Greece during World War I - Knowledge (XXG)

1663: 667:) in exchange for Bulgarian entry into the war on the Allies' side. Venizelos argued in favour of the proposal, but again the opinion of Metaxas was negative, for much the same reasons: according to Metaxas, the Austrians were likely to defeat the Serbian army before a Greek mobilization could be completed, and Bulgaria was likely to flank any Greek forces fighting against the Austrians, while a Romanian intervention would not be decisive. Metaxas judged that even if Bulgaria joined the Allies, it still would not suffice to shift the balance in Central Europe in the Allies' favour. He therefore recommended the presence of four Allied army corps in Macedonia as the minimum necessary force for any substantial aid to the Greeks and Serbs. Furthermore, he noted that a Greek entry into the war would once again expose the Greeks of Asia Minor to Turkish reprisals. Venizelos rejected this report and recommended entry into the war in a memorandum to the King, provided that Bulgaria and Romania also joined the Allies. The situation changed almost immediately when a large German loan to Bulgaria, and the conclusion of a Bulgarian-Ottoman agreement for the shipment of war material through Bulgaria, became known. On 15 February, the Allies reiterated their request and even offered to send Anglo-French troops to 631:

initiative ran contrary to the Allies' intentions at the time, which were focused on enticing Bulgaria to join their cause, even offering her territorial concessions at the expense of Serbia, Romania, and Greece. For his part, Venizelos sought to counter such Allied designs by threatening the Allied governments with resignation, an eventuality which opened up the prospect of a pro-German government in Athens. Russia, which pressed for more concessions to Bulgaria, considered her geopolitical interests best served if Greece remained neutral. In addition, a Greek entry into the war on the Allied side might also precipitate the entry of the Ottomans on the side of the Central Powers, a prospect of particular concern to the British, who feared an adverse impact on the millions of Muslim colonial subjects of the British Empire should the Ottoman Caliph declare war on Britain. As a result, only Britain replied to Venizelos' offer of alliance, to the effect that as long as the Ottomans remained neutral, Greece should do the same, whereas if Turkey entered the war, Greece would be welcome as an ally.

880:, thus cutting off the Serbs from the Allied forces assembling in Thessaloniki. In an attempt to link up with the retreating Serbs, Sarrail launched an attack against Skopje on 3–13 November, but the French government ordered him to stop his advance. A Serbian attack on the 20th was fought off by the Bulgarians, and any hope of the Serbs linking up with Sarrail's forces evaporated. As a result, though under constant pursuit, the remnants of the Serbian army retreated into Albania, aiming to reach the shores of the Adriatic, while Sarrail ordered his own forces to withdraw south towards Thessaloniki, re-crossing the Greek frontier on 13 December 1915. As the Bulgarians followed closely behind the Allies and attacked them during their retreat, there was concern that they would simply continue on past the border. Lt. General Moschopoulos' requests for instructions to Athens went unanswered, but on his own initiative he deployed the 1316:, while the fortifications of the Kavala Fortress area had not been completed. On 15 August, Athens ordered the Kavala Fortress command to dismantle its artillery and machine guns, while on 18 August, orders were given to all divisional commands to avoid clashes and withdraw their units to the divisional bases, and that the cities, including Serres and Drama, were to be abandoned, if necessary, and the available troops to retreat to Kavala. As the Bulgarian advance continued, sporadic clashes erupted in places, while elsewhere Greek units, such as the 18th Regiment and the 5th Division, were encircled and disarmed. One by one, Hatzopoulos lost contact with IV Corps' units and forts, while such units as could be headed for Kavala, accompanied by the civilian population, which fled the Bulgarian advance and the atrocities of irregular 1418:. On the next day, however, he was confronted by German demands to concentrate his forces inland at Drama. As this amounted to capture by the Bulgarians, he played for time and proposed that his forces were instead transported to Germany. A war council of his commanders, however, decided to approach the Allies with the intention of transferring the troops to southern Greece. During the same night, embarkation resumed in great disorder, but when Hatzopoulos himself approached a British vessel, a representative of the National Defence informed him that the ship's captain a pledge of support to the Thessaloniki regime before he could be allowed on board. Refusing, Hatzopoulos returned to Kavala where complete chaos reigned; those who could embark did so, the prisons were thrown open, and widespread looting occurred. 1651: 1210: 756:

mobilization, Greece could muster only 160,000 men against 300,000 Bulgarians. As the Serbs were too hard-pressed to divert any troops to assist Greece, on 22 September Venizelos asked the Anglo-French to assume that role. The Allies gave a favourable reply on 24 September, but they did not have the 150,000 men required; as a result, the King, the Army Staff Service, and large part of the opposition preferred to remain neutral until the Allies could guarantee effective support. Venizelos, however, asked the French ambassador to send Allied troops to Thessaloniki as quickly as possible, but to give a warning of 24 hours to the Greek government; Greece would lodge a formal complaint at the violation of its neutrality, but then accept the

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leave Kavala on the same day. On the same day, the government in Athens finally realized that events in Kavala had taken a course contrary to the German and Bulgarian assurances. Its orders to seek embarkation by all means possible, including on Allied ships, and rescue as many of the men and material as possible, arrived at Kavala at 21:00. It was too late; most of the units still under Hatzopoulos' command—over 400 officers and 6,000 other ranks—were moving north into territory held by the Bulgarians, arriving at Drama on 12 September. Most of the material was left behind and eventually taken over by the Bulgarians. Between 15–27 September, Hatzopoulos and his men were moved by train to

781:, unaware of the diplomatic manoeuvres, refused them entry pending instructions from Athens. Venizelos was outraged that the Allies had not informed him as agreed, and refused to allow their disembarkation. After a tense day, the Allies agreed to halt their approach until the Allied diplomats could arrange matters with Venizelos in Athens. Finally, during the night of 1–2 October, Venizelos gave the green light for the disembarkation, which began on the same morning. The Allies issued a communique justifying their landing as a necessary measure to secure their lines of communication with Serbia, to which the Greek government replied with a protest but no further actions. 1459:, Venizelist officers rose up and declared themselves for the National Defence Committee and against the King's government. The Bulgarian occupation of eastern Macedonia, accompanied by reports of atrocities, and the surrender of IV Corps, enraged Greek public opinion, but only served to deepen its division; the pro-Venizelos faction regarded this as one more incentive for entering the war on the Allied side, while the pro-neutral side put the blame on the Allies' presence in Macedonia. As for the Allies, they considered the entire sequence of affairs an elaborate deception staged by the royalist Greek government in concert with the Central Powers. 1262:

forces from Thessaloniki before backing down. In mid-July, a French-controlled newspaper published articles insulting the King and the Greek officer corps. Its editor was beaten up by Greek officers, who were then arrested by Moschopoulos, but Sarrail, who claimed that this was an insult to the French flag, sent an armed detachment to seize them and try them in a French court-martial. The Greek government eventually secured their return and regular trial by Greek authorities. At the same time, the royalists also began organizing against a potential threat to the throne: demobilized officers and soldiers were organized in the "

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Bulgarian attack rather than interfere with the Allies. Nevertheless, on 21 November the Allies occupied Milos, and two days later demanded formal and categorical assurances that their forces would enjoy freedom of movement and action in and around Thessaloniki; Skouloudis accepted, but two days later, the demands were upped, by demanding the removal of the Greek army from Thessaloniki, the placing of all roads and railroads in the direction of Serbia under Allied disposal, the permission to fortify the environs of Thessaloniki and Chalcidice, and unrestricted movement of the Allied fleets in Greek waters.

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new agreement between Greece and the Allies regarding their armies in Macedonia by demanding the same rights of free movement in Greek territory. To these demands, the Greek government answered on 22 December that it would not actively oppose a Central Powers invasion of its territory, provided that the Bulgarians did not participate or at least stayed out of the cities, and the command of the operations was in German hands; that Bulgaria issued no territorial demands; that the Central Powers forces would withdraw once their objectives were met; and that the Greek authorities remain in place.

728:. Venizelos ordered a Greek counter-mobilization on 23 September. While 24 classes of men were called to arms, the mobilization proceeded with numerous difficulties and delays, as infrastructure or even military registers were lacking in the areas recently acquired during the Balkan Wars. Five army corps and 15 infantry divisions were eventually mobilized, but there were insufficient officers to man all the units, reservists tarried in presenting themselves to the recruiting stations, and there was a general lack of means of transport to bring them to their units. In the end, only the 1402: 1537: 1187:, and the bridge over the Strymon at Koula, until Mavroudis ordered his guns to open fire upon them. They then halted and withdrew back over the border. However, at 15:05, orders arrived from Athens mandating the withdrawal of Greek covering forces without resistance. At Rupel, Mavroudis still refused to surrender the fort without explicit instructions, until Athens authorized his withdrawal. The fort was surrendered and the garrison withdrew on 27 May, allowing the German-Bulgarian forces unimpeded access to the Strymon valley and eastern Macedonia. 517: 643:. The suggestion was quickly dropped, because the Allies continued insisting on concessions to Bulgaria, but precipitated a major crisis between Venizelos and the King, like the latter, against Venizelos' recommendations, refused to agree to participate in an Allied attack on the Ottomans unless Turkey attacked first. On 7 September, Venizelos submitted his resignation, along with a memorandum outlining his geopolitical considerations; bowing to his Prime Minister's popularity and parliamentary support, the King rejected the resignation. 1639: 1391: 910: 1615: 1336:" engulfing Greek society. On the same day, a large Venizelist rally was held at Athens, with Venizelos as the main speaker. In his speech, Venizelos accused King Constantine of pro-German sentiments, and publicly announced that he was forced to oppose him. Two days later on 29 August, the anti-Venizelist and pro-neutral camp held its own rally, where the former prime ministers Gounaris, Rallis, Dragoumis, as well as the head of the Reservists, fiercely denounced Venizelos as an agent of foreign powers. 1518: 1156:. The garrison provided no resistance, in accordance with its instructions. In the wake of this, the Greek forces evacuated the area from the Vardar to Dova Tepe. As a result, the Greek forces found themselves in two widely separate concentrations: V Corps (8th, 9th, 15th Divisions) and IV Corps (5th, 6th, 7th Divisions) in eastern Macedonia, and III Corps (10th, 11th, 12th Divisions) and the Greek forces in Thessaly to the west. Second, the Germans notified Athens that they wanted to occupy the 591:(in the first instance Bulgaria, but ultimately represented by Russia) against which Germany supposedly fought, as well as by his belief that the traditional European balance of power would not be upset by the war, leaving little room for territorial gains by Greece in the event of her participation in the conflict. In particular, and in contrast to Venizelos, Streit believed that even if they won, the Allies would respect the territorial integrity of both Austria–Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. 1275: 1145:. The Ministry of Military affairs immediately issued orders for all covering forces to be withdrawn so as to avoid contact with the German–Bulgarian forces. If the latter targeted Greek forts, the latter had to be evacuated and their armament destroyed. However, on 10 May, this order was rescinded as the government feared lest the Bulgarians take advantage of it unilaterally, and the Greek forces were ordered to oppose with arms any incursion of more than 500m into Greek soil. 1662: 443:, threatening a breach of relations and even war if the persecutions were not stopped. On the next day, Greece requested the assistance of Serbia should matters come to a head, but on 16 June, the Serbian government replied that due to the country's exhaustion after the Balkan Wars, and the hostile stance of Albania and Bulgaria, Serbia could not commit to Greece's aid and recommended that war be avoided. On 19 June 1914, the Army Staff Service, under Lt. Colonel 1627: 1674: 635:

matter of time. For the King and his advisors, however, any action hostile to Germany was to be avoided, and that included opposing any Bulgarian attack on Serbia, if that was done in alliance with Germany. King Constantine and Streit considered ousting the Prime Minister, but hesitated doing so given Venizelos' considerable parliamentary majority; instead, on 18 August, the same day that Venizelos submitted his proposals to the Allies, Streit resigned.

526: 1134: 1589:, assumed the throne as king (despite the wishes of most Venizelists to declare a Republic). Venizelos assumed control of the entire country, while royalists and other political opponents of Venizelos were exiled or imprisoned. Greece, by now united under a single government, officially declared war against the Central Powers on 30 June 1917 and would eventually raise 10 divisions for the Entente effort, alongside the Royal Hellenic Navy. 713: 1201: 1130:

delayed as the demands placed by the ongoing Battle of Verdun on the Western Front did not allow the transfer of more troops to Macedonia, but conversely, the Allies sought to tie down German and Austrian forces that had begun to withdraw in Macedonia. As a result, on 12 March 1916, the Allied forces exited the Salonica camp and approached the Greek frontier, where they came into contact with Central Powers forces.

1032: 1581:, when Entente and Venizelist troops clashed with royalists in the streets of the Greek capital. The royalist officers of the Hellenic Army were cashiered, and troops were conscripted to fight under Venizelist officers, as was the case with the Royal Hellenic Navy. Still, King Constantine, who enjoyed the protection of the Russian Tsar as a relative and fellow monarch, could not be removed until after the 808:

instead a joint offensive against Bulgaria, with the Greeks attacking along the Nestos and Strymon valleys, the Allies from the Vardar valley, and the Serbs joining in. Milovanović informed Metaxas that the pressure on the Serbian Army left them unable to spare forces for any such operation. On 10 October, the Zaimis government officially informed Serbia that it could not come to her aid. Even an offer of

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government even further towards a pro-Allied course. Thus, when on 25 July the Serbian government requested Greece's aid under the terms of their alliance, Venizelos replied on 2 August that Greece would remain a friendly neutral. The Greek prime minister argued that an important clause in the alliance agreement was rendered impossible: Serbia had undertaken to provide 150,000 troops in the area of

688:, who formed his government on 10 March. On 12 March, the new government suggested to the Allies its willingness to join them, under certain conditions. The Allies, however, expected a victory of Venizelos in the forthcoming elections and were in no hurry to commit themselves. Thus on 12 April, they replied to Gounaris' proposal, offering territorial compensation in vague terms the 389: 790: 549:

which case the entire balance of power in the Balkans would be jeopardized. Furthermore, as it quickly became evident that the conflict would not remain localized but expand to a general European war, any previous considerations by the Balkan countries were upended. This was notably the case for Greece and Romania: both had a stake in maintaining the favourable

31: 1121:, to Thessaloniki. Skouloudis vehemently rejected this request, and a heated quarrel with the French ambassador ensued. The breach between the Greek and Allied governments was further deepened when the French rejected a request for a 150 million Franc loan on 23 April, only for Athens to agree to a similar loan from Germany instead. 1414:, who agreed to board his unit on Allied ships and join the National Defence in Thessaloniki. On the next day, the Bulgarians demanded to occupy the heights north of Kavala, leaving the city entirely defenceless. On 9 September, Hatzopoulos thwarted an attempt to embark his units on Allied ships; only a handful sailed for 699:, and Venizelos again formed a government on 30 August, with the firm intention of bringing Greece into the war on the side of the Allies. In the meantime, on 3 August, the British formally requested, on behalf of the Allies, the cession of Kavala to Bulgaria; this was rejected on 12 August, before Venizelos took office. 1362:, and with the encouragement and support of Sarrail, had been engaged in a conspiracy to foment a revolt among the Greek military forces in Macedonia and lead them into war against Bulgaria. On 30 August, a "Committee of National Defence" (Ἐπιτροπή Ἐθνικής Ἀμύνης) announced its existence and called for a revolt. The 1104:. The already tense political situation in Greece was worsened by the active propaganda carried out by the warring coalitions, with the Central Powers stoking resentment at heavy-handed Allied actions, and the Allies urging Greece to side with them against its traditional rivals, the Bulgarians and the Turks. As the 692:—anything more concrete was impossible since at the same time the Allies were negotiating with Italy on her own demands in the same area—while making no mention of Greece's territorial integrity vis-a-vis Bulgaria, as Venizelos had already proven himself willing to countenance the cession of Kavala to Bulgaria. 1304:

The Zaimis government, on the other hand, made an offer to the Allies of entering the war in exchange for financial support and a guarantee regarding the country's territorial integrity. It received no answer, and as a result, the government decided not to offer resistance to the Bulgarian advance in

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on 28 December for use as a base of operations. On the same day, three German airplanes bombed British positions in Thessaloniki, after which Sarrail arrested all foreign consuls in the city and detained them on an Allied warship. Allied encroachments on Greek sovereignty continued to gather pace: on

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began, with naval bombardments of the Ottoman forts there. Venizelos decided to offer an army corps and the entire Greek fleet to assist the Allies, making an official offer on 1 March, despite the King's reservations. This caused Metaxas to resign on the next day, while meetings of the Crown Council

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These initiatives deepened the rift between Venizelos and the camp around the King. Venizelos anticipated a Bulgarian attack on Serbia either as a member of the Central Powers or independently; since that would be contrary to Greek interests, Greece's entry into the war on the Allies' side was only a

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was increased to 450,000 men during the same period; a multinational force comprising British, French, Serbian, Italian, Russian, and Greek units, it was hampered by poor supply lines and the complications of Allied politics. On the other side, the front was held mostly by the Bulgarian army, backed

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The events in Thessaloniki made an adverse impression in southern Greece, and the returning officers were given a heroes' welcome. Even Venizelos and many of his leading supporters condemned it as illegal and premature. In Thessaloniki too, the establishment of the new regime, headed by Zymvrakakis,

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On 8 June, in an effort to reduce the financial burden on the state and appease Sarrail's suspicions about a stab in the back, Athens decided to begin the demobilization of the Greek army: 12 older classes were demobilized entirely, while a two-month furlough was given to those hailing from southern

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On 2 December, Serbia repeated its request for Greek assistance, which was supported by the Allied governments. Venizelos asked Metaxas for the Army Staff Service's evaluation of the situation. The opinion of the latter was that without a simultaneous entry of Romania into the war on the side of the

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Already on 7 August, Venizelos sounded out the Allies by submitting a proposal for a Balkan bloc against Austria–Hungary, with wide-ranging territorial concessions and swaps among the Balkan states. The plan led nowhere, primarily due to Russian involvement in the affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia, but

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and the General Staff, were convinced of Germany's eventual triumph and furthermore sympathized with the German militarist political system. As Greece was highly vulnerable to the Allied navies and thus unable to openly side with the Central Powers, Constantine and his supporters argued for firm and

1480:, in order to guard against an Austrian invasion of northern Albania. The Greek forces in the area, 16th Division under V Corps, had been scaled down considerably following the June demobilization, and its commander, Major General Georgios Mavrogiannis, was unable to offer any effective resistance. 1446:

In Thessaloniki, the National Defence Committee formed Christodoulou's men, along with the few troops to join the uprising in Thessaloniki, into the "1st National Defence Battalion", which was sent to the Strymon front on 28 September, while the Athens government, ordered all its forces to withdraw

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The complete acceptance of the Allied demands by Athens did not prevent Sarrail from trying further provocations: in late June, he demanded to be given command of the Greek Gendarmerie in his zone of operations; when this was refused, the French general demanded the immediate departure of all Greek

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In the event, the Serbian army was moved by ship to Macedonia, where it was grouped into three field armies. The addition of the 130,000 Serbs gave the Allies over 300,000 men in Macedonia, raising the prospect of an Allied offensive that might draw Romania into the war on the Allied side. This was

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Faced with the prospect of an initially localized Austro-Serbian war, the Greek leadership was unanimous that the country would remain neutral despite the mutual assistance terms of the alliance with Serbia. Greece was prepared to enter the conflict only in the event of a Bulgarian intervention, in

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During the autumn, the military situation in the Balkans developed rapidly. During September–December, the Romanian army was defeated and almost the entire country occupied by the Central Powers. On the other hand, the Allies had some successes in the Macedonian front, pushing the Bulgarian forces

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On the morning of the next day, the Germans informed Hatzopoulos that they agreed to accept to move the IV Corps to Germany, where they would be interned as "guests" rather than prisoners of war, with their personal weapons. However, the Germans insisted that the entire force had to move north and

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On 23 August, the Allies announced a blockade of Kavala harbour. Over the same day and that following, the Bulgarians encircled the city and occupied the ring of fortresses around it. The 5th Division remained at Drama, but the 6th Division, except for its 16th Regiment (which remained at Serres),

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On the Central Powers' side, on 29 November 1915, Falkenhayn had publicly threatened that if Greece could not neutralize the Allied and Serbian forces on its soil, the Germans and their allies would cross the border and do it for them, and on 10 December, the German Foreign Ministry reacted to the

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to form a government. Zaimis was favourably disposed to the Allies, but the military situation was worse than a few months before: the Serbs were stretched to breaking point against the Austro-Germans, Romania remained staunchly neutral, Bulgaria was on the verge of entering the war on the side of

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as long as Greek interests were safeguarded. On 14 August 1914, Venizelos submitted a request to Britain, France, and Russia on their stance towards Greece, should the latter aid Serbia against Bulgaria and Turkey. This was followed on 18 August by a formal offer of alliance. Venizelos' diplomatic

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to guard against a Bulgarian attack. Furthermore, if Greece sent her army to fight the Austrians along the Danube, this would only incite a Bulgarian attack against both countries, which possessed insufficient forces to oppose it. On the other hand, Venizelos and King Constantine were in agreement

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This disagreement became evident as early as 6 August, when Streit clashed with Venizelos and submitted his resignation. Venizelos refused to accept it so as to avoid a political crisis, while the King also urged Streit to retract it, for fear that his replacement would allow Venizelos to push the

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parliamentary democracy that had emerged after 1909, whereas the King and his supporters represented the traditional elites. Constantine was profoundly impressed by German militarism, Streit was a major proponent of royalist and conservative ideas, while the highly influential Chief of the General

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in his home island of Crete, with the intention of forming a revolutionary government. Although Venizelos stressed that his initiative served national rather than narrow party, interests it was welcomed in Crete and the islands of the eastern Aegean, which had been only recently seized during the

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The mistrust between Sarrail and the Greek government was evident on 23 February when he visited King Constantine and Skouloudis to explain his unilateral actions in Macedonia. By that time, 133,000 Serbian soldiers had been evacuated to Corfu. Over 3,000 died of dysentery and typhus during their

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In early September, the ongoing negotiations between Greece and the Ottoman Empire were stopped, as the Ottomans drifted further towards entry into the war, despite Berlin's urging them to refrain from actions that might drive Greece into the Allied camp. At the same time, Britain suggested staff

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where Greece's interests lay. Venizelos also considered that Greece's two main rivals, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, were likely to join the Central Powers since their interests aligned with those of Germany. The conflict with the Ottomans over the islands of the eastern Aegean, or the pogroms

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managed to escape to Thasos, where Christodoulou managed to rally the majority into supporting the National Defence Committee. The rest, including most of the 7th Field Artillery Regiment, remained loyal to the King and were transported to southern Greece. The guns and equipment of the 7th Field

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In eastern Macedonia, the remnants of IV Corps were still isolated from one another and surrounded by Bulgarian forces. Officers who had left from Kavala for Thessaloniki were sent back to urge the 6th Division to join the uprising: on 5 September, they met with the divisional commander, Colonel

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or Katerini were to be resisted. In this way, Macedonia would be left uncontested for the Allies and Central Powers to fight, while the remainder of Greece remained neutral. In late January, the Greek government submitted a broadly similar proposal, developed by Metaxas, to the Allies; while the

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against them should not be missed. While for the moment Venizelos was prepared to remain neutral as the best course of action, his ultimate aim was to enter the war on the side of the Allied Powers should Bulgaria attack Serbia or should the Allies make proposals that would satisfy Greek claims.

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The Bulgarian advance in the Florina area was reversed after the Allied offensive which began on 12 September, but it had led to rumours that they would join with the Greek forces in Thessaly to attack the Allied forces from the rear. Given the Allies' heavy distrust towards Athens, the Italian

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Greece. This was not enough, and on 21 June, the Allied ambassadors demanded the complete demobilization of the army, the resignation of the government, and new elections. Informed in advance of these demands, Skouloudis had already resigned and King Constantine entrusted the veteran politician

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visited Athens to elicit the new government's intentions, Metaxas informed him that if Greece sent two army corps to Serbia, eastern Macedonia would be left defenceless, so that the line of communication of both the Serbs and the Greek forces would be cut off by the Bulgarians. Metaxas proposed

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in the east to the Vardar river in the west. The eastern portion of this front was held by the British, and the western third by the French. On 16 January 1916, Sarrail was appointed Allied commander-in-chief in Macedonia. The bulk of the Greek forces in the area assembled in eastern Macedonia

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by the Allied navies. Meanwhile, Greek merchant shipping was detained in Allied harbours and an unofficial embargo placed on Greece. On 19 November, the Greek government informed the Allies that their forces would not be disarmed, and that Greek forces in Macedonia were there to defend against

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Despite Greece remaining officially neutral, by September 1916 the country was effectively a battleground in the war. The Bulgarians occupied eastern Macedonia, while relations with the Allies were marked by deep hostility and mistrust. After repeated calls from Thessaloniki, on 25 September,

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Furthermore, on 6 June, a formal, albeit partial, blockade against Greece was imposed by the Allies. Greek ships were liable to be stopped and searched, while those in Allied harbours were detained in port. The French also took over control of the Thessaloniki harbour. The Greek government's

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As the likelihood of a Bulgarian entry into the war on the side of the Central Powers loomed larger, the Serbs requested Greek assistance in virtue of the terms of the treaty of alliance. Again, however, the issue of Serbian assistance against Bulgaria around Gevgelija was raised: even after

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in the Balkans, but their interests diverged. Thus, once Romania declared its neutrality and refused to undertake any commitments in the event of a Bulgarian attack on Serbia, Greece could not count on Romanian assistance against Bulgaria or the Ottomans, and was, in the view of Venizelos,

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would remain in Greek hands; on the other hand, the Greek government promised not to interfere with any Allied measures to fortify their positions, and would remain neutral if Allied activity caused a third power to invade Greek territory. The Allies withdrew from Milos, while the Greek

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The whole series of events in the winter of 1915/1916 was indicative of the hopeless legal and political imbroglio that the Greek government found itself. This was now firmly in the hands of the anti-Venizelist faction, as Venizelos and his supporters boycotted the

684:(the King, Venizelos, and the living former prime ministers) on 3 and 5 March proved indecisive. King Constantine decided to keep the country neutral, whereupon Venizelos submitted his resignation on 6 March 1915. This time it was accepted, and he was replaced by 557:

Furthermore, the Greek political leadership was divided in its views on the likely outcome of the war, and hence on the most appropriate Greek policy regarding the combatant coalitions. Prime Minister Venizelos believed that even if Germany and her allies in the

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area would expose the Allied flank to Bulgarian attacks, while conversely, the presence of the Greek army in Katerini would cover the Germans' right flank. Furthermore, by the terms of Metaxas' proposal, the Allies would lose access to the ports of Katerini and

1092:, which was seized by French troops on the next day. In order to impede a possible Bulgarian advance, on 12 January, Sarrail ordered several railway bridges blown up, and on 28 January, French troops seized the Karabournou Fortress to control the entry to the 943:

In the meantime, Greece descended further into political crisis: on the night of 3–4 November, the Zaimis government was voted down in Parliament, in a session in which the Minister of Military Affairs and a Venizelist MP came to blows. King Constantine named

1160:, east of Lake Kerkini, in response to the Allies' crossing the Strymon River. The Greek government protested that this was not the case, but on 22 May 1916, the Bulgarian and German governments formally notified Athens of their intention to occupy Rupel. 1108:

of Greece, Britain, France, and Russia further claimed a right to intervene as the Greek government had violated both the alliance with Serbia and the Greek constitution by organizing what the Allies (and the Venizelists) regarded as illegal elections.

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gained the support of the Gendarmerie and a large part of the populace, armed by the French and backed by French troops and armoured cars. The regular Greek military units mostly proved loyal to the government, but Moschopoulos' deputy, Colonel

956:, according to which the Allied forces would have to be disarmed once crossing into Greek soil. This created uproar among the Allied governments, who began clamouring for the evacuation of the Greek army from Macedonia, and the occupation of 1232:

The surrender of Rupel was a shock to Greek public opinion and a catalyst for the relations between Greece and the Allies: on 3 June, while the Greek authorities were celebrating King Constantine's birthday in Thessaloniki, Sarrail imposed

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In addition, the King and his military advisors regarded the German army as invincible, while their differences with Venizelos exposed far deeper ideological divergences in Greek society as well: Venizelos represented the middle-class,

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on 30 May 1918. Later in 1918, the Allied forces drove their offensive from Greece into occupied Serbia. In September of that year, Allied forces (French, Greek, Serb, Italian, and British troops), under the command of French general

1179:(about 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the south) for possible assistance. Despite repeated warnings that they would resist any attempt to seize Rupel and that Athens had been notified, three German-Bulgarian columns moved to capture 797:

Following this event, Venizelos presented to Parliament his case for participation in the war, securing 152 votes in favour to 102 against on 5 October. On the next day, however, King Constantine dismissed Venizelos and called upon

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to Thessaly. Major General Paraskevopoulos was named commander of III Corps (Moschopoulos had been recalled to Athens to become chief of the Army Staff Service) to oversee the operation. Paraskevopoulos disobeyed, and remained at

1371:, sought to avoid bloodshed and a direct confrontation with the Allies. By nightfall of 31 August, the Greek soldiers had surrendered, and Trikoupis with the loyal officers was on board a French steamship bound for Piraeus. 434:, signed on 1 June 1913, which promised reciprocal military assistance in case of an attack by a third party, referring to Bulgaria. However, in the spring and summer of 1914, Greece found itself in a confrontation with the 650:

On 24 January 1915, the British offered Greece "significant territorial concessions in Asia Minor" if it would enter the war in support of Serbia, and in exchange for satisfying some of the Bulgarian territorial demands in

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Leontaritis, Georgios; Oikonomou, Nikolaos & Despotopoulos, Alexandros (1978). "Ἡ Ἑλλάς καὶ ὁ Α′ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος" [Greece and World War I]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).

1702:

with the Allies in Thessaloniki on 29 September 1918. By October, the Allies-including the Greeks under Franchet d'Espèrey, had re-taken all of Serbia and were ready to invade Hungary when Hungarian authorities offered

888:

pressed to complete the victory in Serbia by clearing Albania and evicting the Allies from Thessaloniki, and forcing Greece and Romania to enter the war on the side of the Central Powers, the German high command, under

1650: 438:

over the status of the eastern Aegean islands, coupled with a naval race between the two countries and persecutions of the Greeks in Asia Minor. On 11 June, the Greek government issued an official protest to the

1113:

stay there, but they were also re-equipped with French arms and formed into six divisions. The Allies planned to move them to Macedonia, and consequently, on 5 April, they demanded that they be moved by ship to

1257:

with forming a government and satisfying the Allied demands. Elections were proclaimed for 8 October, the army was demobilized, and even a few police officers whose dismissal had been requested were replaced.

1245:

protests, which extended to neutral countries, including the United States, were regarded by the Allies as a hostile gesture. The French played the leading role in these events, led by Sarrail and ambassador

1324:

managed to reach Kavala on 4 September. Only after 27 August, through German intervention, was the resupply of the isolated Greek garrisons allowed, which led to the relaxing of the Allied blockade as well.

948:

as the new Prime Minister, with the same cabinet; the new prime minister took over the Ministry of Foreign Affairs himself. On 11 November, Parliament was dissolved again and elections set for 19 December.

1083:

While Athens tried to maintain a balance between the warring coalitions and defend what remained of the country's neutrality, the Allies imposed a limited embargo on coal and wheat imports and seized

1560:

Balkan Wars (when Venizelos had been prime Minister), but found few supporters in "Old Greece", the pre-1912 territory of the kingdom. Venizelos was joined by two respected military figures, Admiral

831:, favoured a large-scale Allied operation in Macedonia against Bulgaria, but available forces were few; the British especially were loath to evacuate Gallipoli, while the French commander-in-chief, 1237:

in the city, occupying the customs, telegraph and post offices and the railways, and imposing a strict censorship regime on the press. A number of senior Greek officers, including the heads of the

571:

against the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire in particular, were fresh in his mind. Moreover, as the Ottomans were clearly drifting towards the German camp, the opportunity of joint action with the

1285:

The long-planned Allied offensive in what was now the Macedonian front had been delayed for 20 August, but on 17 August, the German and Bulgarian forces attacked the Serbian positions north of

3168:

Leontaritis, Georgios (1978). "Οἰκονομία καὶ κοινωνία ἀπὸ τὸ 1914 ὥς τὸ 1918" [Economy and Society from 1914 to 1918]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).

1320:. Hatzopoulos' requests to be allowed to mobilize reserves and receive reinforcements from the fleet were denied. By 22 August, eastern Macedonia was effectively under Bulgarian occupation. 823:

against Serbia, followed by a Bulgarian attack on 14 October, without prior declaration of war. The Bulgarian attack cut off the Serbian retreat south to Greece, forcing the Serbian army to

952:

The new government was pressured by Germany and Austria not to allow the Allies to withdraw into Greek territory, to which Skouloudis replied that Greece would implement the terms of the

1241:'s Macedonia command and the city's police, were expelled. Lt. General Moschopoulos took over their positions, as the senior official representative of the Greek government in the city. 1096:. Both steps were taken without the agreement of the Greek authorities or even consultation with General Mahon, but enraged Greek public opinion, which began to turn against the Allies. 3530: 1575:

Entente and Venizelist efforts to persuade the "official" royal government in Athens to abandon its neutrality and join them failed, and relations irreparably broke down during the

1375:

proved difficult, due to the reluctance of the people and the officer corps to support it. However, within a few days they were joined by other uprisings led by local politicians at

1171:, after notifying his superiors (6th Division and Thessaloniki Fortress Command), informed the approaching Germans of his orders to resist. The 6th Division commander, Major General 988:

This space was left to be defended by three French and five British divisions, which in December 1915–January 1916 entrenched themselves in a broad arc around Thessaloniki, from the

292: 1472:, had been claimed by Greece due to its large ethnic Greek population and the fact that it had been captured during the Balkan Wars. It had been assigned to Albania in the 1913 1058:

On 6 January, Germany declared its willingness to respect Greek sovereignty, provided that the Greek army withdrew from the border area, with its bulk retiring west behind the

467:

so as to force the Ottomans to negotiate. However, on the previous day, the Ottoman government had suggested joint talks, and the tension eased enough for Greek Prime Minister

59: 4133: 3593: 1175:, mobilized his forces and issued orders to resist any attack, while sending word to Athens, IV Corps, and notifying the Allied forces that had advanced up to the village of 282: 3560: 3465: 3555: 884:

to cover the border with at least a token force. In the event, the Central Powers halted before the Greek border, for the time being. Although the Austrian commander

3425: 3212: 1209: 3719: 1638: 1427: 4273: 3400: 1071:

British military attache and Sarrail initially accepted it, the French government decided to reject it, regarding it as a trap: the evacuation of the Nigrita–

4173: 3631: 3455: 174: 447:, presented a study it had prepared on possible military options against Turkey. This found that the only truly decisive manoeuvre, a landing of the entire 1281:

cartoon chastising King Constantine for his inaction during the Bulgarian invasion of Macedonia, represented by King Ferdinand entering through the window.

3758: 3267: 1569: 1545: 725: 1710:

The Greek military suffered an estimated 5,000 deaths from their nine divisions that participated in the war. The total casualties exceeded 24,000 men.

935: 824: 647:

Allies, Greece's position was too risky. Following the firm refusal of Romania to be drawn into the conflict at this time, the proposal was scuttled.

487: 3695: 1405:

Colonel Christodoulou (centre) is welcomed to Thessaloniki by Major General Zymvrakakis (third from right) and other members of the National Defence

1101: 52: 3586: 4168: 1289:, which they captured on the same night. The Central Powers' advance continued in the west, where they clashed not only with the Serbians around 671:. However, the Greek government again refused, its final decision again hinging on the stance of Romania, which again decided to remain neutral. 3636: 4230: 3435: 3374: 3181: 3158: 3087: 3068: 3026: 1148:

On the same day, two events of major importance occurred. First, French battalions seized the Greek fort of Dova Tepe, located between lakes

170: 1468:

government seized upon these rumours to advocate for the expulsion of the Greek forces from southern Albania. This area, known to Greeks as

3868: 3787: 3485: 1355: 696: 1476:, but the Greek army had re-occupied it, with Allied consent, in late 1914; at the same time Italy had seized the area around the port of 4334: 3685: 3242: 3205: 45: 1585:

in Russia removed the Russian monarchy from the picture. In June 1917, King Constantine abdicated from the throne, and his second son,

845: 721: 431: 3579: 953: 403:

with her territory almost doubled, but found herself in a difficult international situation. The status of the Greek-occupied eastern

4187: 3737: 3728: 1739: 1363: 1345: 316: 3724: 3520: 3108: 3049: 1751: 1626: 968:

Following negotiations on 9–10 December at Thessaloniki between Sarrail and Mahon on the one side and Moschopoulos and Lt. Colonel

4329: 3277: 854: 763: 4192: 1572:. Soon recognized by the Allies, the new regime declared war on Germany and Bulgaria on 23 October and 24 October respectively. 1301:, and approached Kavala. This led the Allies to cross the Strymon as well, but their first attacks were held by the Bulgarians. 587:"permanent" neutrality. The thinking of Streit, the King's main political advisor on the subject, was influenced by his fear of 4216: 4109: 3379: 1614: 1500:

back in several places, before the front stabilized during the winter. Thereafter both sides settled in into relatively static

1088:

10 January 1916, the Allied ambassadors announced that the Serbian troops would be ferried from Albania to the Greek island of

1022: 850: 820: 749: 4355: 3856: 3344: 3339: 3198: 1598: 1387:; in all cases, the loyalist officers were expelled and the entry of Greece into the war on the side of the Allies demanded. 255: 238: 97: 3883: 1695: 885: 804: 1435: 803:

the Central Powers, and the Allies had few reserves to provide any practical aid to Greece. When the Serbian staff colonel

4099: 3500: 3480: 3359: 328: 4244: 4177: 4148: 3807: 3651: 3460: 3364: 3334: 3308: 3303: 3247: 1698:, broke through the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Bulgarian lines along the Macedonian front. Bulgaria later signed the 1401: 4259: 1509:

by a few German and Ottoman battalions; the German high command was content to follow a defensive stance in Macedonia.

1484:

was captured by the Italians on 30 August, and the rest of Northern Epirus followed in October: the Italians landed at

451:

in Asia Minor, was impossible due to the hostility of Bulgaria. Instead, Metaxas proposed the sudden occupation of the

4206: 4027: 3841: 3490: 3410: 1723: 1689:

stayed mostly stable throughout the war. In May 1918, Greek forces attacked Bulgarian forces and defeated them at the

921:

on the one, and Kaiser Wilhelm, assisted by Ferdinand of Bulgaria, on the other. Satirical cartoon in the style of an

836: 1529:, at the presentation of the regimental flags for the first units raised by the revolutionary regime to fight in the 1294: 3626: 3525: 3470: 3430: 3420: 3415: 3272: 1536: 1249:, who pressed for no less than the overthrow of King Constantine, while the British opposed such extreme measures. 870: 866: 773:

However, the Allies failed to inform Athens, leading to a tense stand-off. When the Allied warships arrived in the

3863: 3515: 3293: 3237: 1505: 1105: 778: 245: 1568:, in the so-called "triumvirate" (τριανδρία). Together they landed at Thessaloniki on 9 October, and formed the 516: 4090: 3812: 3510: 3354: 3329: 1549: 1390: 1351: 4324: 1305:

eastern Macedonia, where the Greek position was precarious: following demobilization, IV Corps was left with

4309: 4183: 4123: 3938: 3700: 3621: 3538: 3534: 3450: 3252: 1690: 1473: 997:

east of the Strymon River, V Corps in the Nigrita area, and some support units of the I and II Corps around

729: 579: 535: 365: 275: 260: 250: 208: 151: 146: 131: 124: 90: 3890: 1718:

As Greece emerged victorious from World War I, it was rewarded with territorial acquisitions, specifically

4294: 4013: 4008: 3792: 3495: 3445: 3405: 3395: 3257: 1517: 1452: 1431: 1411: 1359: 1006: 994: 858: 745: 733: 336: 233: 228: 141: 4221: 4138: 3873: 3822: 3797: 3772: 3475: 3349: 3298: 1699: 1222:; Generals Sarrail (left) and Moschopoulos (right) watch the French anti-aircraft batteries shooting at 1002: 978: 909: 767: 741: 737: 572: 539: 468: 377: 369: 3002:

Petsalis-Diomidis, Nicholas. Greece at the Paris Peace Conference/1919. Inst. for Balkan Studies, 1978.

1463:

Greek evacuation of Northern Epirus, the collapse of Romania, and consolidation of the Macedonian Front

1168: 1141:

On 14 March, Falkenhayn informed the Greek government that German-Bulgarian troops would advance up to

972:

on the other, a compromise was achieved: the Greek 11th Division would remain in Thessaloniki, and the

4249: 4239: 3851: 3782: 1704: 1561: 1526: 989: 890: 881: 816: 287: 270: 156: 1246: 1184: 1172: 4211: 4143: 4104: 3963: 3827: 3646: 3369: 1735: 1586: 1582: 1313: 1045: 969: 945: 452: 416: 203: 112: 3016: 1274: 1142: 4268: 4018: 3983: 3978: 3968: 3958: 3948: 3836: 3802: 3777: 3680: 1565: 1522: 1368: 939:

A French column (left) and a Greek column (right) heading in opposite directions, 6 November 1915

922: 685: 680: 652: 456: 376:, the division of the state between two rival governments. Finally, Greece united and joined the 223: 198: 161: 117: 411:

continued to claim them, leading to a naval arms race and mass expulsions of ethnic Greeks from

3190: 1430:. About 2,000 men of the 6th Division, under Col. Christodoulou, as well as a battalion of the 4201: 4114: 3924: 3641: 3324: 3177: 3154: 3104: 3083: 3064: 3045: 3022: 1606: 1504:

across a 350 km wide front from the mountains of Albania to the Strymon River. Sarrail's

1254: 1238: 1219: 1133: 1066:

line, leaving only V Corps in the Kavala area, and that any Allied attempts to land at either

894: 799: 777:

on the morning of 30 September, the local Greek commander, the head of III Corps, Lt. General

424: 420: 353: 213: 1350:

Already since late 1915, Venizelist officers in Thessaloniki, led by 10th Division commander

1332:

On 27 August, Romania entered the war on the Allied side. The event laid bare the deepening "

486:

The anticipated conflict would emerge from a different quarter however, when on 28 June, the

4254: 4128: 4037: 4003: 3998: 3988: 3953: 3817: 3714: 3690: 3671: 3505: 1686: 1602: 1530: 927: 898: 525: 476: 265: 218: 190: 181: 136: 83: 4299: 4046: 3993: 3943: 3878: 3846: 3747: 3732: 3119:Επίτομη ιστορία της συμμετοχής του Ελληνικού Στρατού στον Πρώτο Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο 1914–1918 1678: 1469: 1333: 1041: 828: 583: 495: 491: 444: 373: 357: 309: 69: 1673: 985:, leaving the area between Thessaloniki and the northern Greek border devoid of troops. 752:

remained in Thessaloniki, rather than proceeding to the staging areas along the border.

712: 3904: 3895: 3038: 2267: 2265: 2081: 2079: 1727: 1719: 1501: 1489: 1290: 1164: 840: 563: 559: 435: 408: 404: 107: 1297:, as well as in eastern Macedonia, where Bulgarian forces crossed the Nestos river at 4349: 3973: 3123:

Concise History of the Hellenic Army's Participation in the First World War 1914–1918

2941: 2939: 1761: 1180: 1093: 1072: 998: 973: 832: 774: 758: 689: 660: 605: 448: 440: 102: 17: 3170:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΕ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1913 έως το 1941 3147:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΕ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1913 έως το 1941 2722: 2720: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2534: 2532: 2471: 2469: 2456: 2454: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2364: 2362: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2180: 2178: 1200: 1031: 4061: 3061:

The Politics of Diplomacy: Britain and France in the Balkans in the First World War

1298: 668: 664: 472: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1893: 1891: 1889: 812:

by the British on 16 October was not enough to alter the new government's stance.

3098: 1876: 1874: 1872: 3909: 3709: 3616: 3222: 1756: 1493: 1481: 1234: 1149: 1059: 862: 640: 600:

Staff Metaxas—who would later as dictator of Greece in 1936–1941 preside over a

588: 460: 400: 393: 361: 356:

remained neutral. Nonetheless, in October 1914, Greek forces once more occupied

349: 4304: 4085: 4056: 4051: 4032: 3914: 1577: 1485: 1423: 1395: 1380: 1263: 1176: 1157: 596: 388: 322: 4289: 3571: 3262: 1455:

was based, with the intention of joining the National Defence; likewise, in

914: 613: 567: 1191:

Martial law in Thessaloniki, Greek demobilization and the Zaimis government

893:, was eager to end operations so as to focus on his plan to win the war by 534:

The two protagonists of the Greek political scene during World War I: King

3174:

History of the Greek Nation, Volume XV: Modern Hellenism from 1913 to 1941

3151:

History of the Greek Nation, Volume XV: Modern Hellenism from 1913 to 1941

3138:

Greece and the First World War: from neutrality to intervention, 1917–1918

1668:

The Greek military flag used during the Victory Parade in Arc de Triomphe.

789: 617:

when they rejected a German demand on 27 July to join the Central Powers.

30: 1448: 1270:

Central Powers offensives and the Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia

1063: 918: 480: 464: 412: 905:

The Skouloudis government and the Allies; creation of the Salonica front

785:

Dismissal of Venizelos; the Zaimis government and the collapse of Serbia

4319: 1521:

The triumvirate of the National Defence government, Venizelos, General

1286: 1223: 1153: 1118: 982: 961: 601: 3129:

Kaloudis, George. "Greece and the Road to World War I: To What End?."

1312:

officers and 8,500 men, headed by the 7th Division commander, Colonel

1731: 1556: 1456: 1415: 1376: 1114: 1084: 1067: 877: 809: 656: 1167:

detected approaching German-Bulgarian columns. Its commander, Major

748:

Corps largely remained behind in "Old Greece". Likewise, III Corps'

2990: 2969: 2957: 2945: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2550: 2538: 2523: 2511: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2460: 2445: 2428: 2416: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2312: 2300: 2283: 2271: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2070: 2058: 2046: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1957: 1933: 1921: 1827: 1815: 1803: 1791: 1779: 1013:

German demands and encroachments of Greek sovereignty by the Allies

3125:] (in Greek). Athens: Hellenic Army History Directorate. 1993. 1672: 1535: 1516: 1477: 1400: 1389: 1384: 1273: 1132: 1089: 1077: 957: 934: 908: 788: 711: 626:

it did signal that Venizelos was ready to abandon the territorial

387: 37: 29: 1974: 1945: 1909: 1897: 1880: 1863: 1851: 1839: 4314: 1488:

on 2 October and occupied the eastern part of the region around

3575: 3194: 566:, Britain, with her naval might, would prevail at least in the 41: 1677:

Greek military formation in the World War I victory parade in

675:

The Gallipoli Campaign and the first resignation of Venizelos

368:, who favoured neutrality, and the pro-Allied Prime Minister 3176:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 74–85. 3153:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 15–73. 1125:

Onset of hostilities in Macedonia and the surrender of Rupel

708:

Bulgaria and Greece mobilize; Allied landing at Thessaloniki

1593:

Greece on the side of the Allies, June 1917 – November 1918

1555:

Venizelos, accompanied by many of his followers, sailed to

1340:

The National Defence uprising and the surrender of IV Corps

839:. In the end, it was agreed to send 150,000 troops to the " 740:

Corps were assembled in Macedonia, while the divisions of

494:

to declare war on Serbia and initiate the outbreak of the

770:

were ordered to embark from Gallipoli for Thessaloniki.

554:

effectively left diplomatically isolated in the region.

507:

Political considerations: Venizelos and King Constantine

1644:

Prime Minister Venizelos in Paris during the war (1917)

703:

Compromised neutrality: September 1915 – September 1916

1656:

Venizelos inspects units at the Macedonian front, 1918

604:-leaning authoritarian regime—was already toying with 1738:). Greek gains were largely undone by the subsequent 502:

Between war and neutrality: August 1914 – August 1915

360:, from where they had retreated after the end of the 1492:, while the French occupied the western half around 1443:

by a French warship and redirected to Thessaloniki.

815:

Indeed, on 7 October the Austro-German forces under

34:

Operations at the border of Greece and Serbia, 1916.

4282: 4157: 4134:

Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)

4074: 3923: 3757: 3746: 3660: 3609: 3548: 3388: 3317: 3286: 3230: 3100:Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship 3037: 827:. The French commander-designate in Thessaloniki, 639:talks on a possible joint attack on Turkey in the 1394:The men of IV Corps march through the streets of 1328:Two Greek governments, September 1916 – June 1917 399:Greece had emerged victorious from the 1912–1913 621:Early negotiations between Greece and the Allies 423:, harbored plans for revenge against Greece and 1975:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1946:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1910:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1898:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1881:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1864:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1852:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1840:Leontaritis, Oikonomou & Despotopoulos 1978 1752:Diplomatic history of World War I § Greece 793:The Bulgarian attack and the collapse of Serbia 1513:Establishment of the State of National Defence 1439:Artillery Regiment, however, were intercepted 582:on the other hand, backed by Foreign Minister 4274:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 3587: 3206: 913:King Constantine ("Tino") being torn between 53: 8: 4174:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 3632:Northern Epirote Declaration of Independence 1117:and thence overland by rail, via Athens and 1040:The Allied commander-in-chief in Macedonia, 716:Mobilisation of the Greek army, summer 1915 3754: 3594: 3580: 3572: 3213: 3199: 3191: 3080:Greek naval strategy and policy, 1910–1919 1570:Provisional Government of National Defence 1546:Provisional Government of National Defence 835:, was reluctant to divert forces from the 60: 46: 38: 3103:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 488:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 27:Period of Greek history from 1914 to 1918 3696:December 1915 Greek legislative election 3715:Bulgarian invasion of eastern Macedonia 2991:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2970:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2958:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2946:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2931:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2919:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2907:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2895:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2883:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2871:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2859:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2847:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2835:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2823:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2811:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2799:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2787:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2775:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2763:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2751:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2739:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2727:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2712:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2700:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2688:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2676:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2664:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2652:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2640:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2628:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2616:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2604:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2592:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2580:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2568:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2551:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2539:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2524:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2512:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2500:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2488:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2476:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2461:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2446:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2429:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2417:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2405:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2393:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2381:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2369:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2354:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2342:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2330:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2313:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2301:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2284:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2272:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2257:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2245:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2233:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2221:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2209:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2197:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2185:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2170:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2158:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2146:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2134:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2122:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2110:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2098:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2086:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2071:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2059:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2047:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2035:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2023:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 2011:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1999:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1987:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1958:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1934:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1922:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1828:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1816:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1804:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1792:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1780:Επίτομη ιστορία συμμετοχής στον Α′ Π.Π. 1772: 1610: 1540:Greek volunteers arrive in Thessaloniki 876:On 22 October, the Bulgarians captured 843:", approximately half each French—the " 3637:Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus 3044:. London: Cambridge University Press. 3691:Establishment of the Macedonian front 7: 3720:Surrender and internment of IV Corps 3131:International Journal on World Peace 1632:Hellenic Army at Strymon river, 1917 1044:(left) and the Greek Prime Minister 4335:Inter-Allied Victory Medal (Greece) 3686:May 1915 Greek legislative election 724:with Germany, and a few days later 4169:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 720:On 6 September, Bulgaria signed a 430:Greece and Serbia were bound by a 25: 4260:Greek retreat from Eastern Thrace 4231:Conference of London of 1921–1922 3021:. London: Methuen & co. ltd. 1428:remained until the end of the war 849:" under Sarrail, with the 156th, 459:, along with the clearing of the 4330:Medal of Military Merit (Greece) 4105:Accession of Alexander of Greece 3140:(East European Monographs, 1990) 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1208: 1199: 1030: 1021: 524: 515: 4217:1920 Greek legislative election 4202:League of Nations establishment 3018:Greece and the Allies 1914–1922 1163:On 26 May, the garrison of the 1599:Balkans Campaign (World War I) 1137:A heavy Greek gun at Dova Tepe 407:was left undetermined and the 1: 4188:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 4100:French occupation of Thessaly 1306: 1218:The new Greek Prime Minister 4245:11 September 1922 Revolution 4178:Southern Russia intervention 4149:Occupation of Constantinople 3738:National Defence coup d'état 3652:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 2921:, pp. 110–113, 114–116. 1436:7th Field Artillery Regiment 1346:National Defence coup d'état 895:bleeding the French army dry 415:(Asia Minor). In the north, 4207:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 4193:Venizelos–Tittoni agreement 4028:Hellenic Army General Staff 3842:National Defence Army Corps 3040:A Concise History of Greece 1724:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 886:Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf 857:divisions—and British—the " 364:. The disagreement between 4372: 4320:Allied cemetery of Moudros 3869:Armée d'Orient (1915–1919) 3627:Treaty of Bucharest (1913) 1596: 1543: 1354:, 11th Division commander 1343: 1293:, but also with the Greek 1001:). These forces faced the 695:The Liberal Party won the 681:Allied attack on Gallipoli 679:However, in February, the 538:(left) and Prime Minister 3864:Allied Army of the Orient 3603:Greece during World War I 3097:Kitromilides, P. (2006). 1506:Allied Army of the Orient 1226:bombers over Thessaloniki 1106:original guarantor powers 779:Konstantinos Moschopoulos 79: 3884:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 3813:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos 2825:, pp. 108–109, 112. 1696:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 1550:Army of National Defence 1352:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos 1102:elections of 19 December 726:mobilized against Serbia 4325:Greek cemetery of Pirot 4310:Serbian Museum of Corfu 4184:Greek landing at Smyrna 4124:Battle of Skra-di-Legen 4110:Great Thessaloniki Fire 3939:Constantine I of Greece 3622:Treaty of London (1913) 1691:Battle of Skra-di-Legen 1426:in Germany, where they 981:was moved east towards 536:Constantine I of Greece 380:in the summer of 1917. 125:Serbian campaign (1915) 91:Serbian campaign (1914) 4295:Mikra British Cemetery 4009:Dimitrios Kalapothakis 3793:Nikolaos Christodoulou 3015:Abbott, G. F. (2008). 1682: 1541: 1533: 1412:Nikolaos Christodoulou 1406: 1398: 1360:Konstantinos Mazarakis 1295:18th Infantry Regiment 1282: 1264:Reservist Associations 1138: 940: 932: 865:, with 10th Division, 859:British Salonika Force 794: 750:11th Infantry Division 717: 463:and the occupation of 396: 392:The Balkans after the 35: 4356:Greece in World War I 4222:1920 Greek referendum 4139:Armistice of Salonica 3891:Democratic Battalions 3874:British Salonika Army 3823:Neokosmos Grigoriadis 3798:Themistoklis Sofoulis 3788:Emmanouil Zymvrakakis 3773:Eleftherios Venizelos 3701:Serbian Army in Corfu 3225:by region and country 3082:. London: Routledge. 2124:, pp. 42–43, 45. 1700:Armistice of Salonica 1676: 1544:Further information: 1539: 1520: 1404: 1393: 1356:Emmanouil Zymvrakakis 1344:Further information: 1277: 1136: 938: 912: 792: 768:British 10th Division 764:French 156th Division 715: 540:Eleftherios Venizelos 469:Eleftherios Venizelos 391: 370:Eleftherios Venizelos 33: 18:Greece in World War I 4250:Armistice of Mudanya 4240:Great fire of Smyrna 4014:Georgios Pesmazoglou 3852:Archipelago Division 3783:Pavlos Kountouriotis 3078:Fotakis, Z. (2005). 2981:Gilbert, 1994, p 541 1562:Pavlos Kountouriotis 1527:Pavlos Kountouriotis 1453:4/41 Evzone Regiment 1434:and the bulk of the 1432:2/21 Cretan Regiment 1358:and the Lt. Colonel 974:Karabournou Fortress 891:Erich von Falkenhayn 882:3/40 Evzone Regiment 817:August von Mackensen 352:in August 1914, the 283:Liberation of Serbia 175:Bulgarian occupation 4144:Armistice of Mudros 3964:Stefanos Skouloudis 3828:Georgios Papandreou 3647:Massacre of Phocaea 3059:Dutton, D. (1998). 2960:, pp. 117–118. 2933:, pp. 114–117. 2909:, pp. 113–114. 2897:, pp. 107–108. 2861:, pp. 111–112. 2849:, pp. 104–105. 2801:, pp. 101–104. 2789:, pp. 100–101. 1681:, Paris, July 1919. 1583:February Revolution 1314:Ioannis Hatzopoulos 1046:Stefanos Skouloudis 970:Konstantinos Pallis 946:Stefanos Skouloudis 825:retreat via Albania 762:. As a result, the 453:Gallipoli Peninsula 348:At the outbreak of 4269:Treaty of Lausanne 4091:Battle of Katerini 4019:Spyridon Mercouris 3984:Georgios Theotokis 3979:Konstantinos Nider 3969:Stefanos Dragoumis 3959:Sofoklis Dousmanis 3949:Dimitrios Gounaris 3837:Cretan Gendarmerie 3808:Theodoros Pangalos 3803:Nikolaos Plastiras 3778:Panagiotis Danglis 3681:Gallipoli campaign 3036:Clogg, R. (2002). 2777:, pp. 99–100. 2630:, pp. 86, 92. 1948:, pp. 16, 17. 1866:, pp. 16, 18. 1683: 1566:Panagiotis Danglis 1542: 1534: 1523:Panagiotis Danglis 1407: 1399: 1369:Nikolaos Trikoupis 1283: 1139: 1009:Bulgarian Armies. 941: 933: 923:ancient Greek vase 821:decisive offensive 795: 722:treaty of alliance 718: 686:Dimitrios Gounaris 580:King Constantine I 457:declaration of war 432:treaty of alliance 419:, defeated in the 397: 36: 4343: 4342: 4115:Samarina Republic 4070: 4069: 3642:Protocol of Corfu 3569: 3568: 3278:Southern Rhodesia 3273:South West Africa 3183:978-960-213-111-4 3160:978-960-213-111-4 3136:Leon, George B. 3089:978-0-415-35014-3 3070:978-1-86064-079-7 3028:978-0-554-39462-6 2753:, pp. 90–91. 2741:, pp. 88–90. 2714:, pp. 86–87. 2690:, pp. 97–98. 2666:, pp. 93–97. 2654:, pp. 92–93. 2618:, pp. 83–85. 2606:, pp. 80–81. 2582:, pp. 79–80. 2553:, pp. 78–79. 2526:, pp. 77–78. 2514:, pp. 74–77. 2431:, pp. 68–69. 2395:, pp. 65–66. 2356:, pp. 66–67. 2344:, pp. 64–65. 2315:, pp. 62–64. 2286:, pp. 60–61. 2274:, pp. 59–60. 2259:, pp. 58–59. 2247:, pp. 56–57. 2211:, pp. 51–54. 2199:, pp. 50–51. 2172:, pp. 57–58. 2148:, pp. 46–49. 2136:, pp. 45–46. 2112:, pp. 43–45. 2100:, pp. 42–43. 2088:, pp. 41–42. 2049:, pp. 26–29. 2037:, pp. 20–26. 2025:, pp. 21–23. 2013:, pp. 20–21. 1989:, pp. 18–19. 1924:, pp. 6, 17. 1854:, pp. 15–16. 1762:The Chanak Crisis 1742:of 1919 to 1922. 1740:Greco-Turkish War 1607:Samarina Republic 1255:Alexandros Zaimis 1239:Greek Gendarmerie 1220:Alexandros Zaimis 1169:Ioannis Mavroudis 954:Hague Conventions 805:Milan Milovanović 800:Alexandros Zaimis 697:12 June elections 421:Second Balkan War 354:Kingdom of Greece 345: 344: 16:(Redirected from 4363: 4305:Paionia Memorial 4255:Trial of the Six 4212:Treaty of Sèvres 4129:Vardar offensive 4038:Church of Greece 4004:Nikolaos Stratos 3999:Spyridon Lambros 3989:Dimitrios Rallis 3954:Viktor Dousmanis 3818:Nikolaos Politis 3755: 3710:Roupel surrender 3672:Serbian campaign 3596: 3589: 3582: 3573: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3192: 3187: 3164: 3133:31.4 (2014): 9+. 3126: 3114: 3093: 3074: 3055: 3043: 3032: 3003: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2601: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2536: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2101: 2095: 2089: 2083: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1895: 1884: 1878: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1830:, pp. 9–10. 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1736:Treaty of Sèvres 1687:Macedonian front 1665: 1653: 1641: 1629: 1620:Greek war poster 1617: 1603:Macedonian front 1564:and Lt. General 1531:Macedonian front 1474:Treaty of London 1311: 1308: 1212: 1203: 1034: 1025: 931:in November 1915 899:Battle of Verdun 528: 519: 477:Said Halim Pasha 471:and the Ottoman 455:without a prior 366:King Constantine 340: 307: 296: 288:Vladai Uprising 194: 191:Macedonian front 182:Toplica Uprising 171:Austro-Hungarian 87: 74: 72: 62: 55: 48: 39: 21: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4300:Doiran Memorial 4278: 4153: 4066: 3994:Georgios Streit 3944:Ioannis Metaxas 3926: 3919: 3879:Maurice Sarrail 3847:Serres Division 3760: 3749: 3742: 3733:Northern Epirus 3656: 3605: 3600: 3570: 3565: 3544: 3401:Austria-Hungary 3384: 3313: 3282: 3226: 3219: 3184: 3167: 3161: 3143: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3077: 3071: 3063:. I.B. Tauris. 3058: 3052: 3035: 3029: 3014: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2937: 2929: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2749: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2270: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2084: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2057: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1904: 1896: 1887: 1879: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1806:, pp. 8–9. 1802: 1798: 1794:, pp. 6–8. 1790: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1748: 1716: 1679:Arc de Triomphe 1669: 1666: 1657: 1654: 1645: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1621: 1618: 1609: 1597:Main articles: 1595: 1552: 1515: 1470:Northern Epirus 1465: 1348: 1342: 1334:National Schism 1330: 1309: 1272: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1193: 1127: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1042:Maurice Sarrail 1037: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1015: 990:Gulf of Orfanos 925:, published in 907: 829:Maurice Sarrail 787: 710: 705: 677: 623: 584:Georgios Streit 546: 545: 544: 543: 531: 530: 529: 521: 520: 509: 504: 498:a month later. 496:First World War 492:Austria-Hungary 445:Ioannis Metaxas 386: 374:National Schism 358:Northern Epirus 346: 341: 334: 333: 310:National Schism 301: 299: 290: 188: 186: 81: 75: 71:Balkans theatre 70: 68: 66: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4358: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4195: 4190: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4093: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4057:Antivenizelism 4054: 4049: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3898: 3896:Basil Zaharoff 3893: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3857:Crete Division 3854: 3849: 3839: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3752: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3731:occupation of 3722: 3717: 3712: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3531:United Kingdom 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3481:Ottoman Empire 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3360:Ottoman Empire 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3218: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3165: 3159: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3115: 3109: 3094: 3088: 3075: 3069: 3056: 3050: 3033: 3027: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3004: 2995: 2993:, p. 304. 2983: 2974: 2972:, p. 118. 2962: 2950: 2948:, p. 117. 2935: 2923: 2911: 2899: 2887: 2885:, p. 105. 2875: 2873:, p. 107. 2863: 2851: 2839: 2837:, p. 109. 2827: 2815: 2813:, p. 103. 2803: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2755: 2743: 2731: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2680: 2668: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2584: 2572: 2555: 2543: 2528: 2516: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2465: 2450: 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2358: 2346: 2334: 2317: 2305: 2288: 2276: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2225: 2213: 2201: 2189: 2174: 2162: 2150: 2138: 2126: 2114: 2102: 2090: 2075: 2063: 2051: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1979: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1902: 1885: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1796: 1784: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1728:Eastern Thrace 1720:Western Thrace 1715: 1712: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1612: 1594: 1591: 1514: 1511: 1502:trench warfare 1464: 1461: 1341: 1338: 1329: 1326: 1271: 1268: 1247:Jean Guillemin 1217: 1216: 1207: 1206: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1185:Mount Angistro 1173:Andreas Bairas 1165:Rupel Fortress 1126: 1123: 1039: 1038: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1011: 906: 903: 846:Armée d'Orient 841:Salonika front 786: 783: 709: 706: 704: 701: 676: 673: 622: 619: 564:Central Europe 560:Central Powers 533: 532: 523: 522: 514: 513: 512: 511: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 465:Constantinople 436:Ottoman Empire 409:Ottoman Empire 405:Aegean islands 385: 382: 343: 342: 332: 331: 326: 319: 298: 297: 285: 280: 279: 278: 273: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 242: 241: 236: 231: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 185: 184: 167: 166: 165: 164: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 80: 77: 76: 67: 65: 64: 57: 50: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4368: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4062:Germanophilia 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974:Ion Dragoumis 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3461:Liechtenstein 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3304:United States 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3196: 3193: 3185: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3110:0-7486-2478-3 3106: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3051:0-521-00479-9 3047: 3042: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3013: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2765:, p. 91. 2764: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2729:, p. 87. 2728: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2702:, p. 98. 2701: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2678:, p. 97. 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2642:, p. 92. 2641: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2594:, p. 80. 2593: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2570:, p. 79. 2569: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2547: 2544: 2541:, p. 78. 2540: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2502:, p. 73. 2501: 2496: 2493: 2490:, p. 71. 2489: 2484: 2481: 2478:, p. 72. 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2463:, p. 70. 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2448:, p. 69. 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2419:, p. 67. 2418: 2413: 2410: 2407:, p. 66. 2406: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2383:, p. 65. 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371:, p. 68. 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2335: 2332:, p. 64. 2331: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2303:, p. 61. 2302: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2238: 2235:, p. 56. 2234: 2229: 2226: 2223:, p. 55. 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2187:, p. 58. 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2160:, p. 49. 2159: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2073:, p. 41. 2072: 2067: 2064: 2061:, p. 29. 2060: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2004: 2001:, p. 20. 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1977:, p. 17. 1976: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1960:, p. 18. 1959: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1936:, p. 17. 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912:, p. 20. 1911: 1906: 1903: 1900:, p. 18. 1899: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1883:, p. 16. 1882: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1842:, p. 15. 1841: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1714:After the war 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1675: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1573: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1551: 1547: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1259: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1225: 1221: 1211: 1202: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1181:Mount Kerkini 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1135: 1131: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1094:Thermaic Gulf 1091: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1024: 1012: 1010: 1008: 1004: 1000: 999:Mount Vermion 996: 995:IV Army Corps 991: 986: 984: 980: 975: 971: 966: 963: 959: 955: 950: 947: 937: 930: 929: 924: 920: 916: 911: 904: 902: 900: 896: 892: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 847: 842: 838: 837:Western Front 834: 833:Joseph Joffre 830: 826: 822: 818: 813: 811: 806: 801: 791: 784: 782: 780: 776: 775:Thermaic Gulf 771: 769: 765: 761: 760: 759:fait accompli 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 714: 707: 702: 700: 698: 693: 691: 690:Aydin Vilayet 687: 682: 674: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 648: 644: 642: 636: 632: 629: 620: 618: 615: 609: 607: 606:proto-Fascist 603: 598: 592: 590: 585: 581: 577: 574: 573:Allied Powers 569: 565: 562:prevailed in 561: 555: 552: 541: 537: 527: 518: 506: 501: 499: 497: 493: 489: 484: 482: 479:, to meet in 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:Hellenic Army 446: 442: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 395: 390: 383: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 339: 338: 330: 327: 325: 324: 320: 318: 315: 314: 313: 311: 306: 305: 294: 289: 286: 284: 281: 277: 274: 272: 269: 268: 267: 264: 262: 261:Skra-di-Legen 259: 257: 256:2nd Crna Bend 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 240: 239:1st Crna Bend 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 195: 193: 192: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 176: 172: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 153: 152:Great Retreat 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 128: 127: 126: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 94: 93: 92: 86: 85: 78: 73: 63: 58: 56: 51: 49: 44: 43: 40: 32: 19: 4264: 4235: 4226: 4197: 4164: 4119: 4095: 4081: 4042: 4023: 3934: 3900: 3832: 3768: 3705: 3676: 3667: 3602: 3440: 3268:South Africa 3173: 3169: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3099: 3079: 3060: 3039: 3017: 2998: 2986: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2659: 2647: 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2546: 2519: 2507: 2495: 2483: 2424: 2412: 2400: 2388: 2376: 2349: 2337: 2308: 2279: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2129: 2117: 2105: 2093: 2066: 2054: 2042: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1982: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1905: 1859: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1818:, p. 8. 1811: 1799: 1787: 1782:, p. 6. 1775: 1717: 1709: 1684: 1576: 1574: 1553: 1525:and Admiral 1498: 1466: 1445: 1440: 1420: 1408: 1373: 1349: 1331: 1322: 1317: 1303: 1299:Chrysoupolis 1284: 1278: 1260: 1251: 1243: 1231: 1162: 1147: 1143:Neo Petritsi 1140: 1128: 1111: 1098: 1082: 1057: 1053: 987: 979:V Army Corps 967: 951: 942: 926: 875: 844: 819:began their 814: 796: 772: 757: 754: 719: 694: 678: 669:Thessaloniki 665:Chrysoupolis 649: 645: 637: 633: 627: 624: 610: 593: 578: 556: 550: 547: 485: 473:Grand Vizier 429: 398: 347: 335: 321: 317:Thessaloniki 303: 302: 300: 246:2nd Monastir 234:Kaymakchalan 229:Malka Nidzhe 189: 187: 169: 168: 132:2nd Belgrade 123: 122: 98:1st Belgrade 89: 88: 82: 4283:Remembrance 3927:governments 3910:Megali Idea 3905:Pro-Entente 3617:Balkan Wars 3561:New Zealand 3521:Switzerland 3471:Netherlands 3243:East Africa 3223:World War I 3221:History of 1757:Megali Idea 1490:Gjirokastër 1291:Kajmakčalan 1235:martial law 1060:Lake Prespa 863:Bryan Mahon 641:Dardanelles 589:pan-Slavism 461:Dardanelles 401:Balkan Wars 394:Balkan Wars 372:led to the 362:Balkan Wars 350:World War I 291: [ 4086:Noemvriana 4052:Monarchism 4047:Neutrality 4033:Epistratoi 3915:Venizelism 3610:Background 3466:Luxembourg 1768:References 1578:Noemvriana 1451:where the 1381:Herakleion 1318:komitadjis 1310: 600 1177:Strymoniko 1158:Rupel Pass 628:status quo 551:status quo 384:Background 323:Noemvriana 276:3rd Doiran 271:Dobro Pole 251:2nd Doiran 209:1st Doiran 157:Montenegro 4290:Zeitenlik 4158:Aftermath 3556:Australia 3365:Palestine 3335:Hong Kong 3309:Venezuela 1705:surrender 1587:Alexander 915:Britannia 871:XVI Corps 867:XII Corps 653:Macedonia 614:Gevgelija 568:Near East 483:in July. 204:Kosturino 142:Ovče Pole 4350:Category 3759:National 3748:National 3491:Portugal 3411:Bulgaria 3325:Caucasus 3287:Americas 3253:Ethiopia 1746:See also 1730:and the 1482:Tepelenë 1449:Katerini 1441:en route 1364:uprising 1064:Katerini 919:Marianne 861:" under 766:and the 481:Brussels 417:Bulgaria 413:Anatolia 329:Thessaly 224:Monastir 199:Krivolak 162:Mojkovac 118:Kolubara 4024:Support 3833:Support 3761:Defence 3725:Italian 3549:Oceania 3539:Ireland 3526:Ukraine 3496:Romania 3451:Ireland 3446:Hungary 3436:Germany 3426:Estonia 3421:Denmark 3416:Croatia 3406:Belgium 3396:Albania 3375:Vietnam 3263:Morocco 3258:Liberia 3009:Sources 1486:Sarandë 1424:Görlitz 1396:Görlitz 1287:Florina 1224:Aviatik 1154:Kerkini 1119:Larissa 1048:(right) 983:Nigrita 962:Piraeus 897:at the 608:ideas. 602:Fascist 597:liberal 542:(right) 337:Albania 214:Florina 4075:Events 3935:People 3769:People 3750:Schism 3729:French 3661:Events 3516:Sweden 3506:Serbia 3501:Russia 3486:Poland 3476:Norway 3441:Greece 3431:France 3389:Europe 3299:Canada 3294:Brazil 3238:Angola 3231:Africa 3180: 3157: 3107: 3086: 3067: 3048: 3025: 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Index