635:, the entry of Greece into the NATO alliance further drove Stalin's distrust of the Soviet Greek community, fearing they had come under the influence of the West. Soviet authorities viewed Greeks as a "foreign element" to the region that was "hostile" and "unreliable" to Soviet rule. Their removal, it was thought, would solidify Soviet hegemony in the
790:
alone in the various waves of resettlements, not to mention the loss of life from executions, disease, starvation, and exhaustion among the other harsh conditions in the camps. An exact figure of the number of Greeks killed is virtually impossible, although it's estimated that 19% of all those arrested in the
573:" (πογκρόμ) for this persecution. It began on December 15, 1937, and marked the beginning of the repressions against Greeks that went on for 13 years. Depending on the sources, it is estimated that between 15,000 and 50,000 Greeks died during this campaign. Tens of thousands more were persecuted during the
714:
On many occasions, the central authorities sent telegrams to police forces with orders to arrest a certain number of Greeks, without giving any individual names, and the police officers would arrest at random any persons of Greek origin until they reached the requested total number of arrests until
672:
Other motivators include gaining control over resources and land populated by the Greeks, who primarily reside around the Black Sea. The Soviet Union saw the deportation of the Greeks and other minorities in this area as a way to safeguard important agricultural and mineral resources along with oil
789:
The effects of Soviet forced deportation were extensive on the Greek community. The trauma alone of being uprooted from one's home, way of life, and culture corroded centuries of tradition and language, the loss of which is still seen to this day. Many lost their homes, businesses, and possessions
823:
When these Greek societies started emerging, I told the lads that there was a society that was reviving us, the Pontic Greeks. Do you know what their answer was? They said, that if such societies were organised then we would have to expect a repetition of 1937. So many Greeks were deported
643:
regions. Population transfer was Soviet policy at the time when it came to weakening nationalistic or ethnic sentiments in potentially “problematic” populations. Resettlement was often carried out regardless of whether or not different ethnic groups were resistant to Soviet rule. The
818:
by Soviet legislation. In the early 1990s, a movement arose advocating the creation of a new Greek autonomy in the
Krasnodar region, but it failed to achieve support. One Soviet Greek man, born in 1959, described this outcome with the following words:
772:
About one thousand Greeks from Greece and more from the Soviet Union, presumably motivated by their ethnic persecution from Soviet authorities, joined the Waffen-SS, mostly in
Ukrainian divisions. A special case was that of the Ukrainian-Greek
726:
Anastasis Gkikas the Greek
Operation of the NKVD came as a response to counter-revolutionary activities of a portion of the ethnic Greek population. Gkikas claims that anti-Soviet resistance organizations had coordinated their actions with
668:
popping up all across Soviet territory. This contrasted directly with the long history the Greeks had of independent farming practices, and as a result, the Greek community was viewed as resistant and a hindrance to state control.
735:, illegally accumulated foreign currency and launched a series of small scale uprisings between 1929 and 1931. Gkikas further claims that the number of Greeks deported to Gulags by 1942 did not exceed 2,610 people.
492:
185:
806:
In 1938, 20,000 Soviet Greeks arrived in Greece. Between 1965 and 1975, another 15,000 Greeks emigrated from the Soviet Union and went to Greece. A monument to all Greek victims of the
332:
347:
222:
1395:"Внесены изменения в указ о мерах по реабилитации армянского, болгарского, греческого, крымско-татарского и немецкого народов и государственной поддержке их возрождения и развития"
485:
342:
337:
1820:
1830:
569:, primarily motivated by widespread distrust of Greek populations living in the Black Sea Region and also for the availability of resources. Greeks often use the term "
798:, the practice of forced resettlement was abandoned, although rehabilitation was tough for many Greeks returning to a region that completely changed in their absence.
478:
217:
954:
1729:, «Греческая операция. История репрессий против греков в СССР.» — СПб. Издательство «Алетейя», 2006. — 416 с. — (серия: «Новогреческие исследования»). — 2500 экз.
696:
The prosecution of Greeks in USSR was gradual: at first, the authorities shut down the Greek schools, cultural centers, theatres and publishing houses. Then, the
430:
435:
420:
117:
584:
A wave of Greek emigrants from the Soviet Union in 1937–1939 is often considered a consequence of
Stalinist persecution of the Soviet Greek national movement.
320:
425:
310:
1815:
829:
815:
273:
1027:
738:
In reality, there was virtually no widespread counter-revolutionary activity among the Soviet Greeks, though there were very few exceptions, such as
795:
283:
175:
445:
125:
370:
190:
152:
1429:
325:
1786:
1756:
1710:
1691:
1672:
1651:
1629:
1604:
1577:
1541:
1522:
1491:
1152:
1120:
693:
intelligence" in the Soviet Union, but was later expanded to also include
Latvians, Germans, Estonians, Finns, Greeks, Iranians and Chinese.
558:
195:
665:
781:
as early as 1938 and became an official of the
Wehrmacht, with extensive action in intelligence and agitation work on the Eastern front.
1825:
305:
640:
300:
1810:
1748:
1734:
251:
200:
841:
660:
also faced similar accusations of disloyalty from Soviet authorities. Soviet doctrine at the time pushed for the formation of an
574:
234:
205:
288:
30:
616:
subjects. Beyond their association with the
Ottoman Empire, the Greeks held particularly close ties with Greece and with the
210:
147:
664:
society in addition to an ethnically homogenous one. As a result, extensive efforts were made to fill the newly established
405:
293:
256:
1449:
757:
315:
268:
239:
719:
15,000 were executed and 20,000 were deported to Gulags, while Vlasis
Agtzidis puts the number of deaths to 50,000.
1454:
263:
180:
851:
690:
628:
627:
uprising or saboteur activity were only heightened by the resistance shown by Greek partisans in response to the
539:
832:, among with other ethnic groups by the Russian Federation, amended by Decree no. 458 of September 12, 2015.
732:
731:
societies in Greece and sought to create an autonomous Greek state in the Black Sea region. They engaged in
519:
774:
723:
455:
620:. Soviet authorities in particular "viewed religion as a force that undermined its power and authority".
1334:
Hondromatidis, Iakovos I Mavri Skia Stin Ellada ("The Black Shadow Over Greece"), Athens 2004 (in Greek)
617:
465:
1147:. University of Chicago, Division of the Social Sciences, Department of History. pp. 74, 77, 72.
1805:
846:
739:
682:
246:
227:
1087:
1639:
1209:
1201:
856:
685:
registered 213,765 Greeks in the country and the 1939 census recorded 286,444. On 9 August 1937,
530:
460:
1703:
The 'Right to Return' and the
Meaning of 'Home': A Post-Soviet Greek Diaspora Becoming European?
715:
the process was repeated at a later date. Estimates of the number of victims vary: according to
1782:
1762:
1752:
1730:
1706:
1687:
1668:
1647:
1625:
1600:
1583:
1573:
1547:
1537:
1518:
1497:
1487:
1148:
1116:
861:
395:
52:
1463:
1193:
510:
385:
365:
1483:
1433:
623:
Strategically, the Greeks were viewed as a security threat by the
Soviets. Worries over a
390:
375:
1774:
890:
743:
661:
653:
601:
550:
380:
142:
1178:
1799:
1475:
747:
705:
649:
566:
1251:
1213:
1112:Книга Памяти греков Краснодарского края: Жертвы греческой операции НКВД 1937-1938 гг
700:
indiscriminately arrested all Greek men aged 16 years old or older. Greeks who were
1740:
1726:
950:
761:
716:
708:
632:
609:
597:
562:
40:
1662:
1615:
1088:""Грецька операція" 1937–1938 рр. у Північному Приазов'ї: історіографія проблеми"
1367:
814:
in 2011. Unlike many other "punished" ethnic groups, the Soviet Greeks were not
791:
624:
605:
1745:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
1205:
56:
1110:
1501:
1044:
657:
636:
1467:
728:
645:
600:
had a history of maintaining close ties with outside powers, such as the
578:
1145:
Nations in exile: "The punished peoples" in Soviet Kazakhstan, 1941-1961
811:
701:
48:
1252:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"
778:
752:
613:
593:
570:
278:
76:
44:
1412:
1394:
1644:
Culture, Ethnicity and Migration After Communism: The Pontic Greeks
1197:
1766:
1587:
1551:
1092:
Bulletin of Mariupol State University. Series: History. Politology
807:
415:
157:
1534:
The Changing Face of Europe: Population Flows in the 20th Century
1368:"Памятник грекам, жертвам сталинского ГУЛАГа, откроют на Колыме"
697:
686:
104:
1597:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
1511:Οι Έλληνες στη διαδικασία οικοδόμησης του σοσιαλισμού στην ΕΣΣΔ
1413:"Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 12.09.2015 г. № 458"
979:
977:
975:
689:
order 00485 was adopted to target "subversive activities of
16:
Organised mass persecution of the Greeks of the Soviet Union
889:
as that is how it was printed in various publications. In
1515:
Greek Participation in the Building of Socialism in USSR
930:
928:
926:
746:
of Greek origin, who later became second in command in
544:
1450:"The Persecution of Pontic Greeks in the Soviet Union"
1377:
1375:
1045:"Репрессии в 1930-1950 гг. по отношению к грекам СССР"
945:
943:
998:
996:
994:
992:
913:
911:
524:
1115:. Serii︠a︡ Novogrecheskie issledovanii︠a︡. Алетейя.
100:
92:
82:
71:
63:
36:
23:
777:, an anti-communist who had been recruited by the
1617:Ο ελληνισμός της Ρωσίας και της Σοβιετικής Ένωσης
1355:
1343:
577:. Some scholars characterize the operation as a "
1563:(revised ed.). University of Toronto Press.
1599:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group.
1238:
821:
1480:The Deportation of Peoples in the Soviet Union
1684:Hitler's Russian & Cossack Allies 1941–45
486:
8:
1622:The Hellenism of Russia and the Soviet Union
656:, and other minority communities around the
1517:] (in Greek). Athens: Syghxroni Epoxi.
1430:Day of Remembrance for the Greeks of Pontus
557:) was an organised mass persecution of the
758:Nazi German occupation of the Soviet Union
493:
479:
112:
20:
1821:Persecution of Greeks in the Soviet Union
1073:
612:authorities wary of the loyalty of their
1831:Genocide of indigenous peoples in Europe
1274:
1179:"The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing"
983:
1595:Olson JS, Pappas LB, Pappas NC (1994).
1226:
907:
885:is also known with the transliteration
444:
404:
356:
166:
133:
124:
1322:
1298:
1286:
1098:(3). Mariupol State University: 30–38.
1061:
934:
1624:] (in Greek). Ekdoseis Irodotos.
1381:
1310:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1002:
917:
7:
1028:Το πογκρόμ κατά των Ελλήνων της ΕΣΣΔ
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
348:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
792:Soviet Union between 1937 and 1938
371:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
1749:Central European University Press
1561:Encyclopedia of Ukraine, Volume 2
673:reserves for the Soviet economy.
343:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
338:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
897:, which means "Greek Operation".
842:Deportation of the Soviet Greeks
575:Deportation of the Soviet Greeks
186:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1559:Kubiiovych V, Struk DH (1984).
1356:Olson, Pappas & Pappas 1994
1344:Olson, Pappas & Pappas 1994
31:National operations of the NKVD
1570:The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule
604:leading up to the outbreak of
1:
1816:Greece–Soviet Union relations
1779:The Caucasus: An Introduction
1186:The Journal of Modern History
446:Massive labor force transfers
88:Prison shootings, deportation
1781:. Oxford University Press.
1747:. Budapest; New York City:
1239:Kubiiovych & Struk 1984
1086:Bogatikova O, Romantsov V.
588:Motivations for deportation
545:
525:
24:Greek Operation of the NKVD
1847:
1826:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
1667:. Transaction Publishers.
1455:Journal of Refugee Studies
559:Greeks of the Soviet Union
126:Forced population transfer
1686:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
852:Greek Autonomous District
794:were executed. Following
554:
534:
514:
176:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
28:
1811:Greek diaspora in Russia
830:officially rehabilitated
816:officially rehabilitated
284:Kurds from Transcaucasia
1192:(4): 71, 92, 126, 855.
631:of their country. Post
608:. Such close ties made
456:Twenty-five-thousanders
1705:. LIT Verlag Münster.
955:"Greeks of the steppe"
887:Gretseskayia Operatsia
883:Grecheskaya Operatsiya
826:
756:detachment during the
526:Grecheskaya Operatsiya
333:Polish and Soviet Jews
1536:. Council of Europe.
953:(November 12, 2012).
711:were targeted first.
618:Greek Orthodox Church
466:Virgin Lands campaign
1614:Photiades K (1999).
1401:. 13 September 2015.
847:Constantine Kromiadi
775:Sevastianos Foulidis
740:Constantine Kromiadi
561:that was ordered by
1664:Death by Government
1568:Marshall A (2010).
1468:10.1093/jrs/4.4.372
1448:Agtzidis V (1991).
1289:, pp. 247–250.
986:, pp. 372–382.
895:Ελληνική Επιχείρηση
828:Soviet Greeks were
722:According to Greek
555:Ελληνική επιχείρηση
191:Chechens and Ingush
128:in the Soviet Union
1701:Voutira E (2011).
1661:Rummel RJ (1997).
1216:– via JSTOR.
1143:Westren M (2012).
857:Konstantin Chelpan
768:Axis collaboration
683:1926 Soviet census
596:living within the
581:" against Greeks.
546:Hretska Operatsiia
515:Греческая Операция
461:NKVD labor columns
416:POW Administration
153:Forced settlements
1788:978-0-19-975043-6
1758:978-963-9241-68-8
1712:978-3-643-90107-1
1693:978-1-4728-0688-8
1682:Thomas N (2015).
1674:978-1-56000-927-6
1653:978-1-317-15580-5
1631:978-960-7290-66-3
1606:978-0-313-27497-8
1579:978-1-136-93825-2
1543:978-92-871-4790-5
1524:978-960-451-056-6
1509:Gkikas A (2007).
1493:978-1-56072-371-4
1482:. New York City:
1177:Martin T (1998).
1154:978-1-267-47284-7
1122:978-5-91419-792-3
893:, it is known as
881: In Greece,
862:Georgis Kostoprav
724:Marxist historian
543:
523:
503:
502:
396:Operation Vistula
111:
110:
1838:
1792:
1770:
1716:
1697:
1678:
1657:
1635:
1610:
1591:
1564:
1555:
1528:
1505:
1471:
1436:
1432:, an article by
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:Президент России
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:Президент России
1391:
1385:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1256:www.demoscope.ru
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1183:
1174:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1109:Djuha I (2013).
1106:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1025:
1006:
1000:
987:
981:
970:
969:
967:
965:
947:
938:
932:
921:
915:
876:
810:was unveiled in
666:collective farms
556:
548:
538:
536:
535:Грецька Операція
528:
518:
516:
495:
488:
481:
386:Operation Priboi
366:June deportation
306:Meskhetian Turks
113:
21:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1759:
1739:
1723:
1721:Further reading
1713:
1700:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1632:
1613:
1607:
1594:
1580:
1567:
1558:
1544:
1532:Kaya B (2002).
1531:
1525:
1508:
1494:
1484:Nova Publishers
1474:
1447:
1444:
1439:
1434:Voice of Greece
1428:
1424:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1162:
1155:
1142:
1141:
1130:
1123:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1026:
1009:
1001:
990:
982:
973:
963:
961:
959:Washington Post
949:
948:
941:
933:
924:
916:
909:
905:
898:
873:
870:
838:
804:
787:
770:
679:
629:German invasion
590:
507:Greek Operation
499:
470:
440:
400:
391:Operation Vesna
376:Operation North
352:
162:
127:
107:security forces
85:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1844:
1842:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1771:
1757:
1737:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1698:
1692:
1679:
1673:
1658:
1652:
1636:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1592:
1578:
1565:
1556:
1542:
1529:
1523:
1506:
1492:
1472:
1462:(4): 372–381.
1443:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1422:
1404:
1386:
1371:
1360:
1358:, p. 275.
1348:
1346:, p. 274.
1336:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 257.
1291:
1279:
1277:, p. 335.
1267:
1243:
1231:
1229:, p. 131.
1219:
1206:10.1086/235168
1198:10.1086/235168
1160:
1153:
1128:
1121:
1101:
1078:
1076:, p. 128.
1074:Photiades 1999
1066:
1054:
1036:
1007:
988:
971:
939:
937:, p. 254.
922:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
869:
866:
865:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
837:
834:
803:
800:
796:Stalin's death
786:
783:
769:
766:
744:anti-communist
678:
675:
602:Ottoman Empire
589:
586:
501:
500:
498:
497:
490:
483:
475:
472:
471:
469:
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463:
458:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
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428:
423:
418:
412:
409:
408:
406:WWII POW labor
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
381:Operation Osen
378:
373:
368:
362:
359:
358:
354:
353:
351:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
316:NKVD operation
308:
303:
298:
297:
296:
294:NKVD operation
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
260:
259:
257:NKVD operation
249:
244:
243:
242:
240:NKVD operation
232:
231:
230:
228:NKVD operation
225:
215:
214:
213:
211:NKVD operation
203:
201:Crimean Tatars
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
161:
160:
155:
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145:
143:Dekulakization
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109:
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68:
65:
61:
60:
38:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1843:
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1824:
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1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1790:
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1780:
1776:
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1768:
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1760:
1754:
1750:
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1742:
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1736:
1735:5-89329-854-3
1732:
1728:
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1724:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:. Routledge.
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:. Routledge.
1571:
1566:
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1275:Marshall 2010
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984:Agtzidis 1991
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709:professionals
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1259:. Retrieved
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1049:www.greek.ru
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1031:
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717:Ivan Dzhukha
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223:from Romania
101:Perpetrators
43:(modern-day
41:Soviet Union
18:
1806:Great Purge
1323:Thomas 2015
1299:Gkikas 2007
1287:Gkikas 2007
1062:Rummel 1997
935:Gkikas 2007
802:Remembrance
662:egalitarian
625:nationalist
301:Lithuanians
84:Attack type
59:and others)
1800:Categories
1767:2003019544
1588:2010003007
1552:2007397168
1382:Popov 2016
1311:Bugay 1996
1261:2022-02-20
1003:Popov 2016
918:Popov 2016
903:References
431:Hungarians
357:Operations
247:Harbinites
148:Evacuation
57:Kazakhstan
1775:de Waal T
785:Aftermath
658:Black Sea
637:Black Sea
540:romanized
531:Ukrainian
520:romanized
436:Romanians
326:1955–1959
321:1944–1946
269:Karachays
206:Estonians
67:1937–1950
1777:(2010).
1743:(2004).
1741:Polian P
1642:(2016).
1502:36402865
1478:(1996).
1214:32917643
836:See also
733:wrecking
729:Metaxist
641:Georgian
579:genocide
421:Japanese
289:Latvians
134:Policies
118:a series
116:Part of
37:Location
29:Part of
1640:Popov A
1476:Bugay N
1442:Sources
964:30 June
812:Magadan
702:wealthy
677:History
646:Chechen
565:leader
542::
522::
511:Russian
426:Germans
274:Koreans
264:Kalmyks
218:Germans
196:Chinese
181:Balkars
167:Peoples
75:Ethnic
53:Georgia
49:Ukraine
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1119:
1032:ΕΛΛΑΔΑ
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779:Abwehr
753:Abwehr
691:Polish
650:Ingush
610:Soviet
594:Greeks
571:pogrom
563:Soviet
279:Kumyks
235:Greeks
93:Deaths
77:Greeks
72:Target
45:Russia
1620:[
1513:[
1210:S2CID
1202:JSTOR
1182:(PDF)
891:Greek
868:Notes
824:then.
808:Gulag
742:, an
614:Greek
551:Greek
311:Poles
158:Gulag
1783:ISBN
1763:LCCN
1753:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1648:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1601:ISBN
1584:LCCN
1574:ISBN
1548:LCCN
1538:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1498:OCLC
1488:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1117:ISBN
966:2018
687:NKVD
681:The
639:and
633:WWII
598:USSR
592:The
505:The
105:NKVD
64:Date
1464:doi
1194:doi
760:in
750:'s
704:or
606:WWI
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