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266:
691:
impose discipline, and get the volunteers to accept the regulations. However, only 150 men under
Papathanasopoulos—an officer held in high esteem by Chrysovergis, but completely unmentioned in the Russian sources—stayed on, while the rest refused to obey and were discharged. The former volunteers mostly headed for Bessarabia, where they tried to eke out an existence until the war's end. Although again they were helped by the Odessa Greek community, many of them were soon in dire straits. According to the historian Maria Todorova,
31:
250:, to authorize the creation of a volunteer corps under Lieutenant General Salas in December 1853. Initially a battalion of four companies, this corps comprised volunteers from the Danubian Principalities, as well as Greeks, Serbs, and Bulgarians. To avoid ethnic tensions, the volunteers of each nation were assigned to a different company. By 19 February 1854, the corps numbered 859 volunteers: 502 Bulgarians, 257 Greeks, and the rest Wallachians. They were billeted in villages around
479:
potential usefulness against a feared
Austrian attack, it was decided to retain the volunteers' services at reduced pay. Furthermore, the volunteer battalions were disbanded and their individual companies attached to Russian units. At least some of the Greeks were discharged, for by September only 672 men are recorded on the rolls; the battalions were broken up into six companies, which were then attached to the regiments of the
1320:
1332:
59:
635:"There exists neither discipline nor any organization. The volunteers absent themselves from distant hospitals and arrive here without any document whatever; the other ranks do not obey the officers; the company commanders, of whom no responsibility is sought, are only in formal command of the companies".
678:
that broke out in
February: of the 743 men on the lists in late March, almost 200 were hospitalized. According to Chrysovergis, 96 died of typhus. The hardships and disease, as well as the realization that the hoped-for liberation of the Balkans from Ottoman rule was receding into the distant future,
478:
Given the impossibility of the volunteers returning to their homelands under the conditions of war—especially as, unlike the Serbs and
Bulgarians, most of the Greek volunteers had come by sea rather than overland—their inability to survive otherwise in a foreign and largely hostile country, and their
571:
for Odessa, where they arrived twelve days later. The Odessa Greek community collected funds for their upkeep, and the corps was reinforced with new recruits, in large part from those volunteers who had been discharged in 1854, but also with new arrivals. There were hopes that as many as 500–600 new
715:
men in
Bessarabia were to assemble in Odessa, and those still in the Crimea at Sevastopol, for embarkation to Greece. Over 300 of them arrived at Piraeus in June, but the Greek government refused to admit them into the country, arguing that many were not actually Greek citizens, but most likely the
690:
Following the end of the siege and the
Russian retreat, followed by the start of the diplomatic talks that ended the war, the Greek Legion was superfluous. In November, after another incident of unruliness in the corps, Mourouzis was replaced by Grigorios Kantakouzinos. Kantakouzinos again tried to
474:
The retreat of the
Russian forces north of the Danube reduced the usefulness of the various Balkan volunteers, and the costs of their upkeep led to suggestions of disbanding them and incorporating those who wished to stay on into regular Russian units. Indeed, most of the Moldavians and Wallachians
534:
Nevertheless, the
Russian commanders were still seeking for a suitable employment for the volunteers, especially as their lack of discipline often forced the regular Russian troops to intervene to maintain order among them. Gorchakov again dismissed suggestions that they be disbanded, but stressed
682:
In early April, the Greeks were withdrawn from the city itself to the environs, where Prince
Mourouzis tried to improve the corps' discipline and training, and give it a more regular character. The Legion was divided in two commands, one headed by Papadoukas and the other by Chrysovergis. In May,
431:
Based on the surviving member lists—written in French or
Russian—of three companies, slightly over a quarter of the volunteers came from the independent Greek kingdom, with the rest from all corners of the Greek world, including Ottoman territories—particularly the areas of Epirus, Thessaly, and
724:
signed a decree allowing the volunteers to settle in Russia. The Russians knew, however, that most of the volunteers intended to return to their homelands in Ottoman territories, especially after the Treaty of Paris granted them amnesty. A few did however settle in Russia, mostly in the Greek
440:), and the Danubian Principalities. Several of the men of the Greek legion appear also to have been of Serbian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Montenegrin, or Moldavian origin. Notably, about half of the volunteers were sailors or merchants, and only about one in ten had a military background.
457:
attack, was forced to evacuate the Danubian Principalities in July 1854. According to the Russian historian E. Kovalesky, a small detachment of 25 local Greeks recruited by Chrysovergis is reported to have inflicted 78 casualties on a British landing detachment at
750:
As early as 1864, a memorial was planned to be erected at Sevastopol commemorate the Greek volunteers, but it was not realized until 2016, as part of the "Russia year" in Greece, with funds from the Russian state, the Greek diaspora, and Sevastopol authorities.
609:
645:
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in early June, before departing without losses. Chrysovergis, in his own account, places the incident against Cossacks fighting for the Ottomans. Some volunteers under Papadoukas also fought in the battle between Soymonov's troops and an Ottoman army at
738:
500:
187:). After the end of the siege, the bulk of the Legion was discharged, and the remainder of the unit was disbanded after the war's end in March 1856. Most of the volunteers returned to their homelands, although a few settled in Russia.
626:
489:
229:
in early 1854. Badly organized and facing strong Ottoman forces, these uprisings were doomed to failure, particularly after Greece itself was forced to a strict neutrality in the conflict following the Anglo-French occupation of
555:
supported their wish, and suggested that after the end of the war, the Greeks might be settled in the Crimea. It appears that this suggestion found a favourable reception with the Emperor, since the Greeks could replace the
279:
511:
522:
654:
and adopt uniforms that were similar to the Russian ones; a suggestion vehemently opposed by Chrysovergis. It was also recommended that the volunteers be rearmed; they were good marksmen, but armed mostly with
392:
543:
At this point, the thoughts of both the Russian command and the Greek volunteers increasingly turned to the Crimea, where British, French, and Ottoman forces had landed. Already in September, Emperor
576:, where he was to gather the recruits and, after careful selection, send them on to the Crimea in groups of sixty. The volunteers were to be promised the right to settle in the Crimea after the war.
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1357:
1352:
167:
in March 1854, and some elements participated in the final engagements of the Danube theatre, before the Russian troops abandoned the Principalities. From there the Legion was sent to the
1234:
Ulunyan, Ar. A. (2013). "26 сентября 1854 г. (Греческие защитники Балаклавы в британской мемуаристике)" [24 September 1854 (Greek Defenders of Balaklava in the British Memoirs].
1387:
687:. In an engagement against the French in July, Chrysovergis distinguished himself enough to be decorated and placed in charge of a part of the Russian line at Maly Kurgan.
1382:
1362:
409:
1887–88). Russian personnel attached to the Greek corps was limited to one field officer, two instructor-captains, 16 sergeants, and a small drum and bugle detachment.
650:
were tasked with drawing up a draft. The attempts to regularize the Greek Legion included the insistence, by Mourouzis and many officers, that the Greeks abandon the
639:
Urusov made recommendations for instilling discipline by means of a formal organization of the Legion; Mourouzis and the Sevastopol garrison's chief of staff, Prince
475:
left, and their two battalions were disbanded; but most of the two battalions of Bulgarians and Serbs stayed on, as did virtually all (1045 of 1079) of the Greeks.
695:"the files of the Russian war ministry are full of pleas by Greeks and Bulgarians from the beginning of 1856 who, left penniless, begged for a job or assistance".
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598:
on 17 February, which ended in a Russian defeat, the Greeks suffering about sixty casualties. In the aftermath of the battle, the Legion was sent into
551:, while the Greeks also sent a stream of letters to the Russian commanders pleading to be moved to Crimea and gainfully employed there. General
480:
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631:, appointed the Legion's provisional commander until the arrival of Mourouzis, was dismayed at the disorderly picture the Legion presented:
603:
172:
116:
765:
437:
412:
The Greeks chose a variant of the traditional dress, as used by the Mountain Guard of the Greek kingdom—similar to that now worn by the
133:
1299:
428:, or a cross over a crescent. While some of the Greeks enlisted bringing their own weapons, the rest were outfitted by the Russians.
717:
420:—as their uniform. Various designs were made for specific rank insignia as well as seals for the legion, with designs depicting a
265:
516:; and Sterios Harisis' and Aristeidis Chrysovergis' companies (later amalgamated to a single company under Chrysovergis) to the
1392:
708:
on 30 March 1856, the rest of the Legion were discharged as well. The issue of their repatriation now became paramount: the
386:
Moreover, it appears that there were two independent companies, under the priest Konstantinos Doukas (or "Papadoukas") and
663:
564:
247:
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1235:
760:
548:
284:
reported that the Greeks alone numbered 1097 men in ten companies, forming two battalions, with a third being created.
417:
640:
484:
517:
506:
495:
621:
572:
recruits could be gathered, and Captain Antonios Gines was appointed as recruiting agent. Gines made his base at
397:, who was one of the chief recruiters of the corps, and later wrote a two-volume "History of the Greek Legion" (
226:
242:
At the same time, volunteers from the Christian Balkan nations flocked to the Russian army that had entered the
274:
387:
552:
467:
on 5–6 July. Finally, the 3rd company of the 2nd battalion (under Sterios Harisis) fought at the village of
273:
By mid-March, the corps had grown to two battalions, one of which was Greek, and by May, Lieutenant General
243:
164:
721:
705:
222:
30:
544:
1210:
744:
595:
425:
421:
111:
1166:[Monument to the Greek Volunteers of the Crimean War Erected at Sevastopol] (in Russian).
614:
74:
666:
18 February] 1855, the Legion received the name "Greek Legion of Emperor Nicholas I" (
1279:
1249:
1222:
269:
Sketch of Aristeidis Chrysovergis, one of the commanders of the Legion, and its main historian
204:
667:
587:
567:
24 December] 1855, the five companies of Greek volunteers, numbering 823 men, left
180:
132:
This article is about the unit in the Crimean War. For the unit in the Napoleonic Wars, see
1302:, "Memorial to the Greek Legion of Emperor Nicholas I opened in Sevastopol", 11 July 2016
1196:[The Sulina Case of Captain Chrysovergis] (in Russian). Военно-исторический журнал
454:
732:
In total, more than 1200 volunteers served in the Legion. 730 of them received the medal
683:
Chrysovergis with thirty men were again sent into Sevastopol, to replace a contingent of
1193:
557:
453:
The Balkan volunteers were barely formed when the Russian army, under the threat of an
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36:
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military corps formed by Greeks and other Balkan Christians that fought for the
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that his decision was mainly to ensure that they would not starve to death.
152:
594:, was appointed as commander of the Greek Legion. The Legion fought in the
259:
251:
1164:"Памятник греческим добровольцам Крымской войны установлен в Севастополе"
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573:
528:
218:
199:
caused much enthusiasm among the Christian populations living under the
684:
464:
413:
231:
217:, and the Greek government sponsored uprisings against Ottoman rule in
1300:Памятник Греческому легиону императора Николая I открыли в Севастополе
1163:
675:
659:
whose ammunition would be difficult to come by in the besieged city.
568:
459:
406:
168:
608:
264:
743:, while 31 received the highest Russian military decoration, the
579:
In early February, the Greek Legion, some 700 strong, arrived at
290:
Command structure according to a list compiled in September 1854
1167:
662:
Following the death of Emperor Nicholas I on 2 March [
679:
also demoralized many volunteers; about a hundred resigned.
613:
A squad of volunteers, and the priest-captain Papadoukas, by
606:. They arrived in early March, with a complement of 823 men.
399:
1131:
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1116:
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674:). The Greeks suffered in Sevastopol, especially from the
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who had followed the Russian withdrawal from Moldavia to
527:. Papadoukas' company was attached to the 5th Division's
207:, it was considered as an opportunity for realizing the
583:
in the Crimea. At this time, a member of the princely
1308:
1278:] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche Publishing House.
1368:
Military units and formations of the Russian Empire
1276:
The Crimean War and the Odyssey of the Greek Legion
1192:Pinchuk, Sergei Aleksandrovich (3 September 2011).
720:. Faced with these difficulties, in August Emperor
96:
80:
70:
52:
44:
23:
1358:Military units and formations established in 1854
1353:Military units and formations of the Crimean War
1248:(in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 107–128.
35:The Greek Legion in Sevastopol, painting at the
471:in October 1854, losing almost 100 of its men.
8:
1388:1856 disestablishments in the Russian Empire
1272:Крымская война и одиссея Греческого легиона
560:who had surrendered to the allied forces.
16:Military unit, fought for Russia, 1854-1856
29:
1383:1854 establishments in the Russian Empire
1211:"The Greek Volunteers in the Crimean War"
246:. This led the Russian commander, Prince
1363:Expatriate military units and formations
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286:
175:. In 1855 the Legion received the title
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547:suggested attaching them to the extant
716:refusal was the result of the ongoing
20:
672:Греческий легион императора Николая I
602:to reinforce the garrison during the
483:: Stamatis Karamadis' company to the
185:Греческий легион императора Николая I
7:
1194:"Cулинское дело капитана Xрисовери"
766:Greek Legion (Septinsular Republic)
729:, but also in Odessa and Chișinău.
134:Greek Legion (Septinsular Republic)
1242:Greeks of Balaklava and Sevastopol
718:Anglo-French occupation of Piraeus
177:Greek Legion of Emperor Nicholas I
14:
1106:, pp. 558–559, esp. note 90.
1330:
1318:
704:Following the conclusion of the
57:
734:"For the Defence of Sevastopol"
641:Viktor Ilarionovich Vasilchikov
505:; Dimitrios Tandalidis' to the
485:25th Smolensk Infantry Regiment
518:28th Polotsk Infantry Regiment
507:27th Vitebsk Infantry Regiment
496:26th Mogilev Infantry Regiment
401:Ἱστορία τῆς ἑλληνικῆς λεγεῶνος
1:
1378:History of Greece (1832–1862)
1237:Греки Балаклавы и Севастополя
709:
494:; Nikolaos Karaiskos' to the
248:Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov
238:Formation of the Greek Legion
761:Greek Battalion of Balaklava
549:Greek Battalion of Balaklava
1270:Pinchuk, Sergei A. (2016).
622:Pavel Aleksandrovich Urusov
342:(no commander at the time)
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149:Ελληνική Λεγεώνα Εθελοντών
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275:Fyodor Ivanovich Soymonov
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171:, where it fought in the
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1209:Todorova, Maria (1984).
1373:Greece–Russia relations
563:On 5 January [
388:Aristeidis Chrysovergis
244:Danubian Principalities
165:Danubian Principalities
163:. It was formed in the
722:Alexander II of Russia
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141:Greek Volunteer Legion
90:823 (early March 1855)
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539:Crimea and Sevastopol
481:5th Infantry Division
380:Dimitrios Tandalidis
298:Battalion commanders
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92:743 (late March 1855)
553:Alexander von Lüders
545:Nicholas I of Russia
438:British protectorate
312:Konstantinos Zervas
211:aspirations of the
195:The outbreak of the
86:672 (September 1854)
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1056:, pp. 557–558.
1027:, pp. 556–557.
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892:, pp. 546–549.
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745:Cross of St. George
596:Battle of Eupatoria
426:double-headed eagle
356:Panagis Kostolanos
334:Stamatis Koromadis
326:Stavros Kostavelos
318:Nikolaos Karaiskos
304:Company commanders
173:Siege of Sevastopol
117:Siege of Sevastopol
112:Battle of Eupatoria
88:700 (February 1855)
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418:Presidential Guard
350:Vasileios Balafas
271:
75:Irregular infantry
1285:978-5-9533-4502-6
1255:978-5-91674-250-3
604:siege of the city
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1170:. 10 July 2016
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1221:: 539–563.
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214:Megali Idea
209:irredentist
197:Crimean War
161:Crimean War
159:during the
104:Crimean War
97:Engagements
1347:Categories
1200:19 October
1174:19 October
772:References
713: 500
657:flintlocks
652:fustanella
600:Sevastopol
592:Bessarabia
585:Phanariote
301:Company №
191:Background
1227:2241-1674
581:Eupatoria
227:Macedonia
153:volunteer
48:1854–1856
755:See also
727:Mariupol
685:Plastuns
574:Kishinev
455:Austrian
436:(then a
219:Thessaly
151:) was a
39:, Athens
1311:Portals
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668:Russian
620:Prince
465:Giurgiu
424:, or a
422:phoenix
414:Evzones
256:Focșani
232:Piraeus
181:Russian
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1337:Russia
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676:typhus
569:Izmail
529:Rifles
469:Cherna
460:Sulina
407:Odessa
260:Galați
258:, and
252:Brăila
225:, and
223:Epirus
169:Crimea
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45:Active
1274:[
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145:Greek
1280:ISBN
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1223:ISSN
1202:2019
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1168:TASS
664:O.S.
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377:4th
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139:The
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71:Type
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
