc 4,000 pairs
776:Pingwe, Tanzania
760:T. b. thalassinus
546:
545:
533:
532:
524:
523:
474:
473:
449:
448:
275:Thalasseus bergii
266:
265:
261:
214:Lichtenstein, MHC
206:Thalasseus bergii
90:
49:Breeding plumage
16:(Redirected from
3445:
3423:Birds of Oceania
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3313:NHMSYS0000533835
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3086:
3085:
3083:NHMSYS0021274156
3073:
3072:
3060:
3059:
3047:
3046:
3034:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2968:
2959:
2958:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2920:
2919:
2917:526978C4A16D3750
2907:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2782:
2760:
2741:
2715:
2696:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2352:
2343:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2202:
2193:
2192:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1949:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1782:
1779:
1760:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1709:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1658:. Archived from
1633:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1499:
1462:Gulf of Thailand
1288:longline fishing
1241:Museum Wiesbaden
1239:Egg, Collection
1080:T. b. thalassina
948:T. b. thalassina
923:(11.4–14.0
858:
808:
774:
689:
658:
488:
413:
405:
397:
392:
391:
259:
243:
241:
236:
234:
226:
208:
105:
104:
84:
79:
78:
44:
32:
21:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3124:Observation.org
3122:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3102:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3076:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3016:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2936:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2841:
2831:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2789:
2779:
2763:
2757:
2744:
2738:
2718:
2712:
2699:
2693:
2677:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2639:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2608:on 28 July 2011
2605:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2548:Biology Letters
2541:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:10.1071/MU98006
2436:
2435:
2431:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2204:
2203:
2196:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2017:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1979:
1978:
1969:
1962:
1954:. p. 198.
1947:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1785:
1780:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1453:
1322:
1276:in South Africa
1248:Hartlaub's gull
1198:New South Wales
1136:
1131:
1061:Society Islands
998:
937:flight feathers
901:
859:
846:
844:T. b. cristatus
809:
796:
775:
762:
754:and Mozambique
740:, South Africa
719:
690:
681:
667:Breeding range
613:T. b. cristatus
534:
525:
496:T. sandvicensis
475:
450:
375:
314:to the central
278:), also called
239:
238:
237:
232:
231:
217:
210:
204:
191:
154:Charadriiformes
99:
91:
80:
76:
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3451:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3327:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3110:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3035:
3022:
3009:
2996:
2983:
2970:
2960:
2947:
2934:
2921:
2908:
2895:
2882:
2867:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2829:
2817:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2787:External links
2785:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2761:
2755:
2742:
2736:
2716:
2710:
2697:
2691:
2675:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2628:"Introduction"
2619:
2583:
2554:(3): 306–309.
2534:
2527:
2509:
2489:
2482:
2464:
2429:
2402:(1–2): 95–98.
2382:
2331:
2297:
2267:
2256:(2): 171–177.
2236:
2194:
2183:(4): 529–540.
2163:
2142:"Crested Tern"
2133:
2126:
2116:New Naturalist
2104:
2085:(3): 152–156.
2065:
2056:
2030:
2027:on 2008-10-14.
2005:
1967:
1960:
1930:
1919:(2): 116–144.
1892:
1885:
1867:
1860:
1842:
1822:
1813:
1783:
1761:
1747:
1738:
1710:
1698:
1675:
1642:(2): 459–469.
1616:
1603:
1590:
1581:
1577:on 2013-12-05.
1558:
1540:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1473:T. b. cristata
1452:
1449:
1358:agamid lizards
1356:prey included
1321:
1318:
1290:, but, unlike
1274:Sandwich terns
1226:Tubbataha Reef
1182:Penguin Island
1143:T. b. cristata
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1096:T. b. cristata
1004:Roosting with
997:
994:
952:T. b. cristata
900:
897:
894:
893:
890:
883:
861:
852:
840:
839:
824:
821:
811:
802:
790:
789:
783:
780:
777:
768:
756:
755:
748:
741:
727:
725:
713:
712:
709:
702:
692:
683:
675:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
544:
543:
536:
535:
531:
530:
527:
526:
522:
521:
518:
517:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
491:
486:
484:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
468:
467:
460:
456:
455:
452:
451:
447:
446:
443:
442:
433:
430:
429:
426:
425:
421:T. bengalensis
416:
411:
409:
403:
401:
395:
374:
371:
294:in the family
264:
263:
252:
251:
245:
244:
228:
227:
219:
218:
211:
200:
199:
193:
192:
188:T. bergii
185:
183:
179:
178:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
93:
92:
74:
71:
70:
65:
62:
61:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3450:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3418:Birds of Asia
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3235:sterna-bergii
3231:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3206:Sterna bergii
3203:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:Sterna_bergii
2887:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2835:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2778:0-19-854099-X
2774:
2770:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2756:0-7136-4056-1
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2737:0-19-553070-5
2733:
2729:
2726:. Melbourne:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2711:0-7470-1410-8
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2692:84-87334-20-2
2688:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2673:0-11-497333-4
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2528:0-19-854529-0
2524:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:0-262-24036-X
2503:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2483:0-7099-3336-3
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:Sterna bergii
2386:
2383:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2312:Sterna bergii
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2279:Sterna bergii
2277:"Swift Terns
2271:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Sterna bergii
2240:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Sterna bergii
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:Sterna bergii
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2127:1-870630-88-2
2123:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:Sterna bergii
2069:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:Sterna bergii
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:1-891276-00-X
1957:
1953:
1948:(PDF extract)
1946:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Sterna bergii
1906:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:0-691-08402-5
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1861:0-7136-3973-3
1857:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1703:
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1665:on 2016-04-12
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1458:IUCN Red List
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1441:phytoplankton
1438:
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636:commemorates
635:
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621:
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610:
606:
602:
601:T. bernsteini
598:
595:
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583:
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572:
568:
565:
564:mitochondrial
561:
560:
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550:Sterna bergii
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262:
258:
257:Sterna bergii
253:
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209:
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198:
197:Binomial name
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98:
94:
88:
83:
82:Least Concern
72:
68:
63:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3205:
3106:crested-tern
2943:crested-tern
2846:
2765:
2746:
2720:
2701:
2679:
2664:
2654:Bibliography
2640:. Retrieved
2636:the original
2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2603:the original
2598:
2586:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2518:
2512:
2497:
2492:
2473:
2467:
2445:(1): 44–57.
2442:
2438:
2432:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2358:
2354:
2322:. Retrieved
2318:the original
2311:
2310:"Swift Tern
2291:
2287:
2278:
2270:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2217:(1): 23–32.
2214:
2210:
2206:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2154:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2145:
2136:
2113:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2022:the original
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1988:
1982:
1943:
1933:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1876:
1870:
1851:
1845:
1816:
1741:
1733:
1692:
1691:(in Dutch).
1688:
1684:
1678:
1667:. Retrieved
1660:the original
1639:
1635:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1584:
1575:the original
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1517:
1511:
1505:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1454:
1419:
1403:
1383:cardinalfish
1366:
1364:hatchlings.
1362:green turtle
1339:
1300:
1279:
1252:
1245:
1202:
1187:
1159:pelagic fish
1148:
1142:
1120:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1034:
1018:T. b. enigma
1017:
1014:T. b. bergii
1013:
1011:
1006:little terns
989:
986:korrkorrkorr
985:
981:
972:
968:
962:, China and
951:
947:
943:
941:
929:
917:T. b. bergii
916:
910:
886:
871:and western
865:Indian Ocean
843:
836:Saudi Arabia
818:Persian Gulf
793:
759:
745:T. b. bergii
744:
717:T. b. enigma
716:
705:
696:South Africa
679:T. b. bergii
678:
650:
633:
626:
620:generic name
617:
612:
600:
589:
581:
575:
557:
549:
547:
540:
511:
510:
494:
493:
463:
462:
436:
435:
419:
418:
376:
359:sewage works
348:
343:
336:
312:Indian Ocean
308:South Africa
287:
283:
280:crested tern
279:
274:
273:
269:
267:
256:
255:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
59:South Africa
51:T. b. bergii
50:
29:
3163:SeaLifeBase
3026:iNaturalist
2871:Wikispecies
2146:Fact Sheets
1687:Schlegel".
1533:19 November
1445:ultraviolet
1414:sooty terns
1346:crustaceans
1342:cephalopods
1292:albatrosses
1283:purse-seine
1263:sacred ibis
1259:silver gull
1230:Philippines
1108:North Korea
1104:New Zealand
1088:T. b. velox
992:in flight.
944:T. b. velox
899:Description
828:Middle East
799:Cretzschmar
794:T. b. velox
736:, south to
661:Subspecies
605:conspecific
584:), and the
310:around the
302:. Its five
3403:Thalasseus
3392:Categories
3189:Xeno-canto
2294:: 123–124.
1736:(1996) 648
1669:2008-07-03
1487:References
1434:carotenoid
1422:cone cells
1354:vertebrate
1352:. Unusual
1255:kelp gulls
1205:cuttlefish
1155:monogamous
1145:displaying
1045:Rodrigues.
826:33,000 in
787:Seychelles
765:Stresemann
752:Madagascar
734:Mozambique
706:thalassina
694:Coasts of
590:T. maximus
586:royal tern
559:Thalasseus
541:Thalasseus
513:T. elegans
344:Thalasseus
324:dispersing
304:subspecies
284:swift tern
175:Thalasseus
3221:Q25648361
1732:Del Hoyo
1466:Indonesia
1214:precocial
1209:incubated
1167:monsoonal
1129:Behaviour
1092:migratory
979:crow-like
907:In flight
879:south to
869:Australia
646:Cape Town
438:T. maxima
355:salt pans
320:Australia
300:Old World
182:Species:
120:Kingdom:
114:Eukaryota
3287:11096360
3215:Wikidata
3070:22694571
3044:11849666
2930:22694571
2925:BirdLife
2856:Wikidata
2702:Seabirds
2578:17148194
2424:86179144
2361:: 1–13.
1941:(1998).
1695:: 78–86.
1656:15804415
1437:pigments
1410:by-catch
1310:mucilage
1151:colonies
1134:Breeding
1065:Tuamotus
1063:and the
1049:Kiribati
1022:Tanzania
964:Sulawesi
960:Thailand
933:moulting
881:Tasmania
863:Eastern
851:, 1826)
849:Stephens
801:, 1827)
767:, 1914)
724:, 1979)
642:Prussian
627:Thalassa
562:, after
464:T.bergii
383:skimmers
373:Taxonomy
249:Synonyms
160:Family:
134:Chordata
130:Phylum:
124:Animalia
110:Domain:
87:IUCN 3.1
55:Gansbaai
3370:ZooBank
3274:5229248
3018:5789283
3005:grcter1
2966:grcter1
2912:Avibase
2827:Animals
2801:Portals
2569:1617148
2447:Bibcode
2404:Bibcode
2363:Bibcode
2219:Bibcode
2118:series)
2087:Bibcode
2049:23 July
1553:Avibase
1426:retinas
1424:of the
1378:sardine
1374:anchovy
1370:pelagic
1350:insects
1320:Feeding
1296:petrels
1037:Aldabra
1026:Somalia
990:wep wep
956:Oceania
814:Red Sea
747:by IOC
732:delta,
730:Zambezi
722:Clancey
700:Namibia
631:epithet
609:synonym
459:
408:
400:
351:bycatch
340:fledged
316:Pacific
296:Laridae
290:, is a
216:, 1823)
170:Genus:
164:Laridae
150:Order:
140:Class:
85: (
3362:212606
3349:341034
3336:212606
3320:NZOR:
3300:176908
3256:EURING
3230:ARKive
3181:413041
3155:372744
3142:341034
3113:NZOR:
3103:NZBO:
3096:297816
3057:824140
3031:144540
2956:113690
2862:Q18866
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2753:
2734:
2708:
2689:
2671:
2642:4 July
2612:4 July
2576:
2566:
2525:
2504:
2480:
2422:
2324:5 July
2156:5 July
2124:
2044:Scroll
1998:7 July
1958:
1883:
1858:
1734:et al.
1654:
1599:et al.
1451:Status
1430:vision
1387:gobies
1116:Israel
1114:, and
1112:Jordan
1100:Hawaii
1059:, the
1043:, and
982:kerrak
887:bergii
877:Taiwan
738:Durban
664:Image
634:bergii
571:clades
367:ibises
240:
233:
3357:WoRMS
3282:IRMNG
3248:6ZSBQ
3176:WoRMS
3168:75107
3129:73075
3039:IRMNG
3000:eBird
2979:7BTG4
2963:BOW:
2815:Birds
2606:(PDF)
2595:(PDF)
2420:S2CID
2351:(PDF)
2284:(PDF)
2025:(PDF)
2018:(PDF)
1689:Ardea
1663:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1398:prawn
1084:Kenya
1057:Tonga
1030:India
975:vocal
885:Like
875:from
810:Oman
624:Greek
387:skuas
379:gulls
363:gulls
328:royal
286:, or
3331:OBIS
3295:ITIS
3269:GBIF
3261:6080
3091:NCBI
3065:IUCN
3052:ITIS
3013:GBIF
2951:BOLD
2773:ISBN
2751:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2669:ISBN
2644:2008
2614:2008
2574:PMID
2523:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2478:ISBN
2326:2008
2158:2008
2122:ISBN
2051:2020
2000:2008
1956:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1652:PMID
1535:2021
1518:2018
1481:AEWA
1385:and
1376:and
1360:and
1348:and
1312:and
1307:kelp
1294:and
1261:and
1053:Fiji
1016:and
946:and
832:Oman
698:and
640:, a
618:The
385:and
365:and
357:and
330:and
318:and
292:tern
268:The
144:Aves
3308:NBN
3243:CoL
3078:NBN
2987:CMS
2974:CoL
2899:AFD
2886:ADW
2564:PMC
2556:doi
2455:doi
2439:Emu
2412:doi
2371:doi
2359:127
2258:doi
2227:doi
2211:Emu
2209:".
2185:doi
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2079:Emu
1921:doi
1644:doi
1522:doi
567:DNA
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