Green Revolution - Knowledge (XXG)

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to solve China's food security issues by focusing on traditional crop production, biological pest control, the implementation of modern technology and science, creating food reserves for the population, high-yield seed varieties, multi-cropping, controlled irrigation, and protecting food security. This began with the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950, which ended private land ownership and gave land back to the peasants. Unlike with Mexico, the Philippines, India, or Brazil, the beginning of China's unique Green Revolution were unrelated to the American "Green Revolution." Rather, it was characterized by the government's sponsorship of agricultural research in concert with peasant knowledge and feedback, earlier international research, nature-based pest control and many other non-industrial agricultural practices, in order to feed the rapidly growing population.

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started adopting the Green Revolution in the 1950s, the world's food systems have been increasingly designed along industrial models, the idea being that, if people are able to purchase industrial inputs, then they can produce a large amount of food. Productivity was not measured in terms of human and environmental health, but exclusively in terms of commodity output and economic growth. This same system disrupted carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles because it requires farmers to depend on fossil fuel- based machines and chemical inputs, displacing long-standing regenerative and integrated farming practices." The IPCC's synthesis of recent findings states similarly "intensive agriculture during the second half of the 20th century led to

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deprivation; it has given man a breathing space. If fully implemented, the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades. But the frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed; otherwise the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral only. Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the "Population Monster"...Since man is potentially a rational being, however, I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self-destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth..."

1449: 883:, that had revolutionized the hybridization of seed corn to greatly increase crop yields. He became appalled at the meager corn yields in Mexico, where 80 percent of the people lived off the land, and a Mexican farmer had to work as much as 500 hours to produce a single bushel of corn, about 50 times longer than the typical Iowa farmer planting hybrid seed. Wallace persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to fund an agricultural station in Mexico to hybridize corn and wheat for arid climates, and to lead it, he hired a young Iowa agronomist named 1070:

made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century, though imports still exceeded exports, according to data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. From 1966 to 1986, the Philippines imported around 2,679,000 metric tons and exported only 632,000 metric tons of milled rice. By 1980, however, problems with the credit scheme rendered the loans accessible only to rich landowners while leaving poor farmers in debt. The program was also noted to have become a vehicle of political patronage.

40: 1493: 671: 955: 1612: 713: 8010: 6966: 6978: 1766: 7002: 7998: 6990: 1147:, whose research hybridized wild strains of rice with existing strains. He has been dubbed "the father of hybrid rice", and was considered a national hero in China. Chinese rice production met the nation's food security needs, and today they are a leading exporter of rice. In recent years, however, extensive use of ground water for irrigation has drawn down 1819: 1178:) were poured on the soil to reduce acidity. The effort went on for decades; by the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equaling around five tons of lime per hectare. As a result, Brazil has become the world's second biggest 1012:, summarized the factors leading to its initial success. These include: high yield plants without disease resistivity, adaptability, and ability to use fertilizers; improved use of soils, adequate fertilizers, and control of weeds and pests; and "a favorable ratio between the cost of fertilizers (and other investments) to the price of the produce." 4954:; Dowie, Mark; quote: "...Later that spring, at a Vancouver, British Columbia, meeting of the International Forum on Indigenous Mapping, all two hundred delegates signed a declaration stating that the 'activities of conservation organizations now represent the single biggest threat to the integrity of indigenous lands'..."; November/December 2005; 1600:, said that "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980" and "Hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs." Ehrlich's warnings failed to materialize when India became self-sustaining in cereal production in 1974 (six years later) as a result of the introduction of 1967:

were around 1 million human pesticide poisonings annually. Some 20,000 (mostly in developing countries) ended in death, as a result of poor labeling, loose safety standards etc. A 2014 study found that Indian children who were exposed to higher quantities of fertilizer agrochemicals experienced more adverse health impacts.

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depletion have forced farmers to clear forested areas in order to maintain production. A counter-hypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced sometimes incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity, and because the Green

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has grown by about five billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution. India saw annual wheat production rise from 10 million tons in the 1960s to 73 million in 2006. The average person in the developing world consumes roughly 25% more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution.

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High-yielding varieties significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform high-yielding varieties. Therefore, several authors have challenged the apparent superiority

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The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations. Two kinds of technologies were used in the Green Revolution, on the issues of cultivation and breeding. The technologies in cultivation are targeted at providing excellent

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There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa. These programs have generally been less successful. Reasons cited include widespread corruption, insecurity, a lack of infrastructure, and a general lack of will on the part of the

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process. In general, the success of "Green Revolution" depended on the use of machinery for cultivation and harvest, on large-scale agricultural enterprises with access to credit (often from foreign investors), government-supported infrastructure projects, and access to low-wage agricultural workers.

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Although many people die each year as a direct or indirect result of hunger and poor nutrition, Malthus's more extreme predictions have failed to materialize. In 1798 Thomas Malthus made his prediction of impending famine. The world's population had doubled by 1923 and doubled again by 1973 without

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In the 1960s, rice yields in India were about two tons per hectare; by the mid-1990s, they had risen to 6 tons per hectare. In the 1970s, rice cost about $ 550 a ton; in 2001, it cost under $ 200 a ton. India became one of the world's most successful rice producers, and is now a major rice exporter,

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If there is to be a Green Revolution for Africa, it will be necessary to breed improved varieties and, indeed, livestock. That task will depend on access to the genetic resources inherent in agricultural biodiversity. However, biodiversity is also important for tackling malnutrition as well as food

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and loss of natural resources and contributed to climate change." They further specify, "while the Green Revolution technologies substantially increased the yield of few crops and allowed countries to reduce hunger, they also resulted in inappropriate and excessive use of agrochemicals, inefficient

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summarized in 2022, "food systems emit approximately one third of the world’s greenhouse gases and contribute to the alarming decline in the number of animal and plant species. Intensive industrial agriculture and export-oriented food policies have driven much of this damage. Ever since governments

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By one 2021 estimate, the Green Revolution increased yields by 44% between 1965 and 2010. Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961–1985. Yields of rice, corn, and wheat increased steadily during that period. The production increases can be attributed equal to

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launched the "Agricultural Input Subsidy Program" by which vouchers are given to smallholder farmers to buy subsidized nitrogen fertilizer and corn seeds. Within its first year, the program was reported to have had extreme success, producing the largest corn harvest of the country's history, enough

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China's large and increasing population meant that increasing food production, principally rice, was a top priority for the Chinese government. When the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party made it a priority to pursue agricultural development. They sought

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Within eight years of Wallace's visit, Mexico had no need to import food, for the first time since 1910; within 20 years, corn production had tripled, and wheat production had increased five-fold. In 1943, Mexico imported half of its wheat requirements, however by 1956 it had become self-sufficient

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However, despite Swaminathan's prominent role in India's adoption of Green Revolution agriculture, the 'Evergreen' concept largely reflects the failures of the original project. Although a relatively lesser known term, its substance largely reflects the consensus positions outlined in recent IPCC

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in 1990, though he has stated that the concept dates back to as early as 1968. It aims to represent an added dimension to the original concepts and practices of the green revolution, the ecological dimension. Swaminathan has described it as "productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological

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associated with the Green Revolution may have adverse health impacts. For example, pesticides may increase the likelihood of cancer. Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation. In 1989, WHO and UNEP estimated that there

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A good aggressive bunch of American agronomists and plant breeders could ruin the native resources for good and all by pushing their American commercial stocks... And Mexican agriculture cannot be pointed toward standardization on a few commercial types without upsetting native economy and culture

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program, along with a credit program. The new variety required the use of fertilizers and pesticides but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars. Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tons in two decades. The switch to IR8 rice

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in its northwest, to solve its problem of lack of food self-sufficiency. In the center and south of Mexico, where large-scale production faced challenges, agricultural production languished. Increased production promised food self-sufficiency in Mexico to feed its growing and urbanizing population

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in the developing world. A 2020 study of 37 developing countries found that the diffusion of modern crop varieties "reduced infant mortality by 2.4–5.3 percentage points (from a baseline of 18%), with stronger effects for male infants and among poor households." Another 2020 study found that high

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and extensive use of fertilizers has increased greenhouse gas emissions. China has not expanded the area of cultivable land, China's unique high yields per hectare gave China the food security it sought. In 1979, there were 490 million Chinese people living in poverty. In 2014, there were only 82

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The Mexican government created the Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP) to be the lead organization in raising productivity. Mexico became the showcase for extending the Green Revolution to other areas of Latin America and beyond, into Africa and Asia. New breeds of maize, beans, and wheat produced

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argues that "the primary objective of the program was geopolitical: to provide food for the populace in undeveloped countries and so bring social stability and weaken the fomenting of communist insurgency." Citing internal Foundation documents, Dowie states that the Ford Foundation had a greater

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was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply, the presence of Indus plains which make it one of the most fertile plains on earth, and a history of agricultural success. India began its own Green Revolution program of plant

1205:" (NERICA). NERICA varieties yield about 30% more rice under normal conditions and can double yields with small amounts of fertilizer and very basic irrigation. However, the program has been beset by problems getting the rice into the hands of farmers, and to date the only success has been in 1994:, and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world. It is projected that global populations by 2050 will increase by one-third and as such will require a 70% increase in the production of food, which can be achieved with the right policies and investments. 1981:

Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output briefly in some regions in the world, its yield rates have been declining, while its social and environmental costs become more clearly apparent. As a result, many organizations continue to invent new ways to rectify,

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The requirements for the full package of inputs of new strains of seeds, fertilizer, synthetic pesticides, and water were often not within the reach of small-scale farmers. The application of pesticides could be hazardous for farmers. Their use often damaged the local ecology, contaminating

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However, Borlaug was well aware of the implications of population growth. In his Nobel lecture he repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of population. "The green revolution has won a temporary success in man's war against hunger and

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published his findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice. IR8 was a success throughout Asia and dubbed the "Miracle Rice". IR8 was also developed into

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exporter. Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed, and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world. Several parallels can also be found in Argentina's boom in soybean production as well.

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According to a 2021 study, the Green Revolution substantially increased income. A delay in the Green Revolution by ten years would have cost 17% of GDP per capita, whereas if the Green Revolution had never happened, it could have reduced GDP per capita in the developing world by half.

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Mexico was the recipient of knowledge and technology of the Green Revolution, and it was an active participant with financial supports from the government for agriculture and Mexican agronomists. In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, the government had redistributed land to

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There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity. One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area, agriculture will not need to expand into new, uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population. However,

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with additional inputs (such as fertilizer and pesticides) and careful cultivation. Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them (often a mutual relationship of discord) came to see the scientific approach to agriculture as worth adopting.

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The Green Revolution has been criticized for an agricultural model which relied on a few staple and market profitable crops, and pursuing a model which limited the biodiversity of Mexico. One of the critics against these techniques and the Green Revolution as a whole was

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The genesis of the Green Revolution was a lengthy visit in 1940 by U.S. Vice President-elect Henry A. Wallace, who had served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture during President Franklin Roosevelt's first two terms, and before government service, had founded a company,

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While agricultural output increased as a result of the Green Revolution, the energy input to produce a crop has increased faster, so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over time. Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on

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Studies show that the Green Revolution contributed to widespread eradication of poverty, averted hunger for millions, raised incomes, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, reduced land use for agriculture, and contributed to declines in infant mortality.

1259:. CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world. CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies. This began in the 1980s, and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations. Methods like 1365:(Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo – International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvements) conducted these breeding programs and helped spread high-yielding varieties in Mexico and countries in Asia like India and 1684:

The strategies developed by the Green Revolution focused on fending off starvation and were very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains, but did not give sufficient relevance to nutritional quality. High yield cereal crops have low

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to feed the country with tons left over. The program has advanced yearly ever since. Various sources claim that the program has been an unusual success, hailing it as a "miracle". Malawi experienced a 40% drop in corn production in 2015 and 2016.

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investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield.

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of the existing academic literature, the Green Revolution "contributed to widespread poverty reduction, averted hunger for millions of people, and avoided the conversion of thousands of hectares of land into agricultural cultivation."

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of high-yielding varieties not only compared to the traditional varieties alone, but by contrasting the monocultural system associated with high-yielding varieties with the polycultural system associated with traditional ones.

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governments. Yet environmental factors, such as the availability of water for irrigation, the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa.

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of various crops, could alter the impact carbon in the atmosphere has on global warming. Wheat, rice, and soybean crops account for a significant amount of the increase in carbon in the atmosphere over the last 50 years.

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disputes Sen's theory, arguing that Sen relies on inconsistent arguments and contradicts available information, including sources that Sen himself cited. Bowbrick further argues that Sen's views coincide with that of the

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In 1970, the year that Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize, foundation officials proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat. This was further supported and developed by the

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Mexico has been called the 'birthplace' and 'burial ground' of the Green Revolution. It began with great promise and it has been argued that "during the twentieth century two 'revolutions' transformed rural Mexico: the

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Agriculture in Mexico had been a sociopolitical issue, a key factor in some regions' participation in the Mexican Revolution. It was also a technical issue enabled by a cohort of trained agronomists who advised

3763: 1618:'s prediction of world petroleum production rates (1968 peak of USA, 2005 World conventional oil peak, 2018 all liquides including corn to oil peak). Modern agriculture is largely reliant on petroleum energy. 1660:

Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture. These monoculture crops are often used for export, feed for animals, or conversion into biofuel. According to

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of corn, wheat, and rice. HYVs have higher nitrogen-absorbing potential than other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing

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on how to increase productivity. In the post-World War II era, the government sought development in agriculture that bettered technological aspects of agriculture in regions not dominated by small-scale

720:, newly implemented agricultural technologies, including pesticides and fertilizers as well as new breeds of high yield crops, greatly increased food production in certain regions of the Global South. 1586:

on the Earth. A 2021 study found, contrary to the expectations of the Malthusian hypothesis, that the Green Revolution led to reduced population growth, rather than an increase in population growth.

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In the Philippines the heavy use of pesticides in rice production, in the early part of the Green Revolution, poisoned and killed off fish and weedy green vegetables that traditionally coexisted in

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hopelessly... Unless the Americans understand that, they'd better keep out of this country entirely. That must be approached from an appreciation of native economies as being basically sound.

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Lewis-Nang'ea, Amanda. Review of Hurt, R. Douglas, The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences. H-Environment, H-Net Reviews. February, 2021.

767:, were adopted, often as a package of practices to replace traditional agricultural technology. This was often in conjunction with loans conditional on policy changes being made by the 5110:

Liu, Xinrui; Zhang, Xiaodong; Huang, Yufei; Chen, Kaijie; Wang, Linfei; Ma, Jianmin; Huang, Tao; Zhao, Yuan; Gao, Hong; Tao, Shu; Liu, Junfeng; Jian, Xiaohu; Luo, Jinmu (15 May 2021).

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Wright, Angus, "Downslope and North: How Soil Degradation and Synthetic Pesticides Drove the Trajectory of Mexican Agriculture through the Twentieth Century" in Christopher R. Boyer,

802:. The basic approach was the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of 7902: 4895: 2983: 916:

and it was exporting half a million tons of wheat by 1964. Within 30 years, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for ultimately saving two billion people from starvation.

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with the increase in a number of calories consumed per Mexican. The science of hybridization was seen as a valuable way to feed the poor and would relieve some pressure of the

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Plant scientists figured out several parameters related to the high yield and identified the related genes which control the plant height and tiller number. With advances in

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Debating Development – A historical analysis of the Sasakawa Global 2000 project in Ghana and indigenous knowledge as an alternative approach to agricultural development

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The problem before us is how to feed billions of new mouths over the next several decades and save the rest of life at the same time, without being trapped in a

8039: 4904: 1845:. For example, the development of wheat varieties tolerant to acid soil conditions with high aluminium content permitted the introduction of agriculture in the 3261: 1904:. High yield agriculture has dramatic effects on the amount of carbon cycling in the atmosphere. The way in which farms are grown, in tandem with the seasonal 3635: 1570:

principle of population. Such concerns often revolve around the idea that the Green Revolution is unsustainable, and argue that humanity is now in a state of

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the program was highly effective. This website highlights the women farmers program. The claims of success are substantiated by Malawi government claims at

1669:, the Green Revolution has also led to a change in dietary habits, as fewer people are affected by hunger and die from starvation, but many are affected by 7927: 4437: 7840: 1100:. Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India's grain monopolies, the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the 6098: 7872: 7563: 6919: 6863: 6242: 2961: 1727:. These were nutritious food sources for many poor Filipino farmers prior to the introduction of pesticides, further impacting the diets of locals. 654: 7475: 1550: 6235: 5460: 5174: 3521: 2201: 7032: 6113: 6064: 6045: 6023: 6004: 5985: 5963: 5928: 5905: 5886: 5846: 5823: 5802: 4912: 3996: 3505: 3427: 3131: 2944: 2869: 2800: 2420: 1046: 699: 4251:"Positional cloning of rice semidwarfing gene, sd-1: rice "green revolution gene" encodes a mutant enzyme involved in gibberellin synthesis" 3161: 3079: 736:

in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s. In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies such as

7530: 7219: 4210:"Decreased shoot stature and grain alpha-amylase activity following ectopic expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene in transgenic wheat" 1256: 7006: 4947: 1681:. Frison further asserts that almost 60% of yearly deaths of children under age five in developing countries are related to malnutrition. 7932: 6821: 3362: 3309: 2071: 3062: 6851: 6129: 4918: 3971: 3850:"Subsidies and the African Green Revolution: Direct Effects and Social Network Spillovers of Randomized Input Subsidies in Mozambique" 1886:. According to Sauer these techniques of plant breeding would result in negative effects on the country's resources, and the culture: 1883: 5857: 3823: 3661: 2910: 8034: 7824: 5199:

Fakhri, Michael (20 May 2022). "Public statement by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Mr. Michael Fakhri".

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Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 160%.

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After Borlaug's agricultural station was established, in 1941, a team of U.S. scientists, Richard Bradfield (Cornell University),

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Sakamoto, Tomoaki; Matsuoka, Makoto (2004). "Generating high-yielding varieties by genetic manipulation of plant architecture".

2336: 732:, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in 8049: 7973: 7907: 7497: 7283: 6899: 6884: 6879: 6656: 2061: 1093: 634: 619: 614: 122: 3805: 1912:

Poorly regulated applications of nitrogen fertilizer that exceed the amount used by plants, such as broadcast applications of

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region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients, according to

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water use, loss of beneficial biodiversity, water and soil pollution and significantly reduced crop and varietal diversity."

1787: 1713: 624: 587: 582: 102: 6036:(1984). "Innocence Abroad: American Agricultural Research in Mexico". In Bruce Colman; Jackson, Wes; Berry, Wendell (eds.). 5896:

Oasa, Edmund K (1987). "The Political Economy of International Agricultural Research in Glass". In Glaeser, Bernhard (ed.).

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significantly augment or replace the techniques already used in the Green Revolution. Frequently quoted inventions are the

6621: 6332: 5783: 4571: 1298: 880: 815: 87: 4405: 3787: 6641: 6616: 5648:"Swaminathan: Time to Shift from Green to Evergreen Revolution. Inaugural Heuermann Lecturer Challenges Today's Farmers" 3749: 3483:

Red China's Green Revolution: Technological Innovation, Institutional Change, and Economic Development under the Commune

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A recent program in western Africa is attempting to introduce a new high yielding 'family' of rice varieties known as "

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These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution. It is not a violent

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yield crop varieties reduced infant mortality in India, with particularly large effects for rural children, boys and

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were not caused by decreases in food supply, but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action. Economist

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reached its apex in the center and south of Mexico. Agricultural productivity had fallen significantly by the 1940s.

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that threatens freedom and security. No one knows the exact solution to this dilemma. The benefit must come from an

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harm". The concept has evolved into a combination of science, economics, and sociology. In 2002, American biologist

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The production increases fostered by the Green Revolution are often credited with having helped to avoid widespread

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crossing between Dee-Geo-woo-gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962. In 1966, one of the breeding lines became a new

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von Der Goltz, Jan; Dar, Aaditya; Fishman, Ram; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Barnwal, Prabhat; McCord, Gordon C. (2020).

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von Der Goltz, Jan; Dar, Aaditya; Fishman, Ram; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Barnwal, Prabhat; McCord, Gordon C. (2020).

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in 1970. He is credited with saving over a billion people from starvation. Another important scientific figure was

411: 130: 67: 5621: 5112:"The Direct Radiative Forcing Impact of Agriculture-Emitted Black Carbon Associated With India's Green Revolution" 4686: 1776: 7729: 7553: 7471: 7120: 6403: 5423:"Seasonal effects of water quality: The hidden costs of the Green Revolution to infant and child health in India" 3775: 3363:"Effect of plant type and nitrogen level on growth characteristics and grain yield of indica rice in the tropics" 1987: 1453: 1221: 1079: 799: 692: 386: 1448: 1301:. The breeding technologies aimed at improving crop varieties developed through science-based methods including 8054: 7734: 7523: 6914: 6500: 6413: 6398: 6353: 5347: 3720: 2051: 1867: 1849: 1736: 1666: 1264: 1083: 649: 483: 396: 381: 319: 245: 5673: 5647: 3189:"Some notes on the Masagana 99 [rice] program and small farmer access to credit [Philippines]" 2131:

Not to be confused with evergreen agriculture, that can be explained as growing trees with agricultural crops.

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To some modern Western sociologists and writers, increasing food production is not synonymous with increasing

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found that adoption of Green Revolution technology led to increased yields in both the short- and long-term.

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million. Half of China's population had once been hungry and in poverty, but by 2014, only 6% remained so.

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and less savory than their native varieties, causing its price to be lower than the average market value.

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Studies indicate that the Green Revolution has substantially increased emissions of the greenhouse gas CO

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Spitz, Pierre (1987). "The Green Revolution Re-Examined in India in Glass". In Glaeser, Bernhard (ed.).

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After a famine in 2001 and years of chronic hunger and poverty, in 2005 the small African country of

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were heavily involved in its initial development in Mexico. A key leader was agricultural scientist

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including lack of transparency and administrative difficulties. This follows with a recent (2010)

3779: 1596: 1202: 406: 6977: 5233:"Health Impacts of the Green Revolution: Evidence from 600,000 births across the Developing World" 4967: 3139: 2728:

The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World's Food Supply

2566:"Health Impacts of the Green Revolution: Evidence from 600,000 births across the Developing World" 1841:

Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too

1662: 712: 7917: 7855: 7643: 7632: 7610: 7605: 7594: 7416: 7203: 7144: 6982: 6904: 6730: 6646: 6203: 5759: 5720: 5325: 4535: 4363: 4307: 3613: 3238: 3188: 3087: 2546: 2438: 2288: 2183: 2066: 1373: 872: 844: 811: 794:, whose work on hybrid rice varieties is credited with saving at least as many lives. Similarly, 768: 675: 639: 228: 112: 1739: 5097:

Foundations of international agricultural research: Science and politics in Mexican Agriculture

4942: 7892: 7766: 7659: 7568: 7447: 7409: 7323: 7291: 7235: 7211: 6574: 6547: 6495: 6465: 6125: 6109: 6060: 6041: 6019: 6000: 5981: 5959: 5924: 5901: 5882: 5842: 5819: 5798: 5751: 5712: 5595: 5442: 5403: 5317: 5309: 5270: 5252: 5175:"Mexico's wheat fields help feed the world. They're also releasing a dangerous greenhouse gas" 5058: 5012: 5008: 4981: 4908: 4861: 4510: 4355: 4272: 4231: 4190: 4141: 4100: 4061:

encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20-oxidase: molecular cloning and functional expression"

4037: 4029: 3992: 3967: 3941: 3871: 3694: 3501: 3423: 3230: 2977: 2940: 2865: 2796: 2771: 2709: 2650: 2642: 2603: 2585: 2538: 2499: 2426: 2416: 2372: 2175: 2081: 2003: 1938:

A 2021 study found that the Green Revolution led to a reduction in land used for agriculture.

1871: 1579: 1524: 1313:

The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of novel wheat

1097: 795: 787: 733: 557: 530: 478: 448: 297: 240: 203: 5997:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

5978:

The violence of the green revolution: Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab

3798: 3382: 3378: 3313: 7963: 7749: 7744: 7627: 7583: 7259: 7080: 6811: 6769: 6552: 6460: 6445: 6225: 6193: 5740:"Green to evergreen revolution: ecological and evolutionary perspectives in pest management" 5701:"Green to evergreen revolution: ecological and evolutionary perspectives in pest management" 5567: 5434: 5393: 5301: 5260: 5244: 5119: 5048: 4955: 4851: 4843: 4801: 4527: 4347: 4299: 4262: 4221: 4180: 4172: 4131: 4090: 4080: 4021: 3931: 3921: 3861: 3374: 3222: 3059: 2699: 2689: 2634: 2593: 2577: 2530: 2489: 2479: 2280: 2227: 2165: 2076: 2023: 1947: 1926: 1852: 1833: 1554: 1531: 1302: 1062: 1030: 848: 803: 535: 443: 428: 166: 4120:"Developmental regulation of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene GA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana" 2152:

Eliazer Nelson, Ann Raeboline Lincy; Ravichandran, Kavitha; Antony, Usha (1 October 2019).

7978: 7739: 6786: 6522: 5869: 5498: 4951: 4669: 4601: 4474: 4425: 3809: 3794: 3767: 3756: 3675: 3066: 2096: 1686: 1674: 1636: 1615: 1591: 1492: 1118: 1038: 954: 903: 775: 505: 277: 262: 198: 181: 6994: 6198: 6106:

The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences

5389: 4839: 4523: 4136: 4119: 4076: 3917: 3783: 3468:

The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences

2685: 2475: 835:

The term "Green Revolution" was first used by William S. Gaud, the administrator of the

7983: 7179: 7128: 6742: 6038:

Meeting the expectations of the land: essays in sustainable agriculture and stewardship

5838: 5265: 5232: 4856: 4823: 4466: 4335: 3936: 3901: 3336: 2704: 2669: 2598: 2565: 2518: 2494: 2459: 2202:"Yields vs. Land Use: How the Green Revolution enabled us to feed a growing population" 2106: 1921: 1717: 1601: 1432: 1417: 1358: 1335: 1171: 1105: 1089: 959: 895: 884: 839:(USAID), in a speech on 8 March 1968. He noted the spread of the new technologies as: 783: 304: 4185: 4160: 1712:

High-yield rice, introduced since 1964 to poverty-ridden Asian countries, such as the

1611: 1523:. The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global 8028: 7722: 7671: 7339: 7195: 7048: 6936: 6801: 6759: 6705: 6527: 6348: 6259: 6207: 5973: 5938: 5813: 5792: 5398: 5373: 5329: 5001: 4805: 4662: 4367: 4311: 4095: 4056: 3797:

with Malawi one of the lowest on the UN list of developing states, confirmed by this

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Erisman, Jan Willem; MA Sutton, J Galloway, Z Klimont, W Winiwarter (October 2008).

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Stevenson, J. R.; Villoria, N.; Byerlee, D.; Kelley, T.; Maredia, M. (13 May 2013).

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Perkins, John H. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the green revolution, 1941–1956."

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Davidson, Jamie S. (2 January 2016). "Why the Philippines Chooses to Import Rice".

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irrigation, fertilizer, and seed development, at least in the case of Asian rice.

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Xu, Y.L.; Li, L.; Wu, K.; Peeters, A.J.; Gage, D.A.; Zeevaart, J.A. (July 1995).

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Gary Toenniessen et al. "Building an alliance for a green revolution in Africa."

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Bowbrick, Peter (May 1986). "A Refutation of Professor Sen's Theory of Famine".

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Development and spread of high-yielding rice varieties in developing countries

3607: 2621:

Bharadwaj, Prashant; Fenske, James; Kala, Namrata; Mirza, Rinchan Ali (2020).

2284: 2170: 2153: 1963: 1520: 1470: 1421: 1318: 1290: 1240: 1220:

A 2021, a randomized control trial on temporary subsidies for corn farmers in

757: 749: 520: 468: 463: 356: 346: 235: 213: 208: 5755: 5716: 5599: 5571: 5492:

The New Green Revolution: How Twenty-First-Century Science Can Feed the World

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to farmers. As crops began to reach the maximum improvement possible through

7709: 7454: 7299: 6747: 6475: 5920: 5211:"Chapter 5 : Food Security — Special Report on Climate Change and Land" 5037:"An Historical Perspective from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution" 4977: 4973: 4267: 4250: 4085: 3926: 3109: 2694: 2484: 2002:

The term 'Evergreen Revolution' was coined by Indian agricultural scientist

1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1428: 1314: 1294: 1175: 807: 771:

adopting them, such as privatizing fertilizer manufacture and distribution.

753: 458: 5321: 5274: 5062: 4865: 4764:

World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists

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Yadav, O. P.; Singh, D. V.; Dhillon, B. S.; Mohapatra, Trilochan (2019).

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Shiva, Vandana (March–April 1991). "The Green Revolution in the Punjab".

4572:"Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries" 4462: 4226: 4209: 4176: 3866: 3849: 3771: 3594: 1054: 989: 967: 925: 423: 5763: 5739: 5724: 5700: 1822:

Increased use of irrigation played a major role in the green revolution.

1818: 1631:, and is only part of a larger equation. For example, Harvard professor 1424:

growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the

1267:

research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture.

1174:. However, from the 1960s, vast quantities of lime (pulverized chalk or 951:(CIMMYT), which became a base for international agricultural research. 890:

The project was supported by the Mexican government under new President

7096: 6796: 6752: 6720: 4944:

Conservation Refugees – When Protecting Nature Means Kicking People Out

4303: 3498:

Red revolution, green revolution: scientific farming in socialist China

3448:

Animal, Vegetable, Junk: A History of Food from Sustainable to Suicidal

1846: 1790: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1706: 1702: 1179: 1167: 1148: 984:

cultivators. This drive for agricultural transformation brought Mexico

272: 218: 7686: 6774: 6700: 6368: 6358: 6181: 5794:

The doubly green revolution: food for all in the twenty-first century

3812:

from 2005, showed corruption still prevailing in Malawi at that time.

1858:

The world community has clearly acknowledged the negative aspects of

1645: 1539: 1489:, making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction. 1406: 1377: 1369:. These programs led to the doubling of harvests in these countries. 1331: 171: 4531: 4334:

Gollin, Douglas; Hansen, Casper Worm; Wingender, Asger Mose (2021).

3256:

Reyes, Miguel Paolo P.; Ariate, Joel F. Jr.; Del Mundo, Lara Vinda.

3162:"False: Philippines did not export rice after Marcos administration" 2517:

Gollin, Douglas; Hansen, Casper Worm; Wingender, Asger Mose (2021).

6099:"Development policy and history: lessons from the Green Revolution" 4711: 4351: 4249:

Monna, L.; Kitazawa, N.; Yoshino, R.; et al. (February 2002).

3548:"Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90" 2534: 2365:"Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90" 1946:

Studies have found that the Green Revolution substantially reduced

6791: 4687:"World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers" 2911:"He left India for Mexico to solve global hunger: Meet Ravi Singh" 1817: 1610: 1549: 1491: 1447: 1380: 1305:, combining modern genetics with plant-breeding trait selections. 1244: 1233: 1109:

breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals.

981: 976: 921: 741: 711: 287: 2154:"The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India" 6682: 6470: 4897:

The Great Rice Robbery: A Handbook on the Impact of IRRI in Asia

1913: 1842: 1515:

in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and

1327: 1050: 745: 453: 153: 7512: 7021: 6284: 5674:"Swaminathan: Time to Shift from Green to Evergreen Revolution" 4640: 4118:

Silverstone, A.L.; Chang, C.; Krol, E.; Sun, T.P. (July 1997).

3361:

De Datta, S.K.; Tauro, A.C.; Balaoing, S.N. (1 November 1968).

2307:

A Land Between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico

1652:, and the policies Sen advocates failed to relieve the famine. 6280: 6083:

Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002

4159:

Silverstone, A.L.; Ciampaglio; C.N.; Sun, T. (February 1998).

3745: 3522:"A World-Brand Name: Yuan Longping, the Father of Hybrid Rice" 3258:"'Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head - UP researchers" 2754:

Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002

2743:. South Hadley MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers 1983, p. 57. 1759: 1058: 1005:

waterways and endangering the health of workers and newborns.

924:

in some parts of the country which had broken the back of the

7508: 6108:. Nexus Series. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2020. 6057:

The death of Ramón González: the modern agricultural dilemma

4487:"Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk" 2795:. Naperville, Illinois: Simple Truths, LLC. pp. 76–77. 818:

technologies were developed to allow for continued efforts.

4208:

Appleford NE; Wilkinson, M.D.; Ma, Q.; et al. (2007).

2412:

The gene revolution : GM crops and unequal development

1209:, where it currently accounts for 16% of rice cultivation. 1143:

Prominent in the development of productive hybrid rice was

5980:. Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology. 3450:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 201–218. 2996:

E.C. Stakman, Richard Bradfield, and Paul C. Mangelsdorf,

2824:

David Barkin, "Food Production, Consumption, and Policy",

1557:

supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

763:

At the same time, newer methods of cultivation, including

6016:

The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives

5898:

The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives

4336:"Two Blades of Grass: The Impact of the Green Revolution" 2519:"Two Blades of Grass: The Impact of the Green Revolution" 2250:"The Green Revolution: Accomplishments and Apprehensions" 1866:, signed by 189 nations, has generated numerous national 1245:

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

1228:

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

786:, the "Father of the Green Revolution", who received the 6169:

Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society

5858:"Green Revolution in Africa will depend on biodiversity" 5348:"Punjab suffers from adverse effect of Green revolution" 4629:"Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply" 2841:

vol. 1, p. 29. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 1997

1566:

Some criticisms generally involve some variation of the

1112:

India soon adopted IR8 rice. In 1968, Indian agronomist

5941:(1977). "The Green Revolution: Seven Generalizations". 3902:"Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead" 3721:"The Impacts of Agricultural Input Subsidies in Malawi" 2460:"Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead" 7903:

International Conference on Population and Development

6040:. San Francisco: North Point Press. pp. 124–138. 5558:

Swaminathan, M. S. (2006). "An Evergreen Revolution".

5461:

New approaches are needed for another Green Revolution

4733: 4731: 4729: 4506:"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world" 3774:

organisation seems to contradict these facts with its

2309:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2012, pp. 22–49. 6260:"IR8: The Miracle Rice Which Saved Millions of Lives" 3640:(Master thesis). Universiteit Utrecht. Archived from 3337:"IR8: The miracle rice which saved millions of lives" 2864:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 34. 6231:

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Carter, Michael; Laajaj, Rachid; Yang, Dean (2021).

2623:"The Green revolution and infant mortality in India" 1511:

The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by

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Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture

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London: Earthscan. 2007. 2363:Bradsher, Keith; Buckley, Chris (23 May 2021). 2232:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. GGKEY:HS2UT4LADZD. 2020: 1277:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1125:shipping nearly 4.5 million tons in 2006. 841: 6277:About the 50th anniversary of the rice strain. 5815:American foundations: an investigative history 5030: 5028: 5003:American Foundations: An Investigative History 4969:American Foundations: An Investigative History 4590:http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ 4438:"Fuel costs, drought influence price increase" 3803:report from the Institute for Security Studies 3723:. International Food Policy Research Institute 3695:"In Africa, Prosperity From Seeds Falls Short" 1065:made the promotion of IR8 the lynchpin of the 7524: 7033: 6296: 4905:Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific 4712:"Food, Land, Population and the U.S. Economy" 3655: 3653: 3651: 3609:People & Power – Argentina: The Bad Seeds 3485:. Columbia University Press. pp. 62–105. 3470:. University Alabama Press. pp. 102–128. 3080:"The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties" 2964:. Archived from the original on 10 March 2005 1874:to agriculture's expansion into new domains. 1247:(CGIAR) was established, co-sponsored by the 693: 8: 6122:Green revolution: history, impact and future 5459:Norman Uphoff for SciDevNet 16 October 2013 5421:Brainerd, Elizabeth; Menon, Nidhiya (2014). 4556:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3854:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 3761:Malawi National Statistics Organization site 3193:Philippine Sociological Review (Philippines) 2768:American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace 1590:fulfilling Malthus's prediction. Malthusian 7928:United Nations world population conferences 6088:Deb, Debal, "Restoring Rice Biodiversity", 4663:Save and Grow farming model launched by FAO 1735:A critic of the Green Revolution, American 1092:was invited to India by the adviser to the 7841:Population and housing censuses by country 7531: 7517: 7509: 7040: 7026: 7018: 6303: 6289: 6281: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 2320:Annals of the New York academy of sciences 700: 686: 27: 6197: 6182:"India's evergreen revolution in cereals" 5587:"Talking about an 'evergreen revolution'" 5490:Olivier De Schutter, Gaëtan Vanloqueren. 5397: 5264: 5052: 4997:Primary objective was geopolitical – see 4855: 4266: 4225: 4184: 4135: 4094: 4084: 3935: 3925: 3865: 3049:, vol. 1, no. 13, March–April 1977, p. 40 2962:"Borlaug and the University of Minnesota" 2939:. Simple Truths LLC. pp. 72–73, 78. 2815:Wright, "Downslope and North", pp. 22–23. 2703: 2693: 2597: 2493: 2483: 2169: 1806:Learn how and when to remove this message 1289:growing conditions, which include modern 1271:Agricultural production and food security 988:, and in the political sphere during the 837:U.S. Agency for International Development 7564:Estimates of historical world population 7145:Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat 5954:Sen, Amartya Kumar; Drèze, Jean (1989). 5782:Dr Arvind Upadhayaya (4 December 2019). 5738:Kesavan, P. C.; Malarvannan, S. (2010). 5699:Kesavan, P. C.; Malarvannan, S. (2010). 5341: 5339: 3966:. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. p. 239. 3500:. 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A Japanese dwarf wheat cultivar 1061:. The administration of President 14: 7825:Population and Development Review 5784:"Black spots in Green revolution" 4976:; Massachusetts; (retrieved from 4674:Food and Agriculture Organization 3822:Currier, Andy (23 January 2020). 3112:. FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture 2909:Staff, M. N. D. (13 March 2024). 2248:Gaud, William S. (8 March 1968). 1338:developed by Japanese agronomist 928:system. During the presidency of 900:Food and Agriculture Organization 855:. I call it the Green Revolution. 21:Green Revolution (disambiguation) 8009: 8008: 7996: 7873:Population concern organizations 7579:Projections of population growth 7433:Child labour in cocoa production 7276:Million Calorie March: The Movie 7000: 6988: 6976: 6965: 6964: 6097:Harwood, Andrew (14 June 2013). 5943:International Development Review 5477:. Last updated: 31 January 2012 5427:Journal of Development Economics 4440:. Timesdaily.com. Archived from 4014:Current Opinion in Biotechnology 3580:Hurt, The Green Revolution, 128. 3264:from the original on 24 May 2020 2766:Culver & Hyde, John (2000). 1764: 1578:with regards to the sustainable 1156:Brazil's agricultural revolution 669: 38: 7974:Human impact on the environment 7908:Population Action International 7284:The World According to Monsanto 6920:Agriculture and the environment 6657:British Agricultural Revolution 5620:Powell, Alvin (15 March 2001). 5525:"How to Feed the World in 2050" 4400:Church, Norman (1 April 2005). 3667:D+C Development and Cooperation 3396:Barta, Patrick (28 July 2007). 2959:University of Minnesota. 2005. 2062:British Agricultural Revolution 1882:, a geography professor at the 1775:needs additional citations for 1401:) and a rice semidwarf gene ( 1397:), wheat reduced-height genes ( 894:, and the U.S. government, the 740:of cereals, particularly dwarf 655:Agriculture and the environment 123:British Agricultural Revolution 7923:United Nations Population Fund 7356:Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken! 6864:Climate change and agriculture 6637:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 6241:Moseley, W. G. (14 May 2008). 6199:10.18520/cs/v116/i11/1805-1808 6165:"India's Evergreen Revolution" 6055:Wright, Angus Lindsay (2005). 5881:. Houston, TX: Studium Press. 5646:Moser, Dan (11 October 2011). 5512:Towards a New Green Revolution 5501:Solutions 2(4):33–44. Aug 2011 5306:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102314 5249:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102373 4972:; Dowie, Mark; 13 April 2001; 4958:on line; retrieved March 2014. 4848:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.011 3776:report on plans from 2005–2010 3422:. Cambridge University Press. 3138:. 14 June 1968. Archived from 3086:. Ganzel Group. Archived from 2639:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102314 2582:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102373 1984:System of Rice Intensification 1648:government at the time of the 1275:According to a 2012 review in 1094:Indian Minister of Agriculture 103:Agriculture in the Middle Ages 1: 5837:(2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: 5439:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.11.004 5346:Loyn, David (26 April 2008). 5054:10.1301/nr.2003.jun.S124-S134 4404:. PowerSwitch. Archived from 3227:10.1080/14672715.2015.1129184 2741:The Struggle for Rural Mexico 2730:(The New Press, 2010) p. 308 2041:and other synthetic reports. 1299:synthetic nitrogen fertilizer 881:Pioneer Hi-Bred International 806:, synthetic fertilizers, and 730:Third Agricultural Revolution 6642:Arab Agricultural Revolution 6147:Agriculture and Human Values 5868:(5): 190–193. Archived from 5797:. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub. 5399:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05280-1 4806:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X 4340:Journal of Political Economy 4065:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 4026:10.1016/j.copbio.2004.02.003 3799:UN World Food Program report 3674:(5): 190–193. Archived from 2523:Journal of Political Economy 2057:Arab Agricultural Revolution 1016:IR8 rice and the Philippines 962:'s research stations in the 748:, and the widespread use of 108:Arab Agricultural Revolution 7948:World Population Foundation 7938:World Population Conference 7851:World population milestones 7113:My Secret Life on the McJob 5958:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5862:Development and Cooperation 5294:Journal of Health Economics 5237:Journal of Health Economics 5118:. Vol. 9, no. 6. 5095:Jennings, Bruce H. (1988). 3987:Dana G., Dalrymple (1986). 3084:Wessels Living History Farm 2627:Journal of Health Economics 2570:Journal of Health Economics 2226:Hazell, Peter B.R. (2009). 1709:and other quality factors. 1409:. These were identified as 1348:Washington State University 8071: 7820:Population and Environment 7316:The Dark Side of Chocolate 6602:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 6124:. Houston: Studium Press. 5035:Davies, Paul (June 2003). 3748:website. According to the 3496:Schmalzer, Sigrid (2016). 2894:Culver & Hyde (2000). 1974: 1693:deficiencies, are high in 1604:'s dwarf wheat varieties. 1504: 1496:World population 1950–2010 1284:Technological Developments 1231: 1190: 1159: 1132: 1077: 1019: 943:(Harvard University), and 863: 798:is known as the Father of 68:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 18: 7992: 7730:Human population planning 7554:Demographics of the world 7472:Genetically modified food 6961: 6952:Universities and colleges 6570:Universities and colleges 6375: 6318: 4424:27 September 2008 at the 3962:Levetin, Estelle (1999). 3784:Malawi had noted problems 3660:Emile Frison (May 2008). 3481:Eisenman, Joshua (2018). 3466:Hurt, R. Douglas (2020). 3310:"Newsroom: News Releases" 2285:10.1017/s0026749x00013627 2171:10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9 1988:marker-assisted selection 1916:, result in emissions of 1870:which assign significant 1868:Biodiversity Action Plans 1454:least developed countries 1129:Green Revolution in China 1080:Green Revolution in India 800:Green Revolution in India 593:Universities and colleges 553:Universities and colleges 8035:Agricultural revolutions 7735:Compulsory sterilization 6937:Agriculturist profession 6414:Agricultural engineering 6399:Agricultural cooperative 6163:Singh, Pratibha (2017). 6085:. Westport, CT: Prager 5956:Hunger and public action 5572:10.2135/cropsci2006.9999 4668:3 September 2016 at the 4020:(2). Elsevier: 144–147. 3766:13 November 2009 at the 3065:17 December 2008 at the 2998:Campaigns Against Hunger 2860:Jennifer, Clapp (2020). 2322:1136.1 (2008): 233–242. 2052:White Revolution (India) 1964:fertilizer agrochemicals 1896:Greenhouse gas emissions 1667:Bioversity International 1501:Effects on food security 1084:Farming systems in India 986:self-sufficiency in food 578:Agriculturist profession 397:Agricultural engineering 382:Agricultural cooperative 7677:Malthusian growth model 7308:Big Boys Gone Bananas!* 6842:Agricultural wastewater 6565:Sustainable food system 6560:Sustainable agriculture 6451:Animal-free agriculture 6419:Agricultural technology 6247:Minneapolis StarTribune 6081:Cotter, Joseph (2003). 5791:Conway, Gordon (1998). 5497:22 October 2016 at the 4950:19 October 2014 at the 4086:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6640 3927:10.1073/pnas.0912953109 3808:13 January 2012 at the 3793:8 November 2010 at the 3755:6 November 2011 at the 3634:Groniger, Wout (2009). 3402:The Wall Street Journal 3312:. CGIAR. Archived from 3187:Esguerra, E.F. (1980). 2695:10.1073/pnas.1208065110 2485:10.1073/pnas.0912953109 2158:Journal of Ethnic Foods 2092:Small-scale agriculture 1977:Second Green Revolution 1971:Second Green Revolution 1323:high-yielding varieties 1309:High-yielding varieties 1104:(CIMMYT). The state of 738:high-yielding varieties 548:Sustainable food system 543:Sustainable agriculture 434:Animal-free agriculture 402:Agricultural technology 8050:Rockefeller Foundation 7804:Zero population growth 7799:Sustainable population 7723:Malthusian catastrophe 7682:Overshoot (population) 7559:Demographic transition 7121:The Omnivore's Dilemma 6942:Agricultural machinery 6900:History of agriculture 6885:Agriculture by country 6880:Agricultural machinery 6837:Agricultural pollution 6832:Agricultural expansion 6607:Austronesian expansion 6518:Mechanised agriculture 5856:Frison, Emile (2008). 5818:. Cambridge, MA: MIT. 5153:www.climatecentral.org 4988:; accessed March 2014. 4473:June 11, 2007, at the 3526:www.worldfoodprize.org 3446:Bittman, Mark (2021). 3215:Critical Asian Studies 2935:Andrews, Andy (2009). 2839:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2826:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2791:Andrews, Andy (2009). 2443:: CS1 maint: others ( 2038: 1893: 1860:agricultural expansion 1823: 1679:vitamin-A deficiencies 1619: 1558: 1497: 1467:agricultural machinery 1457: 1389:genes (GA 20-oxidase, 1261:agroecosystem analysis 1243:; on 19 May 1971, the 1043:Rockefeller Foundation 971: 857: 780:Rockefeller Foundation 721: 676:Agriculture portal 635:History of agriculture 620:Agriculture by country 615:Agricultural machinery 583:Agricultural machinery 501:Mechanised agriculture 73:Austronesian expansion 7913:Population Connection 7777:Mere addition paradox 7616:Physiological density 7438:Ethics of eating meat 6947:Government ministries 6890:Agriculture companies 6726:Convertible husbandry 6404:Agricultural supplies 6354:Agricultural Engineer 6155:Randhawa, M.S. 1974. 5995:Smil, Vaclav (2004). 5372:Pimentel, D. (1996). 4739:"Green Revolutionary" 4268:10.1093/dnares/9.1.11 3828:The Oakland Institute 3078:Ganzel, Bill (2007). 2726:Marie-Monique Robin, 2102:Virgin Lands campaign 1888: 1821: 1747:Socioeconomic impacts 1699:essential fatty acids 1650:Bengal famine of 1943 1614: 1553: 1495: 1451: 1330:were bred into their 1193:Agriculture in Africa 1166:Brazil's vast inland 1162:Agriculture in Brazil 957: 945:Elvin Charles Stakman 934:land reform in Mexico 866:Agriculture in Mexico 860:Development in Mexico 715: 625:Agriculture companies 588:Government ministries 387:Agricultural supplies 224:Convertible husbandry 7943:World Population Day 7898:Church of Euthanasia 7787:Non-identity problem 7762:Political demography 7718:Human overpopulation 7332:A Place at the Table 6597:Neolithic Revolution 6456:Cellular agriculture 6409:Agricultural science 6253:on 16 December 2018. 5812:Dowie, Mark (2001). 5124:10.1029/2021EF001975 4999:Dowie, Mark (2001). 4903:. Penang, Malaysia: 4177:10.1105/tpc.10.2.155 4059:Arabidopsis thaliana 3867:10.1257/app.20190396 3770:. The international 3750:UN website on Malawi 3678:on 8 December 2008. 3047:Ciencia y Desarrollo 2937:The Butterfly Effect 2793:The Butterfly Effect 2273:Modern Asian Studies 2087:Neolithic Revolution 2028:Evergreen Revolution 1998:Evergreen Revolution 1784:improve this article 1756:Environmental impact 1697:, and lack balanced 1691:essential amino acid 1562:Malthusian criticism 1444:Production increases 1386:Arabidopsis thaliana 1342:, which was sent to 1135:Agriculture in China 904:dry-land cultivation 892:Manuel Ávila Camacho 816:genetic modification 750:chemical fertilizers 439:Cellular agriculture 392:Agricultural science 63:Neolithic Revolution 19:For other uses, see 7792:Reproductive rights 7623:Population dynamics 7574:Population momentum 6120:Jain, H.K. (2010). 6091:Scientific American 5915:Ross, Eric (1998). 5877:Jain, H.K. (2010). 5872:on 8 December 2008. 5680:. 17 September 2015 5654:. IANR News Service 5626:The Harvard Gazette 5474:The Daily Telegraph 5390:1996ScTEn.188S..86P 5179:The Washington Post 4840:2009PlnSc.177..377S 4639:(3). Archived from 4524:2008NatGe...1..636E 4463:Eating Fossil Fuels 4077:1995PNAS...92.6640X 3918:2012PNAS..10912302P 3912:(31): 12302–12308. 3780:Major League Gaming 3593:. August 26, 2010. 3385:on 2 December 2008. 3168:. 30 September 2020 3142:on 4 September 2007 2686:2013PNAS..110.8363S 2476:2012PNAS..10912302P 2470:(31): 12302–12308. 1597:The Population Bomb 1594:, in his 1968 book 1203:New Rice for Africa 1010:Edwin J. Wellhausen 941:Paul C. Mangelsdorf 909:land redistribution 734:developed countries 320:Steam sterilization 7918:Population Matters 7633:Population pyramid 7611:Population density 7606:Population decline 7204:The Future of Food 6731:Rotational grazing 6647:Columbian exchange 6149:7.3 (1990): 6–18. 6104:Hurt, R. Douglas. 5592:The New York Times 5384:(Suppl): S86–S98. 4779:Drezé and Sen 1991 4643:on 11 October 2018 4578:. 20 October 2021. 4444:on 16 October 2007 4408:on 15 January 2006 4304:10.1007/BF00156222 4227:10.1093/jxb/erm166 4057:"The GA5 locus of 3964:Plants and Society 3699:The New York Times 3552:The New York Times 3132:"Rice of the Gods" 2369:The New York Times 2067:Columbian exchange 1824: 1620: 1584:ecological demands 1559: 1498: 1458: 1418:cellular signaling 1374:molecular genetics 1187:Problems in Africa 972: 873:Mexican Revolution 812:selective breeding 769:developing nations 722: 229:Rotational grazing 113:Columbian exchange 8045:Intensive farming 8022: 8021: 7893:7 Billion Actions 7767:Population ethics 7660:Carrying capacity 7569:Population growth 7506: 7505: 7324:Forks Over Knives 7212:We Feed the World 7015: 7014: 6575:Urban agriculture 6548:Rice-duck farming 6496:Intensive farming 6466:Extensive farming 6192:(11): 1805–1808. 6114:978-0-8173-2051-5 6066:978-0-292-71268-3 6047:978-0-86547-171-9 6025:978-0-04-630014-2 6006:978-0-262-69313-4 5987:978-81-85019-19-2 5965:978-0-19-828365-2 5930:978-1-85649-564-6 5907:978-0-04-630014-2 5888:978-1-933699-63-9 5848:978-0-8133-1718-2 5825:978-0-262-04189-8 5804:978-0-8014-8610-4 5041:Nutrition Reviews 4914:978-983-9381-35-1 4743:Technology Review 4691:Our World in Data 4511:Nature Geoscience 4071:(14): 6640–6644. 3998:978-9-7110-4159-5 3778:. Similarly, the 3507:978-0-226-33015-0 3429:978-92-9169-160-9 2946:978-1-40418-780-1 2915:Mexico News Daily 2871:978-1-5095-4176-8 2802:978-1-40418-780-1 2739:Esteva, Gustavo, 2422:978-1-84977-303-4 2206:Our World in Data 2082:Genetic pollution 2018: 2004:M. S. Swaminathan 1872:biodiversity loss 1816: 1815: 1808: 1635:wrote that large 1580:carrying capacity 1525:population growth 1420:component genes. 1098:M. S. Swaminathan 851:like that of the 788:Nobel Peace Prize 756:, and controlled 710: 709: 558:Urban agriculture 531:Rice-duck farming 479:Intensive farming 449:Extensive farming 8062: 8012: 8011: 8000: 7999: 7969:Green Revolution 7750:Two-child policy 7745:One-child policy 7668: 7628:Population model 7584:World population 7533: 7526: 7519: 7510: 7244:Fast Food Nation 7081:Fast Food Nation 7042: 7035: 7028: 7019: 7004: 7003: 6992: 6991: 6980: 6968: 6967: 6812:Wildlife farming 6662:Green Revolution 6613:Ancient history 6553:Rice-fish system 6461:Contract farming 6446:Animal husbandry 6305: 6298: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6272: 6254: 6249:. Archived from 6226:Internet Archive 6211: 6201: 6176: 6157:Green Revolution 6135: 6070: 6051: 6029: 6010: 5991: 5969: 5950: 5934: 5911: 5892: 5873: 5852: 5829: 5808: 5787: 5768: 5767: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5589: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5566:(5): 2293–2303. 5555: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5529: 5521: 5515: 5508: 5502: 5488: 5482: 5471:Tom Chivers for 5469: 5463: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5056: 5032: 5023: 5022: 5006: 4995: 4989: 4965: 4959: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4917:. Archived from 4902: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4819: 4810: 4809: 4789: 4780: 4777: 4771: 4770:. June 14, 2007. 4760: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4735: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4683: 4677: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4547: 4546:on 23 July 2010. 4542:. Archived from 4501: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4346:(8): 2344–2384. 4331: 4316: 4315: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4270: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4139: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4098: 4088: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3959: 3950: 3949: 3939: 3929: 3897: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3819: 3813: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3657: 3646: 3645: 3644:on 3 March 2012. 3631: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3603: 3597: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3572: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3434: 3433: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3381:. Archived from 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3075: 3069: 3056: 3050: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2981: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2896:American Dreamer 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2763: 2757: 2752:Cotter, Joseph. 2750: 2744: 2737: 2731: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2601: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2529:(8): 2344–2384. 2514: 2508: 2507: 2497: 2487: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2407: 2401: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2332: 2326: 2316: 2310: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2245: 2234: 2233: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2173: 2149: 2132: 2129: 2077:Food sovereignty 2036: 2024:Faustian bargain 2012: 1948:infant mortality 1927:soil degradation 1853:tropical savanna 1834:land degradation 1811: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1768: 1760: 1731:Political impact 1687:quality proteins 1637:historic famines 1555:World population 1532:world population 1452:Wheat yields in 1383:responsible for 1063:Ferdinand Marcos 1045:established the 1031:Carlos P. Garcia 849:White Revolution 804:hybridized seeds 726:Green Revolution 702: 695: 688: 674: 673: 672: 536:Rice-fish system 444:Contract farming 429:Animal husbandry 167:Animal husbandry 127:Green Revolution 79:Ancient history 42: 28: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8055:1968 neologisms 8025: 8024: 8023: 8018: 7988: 7952: 7886: 7884: 7877: 7829: 7808: 7757:Overconsumption 7740:Family planning 7697: 7691: 7664: 7648: 7645: 7637: 7599: 7596: 7588: 7542: 7537: 7507: 7502: 7481: 7421: 7378: 7228:Our Daily Bread 7188:The Corporation 7159: 7052: 7046: 7016: 7011: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6924: 6915:Poultry farming 6868: 6823: 6816: 6787:Poultry farming 6677: 6653:Modern history 6633:Post-classical 6581: 6580: 6579: 6523:Organic farming 6378: 6377: 6373: 6337: 6314: 6309: 6270: 6268: 6257: 6240: 6218: 6186:Current Science 6179: 6162: 6132: 6119: 6078: 6076:Further reading 6073: 6067: 6054: 6048: 6032: 6026: 6013: 6007: 5994: 5988: 5972: 5966: 5953: 5937: 5931: 5914: 5908: 5895: 5889: 5876: 5855: 5849: 5832: 5826: 5811: 5805: 5790: 5781: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5744:Current Science 5737: 5736: 5732: 5705:Current Science 5698: 5697: 5693: 5683: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5594:. 12 May 2008. 5584: 5583: 5579: 5557: 5556: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5509: 5505: 5499:Wayback Machine 5489: 5485: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5345: 5344: 5337: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5155: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5128: 5126: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5019: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4966: 4962: 4952:Wayback Machine 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4924:on 25 July 2011 4921: 4915: 4900: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4821: 4820: 4813: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4768:The Independent 4761: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4736: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4670:Wayback Machine 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4626: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4570: 4569: 4565: 4548: 4532:10.1038/ngeo325 4518:(10): 636–639. 4503: 4502: 4498: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4475:Wayback Machine 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4426:Wayback Machine 4411: 4409: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4375: 4333: 4332: 4319: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4220:(12): 3213–26. 4207: 4206: 4202: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3961: 3960: 3953: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3883: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3810:Wayback Machine 3795:Wayback Machine 3768:Wayback Machine 3757:Wayback Machine 3744:article on the 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3659: 3658: 3649: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3617: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3589:The Economist. 3588: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3455: 3445: 3444: 3437: 3430: 3417: 3416: 3409: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3316:on 26 June 2010 3308: 3307: 3303: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3067:Wayback Machine 3057: 3053: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2974: 2967: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2790: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2747: 2738: 2734: 2725: 2721: 2680:(21): 8363–68. 2667: 2666: 2662: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2435: 2423: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2317: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2237: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2111: 2097:Caloric density 2047: 2037: 2034: 2011:observed that: 2000: 1979: 1973: 1958:Consumption of 1944: 1936: 1903: 1898: 1829: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1781: 1769: 1758: 1749: 1733: 1658: 1656:Quality of diet 1625: 1616:M. King Hubbert 1592:Paul R. Ehrlich 1564: 1548: 1509: 1503: 1446: 1340:Gonjiro Inazuka 1311: 1286: 1273: 1236: 1230: 1195: 1189: 1164: 1158: 1137: 1131: 1119:Semi-dwarf IR36 1086: 1076: 1039:Ford Foundation 1024: 1018: 930:Lázaro Cárdenas 868: 862: 833: 831:Use of the term 828: 776:Ford Foundation 706: 670: 668: 663: 662: 661: 660: 659: 650:Poultry farming 607: 599: 598: 597: 572: 564: 563: 562: 506:Organic farming 371: 363: 362: 361: 336: 326: 325: 324: 156: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 119:Modern history 99:Post-classical 52: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8068: 8066: 8058: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8027: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8006: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7984:Sustainability 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7960: 7958: 7957:Related topics 7954: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7889: 7887: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7848: 7846:Largest cities 7843: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7715: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7666:I = P × A × T 7662: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7608: 7602: 7600: 7593: 7590: 7589: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7513: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7440: 7435: 7429: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7420: 7419: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7344: 7336: 7328: 7320: 7312: 7304: 7296: 7288: 7280: 7272: 7264: 7256: 7248: 7240: 7232: 7224: 7216: 7208: 7200: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7129:Eating Animals 7125: 7117: 7109: 7101: 7093: 7089:Reefer Madness 7085: 7077: 7069: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7013: 7012: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6828: 6826: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6745: 6743:Insect farming 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6687: 6685: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6622:Ancient Greece 6619: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6591: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6255: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6217: 6216:External links 6214: 6213: 6212: 6177: 6160: 6153: 6143: 6137: 6131:978-1441674487 6130: 6117: 6102: 6095: 6086: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6071: 6065: 6052: 6046: 6030: 6024: 6011: 6005: 5992: 5986: 5974:Shiva, Vandana 5970: 5964: 5951: 5939:Ruttan, Vernon 5935: 5929: 5912: 5906: 5893: 5887: 5874: 5853: 5847: 5830: 5824: 5809: 5803: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5750:(7): 908–914. 5730: 5711:(7): 908–914. 5691: 5665: 5638: 5612: 5577: 5545: 5516: 5503: 5483: 5464: 5452: 5413: 5364: 5335: 5280: 5223: 5202: 5191: 5165: 5146: 5136: 5116:Earth's Future 5102: 5087: 5068: 5047:(6): S124–34. 5024: 5017: 4990: 4960: 4956:Orion Magazine 4935: 4913: 4886: 4871: 4811: 4781: 4772: 4755: 4725: 4703: 4678: 4654: 4619: 4593: 4581: 4563: 4496: 4478: 4467:EnergyBulletin 4455: 4429: 4392: 4373: 4352:10.1086/714444 4317: 4282: 4241: 4200: 4151: 4110: 4047: 4004: 3997: 3979: 3973:978-0697345523 3972: 3951: 3892: 3881: 3860:(2): 206–229. 3840: 3814: 3782:reported that 3742:Malawi Miracle 3734: 3711: 3685: 3647: 3626: 3598: 3582: 3573: 3564: 3538: 3513: 3506: 3488: 3473: 3453: 3435: 3428: 3407: 3388: 3373:(6): 643–647. 3353: 3327: 3301: 3275: 3260:. Vera Files. 3248: 3221:(1): 100–122. 3205: 3179: 3153: 3123: 3110:"Rice paddies" 3101: 3090:on 5 June 2017 3070: 3051: 3038: 3029: 3027:Cotter, p. 235 3020: 3011: 3002: 2989: 2952: 2945: 2927: 2901: 2898:. p. 251. 2886: 2877: 2870: 2852: 2843: 2830: 2817: 2808: 2801: 2783: 2776: 2758: 2745: 2732: 2719: 2660: 2613: 2556: 2535:10.1086/714444 2509: 2450: 2421: 2402: 2389: 2355: 2327: 2311: 2298: 2279:(1): 175–199. 2263: 2235: 2218: 2193: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2107:Water scarcity 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2032: 2015:emphasis added 1999: 1996: 1975:Main article: 1972: 1969: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1922:Michael Fakhri 1906:carbon cycling 1901: 1897: 1894: 1838:soil nutrients 1828: 1825: 1814: 1813: 1772: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1732: 1729: 1657: 1654: 1641:Peter Bowbrick 1624: 1621: 1602:Norman Borlaug 1572:overpopulation 1563: 1560: 1547: 1544: 1505:Main article: 1502: 1499: 1445: 1442: 1433:Photosynthetic 1359:Norman Borlaug 1310: 1307: 1285: 1282: 1272: 1269: 1265:farming system 1232:Main article: 1229: 1226: 1188: 1185: 1172:Norman Borlaug 1157: 1154: 1130: 1127: 1090:Norman Borlaug 1075: 1074:Start in India 1072: 1017: 1014: 960:Norman Borlaug 896:United Nations 885:Norman Borlaug 861: 858: 845:Red Revolution 832: 829: 827: 824: 796:MS Swaminathan 784:Norman Borlaug 708: 707: 705: 704: 697: 690: 682: 679: 678: 665: 664: 658: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 611: 610: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 600: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 539: 538: 533: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 497: 496: 491: 486: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 415: 414: 409: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 373: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 360: 359: 354: 349: 344: 338: 337: 332: 331: 328: 327: 323: 322: 317: 312: 307: 305:Slash-and-burn 302: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 259: 258: 253: 248: 238: 233: 232: 231: 226: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 190: 189: 184: 179: 174: 164: 158: 157: 152: 151: 148: 147: 141: 140: 139: 138: 133: 128: 125: 117: 116: 115: 110: 105: 97: 96: 95: 90: 88:Ancient Greece 85: 77: 76: 75: 70: 65: 56: 55: 54: 53: 48: 47: 44: 43: 35: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8067: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8015: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7964:Bennett's law 7962: 7961: 7959: 7955: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7888: 7885:organizations 7880: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7769: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7751: 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6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6822:Environmental 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Sheep farming 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6706:Dairy farming 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6683:Farming Types 6680: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6617:Ancient Egypt 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6528:Paludiculture 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 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MIT Press. 5998: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5692: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5639: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5613: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5588: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5533: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5513: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5365: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5224: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5166: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5137: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5078:The Ecologist 5072: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5020: 5018:9780262041898 5014: 5010: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4898: 4890: 4887: 4882: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4834:(5): 377–89. 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4800:(2): 105–24. 4799: 4795: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4759: 4756: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4620: 4608:. 29 May 2006 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4567: 4564: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4497: 4493:. 6 May 2022. 4492: 4488: 4482: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4443: 4439: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4298:(5): 443–49. 4297: 4293: 4286: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4171:(2): 155–69. 4170: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3722: 3715: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3630: 3627: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3568: 3565: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3539: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3474: 3469: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3418:IPCC (2022). 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404:. p. A1. 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3290: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3180: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3018:Cotter, p. 11 3015: 3012: 3009:Cotter, p. 10 3006: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2979: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2928: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2779: 2777:0-393-04645-1 2773: 2769: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2617: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2413: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2359: 2356: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2264: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2222: 2219: 2207: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2138: 2128: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2005: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1949: 1942:Health impact 1941: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1918:nitrous oxide 1915: 1910: 1907: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1880:Carl O. Sauer 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1820: 1810: 1807: 1799: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1773:This section 1771: 1767: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1695:carbohydrates 1692: 1688: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1629:food security 1622: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1546:Food security 1545: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1507:Food security 1500: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1469:and chemical 1468: 1462: 1455: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:Orville Vogel 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1235: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1145:Yuan Longping 1141: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1115: 1114:S.K. De Datta 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1015: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1002: 999: 993: 991: 987: 983: 978: 969: 965: 961: 958:Locations of 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 932:(1934–1940), 931: 927: 923: 917: 913: 910: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 876: 874: 867: 859: 856: 854: 850: 846: 840: 838: 830: 825: 823: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 792:Yuan Longping 789: 785: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 765:mechanization 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 719: 714: 703: 698: 696: 691: 689: 684: 683: 681: 680: 677: 667: 666: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645:Meat industry 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 630:Biotechnology 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 603: 602: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 568: 567: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 511:Paludiculture 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 413: 412:Biotechnology 410: 408: 405: 404: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 367: 366: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 335: 330: 329: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 300: 296: 294: 293:Sharecropping 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 242: 239: 237: 234: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 155: 150: 149: 137: 134: 132: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 118: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 100: 98: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 83:Ancient Egypt 81: 80: 78: 74: 71: 69: 66: 64: 61: 60: 58: 57: 51: 46: 45: 41: 37: 36: 33: 29: 26: 22: 8001: 7968: 7813:Publications 7772:Antinatalism 7710: 7687:World3 model 7547:Major topics 7372:Food, Inc. 2 7370: 7362: 7354: 7346: 7338: 7330: 7322: 7314: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7282: 7274: 7266: 7258: 7250: 7242: 7234: 7226: 7218: 7210: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7178: 7170: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7105:Chew on This 7103: 7095: 7087: 7079: 7071: 7063: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6857:Overdrafting 6716:Goat farming 6661: 6627:Ancient Rome 6533:Permaculture 6491:Horticulture 6436:Agroforestry 6394:Agribusiness 6269:. 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Retrieved 2205: 2196: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2127: 2039: 2027: 2021: 2001: 1980: 1957: 1945: 1937: 1911: 1899: 1889: 1876: 1862:as the 1992 1857: 1830: 1827:Biodiversity 1802: 1793: 1782:Please help 1777:verification 1774: 1750: 1734: 1725:rice paddies 1722: 1711: 1683: 1671:malnutrition 1663:Emile Frison 1659: 1626: 1606: 1595: 1588: 1565: 1537: 1529: 1513:fossil fuels 1510: 1463: 1459: 1438: 1414:biosynthesis 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1371: 1356: 1352:Cecil Salmon 1312: 1287: 1276: 1274: 1237: 1219: 1211: 1200: 1196: 1165: 1142: 1138: 1123: 1111: 1087: 1025: 1007: 1003: 998:bumper crops 994: 973: 964:Yaqui Valley 938: 918: 914: 889: 877: 869: 853:Shah of Iran 842: 834: 820: 773: 762: 729: 725: 723: 718:World War II 516:Permaculture 474:Horticulture 419:Agroforestry 377:Agribusiness 334:Hydroculture 310:Smallholding 298: 93:Ancient Rome 25: 7696:Society and 7655:Biocapacity 7467:Food safety 7137:Wheat Belly 7073:Modern Meat 7007:Wikiproject 6847:Overgrazing 6782:Pig farming 6765:Paddy field 6738:Hydroponics 6711:Fur farming 6696:Aquaculture 6691:Agrivoltaic 6672:Monoculture 6593:Prehistory 6543:Polyculture 6364:Farm worker 6342:Occupations 6312:Agriculture 6175:(2): 70–79. 5184:24 December 5084:(2): 57–60. 4794:Food Policy 4388:Conway 1998 4214:J. 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