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597:. These booming grounds are the area in which they perform their displays in hopes of attracting females. Their displays consist of inflating air sacs located on the side of their neck and snapping their tails. These booming grounds usually have very short or no vegetation. The male prairie-chickens stay on this ground displaying for almost two months. The breeding season usually begins in the United States starting in late March and throughout April. During this time the males establish booming sites where they display for the females. The one or two most dominant males can obtain 90% of mating opportunities. Due to their now small populations and
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the prairies to the river, but unable to fly across either stream there they were by the millions running up and down each river until they had made paths and roads. We killed a great many with sticks and clubs and took them to the boat. We met Dick Bird, the man this point took its name from, and he said we could look for a cold winter, as the quails and prairie chickens were leaving the prairies and trying to get south to escape the cold."
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un-feathered neck patch which can be inflated while displaying; this, like their comb feathers, is also orange. As with many other bird species, the adult females have shorter head feathers and also lack the male's yellow comb and orange neck patch. Adults are about 43 cm (17 in) long, and weigh between 700–1,200 g (25–42 oz). The greater prairie-chicken has a wingspan range of 69.5–72.5 cm (27.4–28.5 in).
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in one to four weeks, are completely independent by the tenth to twelfth week, and reach sexual maturity by age one (Ammann, 1957). A study of female greater prairie-chickens in Kansas found that their survival rates were 1.6 to 2.0 times higher during the non-breeding season compared to the breeding
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in 1840, writing "Then we gazed in wonderment, but very soon our eyes were drawn to something more attractive which caused us to forget the great river. The whole banks or sandbars on either river were a mass of quail or partridges. I have never in my life seen such a grand sight. They had come from
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Central
Wisconsin is home to approximately 600 individuals, down from 55,000 when hunting was prohibited in 1954. Though this area was predominately spruce and tamarack marsh before European settlement, early pioneers drained the marshes and attempted to farm the poor soil. As the prairies to the
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in 2019. It now only lives on small parcels of managed prairie land. Throughout North
America, it is thought that their current population has declined severely, to approximately 500,000 individuals. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the greater prairie-chicken as extirpated in
342:
Adults of both sexes are medium to large chicken-like birds, stocky with round wings. They have short tails which are typically rounded. Adult males have orange comb-like feathers over their eyes and dark, elongated head feathers that can be raised or lain along neck. They also possess a circular,
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471:). It was again confirmed by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada in November 2009. Nonetheless, sightings and encounters continue to occur in the south-central regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan, along with southern Ontario, where sightings are extremely rare.
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that "most prairie-chicken hens avoided nesting or rearing their broods within a quarter-mile of power lines and within a third-mile of improved roads." (Kansas
Department of Wildlife and Parks) It was also found that the prairie-chickens avoided communication towers and rural farms.
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625:. Pheasants lay their eggs in prairie-chicken nests. The pheasant eggs hatch first; this causes the prairie-chickens to leave the nest thinking that the young have hatched. In reality, prairie-chicken eggs do not hatch and the young usually die due to lack of
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alone, in the 1800s, the prairie-chicken numbered in the millions. It was a popular game bird, and like many prairie birds, which have also suffered massive habitat loss, it is now on the verge of extinction, with the wild bird population at around 200 in
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as greater prairie-chicken habitat. Birdwatchers travel from around the world to visit
Wisconsin in April for the Central Wisconsin Prairie Chicken Festival, started in 2006 by Golden Sands Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc.
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south and west were lost to agriculture and development, and the southern half of
Wisconsin was logged, the prairies spread northward into the abandoned farmland. Today, over 30,000 acres are managed by the
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in the United States has been converted to cropland. The conversion of native prairie to cropland is very detrimental to these birds. It was found in a radio telemetry study conducted by
1049:
Bellinger, M. Renee; Johnson, Jeff A.; Toepfer, John; Dunn, Peter (2003). "Loss of
Genetic Variation in Greater Prairie Chickens Following a Population Bottleneck in Wisconsin, U.S.A".
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and ultimately survival of offspring. In
Illinois, wildlife management included the "genetic rescue" of small and potentially inbred populations by introducing birds from other areas.
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In states such as Iowa and
Missouri that once had thriving prairie-chicken populations (estimated to be hundreds of thousands), total numbers have dropped to about 500. However, the
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such as bears, wolves, and mountain lions results in increased populations of these mesopredators, and therefore reduces populations of prairie-chickens, an example of a top-down
413:. It can tolerate agricultural land mixed with prairie, but sparser population density is found in areas that are more agricultural. Its diet consists primarily of seeds and
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per clutch and the eggs take between 23 and 24 days to hatch. There are between five and 10 young per brood. The young are raised by the female and
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which was historically found along the
Atlantic coast, is extinct. It was possibly a distinct species; in this case the two other forms would be
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908:"Stunning Illinois prairie chicken dance could soon be a thing of the past. Only 200 remain, but one family is fighting to save the species"
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measures are underway to ensure the sustainability of existing small populations. One of the most famous aspects of these creatures is the
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season; this was due to heavy predation during nesting and brood-rearing. One problem facing prairie-chickens is competition with the
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significantly increase egg mortality; experimental removal of these predators increased nesting success from 33% to 82%. Loss of
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605:: with fewer offspring and a decreased survival rate within these limited offspring further aiding their population decrease.
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Mussmann, S. M.; Douglas, M. R.; Anthonysamy, W. J. B.; Davis, M. A.; Simpson, S. A.; Louis, W.; Douglas, M. E. (2017).
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After mating has taken place, the females move about one mile from the booming grounds and begin to build their
1001:"State conservationists scour the Kansas boondocks, aiming to repopulate Missouri with horny prairie chickens"
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The small size of some isolated prairie-chicken populations in the
Eastern portion of the range resulted in a
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State conservationists scour the Kansas boondocks, aiming to repopulate Missouri with horny prairie chickens
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1094:"Genetic rescue, the greater prairie chicken and the problem of conservation reliance in the Anthropocene"
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The greater prairie-chicken was almost extinct in the 1930s due to hunting pressure and habitat loss. In
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1028:"Effect of Predator Control on Reproductive Success and Hen Survival of Attwater's Prairie-chicken"
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in the hopes that they will be able to repopulate the state and increase that number to 3,000.
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was once abundant, but has become extremely rare and extirpated over much of its range due to
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such as grasshoppers, crickets, and beetles. This species was once widespread all across the
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is the greatest historical threat to prairie-chicken populations. More than 95% of all
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Ammann, G. A. 1957 The prairie grouse of Michigan. Michigan Dept. Consew. Tech. Bull.
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810:"Greater Prairie-Chicken Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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834:"Greater Prairie-Chicken Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"
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Comparative Analysis between the Greater Prairie Chicken and the Extinct Heath Hen
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Demography of female Greater Prairie-Chickens in unfragmented grasslands in Kansas
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the greater prairie-chickens often undergo inbreeding causing observable
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A steamboat captain recalled seeing great flocks of prairie chickens at
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USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter - Greater Prairie Chicken
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The Nature Conservancy's Grassland Birds: Greater Prairie Chicken
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859:"Steam-boating on the Ohio and Mississippi Before the Civil War"
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Proc. Annu. Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies
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Daniels, Capt. Wilson (June 1915). Barba, Preston A. (ed.).
396:, is now restricted to a small section of its former range.
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has started a program to import prairie-chickens from
417:, but during the summer it also eats green plants and
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Cornell Lab of Ornithology - Greater Prairie Chicken
593:. They are territorial birds and often defend their
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Endemic birds of the Plains-Midwest (United States)
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741:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22679514A177901079.en
1187:images and movies of the greater prairie chicken
542:also reduce prairie-chicken reproduction through
257:Distribution map of the greater prairie-chicken.
772:. Retrieved August 27, 2014.（Chinese 中文：帕艺明彩大凤凰）
405:The greater prairie-chicken prefers undisturbed
1194:USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter -
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1154:Illinois Natural Resource Information Network
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1026:Lawrence, Jeffrey S.; Silvy, Nova J (1995).
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1321:Game animals and shooting in North America
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1210:Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks:
1174:. Avian Conservation and Ecology 6(1):2 (
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518:Studies have found mesopredators such as
492:Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
784:"Greater Prairie-Chicken Identification"
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869:(2). Indiana University Press: 99–127.
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2125:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1276:Greater Prairie Chicken photo gallery
1261:eNature.com - Greater Prairie Chicken
965:"Prairie-chicken wiped out in Canada"
7:
988:. The Canadian Biodiversity Website.
259:Pale and dark green: pre-settlement
1212:Greater and Lesser Prairie Chickens
1170:Augustine JK, Sandercock BK (2011)
932:"Species - Greater Prairie Chicken"
764:Friederici, Peter (July 20, 1989).
727:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
476:Missouri Department of Conservation
1256:gbwf.org - Greater Prairie Chicken
633:Displays at a lek in Illinois, USA
25:
1282:The Return of the Prairie Chicken
1071:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01581.x
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589:Greater prairie-chickens do not
93:
1204:" Minnesota Public Radio (2006)
1202:Prairie chickens booming again.
942:. November 2009. Archived from
936:Species at Risk Public Registry
716:BirdLife International (2020).
261:Dark green: current year-round
906:Dampier, Cindy (May 8, 2019).
1:
392:The greater prairie-chicken,
999:Levitt, Aimee (2011-04-21).
967:. CBC News. December 3, 2009
782:Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
612:. Hens lay between 5 and 17
409:and was originally found in
351:There are three subspecies;
2150:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
863:Indiana Magazine of History
766:"The Last Prairie Chickens"
2166:
1150:"Greater Prairie Chickens"
1098:Royal Society Open Science
385:and restricted to coastal
375:Attwater's prairie-chicken
361:Tympanuchus cupido cupido,
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986:"Greater Prairie Chicken"
734:: e.T22679514A177901079.
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90:Scientific classification
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1284:Documentary produced by
35:Greater prairie-chicken
2145:Birds described in 1758
1905:greater-prairie-chicken
1196:Greater Prairie Chicken
512:Kansas State University
425:and tall grass prairie
288:greater prairie-chicken
18:Greater prairie chicken
1527:Cougar (mountain lion)
1408:
1286:Iowa Public Television
692:Lesser prairie chicken
586:
576:for second edition of
401:Population and habitat
300:), sometimes called a
2043:Paleobiology Database
1406:
838:www.allaboutbirds.org
814:www.allaboutbirds.org
623:ring-necked pheasants
603:inbreeding depression
599:habitat fragmentation
568:
551:population bottleneck
1379:Snipe (common snipe)
1359:Ring-necked pheasant
1189:(Tympanuchus cupido)
1051:Conservation Biology
790:. Cornell University
553:, which reduced the
455:its Canadian range (
365:T. pinnatus pinnatus
1374:Sharp-tailed grouse
1344:Hungarian partridge
1118:10.1098/rsos.160736
1110:2017RSOS....460736M
1063:2003ConBi..17..717B
278:Linnaeus, 1758
60:Conservation status
49:Male displaying in
2061:Tympanuchus-cupido
1807:tympanuchus-cupido
1794:Tympanuchus_cupido
1769:Tympanuchus cupido
1739:Tympanuchus cupido
1598:American alligator
1409:
1217:2008-06-23 at the
940:Environment Canada
720:Tympanuchus cupido
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582:The Descent of Man
411:tallgrass prairies
297:Tympanuchus cupido
199:Tympanuchus cupido
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2030:Open Tree of Life
1731:Taxon identifiers
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1694:Waterfowl hunting
1542:White-tailed deer
1407:Waterfowl hunters
1200:Gunderson, Dan. "
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508:tallgrass prairie
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1156:. Archived from
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379:T. c. attwateri
369:T. p. attwateri
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317:North American
282:
281:
270:
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263:
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254:
253:
245:
244:
233:T. c. pinnatus
221:
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193:
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181:T. cupido
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37:
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26:
24:
14:
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10:
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2:
2162:
2151:
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2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2073:Tetrao cupido
2070:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2014:
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1992:
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1984:
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1966:
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1697:
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1679:Bison hunting
1677:
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1664:
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1653:Snowshoe hare
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1628:Gray squirrel
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1552:Mountain goat
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1528:
1525:
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1497:Bighorn sheep
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1447:
1445:
1444:Greater scaup
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1413:
1405:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
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1384:Spruce grouse
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
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1369:Ruffed grouse
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
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1354:Mourning dove
1352:
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1199:
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1128:
1123:
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1107:
1104:(2): 160736.
1103:
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946:on 2015-05-06
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619:
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596:
592:
584:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:Tetrao cupido
567:
560:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
538:. Non-native
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
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332:mating ritual
329:
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321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:, is a large
303:
299:
298:
293:
289:
280:
276:
275:Tetrao cupido
271:
268:
264:
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229:
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222:
217:
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190:Binomial name
187:
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138:
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108:
105:
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101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
76:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2072:
1738:
1709:Wolf hunting
1684:Deer hunting
1669:Bear hunting
1618:Fox squirrel
1591:Other quarry
1469:Ross's goose
1449:Lesser scaup
1429:Canada goose
1188:
1171:
1166:
1158:the original
1153:
1144:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1010:. Retrieved
1004:
994:
980:
969:. Retrieved
959:
948:. Retrieved
944:the original
935:
926:
915:. Retrieved
911:
901:
866:
862:
852:
841:. Retrieved
837:
828:
817:. Retrieved
813:
804:
794:19 September
792:. Retrieved
787:
777:
769:
745:. Retrieved
731:
725:
719:
711:
607:
588:
580:
569:
548:
517:
504:Habitat loss
502:
488:
473:
461:Saskatchewan
444:
439:Bird's Point
436:
433:Conservation
404:
393:
378:
368:
364:
360:
350:
341:
328:Conservation
324:habitat loss
301:
296:
295:
291:
287:
285:
274:
273:
239:T. c. cupido
237:
231:
225:
224:
198:
196:
180:
179:
167:
29:
2130:Tympanuchus
1978:NatureServe
1913:iNaturalist
1763:Wikispecies
1689:Fox hunting
747:19 November
423:oak savanna
338:Description
219:Subspecies
168:Tympanuchus
157:Phasianidae
147:Galliformes
2119:Categories
2088:Q109563530
2056:Xeno-canto
1577:Polar bear
1572:Dall sheep
1512:Brown bear
1502:Black bear
1474:Snow goose
1434:Canvasback
1424:Black duck
1327:Game birds
1038:: 275–282.
1012:2023-09-03
971:2009-12-03
950:2009-12-03
917:2019-05-11
843:2020-09-26
819:2020-09-26
703:References
627:incubation
574:T. W. Wood
383:endangered
347:Subspecies
1562:Pronghorn
1557:Mule deer
1507:Razorback
1479:Wood duck
1416:Waterfowl
1364:Ptarmigan
1185:ARKive -
875:0019-6673
572:drawn by
427:ecosystem
357:heath hen
175:Species:
113:Kingdom:
107:Eukaryota
2082:Wikidata
1983:2.102531
1970:22679514
1931:10189350
1833:22679514
1828:BirdLife
1748:Wikidata
1662:See also
1623:Gray fox
1489:Big game
1394:Woodcock
1215:Archived
1136:28386428
893:61313105
884:27785676
686:See also
578:Darwin's
528:opossums
524:raccoons
484:Nebraska
465:Manitoba
452:Illinois
447:Illinois
267:Synonyms
207:Linnaeus
153:Family:
127:Chordata
123:Phylum:
117:Animalia
103:Domain:
80:IUCN 3.1
51:Illinois
2102:9461810
1895:2473510
1815:Avibase
1704:Fishing
1699:Whaling
1648:Red fox
1643:Raccoon
1633:Opossum
1522:Caribou
1464:Redhead
1454:Mallard
1439:Gadwall
1127:5367285
1106:Bibcode
1079:4988537
1059:Bibcode
697:Lekking
591:migrate
499:Threats
469:Ontario
457:Alberta
419:insects
407:prairie
320:species
315:. This
308:in the
163:Genus:
143:Order:
133:Class:
78: (
2135:Grouse
2048:133781
2035:728073
1957:175834
1902:GNAB:
1877:EURING
1869:grpchi
1843:grpchi
1802:ARKive
1782:grprch
1754:Q19630
1638:Rabbit
1613:Coyote
1608:Bobcat
1603:Badger
1582:Whales
1567:Muskox
1389:Turkey
1339:Chukar
1270:Canada
1266:Stamps
1134:
1124:
1077:
891:
881:
873:
618:fledge
585:, 1874
526:, and
480:Kansas
313:family
310:grouse
302:boomer
53:, USA
2022:70409
1944:59879
1926:IRMNG
1864:eBird
1856:7DB5L
1840:BOW:
1537:Moose
1278:VIREO
1268:(for
1075:S2CID
879:JSTOR
610:nests
415:fruit
387:Texas
2097:GBIF
2009:9004
2004:NCBI
1965:IUCN
1952:ITIS
1918:1066
1890:GBIF
1882:3360
1547:Wolf
1132:PMID
889:OCLC
871:ISSN
796:2018
749:2021
732:2020
614:eggs
482:and
367:and
355:The
306:bird
286:The
211:1758
137:Aves
1991:NBN
1939:ISC
1851:CoL
1789:ADW
1778:ABA
1532:Elk
1122:PMC
1114:doi
1067:doi
736:doi
381:is
290:or
2121::
2099::
2084::
2058::
2045::
2032::
2019::
2006::
1993::
1980::
1967::
1954::
1941::
1928::
1915::
1892::
1879::
1866::
1853::
1830::
1817::
1804::
1791::
1780::
1765::
1750::
1152:.
1130:.
1120:.
1112:.
1100:.
1096:.
1073:.
1065:.
1055:17
1053:.
1036:49
1034:.
1030:.
1003:.
938:.
934:.
910:.
887:.
877:.
867:XI
865:.
861:.
836:.
812:.
786:.
768:,
757:^
730:.
724:.
629:.
546:.
522:,
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459:,
429:.
377:,
359:,
326:.
242:†
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1272:)
1177:)
1138:.
1116::
1108::
1102:4
1081:.
1069::
1061::
1015:.
974:.
953:.
920:.
895:.
846:.
822:.
798:.
751:.
738::
722:"
718:"
389:.
371:.
294:(
213:)
205:(
82:)
20:)
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