1426:
various parts of the toe. Even in the
Dipneusta the fin is of the same construction as in the fishes; it was afterwards gradually evolved into the five-toed form, which we first encounter in the Amphibia. The reduction of the number of toes to six, and then to five, probably took place in the second half of the Devonian period - at the latest, in the subsequent Carboniferous period - in those Dipneusta which we regard as the ancestors of the Amphibia. The fact that the toes number five is of great importance, because they have clearly been transmitted from the Amphibia to all the higher Vertebrates. Man entirely resembles his amphibian ancestors in this respect, and indeed in the whole structure of the bony skeleton of his five-toed extremities. A careful comparison of the skeleton of the frog with our own is enough to show this. There is absolutely no reason why there should be five toes in the fore and hind feet in the lowest Amphibia, the reptiles, and the higher Vertebrates, unless we ascribe it to inheritance from a common stem-form. Heredity alone can explain it. It is true that we find less than five toes in many of the Amphibia and of the higher Vertebrates. But in all these cases we can prove that some of the toes atrophied, and were in time lost altogether.
253:
899:
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261:
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78:
237:
608:, trigger toe, and claw toe. Hammer toe can be described as an abnormal contraction or “buckling” of a toe. This is done by a partial or complete dislocation of one of the joints, which form the toes. Since the toes are deformed further, these may press against a shoe and cause pain. Deformities of the foot can also be caused by
60:
1425:
The thorough investigations of
Gegenbaur have shown that the fish's fins are many-toed feet. The various cartilaginous or bony radii that are found in large numbers in each fin correspond to the fingers of toes of the higher Vertebrates. The several joints of each fin-radius correspond to the
646:
Right-sided duplication of the right little toe in an 8.5 months old male, with two toes (fifth and sixth) apparently forming joints with the fifth metatarsal bone, which is mildly broadened distally. The duplicated toes have almost normal growth. The fifth toe has mild
679:/multiple digit amputations, i.e. such as a metacarpal hand reconstruction, is to have a combined second and third toe transplantation. Third and fourth toe transplantation to the hand in replacing lost fingers is also a viable option.
1222:
Cheng, Ming-Huei; Wei, Fu-Chan; Santamaria, Eric; Cheng, Shao-Lung; Lin, Chih-Hung; Chen, Samuel H. T. (1998). "Single versus Double
Arterial Anastomoses in Combined Second- and Third-Toe Transplantation".
530:. Such deviations may affect comfort and fit for various shoe types. Research conducted for the U.S. Army indicated that larger feet may still have smaller arches, toe length, and toe-breadth.
300:). For a minority of people, the little toe also is missing a middle bone. The hallux only contains two phalanx bones, the proximal and distal. The joints between each phalanx are the
1502:
575:
commonly results in pain and numbness between the third and fourth toes of the sufferer, due to it affecting the nerve between the third and fourth metatarsal bones.
927:
While the thumb is often mentioned as one of the signature characteristics in humans, this manual digit remains partially primitive and is actually present in all
526:. Forefoot shape, including toe shape, exhibits significant variation among people; these differences can be measured and have been statistically correlated with
1066:
Hawes, MR; Sovak, D; Miyashita, M; Kang, SJ; Yoshihuku, Y; Tanaka, S (Jan 1994). "Ethnic differences in forefoot shape and the determination of shoe comfort".
155:
1100:
Freedman, A., Huntington, E.C., Davis, G.C., Magee, R.B., Milstead, V.M. and
Kirkpatrick, C.M.. 1946. Foot Dimensions of Soldiers (Third Partial Report),
538:
The human foot consists of multiple bones and soft tissues which support the weight of the upright human. Specifically, the toes assist the human while
416:
427:
contribute to fine motor control of the foot. The connective tendons between the minor toes account for the inability to actuate individual toes.
1035:
555:
503:
131:
1495:
420:
1187:
Wei, Fu-Chan; Colony, Lee H.; Chen, Hung-Chi; Chuang, Chwei-Chin; Noordhoff, Samuel M. (1989). "Combined Second and Third Toe
Transfer".
1101:
1050:
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301:
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378:
150:
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479:, the hallux is usually longer than the second toe, but in some individuals, it may not be the longest toe. There is an
363:
355:
289:
309:
1026:
Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by
Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005).
453:
437:
374:
381:
on their top and bottom also help to abduct and adduct the toes. The hallux and little toe have unique muscles:
1440:"The Great Divides: Ardipithecus ramidus Reveals the Postcrania of Our Last Common Ancestors with African Apes"
409:
405:
114:
569:
Long-term use of improperly sized shoes can cause misalignment of toes, as well as other orthopedic problems.
456:
supplies sensation to the top of the toes, except between the hallux and second toe, which is supplied by the
377:
muscles. These attach to the sides of the bones, making it impossible to move individual toes independently.
64:
Toes on the human left foot. The innermost toe (left in image), which is normally called the big toe, is the
370:
506:
characteristically have a short hallux which appears to turn inward, or medially, in relation to the foot.
944:
771:
401:
394:
162:
138:
126:
1357:
Triepel, H. (1908). Memorial on the anatomical nomenclature of the anatomical society. In A. Rose (Ed.),
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Medical Greek. Collection of papers on medical onomatology and a grammatical guide to learn modern Greek
480:
469:
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83:
37:
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33:
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Humans usually have five toes on each foot. When more than five toes are present, this is known as
390:
1467:
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Lovejoy, C. Owen; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott W.; Matternes, Jay H.; White, Tim D. (October 2009).
1248:
980:
457:
441:
327:
the first toe, also known as the hallux ("big toe", "great toe", "thumb toe"), the innermost toe;
636:
1385:
Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre
Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.
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presents with the more common trait: a longer hallux. People with the rare genetic disease
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472:, which supplies sensation to the little toe and half of the sensation of the fourth toe.
183:
1651:
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feet, the hallux is opposed or directed backwards and allows for grasping and perching.
1908:
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339:
the fifth toe, ("baby toe", "little toe", "pinky toe", "small toe"), the outermost toe.
293:
369:
With the exception of the hallux, toe movement is generally governed by action of the
1950:
1940:
1934:
1843:
1833:
1397:
1342:
Onomatologia
Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.
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468:, which supplies sensation to the great toe and inner three-and-a-half toes, and the
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There are normally five toes present on each human foot. Each toe consists of three
1828:
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921:
579:
285:
631:
between the foot and big toe, and may be painful. Similar deformity involving the
1401:
415:
The little toe has a separate set of control muscles and tendon attachments, the
212:, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are described as being
119:
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44:
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1406:. Library of Alexandria. Vol. 1. Library of Alexandria (published 1923).
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975:
879:
854:
605:
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305:
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Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und
Universitätsbuchhändler. p. 248–249.
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A Latin dictionary founded on
Andrews' edition of Freund's Latin dictionary.
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358:(movement toward the sole or the back of the foot, resp.) via muscular
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The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 72-B, No. 2. March, 1990.
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312:. Each toe is surrounded by skin, and present on all five toes is a
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Sensation to the skin of the toes is provided by five nerves. The
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A favourable option for the reconstruction of missing adjacent
562:. A sprain or strain where the toe joins to the foot is called
59:
1868:
1775:
1613:
1608:
1591:
582:, and its proximal phalanx joint is the most common locus for
199:
1030:. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 557.
304:. The proximal phalanx bone of each toe articulates with the
623:
A common problem involving the big toe is the formation of
460:, and the outer surface of the fifth toe, supplied by the
1361:(pp. 176–93). New York: Peri Hellados publication office.
1055:
Toes – relative lengths of first and second - 189200
779:
741:
464:. Sensation to the bottom of the toes is supplied by the
32:
This article is about the body part. For other uses, see
1314:
627:. These are structural deformities of the bones and the
436:
The toes receive blood from the digital branches of the
735:
542:, providing balance, weight-bearing, and thrust during
770:), perhaps originally meaning 'fingers' as well (many
774:
use one word to mean both 'fingers' and 'toes', e.g.
728:
1854:
1774:
1765:
1670:
1642:
1532:
1518:
1117:Janey Hughes, Peter Clark, & Leslie Klenerman.
149:
137:
125:
113:
101:
96:
91:
52:
1387:(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.
1268:"Basic Principles on Toe-to-Hand Transplantation"
400:. Additional flexion control is provided by the
758:(perhaps originally a plural), Old High German
202:that walk on their toes are described as being
1496:
1161:American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons.
841:, are used to refer to the big toe. The form
578:The big toe is also the most common locus of
330:the second toe, ("index toe", "pointer toe");
8:
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76:
58:
43:"Baby toe" redirects here. For plant, see
336:the fourth toe, ("fore toe", "ring toe");
620:and pain, especially when shoe-wearing.
1266:Lutz, Barbara S.; Wei, Fu-Chan (2002).
1011:
86:are the ones in green, blue and orange)
1398:Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August
1119:The Importance of the Toes in Walking.
667:) one or more extra toes are present.
385:The hallux is primarily flexed by the
166:
49:
857:of the aforementioned forms. Compare
504:fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
292:, with the exception of the big toe (
7:
1370:Lewis, C.T. & Short, C. (1879).
1225:Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery
651:, and the sixth toe has substantial
280:) on the second toe, for her wedding
1102:Armored Medical Research Laboratory
1051:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
1189:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
727:, and derives from Proto-Germanic
25:
1237:10.1097/00006534-199812000-00021
1201:10.1097/00006534-198984040-00016
908:, an extinct digitigrade mammal.
853:) currently in use is however a
616:. Deformities may predispose to
604:Deformities of the foot include
558:of the toe is commonly called a
554:A sprain or strain to the small
1231:(7): 2408–12, discussion 2413.
935:digital feature is the hallux.
366:surfaces of the phalanx bones.
362:that attach to the toes on the
224:animals are those that walk on
863:, the equivalent term for the
423:digiti minimi. Numerous other
333:the third toe, ("middle toe");
264:A woman's toes decorated with
1:
1315:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
518:. Other variants may include
494:" or "Greek foot") while the
490:causes a longer second toe ("
387:flexor hallucis longus muscle
742:
736:
723:
721:). This is a contraction of
717:
711:
694:
290:proximal, middle, and distal
1028:Gray's anatomy for students
663:(which can also affect the
483:trait in humans, where the
438:plantar metatarsal arteries
228:at the tips of their toes.
66:
1967:
942:
778:), and thus from PIE root
593:
393:of the lower leg, via the
354:Toe movement is generally
347:
42:
31:
1080:10.1080/00140139408963637
454:superficial fibular nerve
440:and drain blood into the
375:extensor digitorum brevis
310:metatarsophalangeal joint
161:
75:
57:
1374:Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1348:at Biodiversity Library.
410:adductor hallucis muscle
406:abductor hallucis muscle
404:. It is extended by the
379:Muscles between the toes
308:bone of the foot at the
1456:10.1126/science.1175833
781:
772:Indo-European languages
760:
748:
730:
371:flexor digitorum brevis
82:Bones of the foot (the
1512:Human regional anatomy
945:anatomical terminology
931:. In humans, the most
909:
882:five-toed schema from
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
802:
801:The big toe of a human
790:
766:
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656:
556:interphalangeal joints
402:flexor hallucis brevis
395:flexor hallucis longus
389:, located in the deep
302:interphalangeal joints
297:
281:
257:
249:
163:Anatomical terminology
901:
800:
734:(cognates: Old Norse
645:
550:Clinical significance
470:lateral plantar nerve
364:anterior and superior
356:flexion and extension
263:
255:
239:
38:Toes (disambiguation)
1403:The Evolution of Man
1383:Triepel, H. (1910).
1275:Gung Medical Journal
878:traces the standard
805:In classical Latin,
610:rheumatoid arthritis
466:medial plantar nerve
34:Toe (disambiguation)
785:— 'to show'.
350:Foot § Muscles
319:The toes are, from
240:Bones of the right
1340:Hyrtl, J. (1880).
1141:"Morton's Neuroma"
1127:2008-12-17 at the
943:This article uses
910:
803:
657:
458:deep fibular nerve
442:dorsal venous arch
282:
258:
250:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1037:978-0-8089-2306-0
671:In reconstruction
653:valgus angulation
614:diabetes mellitus
321:medial to lateral
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16:(Redirected from
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635:is described as
573:Morton's neuroma
272:, and wearing a
198:species such as
169:edit on Wikidata
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637:tailor's bunion
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1413:9781465548931
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1296:on 2014-01-04
1292:
1288:
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1281:(9): 568–76.
1280:
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1234:
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1198:
1195:(4): 651–61.
1194:
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1183:
1180:
1169:on 2011-12-08
1168:
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1077:
1074:(1): 187–96.
1073:
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894:Other animals
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621:
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589:
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581:
580:ingrown nails
576:
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444:of the foot.
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286:phalanx bones
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68:
61:
56:
51:
46:
39:
35:
27:
19:
1903:
1652:Adam's apple
1447:
1443:
1433:
1424:
1417:. Retrieved
1402:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1358:
1353:
1341:
1309:
1298:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1278:
1274:
1261:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1171:. Retrieved
1167:the original
1156:
1144:. Retrieved
1135:
1118:
1113:
1096:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1046:
1027:
986:Toe cleavage
981:Runner's toe
962:Morton's toe
926:
922:heterodactyl
911:
903:
874:
859:
804:
775:
706:
700:
674:
658:
622:
603:
577:
571:
568:
559:
553:
537:
513:
492:Morton's toe
474:
451:
448:Nerve supply
435:
432:Blood supply
425:foot muscles
368:
353:
318:
283:
273:
219:
213:
203:
179:
178:
132:A01.1.00.046
108:digiti pedis
107:
65:
26:
1108:, Kentucky.
1001:Webbed toes
972:Polydactyly
918:anisodactyl
890:ancestors.
847:(genitive,
703:Old English
661:polydactyly
560:stubbed toe
516:polydactyly
462:sural nerve
266:nail polish
221:unguligrade
215:plantigrade
205:digitigrade
97:Identifiers
45:Fenestraria
1935:Categories
1819:Fingernail
1300:2014-01-04
1173:2008-03-05
1146:August 21,
1068:Ergonomics
1007:References
976:syndactyly
880:vertebrate
855:blend word
832:(h)allicis
606:hammer toe
596:Hammer toe
520:syndactyly
498:recessive
496:homozygous
348:See also:
306:metatarsal
256:Human toes
1735:Genitalia
1419:31 August
1163:"Bunions"
1106:Fort Knox
905:Pakicetus
888:amphibian
884:fish fins
871:Evolution
764:, German
705:term for
688:Etymology
633:fifth toe
590:Deformity
586:attacks.
528:ethnicity
510:Variation
481:inherited
391:posterior
232:Structure
84:toe bones
18:Great toe
1946:Podiatry
1864:Buttocks
1784:Shoulder
1619:Mandible
1552:Forehead
1472:19629241
1464:19810199
1400:(1874).
1287:12479617
1253:12036342
1125:Archived
1053:(OMIM):
996:Toecuffs
939:See also
929:primates
850:hallucis
752:, Dutch
715:(plural
564:turf toe
534:Function
500:genotype
485:dominant
421:abductor
408:and the
278:toe ring
248:surface.
192:tetrapod
182:are the
1909:Toenail
1799:Forearm
1745:Scrotum
1691:Midriff
1681:Abdomen
1674:(Trunk)
1624:Occiput
1567:Eyebrow
1444:Science
1245:9858177
1209:2780906
1088:8112275
991:Toe tag
933:derived
876:Haeckel
838:(h)alli
683:History
677:fingers
665:fingers
625:bunions
540:walking
360:tendons
344:Muscles
314:toenail
246:Plantar
186:of the
120:D014034
92:Details
1844:Little
1834:Middle
1814:Finger
1789:Axilla
1730:Pelvis
1723:Nipple
1718:Breast
1713:Thorax
1657:Throat
1634:Temple
1597:Tongue
1577:Eyelid
1470:
1462:
1410:
1346:online
1285:
1251:
1243:
1207:
1086:
1034:
957:Finger
952:Ainhum
860:pollex
844:hallux
820:hallus
808:hallex
791:Hallux
731:taihwǭ
618:ulcers
600:Bunion
477:humans
417:flexor
398:tendon
298:hallux
288:, the
226:hooves
210:Humans
196:Animal
184:digits
67:hallux
1894:Ankle
1874:Thigh
1829:Index
1824:Thumb
1804:Wrist
1794:Elbow
1767:Limbs
1750:Vulva
1740:Penis
1696:Navel
1686:Waist
1672:Torso
1629:Scalp
1602:Tooth
1587:Mouth
1557:Cheek
1468:S2CID
1294:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
1249:S2CID
916:with
914:birds
865:thumb
826:allus
814:allex
782:deyḱ-
780:*
776:digit
729:*
629:joint
294:Latin
274:metti
270:henna
190:of a
167:[
156:25046
103:Latin
1951:Toes
1941:Foot
1914:Sole
1899:Heel
1889:Foot
1884:Calf
1879:Knee
1839:Ring
1809:Hand
1757:Anus
1708:Back
1662:Nape
1644:Neck
1582:Nose
1562:Chin
1547:Face
1542:Hair
1534:Head
1526:Skin
1520:Body
1460:PMID
1421:2019
1408:ISBN
1283:PMID
1241:PMID
1205:PMID
1148:2012
1084:PMID
1032:ISBN
974:and
886:via
835:and
823:and
767:Zehe
761:zēha
755:teen
743:tāne
724:tāhe
701:The
612:and
598:and
584:gout
544:gait
488:gene
419:and
373:and
268:and
242:foot
200:cats
188:foot
180:Toes
127:TA98
115:MeSH
53:Toes
36:and
1904:Toe
1869:Hip
1856:Leg
1776:Arm
1614:Jaw
1609:Ear
1592:Lip
1572:Eye
1452:doi
1448:326
1319:Toe
1233:doi
1229:102
1197:doi
1076:doi
920:or
912:In
749:tee
718:tān
709:is
707:toe
659:In
522:or
475:In
323::
151:FMA
144:170
139:TA2
1937::
1466:.
1458:.
1446:.
1442:.
1423:.
1327:^
1317:.
1279:25
1277:.
1273:.
1247:.
1239:.
1227:.
1203:.
1193:84
1191:.
1104:,
1082:.
1072:37
1070:.
1014:^
867:.
817:,
811:,
737:tá
712:tā
695:Tā
566:.
546:.
316:.
296::
244:.
218:;
208:.
194:.
1504:e
1497:t
1490:v
1474:.
1454::
1321:.
1303:.
1255:.
1235::
1211:.
1199::
1176:.
1150:.
1090:.
1078::
1040:.
947:.
655:.
412:.
276:(
171:]
70:.
47:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
