384:, who established dominance because of their relationship to United States groups and trade, as well as advantages of education and technology. First, the inland groups consider the Grebo foolish to have "sold" their traditional lands to the American colonists. Given the influence of the colonial period, the inland groups believe that the Seaside Grebo have allowed their language to become replete with English borrowings, although attempts to control and restrict language have generally been unsuccessful in most regions. Thirdly, in a difference typical between groups that are more or less assimilated in relation to a new people in an area, the inland groups have expressed dismay that the Seaside Grebo abandoned traditional ways to adopt fashions of Liberian or European Americans. For their part, members of the Seaside Grebo have been reported as referring to the up-country groups as "Bush" Grebo, pagan and barbarous.
36:
860:"Since English is the official language of Liberia, the Liberian dialect of English is spoken by most men and to a lesser extent by the women. Grebos generally speak Grebo to speakers of other Grebo dialects and English to speakers of other languages. However, some Grebos speak Grebo to speakers of Klao and Tépo. Some Grebo speak English with speakers of the Grebo dialects which are most different from their own."
245:. As colonists used the term to refer to other, lesser-known groups in inland areas, the term became more imprecise, as such groups often belonged to other language families and ethnicities. The confusion has been perpetuated, as Grebo has been used as a cover term for groups in the area that are now known by scholars known to be different but continue to be classified as the same for convenience.
153:
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98:
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Until the age of twelve years, Wadé (who was born around 1860) lived in a traditional Glebo village on the littoral east of Cape Palmas, Liberia. Son of a "heathen father," he claimed to be "born
Methodist," indicating that it was at a time when conversion meant leaving the "heathen village" for the
462:
Bodios (ritual priests) often wore a heavy brass ankle ring, which was put on by a blacksmith, and worn to the death. These anklets were considered animate, and regularly fed human blood. Large brass rings more generally were used as ritual objects for protection of entire villages from "spirits,
240:
Considerable ambiguity and imprecision accompany the use of the term Grebo since it is not always clear precisely which group writers or speakers intend to denote. Some of the ambiguity has evolved historically, as the name was generalized from that of the first group contacted by
Americo-Liberian
287:
The indigenous people living at Cape Palmas, who were speakers of
Seaside Grebo (Glebo) (as since classified by linguists) were the first to have extensive contact with the American representatives of the Maryland Colonization Society, which organized the colonization of what became known as
847:
Hasselbring and
Johnson, p. 9: "However, even in this sector, the Liberian influence remains considerable, because of the lingua franca (the all-purpose Pidgin English) and also thanks to the moral action of the Protestant missions of Anglo-American origin, not always very subtle but very
211:
A 2001 estimate of the number of Grebo people in
Liberia is approximately 387,000. There are an estimated 48,300 Grebo in Côte d'Ivoire, not counting refugees. Precise numbers are lacking, since many have been displaced by the civil war in Liberia of the late 20th and early 21st century.
788:
Christian village on the other side of the lagoon at Half-Graway. Wadé's mother quite exceptionally lived her life of faith in the midst of traditional family life with its sacrifices, divination, witchcraft, and the influences of the "country doctor."
278:
punctuated by a collection of cultural centers of gravity, usually town clusters. While the affinity of these varieties is apparent, the internal structure of a classification is often difficult to delineate with any degree of precision.
236:
The colonists referred to them generally as the Grebo. In the absence of other qualification, the term Grebo has come to refer generally to this group in particular, which has occupied southeastern coastal areas of what is now
Liberia.
434:
for females); these and their associated societies have continued to be part of the culture. Historically the poro(s) adapted to new condition by establishing
Masonic lodges of the European-American style of fraternal society.
913:
Moran, Mary H. 1996. "Carrying the Queen: Identity and
Nationalism in a Liberian Queen Rally. In Cohen, C.B., Stoeltje, B. & R. Wilk (eds.) "Beauty Queens on the Global Stage: Gender, Contests, and Power," 147-60. London:
909:
Moran, Mary H. 1995. "Warriors or
Soldiers? Masculinity and Ritual Transvestisism in the Liberian Civil war." In Sutton, Constance R. (ed.) "Feminism, Nationalism, and Militarism." Arlington, Va.: American Anthropological
905:
Moran, Mary H. 1992. "Civilized
Servants: Child Fosterage and Training for Status Among the Glebo of Liberia." In Hansen, Karen T. (ed.) "African Encounters with Domesticity," 98-115. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University
835:
At first are family or tribe opens with the history of one family. The father of the family was known as the Dja. For that reason intermarriage is not allowed in our tribe, but we much go to another tribe for a
522:). If the person dies, they are adjudged guilty. More often than not they do die, as sasswood is quite poisonous. According to a Maryland County newspaper, a woman was killed rather recently by this ordeal.
387:
Since the late 20th century, some of these issues have inspired a pan-Grebo unification sentiment. In its extreme form, it has been part of a political movement to unite virtually all speakers of the
455:
The Grebo are known for their carved wooden masks, which were worn in ceremonies to mediate or propitiate the spirits. White clay is applied to participants in certain ceremonies, to denote a
965:
295:
The Glebo gained sociopolitical ascendancy over neighboring groups from this period, due to their access to Western technology and their alliances with the colonists and
741:
Krumen ornament their faces with tribal marks - black or blue lines on the forehead and from ear to ear. They tattoo their arms and mutilate the incisor teeth.
728:
874:"When speaking to their husbands, two-thirds of the women speak their own dialect, one-fifth speak their husband’s dialect, and one-tenth speak English."
406:. In its recent form, the movement arose as part of the emergence of "political tribes" (factions) during the civil wars of the late 20th century (
958:
568:(extended or not), often with Liberian (Pidgin English), provides an additional dimension to the multilingual complexity described above.
899:
Moran, Mary H. 1986. "Collective Action and the 'Representation' of African Women: A Liberian Case Study," "Feminist Studies", 15:443-60.
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Moran, Mary H. 2000. "Gender and Aging: Are Women "Warriors" Among the Glebo of Liberia?" "Liberian Studies Journal", 25:25-41.
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323:
108:
902:
Moran, Mary H. 1990. "Civilized Women: Gender and Prestige in Southeastern Liberia." Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
380:
Some inland ethnic groups have longstanding resentment against the Seaside Grebo because of their relationship with the
228:
by sea, the first indigenous group they encountered in the area with whom they established prolonged relations were the
754:
289:
263:, are defined by linguists referring to a taxonomy of the languages employed by its members. Although there may be
411:
707:) in a double gesture of gaining control over it and of wooing support from the groups that were members of it."
974:
771:
On the prevalence of divination among the Grebo, note the following extract from the biography of a Grebo man,
514:
407:
388:
50:
44:
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for the determination of guilt by being subjected to the forced imbibition of a decoction of the bark of the
990:
463:
sicknesses, war and other people’s witchcraft" and were reportedly imbued with power via human sacrifice.
985:
772:
444:
61:
1076:
827:
543:
274:
The Grebo ethnic group comprises a community of speakers of speech varieties covering an extensive
327:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
201:
112:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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275:
642:
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periods, frequent armed conflict occurred among the various groups covered by the general label
488:, and may use the results of such divination to determine the putative perpetrator of a crime.
596:
381:
296:
814:
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is normal in such a context, as the needs of exogamy and commercial interaction require it.
415:
403:
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180:, a language and cultural ethnicity, and to certain of its constituent elements. Within
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power base. In a sense, this was a continuation of the Grebo wars of the 19th century.
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17:
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Before the Euro-American influence became great, members of the group would often
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to sharp points to create a ferocious visage, as well as for aesthetic reasons.
264:
225:
152:
271:, the language classification is often the least confusing frame of reference.
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The numerous subgroups of the large and variegated ethnic group, such as the
637:. American National Biography Online. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
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607:
565:
509:
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703:"...became the formal head of the Poro (as he was also grand master of the
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732:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 933.
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or spirit. Dancers wearing the carved masks are also daubed with it.
177:
830:(either a neighbor or subgroup of the Grebo) stated in an interview:
539:
151:
699:, Global Security. Quote: The longest-serving Liberian president
668:
For a discussion of the use of the term "tribe" in Liberia, see
535:
427:
947:
891:
A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Grebo Language Area of Liberia
792:
Trial by ordeal may be considered another form of divination.
426:
Traditional Grebo people had what were known as bush schools (
306:
91:
29:
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
109:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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and are found in the southwestern corner of that country.
192:
in the southeastern portion of the country, but also in
330:
299:, the ethnic group that formed from their descendants.
115:
538:) must find a mate from another clan, under pain of
635:Gurley, Ralph Randolph (1797-1872), philanthropist
924:Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
292:by free African Americans, beginning in 1827.
959:
619:Classified as a dialect of Southern Grebo by
184:members of this group are found primarily in
8:
815:Description of Ordeal and Chemical Analysis
755:"The Mystery of Kru or Grebo Rings Part II"
966:
952:
944:
889:Hasselbring, Sue, and Eric Johnson. 2002.
241:colonists in the area that was settled as
826:Native informant Charles Blooah from the
643:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500300
353:Learn how and when to remove this message
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
633:Ciccarelli, Barbara L. (February 2000).
602:. This is counting the Krumen groups as
43:This article includes a list of general
895:SIL International Monograph, 100 pages.
577:
414:). They defined themselves against the
496:A person (usually a woman) accused of
283:History of European (American) contact
7:
805:, Harper, March 2006, Vol 02, No 01.
922:Liberia: The Violence of Democracy.
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
871:Hasselbring and Johnson, p. 29:
857:Hasselbring and Johnson, p. 10:
311:
220:As early European explorers and
96:
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734:classifies Grebo as one of the
610:linguistic subfamily or branch.
224:colonists reached the area of
172:or subgroup within the larger
1:
584:Johnstone and Mandryk, 2001
200:. The Grebo population in
27:Ethnic group in West Africa
1098:
685:Liberian-Grebo War of 1876
252:
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412:Second Liberian Civil War
1082:Ethnic groups in Liberia
975:Ethnic groups in Liberia
759:Liberia Past and Present
515:Erythrophleum suaveolens
408:First Liberian Civil War
389:sociolinguistic language
156:Portrait of Grebo people
729:Encyclopædia Britannica
697:Report on Liberia, 1985
64:more precise citations.
876:
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480:Local adepts practice
333:by rewriting it in an
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118:by rewriting it in an
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18:Grebo (ethnic group)
773:William Wadé Harris
544:Virilocal residence
394:in the counties of
937:Maryland in Africa
781:2007-03-23 at the
335:encyclopedic style
322:is written like a
290:Maryland in Africa
276:language continuum
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120:encyclopedic style
107:is written like a
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687:, Global Security
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914:Routledge.
572:References
498:witchcraft
482:divination
476:Divination
216:Definition
45:references
848:dynamic."
672:and also
621:ISO 639-3
608:ISO 639-2
566:Diglossia
520:guineense
510:sassywood
469:Kru Money
404:Grand Kru
400:River Gee
303:Attitudes
176:group of
779:Archived
506:sasswood
396:Maryland
367:historic
249:Language
939:, 1853.
599:, 1993
526:Exogamy
486:scrying
422:Culture
329:Please
182:Liberia
114:Please
58:improve
1026:Kpelle
996:Gbandi
906:Press.
736:Krumen
402:, and
234:Glebo.
206:Krumen
178:Africa
47:, but
1051:Mende
1031:Krahn
1021:Kissi
1011:Grebo
991:Congo
986:Bassa
836:mate.
604:Grebo
540:taboo
432:sande
392:Grebo
375:Grebo
232:, or
166:Glebo
162:Grebo
1046:Mano
1041:Loma
1016:Jabo
1006:Gola
828:Jabo
536:clan
428:poro
410:and
369:and
196:and
188:and
160:The
1056:Vai
1036:Kru
1001:Gio
893:.
657:grb
639:doi
597:SIL
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500:is
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