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by these masks, it was imperative that the actors hear in order to orient and balance themselves. Thus, it is believed that the ears were covered by substantial amounts of hair and not the helmet-mask itself. The mouth opening was relatively small, preventing the mouth being seen during performances. Vervain and Wiles posit that this small size discourages the idea that the mask functioned as a megaphone, as originally presented in the 1960s. Greek mask-maker Thanos
Vovolis suggests that the mask serves as a resonator for the head, thus enhancing vocal acoustics and altering its quality. This leads to increased energy and presence, allowing for the more complete metamorphosis of the actor into his character.
409:
475:
888:, the classical masks were able to create a sense of dread in the audience creating large scale panic, especially since they had intensely exaggerated facial features and expressions. They enabled an actor to appear and reappear in several different roles, thus preventing the audience from identifying the actor to one specific character. Their variations help the audience to distinguish sex, age, and social status, in addition to revealing a change in a particular character's appearance, e.g.,
793:
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40:
924:. Worn by the chorus, the masks created a sense of unity and uniformity, while representing a multi-voiced persona or single organism and simultaneously encouraged interdependency and a heightened sensitivity between each individual of the group. Only 2 to 3 actors were allowed on the stage at one time, and masks permitted quick transitions from one character to another. There were only male actors, but masks allowed them to play female characters.
330:, all tragedies were unique pieces written in honour of Dionysus and played only once; what is primarily extant today are the pieces that were still remembered well enough to have been repeated when the repetition of old tragedies became fashionable (the accidents of survival, as well as the subjective tastes of the Hellenistic librarians later in Greek history, also played a role in what survived from this period).
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handled by the actors before or after a performance. This demonstrates the way in which the mask was to 'melt' into the face and allow the actor to vanish into the role. Effectively, the mask transformed the actor as much as memorization of the text. Therefore, performance in ancient Greece did not distinguish the masked actor from the theatrical character.
978:
Most costuming detail comes from pottery paintings from that time as costumes and masks were fabricated out of disposable material, so there are little to no remains of any costume from that time. The biggest source of information is the
Pronomos Vase where actors are painted at a show's after party.
322:
and produced it, the whole theatre fell to weeping; they fined
Phrynichus a thousand drachmas for bringing to mind a calamity that affected them so personally and forbade the performance of that play forever." He is also thought to be the first to use female characters (though not female performers).
43:
Bronze statue of a Greek actor, 150â100 BC. The half-mask over the eyes and nose identifies the figure as an actor. He wears a man's conical cap but female garments, following the Greek custom of men playing the roles of women. Later, slave women were brought in to play minor female characters and in
982:
Costuming would give off a sense of character, as in gender, age, social status, and class. For example, characters of higher class would be dressed in nicer clothing, although everyone was dressed fairly nicely. Contrary to popular belief, they did not dress in only rags and sandals, as they wanted
871:
or "maker of the props", thus suggesting that their role encompassed multiple duties and tasks. The masks were most likely made out of light weight, organic materials like stiffened linen, leather, wood, or cork, with the wig consisting of human or animal hair. Due to the visual restrictions imposed
708:
and actors performed; the word means "dancing space", as the chorus also danced in early periods. Originally unraised, Greek theatre would later incorporate a raised stage for easier viewing. This practice would become common after the advent of "New Comedy," which incorporated dramatic portrayal of
578:
was the seating area, built into a hill to create a natural viewing space. The first seats in Greek theatres (other than just sitting on the ground) were wooden, but around 499 BC, the practice of inlaying stone blocks into the side of the hill to create permanent, stable seating became more common.
987:
that reached the floor for actors playing gods, heroes, and old men. Actors playing goddesses and women characters that held a lot of power wore purple and gold. Actors playing queens and princesses wore long cloaks that dragged on the ground and were decorated with gold stars and other jewels, and
863:
Illustrations of theatrical masks from 5th century display helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth and an integrated wig. These paintings never show actual masks on the actors in performance. They are most often shown being
836:
Masks were also made for members of the chorus, who play some part in the action and provide a commentary on the events in which they are caught up. Although there are twelve or fifteen members of the tragic chorus, they all wear the same mask because they are considered to be representing one
820:
likely used in ceremonial rites and celebrations. Many masks worshipped the higher power, the gods, making masks also very important for religion. Most of the evidence comes from only a few vase paintings of the 5th century BC, such as one showing a mask of the god suspended from a tree with
678:, for it was considered inappropriate to show a killing in view of the audience. Conversely, there are scholarly arguments that death in Greek tragedy was portrayed off stage primarily because of dramatic considerations, and not prudishness or sensitivity of the audience.
723:
The theatres were built on a large scale to accommodate a large number of performers on stage and in the audienceâup to fourteen thousand. Physics and mathematics played a significant role in the construction of these theatres, as their designers had to be able to create
318:, produced in 493â2, chronicled the fate of the town of Miletus after it was conquered by the Persians. Herodotus reports that "the Athenians made clear their deep grief for the taking of Miletus in many ways, but especially in this: when Phrynichus wrote a play entitled
829:. No physical evidence remains available to us, as the masks were made of organic materials and not considered permanent objects, ultimately being dedicated at the altar of Dionysus after performances. Nevertheless, the mask is known to have been used since the time of
2324:
Logeion: A Journal of
Ancient Theatre with free access which publishes original scholarly articles including its reception in modern theatre, literature, cinema and the other art forms and media, as well as its relation to the theatre of other periods and geographical
267:, it had become a narrative, ballad-like genre. Because of these, Thespis is often called the "Inventor of Tragedy"; however, his importance is disputed, and Thespis is sometimes listed as late as 16th in the chronological order of Greek tragedians; the statesman
234:
The
Ancient Greeks valued the power of the spoken word, and it was their main method of communication and storytelling. Bahn and Bahn write, "To Greeks, the spoken word was a living thing and infinitely preferable to the dead symbols of a written language."
214:
353:
in 480 BC, the town and acropolis were rebuilt, and theatre became formalized and an even greater part of
Athenian culture and civic pride. This century is normally regarded as the Golden Age of Greek drama. The center-piece of the annual
935:
492:(literally "seeing place"). In cities without suitable hills, banks of earth were piled up. At the foot of the hill was a flattened, generally circular performance space with an average diameter of 78 feet (24 m), known as the
728:
in them such that the actors' voices could be heard throughout the theatre, including the very top row of seats. The Greek's understanding of acoustics compares very favorably with the current state of the art.
279:
were popular in festivals prior to 534 BC. Thus, Thespis's true contribution to drama is unclear at best, but his name has been given a longer life in
English as a common term for performerâi.e., a "thespian."
852:
400:
were viewed as completely separate genres, and no plays ever merged aspects of the two. Satyr plays dealt with the mythological subject matter of the tragedies, but in a purely comedic manner.
291:). The festival was created roughly around 508 BC. While no drama texts exist from the sixth century BC, the names of three competitors besides Thespis are known: Choerilus, Pratinas, and
988:
warriors were dressed in a variety of armor and wore helmets adorned with plumes. Costumes were supposed to be colourful and obvious to be easily seen by every seat in the audience.
239:
himself believed that once something has been written down, it lost its ability for change and growth. For these reasons, among many others, oral storytelling flourished in Greece.
715:
was the head chorus member, who could enter the story as a character able to interact with the characters of a play. Plays often began in the morning and lasted into the evening.
439:. From that time on, the theatre started performing old tragedies again. Although its theatrical traditions seem to have lost their vitality, Greek theatre continued into the
681:
A temple nearby, especially on the right side of the scene, is almost always part of the Greek theatre complex. This could justify, as a transposition, the recurrence of the
1284:
5405:
298:
Some information is known about
Phrynichus. He won his first competition between 511 BC and 508 BC. He produced tragedies on themes and subjects later exploited in the
2351:
263:. By Thespis' time, the dithyramb had evolved far away from its cult roots. Under the influence of heroic epic, Doric choral lyric and the innovations of the poet
1045:
617:
derives), that hung or stood behind the orchestra and also served as an area where actors could change their costumes. After 425 BC a stone scene wall, called a
518:, through which actors and chorus members entered and exited the orchestra. In some theatres, behind the orchestra, was a backdrop or scenic wall known as the
5260:
1013:
3951:
1430:
486:
Most ancient Greek cities lay on or near hills, so seating was generally built into the slope of a hill, producing a natural viewing area known as the
2191:
975:) to make them appear softer and more lady like. They would also wear white body stockings under their costumes to make their skin appear fairer.
927:
The modern method to interpret a role by switching between a few simple characters goes back to changing masks in the theatre of ancient Greece.
408:
458:. One of New Comedy's most important contributions was its influence on Roman comedy, an influence that can be seen in the surviving works of
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The dramatic performances were important to the
Athenians â this is made clear by the creation of a tragedy competition and festival in the
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emerged there. Athens exported the festival to its numerous colonies. Modern
Western theatre comes, in large measure, from the
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of typically 12 to 15 people performed plays in verse accompanied by music. There were often tall, arched entrances called
5180:
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271:, for example, is credited with creating poems in which characters speak with their own voice, and spoken performances of
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482:, one of the steepest theatres in the world, has a capacity of 10,000 people and was constructed in the 3rd century BC
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892:, after blinding himself. Unique masks were also created for specific characters and events in a play, such as the
390:). Apparently, the Greek playwrights never used more than three actors based on what is known about Greek theatre.
370:
version of a mythological subject). Beginning in a first competition in 486 BC each playwright submitted a comedy.
287:(or Great Dionysia). This was organized possibly to foster loyalty among the tribes of Attica (recently created by
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954:), that elevated them above the other actors. The actors with comedic roles only wore a thin-soled shoe called a
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358:, which took place once in winter and once in spring, was a competition between three tragic playwrights at the
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The ancient classical drama; a study in literary evolution intended for readers in English and in the original
64:, which became a significant cultural, political, and religious place during this period, and the theatre was
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was a long wall with projecting sides, which may have had doorways for entrances and exits. Just behind the
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was the earliest recorded actor. Being a winner of the first theatrical contest held in Athens, he was the
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said to originate in ancient Greek theatre have come to widely symbolize the performing arts generally.
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Nahe Ferne: Sakrale Aspekte im Prisma der Profanbauten von Tadao Ando, Louis I. Kahn und Peter Zumthor
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454:, comic episodes about the lives of ordinary citizens. The only extant playwright from the period is
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103:, from which it borrows technical terminology, classification into genres, and many of its
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Tangian, Andranik (1997). "Performance interpretation by segmentation and its notation".
1938:
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Quality of life in the theatre of Democratic Athens: cults, politics and ancient comedy
413:
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53:
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Mask and Performance in Greek Tragedy: from ancient festival to modern experimentation
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778:, more complex pictures built into the second-level scene (3rd level from the ground)
704:
The orchestra was a circular piece of ground at the bottom of the theatron where the
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764:, a wheeled platform often used to bring dead characters into view for the audience
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104:
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LebensqualitÀt im Theater des demokratischen Athen: Kult, Politik und Alte Komödie
663:. By the end of the 5th century BC, around the time of the Peloponnesian War, the
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to impress. Some examples of Greek theatre costuming include long robes called
967:
Male actors playing female roles would wear a wooden structure on their chests (
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65:
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and considered to be one of the iconic conventions of classical Greek theatre.
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1799:. New Theatre Quarterly. Vol. 67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
657:. Some theatres also had a raised speaking place on the orchestra called the
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After 465 BC, playwrights began using a backdrop or scenic wall, called the
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971:) to imitate the look of breasts and another structure on their stomachs (
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Searchable database of monologues for actors from Ancient Greek Theatre
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The Masks of Greek Tragedy as Point of Departure for Modern Performance
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and reserved for priests and a few of the most respected citizens. The
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The Masks of Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance
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245:, as it is presently known, was created in Athens around 532 BC, when
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314:. He was the first poet we know of to use a historical subject â his
250:
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The roots of theatre: rethinking ritual and other theories of origin
1189:
424:) with masks of New Comedy, 1st century BC. â early 1st century AD,
2182:
Tsitsiridis, Stavros, "Greek Mime in the Roman Empire (P.Oxy. 413:
2059:"Rites of Passage in Ancient Greece: Literature, Religion, Society"
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There were several scenic elements commonly used in Greek theatre:
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The actors in these plays that had tragic roles wore boots called
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This etymology indicates a link with the practices of the ancient
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38:
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The Ancient Theatre Archive, Greek and Roman theatre architecture
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5027:
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2323:
1770:
Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians
1019:
812:(lit., "face"), and was a significant element in the worship of
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3713:
3217:
2564:
2384:
2333:
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1353:(5th ed.). Yale University Press Pelican History of Art.
1103:
647:("in front of the scene"), which is similar to the modern day
188:. It is impossible, however, to know with certainty how these
164:
960:
or sock. For this reason, dramatic art is sometimes called "
450:
The primary Hellenistic theatrical form was not tragedy but
295:. Each is credited with different innovations in the field.
2223:
Dionysus Writes: The Invention of Theatre in Ancient Greece
176:
162:
150:
126:
2026:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
1240:. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Publishing Company. p. 3.
431:
The power of Athens declined following its defeat in the
2038:
Spoken Like a Woman: Speech and Gender in Athenian Drama
1901:
Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession
1510:"The Origins of the Comedy and Tragedy Masks of Theatre"
1725:
Pathmanathan, R. Sri (1965). "Death in Greek tragedy".
595:
1480:
1478:
672:
The death of a character was always heard behind the
1985:; London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944.
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decorated robe hanging below it and dancing and the
30:"Greek theatre" redirects here. For other uses, see
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1992:, trans. H.A., Frankfurt, London and New York 1965.
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120:
2024:The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre
2022:McDonald, Marianne, Walton, J. Michael (editors),
1997:A Short Introduction to the Ancient Greek Theatre.
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1346:
750:that gave the impression of a flying actor (thus,
259:performed in and around Attica, especially at the
1846:Literature and Literacy in Ancient Greece, Part 1
2297:â Dr. Thomas G. Hines, Department of Theatre,
2040:, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
1804:Vovolis, Thanos; Zamboulakis, Giorgos (2007).
1046:Chorus of the elderly in classical Greek drama
5254:
2345:
2311:â Dr. Janice Siegel, Department of Classics,
2144:, Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002.
1950:, Princeton: Princeton University Press 2001.
1236:Bahn, Eugene & Bahn, Margaret L. (1970).
591:separated the upper and lower seating areas.
8:
1943:, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1918
1924:The Origins and Early Forms of Greek Tragedy
1638:(7th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace.
1571:
1533:
1484:
1431:"Liddell & Scott via Perseus @ UChicago"
1384:
2204:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 2000
2202:Greek Theatre Performance: An Introduction.
1340:
1338:
1014:Representation of women in Athenian tragedy
825:vase, which depicts actors preparing for a
5261:
5247:
5239:
5139:
4857:
4309:
4300:
4281:
4041:
3944:
3734:
3710:
3227:
3214:
2921:
2590:
2561:
2405:
2381:
2352:
2338:
2330:
2280:Ancient Greek theatre history and articles
1556:
1554:
1345:Lawrence, A. W.; Tomlinson, R. A. (1996).
533:eventually came to mean the whole area of
334:New inventions during the classical period
2285:Drama lesson 1: The ancient Greek theatre
1634:Brockett, Oscar G.; Ball, Robert (2000).
856:Mask dating from the 4th/3rd century BC,
362:. Each submitted three tragedies, plus a
5406:Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights
2017:Il pubblico a teatro nella Grecia antica
1873:The Cambridge Companion to Greek Tragedy
1305:
1263:
1214:
447:'s conquests in the fourth century BC).
2160:Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature
1721:, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
1700:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1496:
1190:"Merriam-Webster definition of tragedy"
1181:
685:with the later solidified stone scene.
2075:Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur Wallace
1806:"The acoustical mask of Greek tragedy"
1545:
1400:. Zurich: Park Books. pp. 78â79.
1373:
1329:
1317:
880:In a large open-air theatre, like the
1795:Vervain, Chris; Wiles, David (2004).
1463:from the original on 10 December 2022
498:(literally "dancing place"), where a
7:
4753:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
1904:, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
1666:(in German). Munich, Germany: GRIN.
1508:D'Almeida, Cristina (21 June 2020).
1287:from the original on 29 January 2022
1196:from the original on 22 January 2007
2235:, trans. T. Marier, Baltimore 1991.
1981:, Stanford University, California,
56:from 700 BC. At its centre was the
1932:, Hermes 85, 1957, pp. 17â46.
1170:List of films based on Greek drama
25:
2099:Rabinowitz, Nancy Sorkin (2008).
2085:The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens
1918:Aristotle's Poetics: The Argument
1619:(8th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
999:List of ancient Greek playwrights
772:, pictures hung to create scenery
651:. The upper story was called the
192:became the basis for tragedy and
5222:
5212:
5203:
5202:
2304:Greek and Roman theatre glossary
2091:The Dramatic Festivals of Athens
2057:Padilla, Mark William (editor),
1926:, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1965.
1920:, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1967.
1894:Easterling, Patricia Elizabeth;
1645:Costume in Greek Classical Drama
1561:Vovolis & Zamboulakis (2007)
1238:A History of Oral Interpretation
623:, became a common supplement to
351:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
5223:
2179:, Oxford:University Press 2003.
2079:Dithyramb, Tragedy, and Comedy
1940:The Greek theater and its drama
1830:Greek Theater in Ancient Sicily
426:Princeton University Art Museum
2233:Greek Tragedy: An Introduction
2175:Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane,
1780:"Research on the Ancient Mask"
1004:List of ancient Greek theatres
32:Greek theatre (disambiguation)
1:
2824:
2811:
2792:
2775:
2177:Tragedy and Athenian Religion
1979:A handbook of Classical Drama
1832:. Cambridge University Press.
1698:The Making of Theatre History
804:The Ancient Greek term for a
3952:Funeral and burial practices
3137:Military of Mycenaean Greece
2270:Resources in other libraries
1957:, London: Peter Owen, 2003.
1948:Female Acts in Greek Tragedy
1852:, 16, 1962, pp. 141â56.
867:The mask-makers were called
674:
665:
659:
653:
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
605:
596:
587:
581:
574:
547:
541:
535:
529:
520:
512:
504:
494:
488:
251:
177:
163:
151:
127:
1835:Buckham, Philip Wentworth,
1615:Brockett, Oscar G. (1999).
1586:Contemporary Theatre Review
709:individual characters. The
5432:
5270:History of Western theatre
3876:Greek Revival architecture
2169:Greek Drama and Dramatists
2010:University of Exeter Press
1878:Cambridge University Press
1863:, 86, 1955, pp. 1â21.
1572:Brockett & Ball (2000)
1534:Vervain & Wiles (2004)
1485:Vervain & Wiles (2004)
1281:, 6.21 trans. A.D. Godley"
203:
171:
157:
145:
121:
29:
5276:
5198:
5149:
5138:
4299:
4280:
4044:
3947:
3733:
3709:
3284:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3230:
3226:
3213:
3092:Antigonid Macedonian army
2924:
2589:
2560:
2404:
2380:
2367:
2309:Illustrated Greek Theater
2265:Resources in your library
2251:Theatre of ancient Greece
2135:Wayland Press, Hove: 1996
1983:Stanford University Press
1828:Bosher, Kathryn G. 2021.
1741:10.1017/S0017383500014704
1598:10.1080/10486809708568438
1165:Roman theatre (structure)
565:Ancient Greek theatre in
420:Relief of a seated poet (
101:theatre of ancient Greece
76:, which honoured the god
2155:Schlegel, August Wilhelm
1937:Flickinger, Roy Caston,
1930:The Origins of ΀ΥÎÎΩÎÎÎÎ
842:comedy and tragedy masks
378:added the second actor (
1778:Varakis, Angie (2004).
1155:Theatre of ancient Rome
697:The Ancient Theatre of
131:, from which the word "
3318:Artists & scholars
3233:List of ancient Greeks
2870:Second Athenian League
2719:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2544:Ancient Greek colonies
2313:HampdenâSydney College
2166:Sommerstein, Alan H.,
2044:Moulton, Richard Green
1977:Harsh, Philip Whaley,
1857:Peisistratus and Homer
1617:History of the Theatre
943:
860:
801:
701:
669:was two stories high.
569:
483:
443:(the period following
428:
386:introduced the third (
346:
231:
52:culture flourished in
45:
5401:Ancient Greek theatre
4437:Sybaris on the Traeis
3162:Sacred Band of Thebes
2902:(c. 300 BCâc. 300 AD)
2416:Cycladic civilization
2290:Ancient Greek Theatre
2007:Acting Greek Tragedy.
2000:University of Chicago
1838:Theatre of the Greeks
1696:Kuritz, Paul (1988).
1643:Brooke, Iris (1962).
1636:The Essential Theatre
1396:BrniÄ, Ivica (2019).
938:
931:Other costume details
855:
795:
696:
611:(from which the word
579:They were called the
564:
477:
411:
341:
230:the finest in Greece.
217:
204:Further information:
181:, 'to sing'.
169:meaning "song", from
111:, and plot elements.
42:
3962:mythological figures
3683:Ancient Greek tribes
2808:Peloponnesian League
2123:Dionysism and Comedy
2105:Blackwell Publishers
1955:The Birth of Theatre
1652:Jansen, Jan (2000).
255:, or leader, of the
5303:English Renaissance
4074:Tunnel of Eupalinos
4069:Theatre of Dionysus
3693:Ancient Macedonians
3309:Tyrants of Syracuse
2821:Amphictyonic League
2421:Minoan civilization
2063:Bucknell University
2052:The Clarendon Press
1876:. Cambridge, U.K.:
1683:on 21 November 2008
1385:Pathmanathan (1965)
882:Theatre of Dionysus
796:Tragic Comic Masks
445:Alexander the Great
360:Theatre of Dionysus
344:Theatre of Dionysus
320:The Fall of Miletus
220:the ancient theatre
135:" is derived, is a
68:there as part of a
5308:Spanish Golden Age
5297:Commedia dell'arte
4748:Menestheus's Limin
4402:Pandosia (Lucania)
4290:Greek colonisation
3652:Athenian statesmen
3413:Diogenes of Sinope
3274:Kings of Macedonia
3264:Kings of Commagene
3132:Macedonian phalanx
3112:Hellenistic armies
2860:(c. 424âc. 395 BC)
2724:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2446:Hellenistic Greece
2218:, Cambridge, 1997.
2211:, Cambridge, 1991.
2172:, Routledge, 2002.
2015:Loscalzo, Donato,
1719:Greek Architecture
1647:. London: Methuen.
1349:Greek Architecture
1009:History of theatre
944:
861:
802:
702:
570:
484:
441:Hellenistic period
429:
404:Hellenistic period
347:
328:Hellenistic period
232:
88:(490 BC), and the
46:
5388:
5387:
5236:
5235:
5194:
5193:
5134:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
4700:Iberian Peninsula
4632:Lipara/Meligounis
4598:
4597:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4249:Cypriot syllabary
4140:
4139:
4049:Athenian Treasury
4033:
4032:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3294:Ptolemaic dynasty
3254:Archons of Athens
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3080:Athenian military
3061:
3060:
2894:League of Corinth
2876:Thessalian League
2852:Chalcidian League
2834:Acarnanian League
2744:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2246:Library resources
2114:978-1-4051-2160-6
1972:The Attic Theatre
1765:Ridgeway, William
1420:Lawrence, 280-281
1407:978-3-03860-121-0
1109:OnomastĂŹ komodĂšin
433:Peloponnesian War
190:fertility rituals
66:institutionalised
16:(Redirected from
5423:
5416:Masks in theatre
5411:Cult of Dionysus
5263:
5256:
5249:
5240:
5226:
5225:
5216:
5206:
5205:
5140:
4858:
4357:Heraclea Lucania
4310:
4301:
4282:
4042:
3974:Twelve Olympians
3945:
3735:
3711:
3299:Seleucid dynasty
3279:Kings of Paionia
3228:
3215:
3085:Scythian archers
2992:Graphe paranomon
2922:
2829:
2826:
2816:
2813:
2797:
2794:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2591:
2562:
2441:Classical Greece
2426:Mycenaean Greece
2406:
2382:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2221:Wise, Jennifer,
2195:1 (2011) 184-232
2118:
2036:McClure, Laura.
1953:Freund, Philip,
1914:Else, Gerald F.
1891:
1868:Easterling, P.E.
1855:Davidson, J.A.,
1844:Davidson, J.A.,
1817:
1800:
1791:
1774:
1760:
1711:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1676:. Archived from
1665:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1558:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1433:. Archived from
1427:
1421:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1352:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1273:
1267:
1266:, pp. 16â17
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1186:
677:
668:
662:
656:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
610:
599:
590:
584:
577:
550:
544:
538:
532:
523:
517:
509:
497:
491:
308:Phoenician Women
254:
226:, considered by
180:
174:
173:
168:
160:
159:
154:
148:
147:
130:
124:
123:
109:stock characters
21:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5272:
5267:
5237:
5232:
5190:
5145:
5122:
4985:
4979:
4862:
4853:
4845:
4816:Melaina Korkyra
4772:
4694:
4651:
4604:Aeolian Islands
4594:
4456:
4314:
4295:
4294:
4268:
4225:
4136:
4078:
4029:
3983:
3934:
3856:
3847:Wedding customs
3729:
3728:
3697:
3688:Thracian Greeks
3671:
3662:Olympic victors
3640:
3482:
3369:
3313:
3304:Kings of Sparta
3289:Kings of Pontus
3259:Kings of Athens
3235:
3222:
3201:
3097:Army of Macedon
3057:
3034:
3006:
2963:
2911:
2884:(370âc. 230 BC)
2882:Arcadian League
2866:(c. 400â188 BC)
2864:Aetolian League
2858:Boeotian League
2840:Hellenic League
2827:
2814:
2804:(c. 650â404 BC)
2795:
2789:Italiote League
2782:
2778:
2772:Doric Hexapolis
2762:
2753:
2749:Seleucid Empire
2692:
2585:
2584:
2548:
2455:
2431:Greek Dark Ages
2400:
2399:
2376:
2363:
2358:
2299:Whitman College
2276:
2275:
2274:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2231:Zimmerman, B.,
2225:, Ithaca 1998.
2131:Ross, Stewart.
2115:
2098:
2002:, Chicago: 2006
1946:Foley, Helene,
1888:
1866:
1825:
1823:Further reading
1820:
1803:
1794:
1777:
1763:
1728:Greece and Rome
1724:
1715:Lawrence, A. W.
1708:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1663:
1651:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1614:
1610:
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1502:
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1428:
1424:
1419:
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1408:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1306:Brockett (1999)
1304:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1264:Brockett (1999)
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1215:Ridgeway (1910)
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
994:
962:sock and buskin
933:
878:
858:Stoa of Attalos
850:
798:Hadrian's Villa
790:
785:
753:deus ex machina
735:
733:Scenic elements
721:
691:
601:
559:
472:
406:
336:
316:Fall of Miletus
212:
202:
186:Dionysian cults
117:
92:were the three
84:(late 500 BC),
44:comedy as well.
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5268:
5266:
5265:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5220:
5210:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4864:
4855:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:Megara Hyblaea
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4530:Hybla Gereatis
4527:
4522:
4520:Heraclea Minoa
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4307:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4264:Attic numerals
4261:
4259:Greek numerals
4256:
4254:Greek alphabet
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3908:Musical system
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Mathematicians
3337:
3332:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3249:Kings of Argos
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Cretan archers
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2906:Achaean League
2903:
2900:Euboean League
2897:
2891:
2888:Epirote League
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2836:(c. 500â31 BC)
2831:
2818:
2805:
2799:
2786:
2768:
2766:
2764:Confederations
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2688:Lissus (Crete)
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Archaic Greece
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:Ancient Greece
2359:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:External links
2238:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2219:
2214:Wiles, David.
2212:
2207:Wiles, David.
2205:
2200:Wiles, David.
2198:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2163:, Geneva 1809.
2152:
2136:
2133:Greek Theatre.
2129:
2119:
2113:
2103:. Malden, MA:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2093:, Oxford 1953.
2088:
2087:, Oxford 1946.
2082:
2081:, Oxford 1927.
2073:
2055:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2013:
2012:, Exeter: 2015
2003:
1993:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1951:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1892:
1886:
1870:, ed. (1997).
1864:
1853:
1842:
1841:, London 1827.
1833:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1801:
1792:
1775:
1761:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1693:
1672:
1649:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1576:
1564:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1500:
1497:Varakis (2004)
1489:
1474:
1448:
1437:on 29 May 2012
1422:
1413:
1406:
1388:
1377:
1366:
1359:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1268:
1256:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1207:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
932:
929:
877:
876:Mask functions
874:
849:
846:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
773:
765:
757:
734:
731:
720:
717:
690:
687:
600:
593:
558:
553:
471:
468:
418:Early Imperial
405:
402:
335:
332:
261:Rural Dionysia
201:
198:
155:or "goat" and
116:
113:
54:ancient Greece
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5428:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5259:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5241:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5201:
5200:
5197:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5141:
5137:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4728:Hemeroscopion
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Magna Graecia
4302:
4298:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Arcadocypriot
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4132:Zeus, Olympia
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Hera, Olympia
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4020:Mount Olympus
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:Sacred places
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Olympic Games
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:Homosexuality
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3172:Seleucid army
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:Delian League
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:Ionian League
2800:
2790:
2787:
2783: 560 BC
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Magna Graecia
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
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2150:0-87745-817-0
2147:
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2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2121:Riu, Xavier,
2120:
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2110:
2106:
2102:
2101:Greek Tragedy
2097:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
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2077:
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2072:
2071:0-8387-5418-X
2068:
2065:Press, 1999.
2064:
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2056:
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2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:0-521-83456-2
2029:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:Ley, Graham.
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:Ley, Graham.
1994:
1991:
1990:Greek Tragedy
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:0-7206-1170-9
1960:
1956:
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1949:
1945:
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1910:0-521-65140-9
1907:
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1887:0-521-41245-5
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1709:
1707:9780135478615
1703:
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1673:9783638291873
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1546:Brooke (1962)
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 256
1535:
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1511:
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1487:, p. 255
1486:
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1374:Jansen (2000)
1370:
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1360:0-300-06491-8
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1350:
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1330:Kuritz (1988)
1326:
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1318:Kuritz (1988)
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1150:Thalia (Muse)
1148:
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380:deuteragonist
377:
374:claimed that
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285:City Dionysia
281:
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243:Greek tragedy
240:
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41:
37:
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27:Greek theatre
19:
18:Greek theater
5373:20th century
5348:19th century
5318:Neoclassical
5295:
5280:
5023:Dionysopolis
4993:Abonoteichos
4945:Pantikapaion
4535:Hybla Heraea
3929:
3871:Architecture
3827:Prostitution
3516:Aristophanes
3375:Philosophers
3345:Philosophers
3177:Spartan army
2908:(280â146 BC)
2896:(338â322 BC)
2890:(370â168 BC)
2878:(374â196 BC)
2872:(378â355 BC)
2854:(430â348 BC)
2848:(478â404 BC)
2842:(499â449 BC)
2529:Peloponnesus
2451:Roman Greece
2260:Online books
2250:
2232:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2159:
2140:
2138:Rozik, Eli,
2132:
2122:
2100:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2047:
2037:
2023:
2016:
2006:
1996:
1989:
1978:
1971:
1968:Haigh, A. E.
1954:
1947:
1939:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1900:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1796:
1787:
1783:
1769:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1678:the original
1659:
1654:
1644:
1635:
1616:
1608:Bibliography
1592:(4): 79â97.
1589:
1585:
1579:
1574:, p. 70
1567:
1548:, p. 76
1541:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1514:OnStage Blog
1513:
1503:
1492:
1465:. Retrieved
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:the original
1425:
1416:
1397:
1391:
1380:
1369:
1348:
1332:, p. 24
1325:
1320:, p. 21
1313:
1308:, p. 17
1301:
1289:. Retrieved
1278:
1277:"Herodotus,
1271:
1259:
1250:Aristotle, '
1246:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1217:, p. 83
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1184:
1160:Theoric fund
1140:Stichomythia
1132:
1125:
1113:
1091:
1084:
1067:
1060:
1018:
981:
977:
972:
968:
966:
955:
947:
945:
940:
926:
919:
901:
879:
868:
866:
862:
848:Mask details
839:
835:
822:
809:
803:
775:
767:
759:
751:
741:
736:
722:
710:
703:
680:
671:
612:
602:
571:
555:
526:
485:
470:Architecture
449:
430:
392:
382:), and that
348:
325:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:such as the
297:
282:
275:'s epics by
241:
233:
183:
118:
100:
47:
36:
5338:Romanticism
5323:Restoration
5171:Place names
5083:Salmydessus
4905:Kalos Limen
4885:Chersonesus
4875:Borysthenes
4580:Tauromenion
4392:Metapontion
4154:Proto-Greek
4107:Erechtheion
4102:Athena Nike
4064:Philippeion
3893:Mathematics
3864:and science
3747:Agriculture
3611:Stesichorus
3521:Bacchylides
3511:Archilochus
3398:Antisthenes
3388:Anaximander
3360:Seven Sages
3350:Playwrights
3330:Geographers
3325:Astronomers
3152:Pezhetairos
2779: 1100
2759:Federations
2658:Megalopolis
2595:City states
2570:City states
2188:Moicheutria
2019:, Roma 2008
1896:Hall, Edith
1735:(1): 2â14.
1467:21 February
1457:"Tufts.edu"
1441:15 February
1121:Phlyax play
1051:Didascaliae
1026:Antistrophe
973:progastreda
921:The Bacchae
837:character.
478:Theatre of
388:tritagonist
289:Cleisthenes
72:called the
5395:Categories
5368:Postmodern
5358:Naturalism
5313:Classicism
5073:Polemonion
4950:Phanagoria
4920:Kimmerikon
4915:Kerkinitis
4900:Hermonassa
4890:Dioscurias
4786:Aspalathos
4733:Kalathousa
4708:Akra Leuke
4637:Phoenicusa
4422:Scylletium
4407:Poseidonia
4327:Brentesion
4214:Pamphylian
4209:Macedonian
4127:Samothrace
4112:Hephaestus
4059:Long Walls
4038:Structures
3979:Underworld
3925:Technology
3888:Literature
3822:Philosophy
3787:Euergetism
3676:By culture
3621:Thucydides
3463:Pythagoras
3458:Protagoras
3448:Parmenides
3433:Heraclitus
3418:Empedocles
3408:Democritus
3393:Anaximenes
3383:Anaxagoras
3335:Historians
2828: 595
2815: 550
2796: 800
2781: â c.
2709:Cappadocia
2514:Ionian Sea
2504:Hellespont
2469:Aegean Sea
2315:, Virginia
2050:, Oxford,
1988:Lesky, A.
1810:Didaskalia
1784:Didaskalia
1291:29 January
1200:22 January
1177:References
1056:Didaskalos
969:posterneda
869:skeuopoios
827:satyr play
712:coryphaeus
654:episkenion
649:proscenium
644:proskenion
638:paraskenia
632:paraskenia
620:paraskenia
452:New Comedy
414:Republican
366:(a comic,
364:satyr play
349:After the
326:Until the
300:Golden Age
293:Phrynichus
257:dithyrambs
90:satyr play
58:city-state
50:theatrical
5363:Modernism
5343:Melodrama
5159:in Epirus
5108:Trapezous
5053:Mesambria
5038:Eupatoria
5008:Apollonia
5003:Anchialos
4965:Theodosia
4935:Nymphaion
4925:Myrmekion
4895:Gorgippia
4851:Black Sea
4836:Tragurion
4821:Nymphaion
4806:Epidauros
4801:Epidamnos
4791:Apollonia
4768:Zacynthos
4690:Ptolemais
4684:Apollonia
4657:Cyrenaica
4647:TherassĂa
4642:Strongyle
4622:Ereikousa
4545:Leontinoi
4485:Apollonia
4362:Hipponion
4159:Mycenaean
4122:Parthenon
4054:Lion Gate
3957:Mythology
3920:Sculpture
3883:Astronomy
3817:Pederasty
3792:Festivals
3777:Education
3657:Lawgivers
3626:Timocreon
3606:Sophocles
3601:Simonides
3576:Philocles
3571:Panyassis
3566:Mimnermus
3531:Herodotus
3526:Euripides
3496:Aeschylus
3443:Leucippus
3403:Aristotle
3182:Strategos
3048:Synedrion
3002:Ostracism
2982:Areopagus
2934:Free city
2729:Macedonia
2613:Byzantion
2519:Macedonia
2484:Cyrenaica
2461:Geography
2395:Geography
2184:Charition
1757:162902790
1687:5 October
1279:Histories
1127:Sparagmos
1115:Parabasis
1069:EkkyklĂȘma
948:cothurnus
916:Euripides
903:Eumenides
898:Aeschylus
840:Stylized
831:Aeschylus
776:thyromata
761:ekkyklĂȘma
726:acoustics
719:Acoustics
689:Orchestra
582:prohedria
542:orchestra
527:The term
495:orchestra
384:Sophocles
376:Aeschylus
372:Aristotle
368:burlesque
277:rhapsodes
228:Pausanias
224:Epidaurus
119:The word
115:Etymology
5378:timeline
5328:Augustan
5291:Medieval
5208:Category
5186:Theatres
5113:Tripolis
5048:Kerasous
5043:Heraclea
4975:Tyritake
4930:Nikonion
4841:Thronion
4763:Salauris
4718:Emporion
4675:Berenice
4665:Balagrae
4617:Euonymos
4590:Tyndaris
4575:Syracuse
4570:Selinous
4540:Kamarina
4495:Casmenae
4480:Akrillai
4397:NeĂĄpolis
4332:Caulonia
4313:Mainland
4244:Linear B
4239:Linear A
4169:Dialects
4146:Language
3940:Religion
3898:Medicine
3832:Religion
3797:Folklore
3782:Emporium
3757:Clothing
3752:Calendar
3636:Xenophon
3631:Tyrtaeus
3616:Theognis
3591:Polybius
3586:Plutarch
3561:Menander
3541:Hipponax
3468:Socrates
3423:Epicurus
3269:Diadochi
3167:Sciritae
3127:Hetairoi
3102:Ballista
3067:Military
3030:Gerousia
3020:Ekklesia
2987:Ecclesia
2969:Athenian
2917:Politics
2830:â279 BC)
2817:â366 BC)
2798:â389 BC)
2734:Pergamon
2704:Bithynia
2697:Kingdoms
2638:Pergamon
2580:Military
2575:Politics
2372:Timeline
2325:regions.
2125:, 1999.
1898:(eds.),
1767:(1910).
1461:Archived
1285:Archived
1194:Archived
1134:StĂĄsimon
1041:ChorĂȘgos
992:See also
908:Pentheus
823:Pronomos
814:Dionysus
810:prosopon
683:pediment
641:was the
575:theatron
556:Theatron
536:theatron
489:theatron
480:Pergamon
456:Menander
435:against
422:Menander
356:Dionysia
312:Alcestis
252:exarchon
237:Socrates
218:View of
210:Dionysia
137:compound
128:tragodia
122:ÏÏαγῳΎία
94:dramatic
78:Dionysus
74:Dionysia
70:festival
5353:Realism
5228:Outline
5181:Temples
5118:Zaliche
5098:ThĂšrmae
5088:Sesamus
5058:Odessos
5033:Cytorus
5028:Cotyora
4778:Illyria
4743:Mainake
4738:Kypsela
4627:Hycesia
4585:Thermae
4565:Segesta
4555:Messana
4510:Helorus
4490:Calacte
4470:Akragas
4432:Sybaris
4417:Rhegion
4372:Krimisa
4322:Alision
4231:Writing
4204:Locrian
4194:Epirote
4164:Homeric
4097:Artemis
4084:Temples
4025:Olympia
3995:Eleusis
3930:Theatre
3915:Pottery
3842:Warfare
3837:Slavery
3772:Economy
3767:Cuisine
3762:Coinage
3739:Society
3724:Culture
3719:Society
3667:Tyrants
3506:Alcaeus
3488:Authors
3438:Hypatia
3428:Gorgias
3365:Writers
3187:Toxotai
3157:Sarissa
3147:Peltast
3142:Phalanx
3122:Hoplite
3117:Hippeis
3040:Macedon
3012:Spartan
2997:Heliaia
2944:Proxeny
2653:Larissa
2648:Kerkyra
2643:Eretria
2633:Miletus
2628:Ephesus
2623:Corinth
2618:Chalcis
2539:Taurica
2409:Periods
2390:History
2193:Logeion
2054:, 1890.
1974:, 1907.
1850:Phoenix
1252:Poetics
1145:StrophĂȘ
1093:MĂȘchanĂȘ
1075:Episode
1062:Eisodos
890:Oedipus
769:pinakes
743:mechane
660:logeion
588:diazoma
530:theatre
514:eisodoi
506:parodoi
464:Terence
460:Plautus
412:Roman,
394:Tragedy
304:Danaids
247:Thespis
200:Origins
178:aeidein
172:áŒÎ”ίΎΔÎčÎœ
143:words:
139:of two
133:tragedy
82:Tragedy
5333:Weimar
5218:Portal
5166:People
5154:Cities
5093:Sinope
5078:Rhizos
5068:Phasis
5018:Bathus
5013:Athina
4998:Amisos
4960:Tanais
4955:Pityus
4880:Charax
4831:Pharos
4826:Orikon
4723:Helike
4713:Alonis
4680:Cyrene
4612:Didyme
4525:Himera
4500:Catana
4462:Sicily
4452:Thurii
4447:Terina
4412:Pixous
4367:Hydrus
4342:Croton
4174:Aeolic
4092:Aphaea
4015:Dodona
4000:Delphi
3969:Temple
3645:Others
3596:Sappho
3581:Pindar
3556:Lucian
3551:Ibycus
3536:Hesiod
3473:Thales
3241:Rulers
3220:People
3197:Xyston
3192:Xiphos
3053:Koinon
2959:Tyrant
2949:Stasis
2939:Koinon
2739:Pontus
2714:Epirus
2683:Sparta
2673:Rhodes
2668:Megara
2663:Thebes
2608:Athens
2534:Pontus
2499:Epirus
2489:Cyprus
2474:Aeolis
2248:about
2227:review
2148:
2127:review
2111:
2069:
2030:
1961:
1908:
1884:
1755:
1749:642398
1747:
1704:
1670:
1662:]
1623:
1519:16 May
1404:
1357:
1099:Monody
1086:KommĂłs
1031:Archon
985:chiton
957:soccus
952:buskin
941:soccus
912:Cadmus
894:Furies
886:Athens
818:Athens
800:mosaic
706:chorus
699:Delphi
629:. The
545:, and
500:chorus
437:Sparta
398:comedy
194:comedy
152:tragos
146:ÏÏΏγοÏ
105:themes
97:genres
86:comedy
62:Athens
5286:Roman
5281:Greek
5176:Stoae
5144:Lists
5063:OinĂČe
4986:coast
4984:South
4970:Tyras
4940:Olbia
4910:Kepoi
4863:coast
4861:North
4854:basin
4796:Aulon
4758:Rhode
4670:Barca
4560:Naxos
4515:Henna
4475:Akrai
4442:Taras
4427:Siris
4387:Medma
4382:Locri
4347:Cumae
4337:Chone
4315:Italy
4221:Koine
4199:Ionic
4189:Doric
4184:Attic
4005:Delos
3903:Music
3546:Homer
3501:Aesop
3453:Plato
3355:Poets
3025:Ephor
2977:Agora
2954:Tagus
2929:Boule
2678:Samos
2603:Argos
2509:Ionia
2494:Doris
2479:Crete
1753:S2CID
1745:JSTOR
1681:(PDF)
1664:(PDF)
1658:[
1080:Epode
1036:Aulos
788:Masks
783:Masks
748:crane
675:skené
666:skené
626:skené
614:scene
607:skené
597:Skené
567:Delos
548:skené
521:skené
273:Homer
269:Solon
265:Arion
141:Greek
5103:Tium
4870:Akra
4811:Issa
4505:Gela
4377:LaĂŒs
4352:Elea
4010:Dion
3862:Arts
3852:Wine
3478:Zeno
3075:Wars
2186:and
2146:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2067:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1861:TAPA
1816:(1).
1790:(1).
1702:ISBN
1689:2007
1668:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1521:2024
1469:2021
1443:2012
1402:ISBN
1355:ISBN
1293:2022
1202:2007
1020:AgĂŽn
939:The
910:and
906:and
806:mask
746:, a
572:The
462:and
396:and
342:The
310:and
208:and
3807:Law
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1737:doi
1594:doi
1104:Ode
964:."
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816:at
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510:or
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165:ode
158:áŸ ÎŽÎź
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