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75:
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size when they are young. Research has been done on resource allocation between different chick sizes by green-rumped parrotlet parents. It was shown that male parents tend to feed larger chicks more often, while females are far more likely to feed smaller individuals first because of their begging habits - smaller chicks tend to beg more, while larger chicks are more submissive. This effect has also been observed in other parrot species.
232:
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31:
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The unusual length of the green-rumped parrotlet's nestling period is believed to be caused, or at least influenced, by the low levels of available nutrients and minerals for young found in typical green-rumped parrotlet habitat. Because of the difference in hatching time, not all chicks are the same
647:
Green-rumped parrotlets form strong pair bonds and rarely switch mates, but typically only breed with the same individual for 1-2 seasons. Widowed parrotlets will often take a new mate, and 48% of the new stepparents adopt the offspring. Stepfather parrotlets in particular nest with their new mates,
688:
It has been observed that over the course of mating and raising a brood of chicks, a female green-rumped parrotlet's mass varies greatly. Female individuals gained up to 25% more mass before laying and maintained this mass through incubation until hatching began. The amount of mass lost over the
1541:
659:
Almost half of wild females attempt a second brood during their breeding season. Green-rumped parrotlets breed during the rainy season (May–November), though each subspecies tends to breed during different months. They typically make their nests in unlined
447:
The green-rumped parrotlet is 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighs 20–28 g (0.71–0.99 oz). The plumage mainly bright green with duller/grayer napes. The eyes are dark brown and beaks and feet are light peach. Green-rumped parrotlets exhibit
452:: males have purplish-blue primaries, secondaries, and coverts, with bright turquoise feathers on the leading edges of their wings; females lack blue but have more yellow-green on the head. Like all parrots, green-rumped parrotlets exhibit
672:
The female lays 5-6 small white eggs over a period of 9–16 days. The female usually initiates incubation after the first egg is laid, leading to asynchronous hatching which begins 18–22 days after the start of incubation. Depending on the
684:
Research has shown that by planning asynchronous hatching, parent parrotlets don't have to spend as much time expending the high levels of energy associated with brooding, but the amount of energy expended does not change.
689:
brooding and fledging periods was dependent on the size of the brood. It is believed that this mass change is caused by a combination of brooding starvation, adaptation to a new lifestyle, and sexual activity.
1302:
Pacheco, M.A.; Beissinger, S.R.; Bosque, C. (1 July 2010). "Why Grow Slowly in a
Dangerous Place? Postnatal Growth, Thermoregulation, and Energetics of Nestling Green-Rumped Parrotlets (Forpus passerinus)".
668:
nests, or in cavities in wooden fence posts. Intense competition over limited nest sites has selected for marauding non-breeding pairs that attempt to usurp occupied nests and evict the abandoned offspring.
577:
The global population size is not known, but this species has been described as widespread and common. However, there is strong evidence that populations are decreasing, which is likely related to
1382:
Siegel, R.B.; Weathers, W.W.; Beissinger, S.R. (May 1999). "Hatching asynchrony reduces the duration, not the magnitude, of peak load in breeding green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus)".
648:
attaining earlier ages at first breeding than competitors (stepmother-widower pair sample sizes were too small to produce results, at only 15 pairs). Therefore, adoption appears to be
1417:
Curlee, A.P.; Beissinger, S.R. (1 December 1995). "Experimental analysis of mass change in female green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus): the role of male cooperation".
475:
compared to the nominate has the back and rump that is brighter emerald green that is tinted with pale blue; the primaries and secondaries pale blue with purple-blue near
1187:
Beissinger, S.R. (2008). "Long-term studies of the Green-rumped
Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus) in Venezuela: hatching asynchrony, social system and population structure".
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size, hatching concludes 2–14 days after the first egg hatches. Fledging occurs 29–35 days after hatching, with the clutch fledging over a period of 14 days on average.
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male-female pairs, nonbreeding male-female pairs, male-male pairs, and individual nonbreeding males; the number of each type depends on the season.
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558:, they may wander locally to locate sources of food. They are not found at altitudes greater than 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) above sea level.
1962:
294:. The green-rumped parrotlet occurs from northern Venezuela eastwards to the lower Amazon in Brazil, Also Suriname and has been introduced to
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1019:
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Green-rumped parrotlets make light, twittering calls. While in flocks, calls are louder and more penetrating. Contact calls, similar to
1340:"Resource allocation varies with parental sex and brood size in the asynchronously hatching green-rumped parrotlet (Forpus passerinus)"
1125:
805:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1504:
1967:
1952:
327:
190:
1142:
628:, are individually distinct and are used for individual mate recognition. Each call varies in duration, frequency, and pitch.
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705:, as well as flowers, buds, berries, and fruits. They have also been observed to eat the seeds from fruit trees including
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and international trade is limited by other laws, so aviculture is dependent on existing captive populations.
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Green-rumped parrotlets are bred in captivity and kept as pets, though they are less common than some other
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has darker purple-blue markings than the nominate species; the female is brighter yellow-green. The male of
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1219:"Eviction-driven infanticide and sexually selected adoption and infanticide in a neotropical parrot"
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has more extensive purple-blue markings that form an obvious patch on the closed wing. The male of
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39:
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1399:
1364:
1320:
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1143:"Contact calls are used for individual mate recognition in free-ranging green-rumped parrotlets,
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species. Imports of wild green-rumped parrotlets into the United States are prohibited under the
361:
306:. It prefers semi-open lowland areas and is also sometimes present in city parks. There are five
239:
69:
1088:
1744:
1444:
Waltman, J.R.; Beissinger, S.R. (Mar 1992). "Breeding behavior of the Green-rumped
Parrotlet".
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is relatively uncommon (less than 8% of young are conceived through extra-pair fertilization).
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808:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 103.
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Berg, Karl S; Delgado, Soraya; Okawa, Rae; Beissinger, Steven; Bradbury, Jack (2011).
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1014:. Vol. 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. p. 449.
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Green-rumped parrotlets have been observed in flocks consisting of combinations of
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456:, meaning two toes face forward and two face backward. Juveniles look like adults.
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in 1908. The green-rumped parrotlet is now one of nine species placed in the genus
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Male (right) and female (left) green-rumped parrotlets socializing and feeding in
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854:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 204.
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and roost communally; they are often seen in flocks of up to 100 individuals.
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1270:"Extraordinary clutch size and hatching asynchrony of a Neotropical parrot"
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Stotz, D.F.; Fitzpatrick, J.W.; Parker III, T.A.; Moskovits, D.K. (1996).
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372:. The etymology of the genus name is uncertain. The specific epithet
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96:
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1687:
981:"Green-rumped Parrotlet (Forpus passerinus) | Parrot Encyclopedia"
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515:, and was not recorded on Trinidad prior to 1916. Along with the
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has darker purple-blue markings on the secondaries. The male of
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1087:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. p.
511:. It has been introduced in Jamaica, Curaçao, Barbados and
1010:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
368:
that was introduced in 1858 by the German zoologist
286:
that is found in northeastern South
America and the
1846:
1572:
1217:Beissinger, Steven R.; Berg, Karl S. (2024-05-14).
534:Green-rumped parrotlets are fairly common in open,
1338:Budden, A.E.; Beissinger, S.R. (14 January 2009).
1113:
1080:
1005:
778:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22685926A131918149.en
1195:. The Neotropical Ornithological Society: 73–83.
697:Green-rumped parrotlets primarily eat seeds from
336:. He placed it with all the other parrots in the
1268:Beissinger, S.R.; Waltman, J.R. (October 1991).
1311:(3). American Ornithological Society: 558–570.
1223:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1556:by Cornell Lab of Ornithology: species profile
1550:by Cornell Lab of Ornithology: species profile
487:Green-rumped parrotlets are found in tropical
408:, 1848) – north Venezuela, Trinidad and Tobago
1283:(4). American Ornithological Society: 863–871
554:areas throughout their range. While they are
479:. The forehead of the female is more yellow.
8:
930:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1512:A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
1452:(1). Wilson Ornithological Society: 65–84.
1116:Neotropical Birds: Ecology and Conservation
1560:
230:
48:
29:
20:
1358:
1252:
1234:
870:"Bemerkungen, Beobachtungen und Anfragen"
776:
1120:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
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538:habitat and are found residing in dry
356:as "America", but this was changed to
1514:(2nd ed.). Comstock Publishing.
1212:
1210:
932:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
909:. International Ornithologists' Union
889:
887:
585:. The species has been classified as
7:
1890:04322715-9E98-44F2-A6B6-6EE48A09D64C
1542:Green-rumped parrotlet photo gallery
1538:Parrot Encyclopedia: species profile
975:
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1913:IUCN Red List least concern species
1384:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1347:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
764:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
499:and Trinidad south and east to the
1012:Handbook of the Birds of the World
664:cavities, holes found in arboreal
322:in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
14:
617:Green-rumped parrotlets are very
1056:"Green-rumped Parrotlet - eBird"
907:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
851:Check-List of Birds of the World
491:, from the Caribbean regions of
438:, 1888) – lower Amazonian Brazil
73:
753:BirdLife International (2018).
318:The green-rumped parrotlet was
1474:. US Fish and Wildlife Service
550:, farmland, forest edges, and
414:(Linnaeus, 1758) – the Guianas
1:
1963:Birds of the Brazilian Amazon
1166:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.10.012
1958:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
1472:"Wild Bird Conservation Act"
1973:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1989:
1948:Birds of the Guiana Shield
1491:Related books and articles
928:Jobling, James A. (2010).
731:Wild Bird Conservation Act
605:Green-rumped parrotlet in
380:and means "sparrow-like".
1510:ffrench, Richard (1991).
1360:10.1007/s00265-008-0698-x
824:"On the birds of Cayenne"
771:: e.T22685926A131918149.
352:. Linnaeus specified the
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70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
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28:
23:
1079:Forshaw, Joseph (2006).
1036:"Green-rumped Parrotlet"
1007:"Green-rumped Parrotlet"
874:Journal für Ornithologie
527:species to occur in the
483:Distribution and habitat
398:, 1915) – north Colombia
1968:Birds described in 1758
1236:10.1073/pnas.2317305121
1189:Ornitologia Neotropical
901:, eds. (January 2022).
459:The male of subspecies
24:Green-rumped parrotlet
1953:Birds of the Caribbean
1431:10.1093/beheco/6.2.192
1317:10.1525/auk.2009.09190
609:
569:
517:lilac-tailed parrotlet
266:green-rumped parrotlet
1396:10.1007/s002650050583
1004:Collar, N.J. (1997).
637:Extra-pair copulation
604:
564:
523:), they are the only
276:green-rumped parakeet
274:), also known as the
1848:Psittacus passerinus
1083:Parrots of the World
903:"Parrots, cockatoos"
828:Novitates Zoologicae
597:Behavior and ecology
350:Psittacus passerinus
249:Psittacus passerinus
1446:The Wilson Bulletin
820:Berlepsch, Hans von
579:habitat destruction
40:Conservation status
1938:Birds of Venezuela
1536:World Parrot Trust
1497:Birds of Venezuela
1419:Behavioral Ecology
897:; Donsker, David;
610:
570:
469:F. p. cyanochlorus
465:F. p. viridissimus
418:F. p. cyanochlorus
402:F. p. viridissimus
362:Hans von Berlepsch
320:formally described
278:, is a species of
217:F. p. cyanochlorus
212:F. p. viridissimus
161:F. passerinus
1933:Birds of Colombia
1928:Birds of Barbados
1900:
1899:
1836:Forpus-passerinus
1805:Open Tree of Life
1618:Forpus_passerinus
1604:Forpus passerinus
1574:Forpus passerinus
1566:Taxon identifiers
1548:Neotropical Birds
1521:978-0-8014-9792-6
1145:Forpus passerinus
1098:978-0-691-09251-5
1021:978-84-87334-22-1
947:978-1-4081-2501-4
899:Rasmussen, Pamela
846:Peters, James Lee
757:Forpus passerinus
656:by stepfathers.
652:. However, so is
650:sexually selected
461:F. p. cyanophanes
450:sexual dimorphism
392:F. p. cyanophanes
271:Forpus passerinus
262:
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207:F. p. cyanophanes
179:Forpus passerinus
63:
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1923:Birds of Jamaica
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556:non-migratory
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55:Least Concern
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1792:Neotropical
1727:iNaturalist
1598:Wikispecies
895:Gill, Frank
834:: 103–324 .
784:12 November
654:infanticide
529:West Indies
454:zygodactyly
443:Description
284:Psittacidae
199:Subspecies
137:Psittacidae
1907:Categories
1863:Q125107049
1831:Xeno-canto
1499:by Hilty,
1065:2019-03-17
1041:2019-03-17
990:2019-03-16
737:References
719:Aviculture
619:gregarious
552:deforested
546:woodland,
424:, 1864) –
406:Lafresnaye
385:subspecies
374:passerinus
308:subspecies
290:island of
1245:0027-8424
1060:ebird.org
567:Venezuela
544:deciduous
540:scrubland
536:semi-arid
525:parrotlet
497:Venezuela
342:Psittacus
288:Caribbean
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1857:Wikidata
1818:Species+
1771:22685926
1745:10586306
1644:22685926
1639:BirdLife
1583:Wikidata
1544:on VIREO
1404:30215110
1369:24552782
1325:41511822
1254:11098109
1201:44861681
1174:42150361
913:19 March
868:(1858).
822:(1908).
802:(1758).
711:sp. and
633:breeding
607:Trinidad
493:Colombia
422:Schlegel
376:is from
314:Taxonomy
304:Barbados
292:Trinidad
253:Linnaeus
240:Synonyms
187:Linnaeus
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1885:ZooBank
1877:9953924
1797:grrpar1
1719:2479081
1706:1178014
1693:grrpar1
1667:grrpar1
1626:Avibase
1589:Q775513
1478:13 June
1458:4163117
1305:The Auk
1277:The Auk
699:grasses
666:termite
589:by the
501:Guianas
436:Ridgway
426:Roraima
358:Surinam
330:of his
326:in the
300:Jamaica
296:Curaçao
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1918:Forpus
1810:301843
1758:177734
1518:
1503:
1456:
1402:
1367:
1323:
1287:23 May
1251:
1243:
1229:(20).
1199:
1172:
1124:
1095:
1018:
944:
726:Forpus
708:Annona
675:clutch
613:Social
513:Tobago
505:Brazil
366:Forpus
280:parrot
255:, 1758
148:Forpus
1784:69957
1740:IRMNG
1732:19065
1688:eBird
1680:6JJCL
1664:BOW:
1657:71425
1554:eBird
1454:JSTOR
1400:S2CID
1365:S2CID
1343:(PDF)
1321:S2CID
1273:(PDF)
1197:S2CID
1170:S2CID
1150:(PDF)
713:guava
703:forbs
626:names
383:Five
378:Latin
338:genus
1872:GBIF
1823:5086
1779:NCBI
1766:IUCN
1753:ITIS
1714:GBIF
1652:BOLD
1516:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1480:2014
1289:2014
1241:ISSN
1122:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1016:ISBN
942:ISBN
915:2022
786:2021
769:2018
701:and
693:Diet
662:tree
503:and
396:Todd
302:and
264:The
191:1758
117:Aves
1701:EoL
1675:CoL
1613:ADW
1450:104
1427:doi
1392:doi
1355:doi
1313:doi
1309:127
1281:108
1249:PMC
1231:doi
1227:121
1162:doi
1089:123
938:294
934:163
773:doi
581:by
360:by
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