1260:
political discrimination against particular classes of new housing supplier, household consumer, and housing product; and controls on housing technical-product development – in particular, the blocking of innovative low-cost house building using new materials and production technologies). Abbott argues that the greenbelts actually defeat their own stated objective of saving the countryside and open spaces. By preventing existing towns and cities from extending normally and organically, they result in more land-extensive housing developments further out – i.e., the establishment beyond the greenbelts of new communities with lower building densities, their own built infrastructure and other facilities, and greater dependence on cars and commuting, etc. Meanwhile, valuable
38:
119:, but this planning guidance was superseded by the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) in March 2012. Planning authorities are strongly urged to follow the NPPF's detailed advice when considering whether to permit additional development in the green belt. In the green belt there is a general presumption against inappropriate development, unless very special circumstances can be demonstrated to show that the benefits of the development will outweigh the harm caused to the green belt. The NPPF sets out what would constitute appropriate development in the green belt.
1136:. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of green belts. This decision was made in tandem with the 1946 New Towns Act, which sought to depopulate urban centres in the South East of England and accommodate people in new settlements elsewhere. Green belt could therefore be designated by local authorities without worry that it would come into conflict with pressure from population growth.
1222:
966:“All public bodies, including planning authorities, have a duty to further the conservation of biodiversity under the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004, and this should be reflected in development plans and development management decisions. Biodiversity is important because it provides natural services and products that we rely on, is an important element of sustainable development and makes an essential contribution to Scotland's economy and cultural heritage.”
819:
2567:
981:
2476:
773:
765:
757:
749:
733:
725:
717:
709:
701:
741:
1190:, an organisation heavily involved in initiating the concept several decades previously, published a policy statement in 2002, which proposed a more flexible policy which would allow the introduction of green wedge and strategic gap policies rather than green belts, and so permit the expansion of some urban areas. In October 2007, Sir
1157:
London
Society and the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for London's Planning and Built Environment published plans for a 'green web' to replace the green belt in some locations. The ambition is to create a "multifunctional green infrastructure landscape" in which new-build and publicly accessible natural space sat side by side.
1156:
began debate about the city's green belt in 2014 with publication of a report entitled "Green Sprawl". Other organisations, including the
Planning Officers Society, have since responded with specific calls for a review and proposals to balance land release with environmental protection. In 2016, the
1206:
Jonathan Manns, this called for a "move away from the simplistic and naĂŻve idea that countryside is a sacrosanct patchwork of medieval hedgerows and towards an empirically informed position which once more recognises housing as a need to be met in locations with appropriate environmental capacity".
1250:
commissioned the
Building In The Green Belt? report to look into the commuting patterns in London's metropolitan green belt. The study found only 7.4% of commuters, who lived near a railway station actually travelled to London by train on a regular basis with the vast majority (72%) travelling by
1177:
in many cities in the UK. The policy has been criticised for reducing the amount of land available for building and therefore pushing up house prices, as 70% of the cost of building new houses is the purchase of the land (up from 25% in the late 1950s). It has also been claimed that areas of green
961:
The
Government requires that locally established green belt plans: maintain the identity of a city by the clearly establishing physical boundaries and preventing coalescence; provide countryside for recreation of denizens; and maintain the landscape setting of the city in question. In its Planning
782:
As well as any underlying re-designations, changes in green belt area are explained in part by alterations in land designation by local authorities, and may also be influenced by improvements with measurement associated with digital mapping. Note that from 2006, estimates exclude the area of Green
1139:
As the outward growth of London was seen to be firmly repressed, residents owning properties further from the built-up area also campaigned for this policy of urban restraint, partly to safeguard their own investments but often invoking an idealised scenic/rustic argument which laid the blame for
1234:
has criticised green belt policy, saying that unless more houses are built through reforming planning laws and releasing green belt land, then housing space will need to be rationed out. In March 2014, it was noted that if general inflation had risen as fast as housing prices had since 1971, a
1259:
Lewis Abbott has identified green belt barriers to urban expansion as one of several major protectionist political-economic barriers to house building with negative effects on the supply, cost/prices, and quality of new homes. (The others include new housing development taxes and quasi-taxes;
1104:. It was first formally proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935, "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a green belt or girdle of open space". It was again included in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by
1129:, arguing that if London’s radius grew beyond 12–15 miles, the capital’s commuter infrastructure could not cope in financial or capacity terms, to the detriment of city's overall economy. He instead made the case for a number of economically self-sufficient new towns beyond a new green belt.
1270:
However, in
England, where 65% of people are property-owners who benefit from scarcity of building land, the concept of "green belt" has become entrenched as a fundamental part of government policy, and the possibility of reviewing boundaries is often viewed with considerable hostility by
1671:"Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2010 to 2011 - Statistics on designated green belt land. From Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government and Andrew Stunell OBE, Published 15 April 2011 - Annex 3: regional trend in the area of green belt land since 1997"
1198:, argued for a review of green belts, saying: "The time has come for a greener green belt. We need a 21st century solution to England's housing needs which puts in place a network of green wedges, gaps and corridors, linking the natural environment and people.". Similarly, the
1172:
Several academics, policy groups and town planning organisations in recent years have criticised the idea and implementation of green belts in the UK. Green belt policy has been attacked as too rigid in the face of new urban and environmental challenges, principally the
2251:
Political
Barriers To Housebuilding In Britain: A Critical Case Study Of Protectionism & Its Industrial-Commercial Effects, Industrial Systems Research/ Google Books, revised electronic edition 2013. Chapter two: “Greenbelt Barriers To Urban Expansion.” Ebook
1255:
say it is a myth to connect green belts to rising house prices, since there is no clear difference in house prices between cities with green belts and cities without them, and both land and house prices are inflated by other factors such as investment.
1251:
private vehicle to jobs in their hometown and to other places not within London. Thus the proposal put forward in the Adam Smith report could result in 3.96 to 7.45 million additional car journeys per week on already congested roads around London.
1239:, there is "overwhelming empirical evidence that that planning restrictions have a substantial impact on housing costs" and are the main reason why housing is two and a half times more expensive in 2011 than it was in 1975. The free market
1108:
in 1944 (which sought a belt of up to six miles wide). However, it was some 14 years before the elected local authorities responsible for the area around London had all defined the area on scaled maps with some precision (encouraged by
102:
Green belt policy has been criticised for reducing the amount of land available for building and therefore pushing up house prices, as 70% of the cost of building new houses is the purchase of the land (up from 25% in the late 1950s).
1151:
Since 1955 London's green belt has extended significantly, stretching some 35 miles out in places. London's green belt now covers an area of 516,000 hectares, an area broadly three times larger than that of London itself. The
1283:
in the 21st century. However, while in general these concepts are quite distinct in the UK from the green belt as a statutory development plan designation, an exception occurs in London where land may be designated as
1124:
made an economic case; he believed that London
Underground had a finite potential capacity which would be breached by the growth of the city's population and overall physical size. Pick presented this case to the
1558:
1267:
Commentators such as Alan Evans and Tom
Papworth have called for outright abolition of green belts, principally on the grounds that by inhibiting the free use of land they restrict home ownership.
1243:
is a particular critic of the green belt, and has claimed that removing the green belt from land within ten minutes walk of a railway station would release enough land to build 1 million homes.
2146:
1644:
2594:
1977:
1907:
2456:
1943:
171:
1279:
The general concept of "green belt" has evolved in recent years to encompass "Greenspace" and "Greenstructure", taking into account urban greenspace, an important aspect of
1787:
72:
will be resisted for the foreseeable future, maintaining an area where local food growing, forestry and outdoor leisure can be expected to prevail. The fundamental aim of
1132:
New provisions for compensation in the Town and
Country Planning Act 1947 allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first
2539:
417:
1077:
The term emerged from continental Europe where broad boulevards were increasingly used to separate new development from the centre of historic towns; most notably the
174:(MHCLG) who are the present central government department maintaining responsibility for green belts, a countryside interest group, Campaign to Protect Rural England (
99:
encouraged local authorities around the country to consider protecting land around their towns and cities by the formal designation of clearly defined green belts.
1140:
most social ills upon urban influences. In mid-1971, for example, the government decided to extend the
Metropolitan Green Belt northwards to include almost all of
1297:
1216:
1174:
2283:
1164:
in 2016 suggests that by 1979, the area covered by green belt in England comprised 721,500 hectares, and by 1993, this had been extended to 1,652,310 hectares.
2599:
2494:
998:
258:
1202:
published a comprehensive history of the green belt (as it emerged in the first part of the twentieth century) in 2014. Authored by the influential English
923:
The Scottish Government is clear that the purpose of green belt designation in the development plan as part of the settlement strategy for an area is to:
2604:
2589:
2570:
2449:
1978:
http://www.aecom.com/deployedfiles/Internet/Geographies/Europe/Document%20Library/AECOM%20Manifesto%20for%20the%20London%20City%20Region_low%20res.pdf
1840:
939:
However, the Scottish Government recognises that certain types of development might actually promote and support appropriate rural diversification:
2155:
1881:
786:
In July 2024 the Labour government announced plans to prioritise building on "poor quality and ugly areas" within England's green belt, including
2383:
1783:
181:
The area designated as green belt land in England as at 12 October 2023 was estimated at 1,638,420 hectares, about 13 per cent of the land area.
2113:
1648:
1264:
and brownfield sites best suited to industry and commerce are lost in existing conurbations as more and more new housing is crammed into them.
1178:
belt can be of unremarkable environmental quality, and may not be well managed or provide the recreational opportunities originally envisaged.
2355:
2442:
1187:
2504:
1915:
332:
2025:
1687:
1625:
37:
2051:
1941:
1733:
1491:
2534:
2097:
1045:
398:
1288:" (MOL). Areas of MOL are subject to the same planning restrictions as the green belt while lying within the urban area. In 2005, the
1017:
92:
2279:
2257:
1090:
1064:
1305:
1988:
Manns, J., & Falk, N., "Re/Shaping London: Unlocking Sustainable Growth in West London and Beyond", The London Society, 2016.
1121:
1024:
1093:
they lobbied for a continuous belt (of up to two miles wide) to prevent urban sprawl, beyond which new development could occur.
2524:
2071:
1300:
European Cooperation in Science and Technology) undertook in-depth city case studies into cities across 15 European countries.
313:
2413:
1366:
2403:
1583:
1317:
1002:
849:
Northern Ireland has 30 green belt areas, accounting for approximately 226,600 hectares, about 16 percent of its total area.
2179:
1293:
1235:
chicken would cost ÂŁ51; and that Britain is "building less homes today than at any point since the 1920s". According to the
1031:
783:
Belt land in New Forest DC and Test Valley BC (47,300 hectares) which were designated as New Forest National Park in 2005.
1868:
1392:
1247:
1236:
1199:
1153:
1086:
2388:
1511:
1085:. Various proposals were put forward from 1890 onwards but the first to garner widespread support was put forward by the
2008:
95:
then allowed local authorities to include green belt proposals in their development plans. In 1955, Minister of Housing
1670:
1013:
31:
2215:
1161:
991:
2544:
2233:
440:
2127:
2549:
2398:
For topical summaries of discussions about the possible release of green belt land for various developments or
1837:
1327:
615:
220:
491:
The distribution of green belt designated land by region of England as in 2003, 2013 and 2023 was as follows:
178:) continue to group these into 14 green belt areas, the North West green belt encompassing three urban cores.
2422:
2509:
2294:
1280:
1145:
351:
88:
42:
1221:
1285:
956:
Essential infrastructure such as electronic communications infrastructure and electricity grid connections
599:
225:
2329:
80:
by keeping land permanently green, and consequently the most important attribute of green belts is their
2519:
2514:
1347:
1101:
455:
295:
243:
2427:
1038:
1855:
Green sprawl Our current affection for a preservation myth?, Johnathon Manns, The London Society, 2014
1791:
1537:
2499:
2408:
1332:
1240:
277:
142:
Once an area of land has been defined as green belt, the stated opportunities and benefits include:
2359:
1289:
1105:
931:
protect and enhance the quality, character, landscape setting and identity of towns and cities, and
862:
152:
The retention of attractive landscapes and the enhancement of landscapes, near to where people live
1127:
Barlow Commission (Royal Commission on the Geographical Distribution of the Industrial Population)
1126:
944:
Development associated with agriculture, including the re-use of historic agricultural buildings,
865:
in February 2010. On 29 November, the Government published "Green Belt Policy in Scotland 10/85"
583:
567:
551:
519:
373:
81:
91:
around London was first proposed by the Greater London Regional Planning Committee in 1935. The
138:
To assist in urban regeneration, by encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land.
122:
According to the NPPF, there are five stated purposes of including land within the green belt:
111:
The government formerly set out its policies and principles towards green belts in England and
2529:
2275:
2253:
2057:
1497:
1261:
383:
263:
2393:
2197:
2094:
1816:
1471:
1461:
1133:
1097:
877:
2235:
Building in the green belt: A report into commuting patterns in the Metropolitan green belt
1997:
Dunton, J., "Report backs 'green web' plan for London", Planning Resource, 21 October 2016.
2554:
2489:
2101:
1947:
1844:
1195:
913:
897:
511:
478:
464:
403:
201:
1967:"Delivering Change: Building Homes Where we Need Them", Centre for Cities, London, 2015
1191:
803:
515:
445:
407:
356:
210:
53:
50:
1600:
1512:"Planning Policy Guidance 2: Green belts - Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM)"
818:
2583:
1271:
environmental charities, neighbouring communities and their elected representatives.
1230:
1141:
1110:
1078:
535:
460:
96:
2434:
2078:
2399:
1708:
1584:"CPRE - State of the Green Belt 2023 - A vision for the 21st century - August 2023"
1342:
881:
146:
Providing opportunities for access to the open countryside for the urban population
77:
69:
65:
61:
953:
Recreational uses that are compatible with an agricultural or natural setting, and
2260:
928:
direct planned growth to the most appropriate locations and support regeneration,
980:
909:
893:
426:
267:
17:
1515:
1322:
1117:
917:
901:
787:
369:
341:
337:
318:
229:
73:
1757:
1417:
1301:
885:
303:
299:
282:
248:
1867:
Manns, J., "Green Sprawl: Our Current Affection for a Preservation Myth?"
1626:"Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2016 to 2017 - GOV.UK"
950:
Horticulture, including market gardening and directly connected retailing,
1466:
1203:
905:
869:
858:
233:
1476:
1116:
The motives for a green belt around London were not just environmental,
934:
protect and give access to open space within and around towns and cities
649:
The total area of green belt land in England since 2003 was as follows:
161:
The retention of land for local food growing, forestry and related uses.
2481:
1882:"'London's green belt isn't sacrosanct … we need to build homes on it'"
1645:"Green Belts in England: Key facts - Campaign to Protect Rural England"
1304:
was one such case study city for the UK. Conclusions were published in
1005: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
889:
799:
206:
1692:
1453:
1082:
468:
422:
388:
1958:"The Green Belt: A Place for Londoners?", London First, London, 2015
1682:
1680:
1225:
Value of land and buildings in the UK from 1995 to 2016 (trillions).
2319:
Papworth, T., "The Green Noose", Adam Smith Institute, London, 2014
2128:"Build on the green belt or introduce space rationing: your choice"
1938:
Planning For a Better Future: Our Manifesto for the Next Government
1559:"Local authority green belt: England 2022-23 - statistical release"
27:
British urban planning policy to maintain countryside around cities
2333:
1632:. Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (MHCLG).
1337:
1220:
861:
is set out in Scottish Planning Policy (SPP) 21, published by the
430:
322:
116:
112:
36:
1688:"Local authority green belt statistics for England: 2013 to 2014"
1246:
In response to the claims made by the Adams Smith Institute, the
2270:"Housebuilding and Land (2): Political and Legal Influences" in
1709:"What is the 'grey belt' and how many homes could Labour build?"
1454:"The Welfare Effects of Greenbelt Policy: Evidence from England"
1393:"How the battle for Hampstead Heath inspired the National Trust"
1252:
1089:
in its "Development Plan of Greater London" 1919. Alongside the
483:
175:
2438:
149:
Providing opportunities for outdoor recreation near urban areas
135:
To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns
974:
873:
813:
1367:"London's green belt: the forgotten strangler of the capital"
170:
Although 16 city and town urban cores are identified by the
2274:, ISR/Google Books, Revised electronic edition 2013. Ebook
132:
To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment
129:
To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one another
2417:
1148:
now covers parts of 68 different Districts or Boroughs.
126:
To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas
2389:
Planning Policy Guidance Note 2 for England & Wales
830:
1908:"Peter Murray: Is London's Green Belt overprotected?"
947:
Woodland and forestry, including community woodlands,
172:
Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government
155:
Improvement of damaged and derelict land around towns
1784:"e-Digest Statistics about: Land Use and Land Cover"
2472:
2154:, The Institute of Economic Affairs, archived from
2095:
Time for a greener green belt, says Natural England
962:Policy (129), the Scottish Government states that:
1788:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
418:South West Hampshire/South East Dorset Green Belt
2272:Housebuilding and the New Homes Market: A Survey
798:Wales has one green belt, between the cities of
2595:Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
2114:"The UK national balance sheet: 2017 estimates"
1442:Geography; An Integrated Approach - David Waugh
68:in 1875, refers to a ring of countryside where
41:Designated areas of green belt in England; the
2180:"Green belt is the reason for rabbit hutch UK"
1976:AECOM, Big Bold Global Connected London 2065,
1217:Affordability of housing in the United Kingdom
1113:to designate a belt of some 7–10 miles wide).
908:. There are also plans for green belts around
2450:
868:As of 2010 Scotland had 10 green belt areas:
158:The securing of nature conservation interests
8:
259:Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote Green Belt
117:Planning Policy Guidance Note 2: Green Belts
2216:"Re-examining London's misnamed green belt"
1811:
1809:
2457:
2443:
2435:
2295:"Call for green belt rules to be scrapped"
1734:"Newport Local Development Plan 2011–2026"
493:
183:
2412:For views critical of green belt policy:
1475:
1465:
1306:"Case studies in Greenstructure Planning"
1065:Learn how and when to remove this message
2384:Interactive Map of England's green belts
2009:"A 21st Century Metropolitan Green Belt"
1096:Implementation of the notion dated from
790:sites, which it termed the "grey belt".
651:
2356:"Documents | Friends of the Earth"
1863:
1861:
1358:
2540:South West Hampshire/South East Dorset
2148:Abundance of land, shortage of housing
2332:. oxfordgreenbelt.net. Archived from
1838:Scottish Parliament Green Belt Policy
1188:Town and Country Planning Association
7:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1538:"National Planning Policy Framework"
1003:adding citations to reliable sources
333:Gloucester and Cheltenham Green Belt
2600:Urban society in the United Kingdom
2330:"Oxford Green Belt Network Website"
399:South and West Yorkshire Green Belt
289:Carnforth, Lancaster and Morecambe
363:Merseyside and Greater Manchester
93:Town and Country Planning Act 1947
25:
2605:Green belts in the United Kingdom
2590:Environment of the United Kingdom
2495:Burton upon Trent and Swadlincote
2466:Green belts in the United Kingdom
2418:Campaign to Protect Rural England
2566:
2565:
2474:
2145:Kristian Niemietz (April 2012),
2056:, Inside Housing, archived from
1496:, Inside Housing, archived from
1122:London Passenger Transport Board
1014:"Green belt" United Kingdom
979:
817:
772:
771:
764:
763:
756:
755:
748:
747:
739:
732:
731:
724:
723:
716:
715:
708:
707:
700:
699:
1758:"Q&A: England's green belt"
1418:"Q&A: England's green belt"
990:needs additional citations for
314:Nottingham and Derby Green Belt
2407:For an academic bibliography:
2050:Colin Wiles (8 January 2013),
1707:Edgington, Tom (8 July 2024).
1318:Environmental racism in Europe
740:
1:
2510:Metropolitan (Greater London)
1790:. 1 June 2005. Archived from
1248:Royal Town Planning Institute
1237:Institute of Economic Affairs
60:is a policy for controlling
2358:. foe.co.uk. Archived from
1936:Planning Officers Society,
1160:Research undertaken by the
32:Green belt (disambiguation)
2621:
1817:"Scottish Planning Policy"
1214:
1162:London School of Economics
1100:'s 1934 leadership of the
29:
2563:
2505:Gloucester and Cheltenham
2423:Oxford Green Belt Network
1175:lack of housing available
441:Stoke-on-Trent Green Belt
395:South and West Yorkshire
2535:South and West Yorkshire
1946:17 November 2015 at the
1940:, Aylesbury, March 2015
1843:25 December 2010 at the
1328:Intergenerational equity
616:Yorkshire and the Humber
221:West Midlands Green Belt
1886:London Evening Standard
1281:sustainable development
1146:Metropolitan Green Belt
352:Metropolitan Green Belt
89:Metropolitan Green Belt
43:Metropolitan Green Belt
2100:2 January 2008 at the
2026:"Green Belt - Hansard"
1647:. CPRE. Archived from
1286:Metropolitan Open Land
1226:
1211:Effect on house prices
968:
959:
937:
506:2023 area (hectares)*
366:North West Green Belt
292:North West Green Belt
64:. The term, coined by
46:
2030:hansard.parliament.uk
1452:Koster, Hans (2023).
1348:Urban growth boundary
1224:
1102:London County Council
964:
941:
925:
857:Green belt policy in
646:* Counts are rounded
503:2013 area (hectares)
500:2003 area (hectares)
456:North East Green Belt
414:South West Hampshire
310:Derby and Nottingham
244:North West Green Belt
76:policy is to prevent
40:
2525:Nottingham and Derby
2161:on 24 September 2015
2060:on 24 September 2015
1912:onofficemagazine.com
1500:on 24 September 2015
1458:The Economic Journal
1333:London commuter belt
1241:Adam Smith Institute
999:improve this article
278:Cambridge Green Belt
30:For other uses, see
2336:on 18 December 2014
1918:on 22 February 2019
1290:European Commission
1106:Patrick Abercrombie
863:Scottish Government
187:Green belt (DLUHC)
2394:SPP21 for Scotland
2362:on 7 February 2012
1601:"Green Belt facts"
1467:10.1093/ej/uead077
1227:
829:. You can help by
374:Greater Manchester
255:Burton upon Trent
190:Green belt (CPRE)
47:
2577:
2576:
2301:. 24 January 2007
2204:, 14 January 2015
2198:"The Green Noose"
2053:It's Land, Stupid
1888:. 9 December 2014
1819:. scotland.gov.uk
1794:on 21 August 2008
1518:on 9 January 2006
1493:It's Land, stupid
1262:urban green space
1134:development plans
1075:
1074:
1067:
1049:
847:
846:
780:
779:
644:
643:
489:
488:
384:Oxford Green Belt
264:Burton upon Trent
198:Bath and Bristol
107:England and Wales
16:(Redirected from
2612:
2569:
2568:
2490:Bristol and Bath
2480:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2436:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2285:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2241:, 15 August 2015
2240:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2153:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2084:on 22 July 2015.
2083:
2077:. Archived from
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1764:. 15 August 2007
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1514:. Archived from
1508:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1469:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1424:. 15 August 2007
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1275:Related concepts
1194:, then Chair of
1098:Herbert Morrison
1070:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1007:
983:
975:
878:Clackmannanshire
842:
839:
821:
814:
810:Northern Ireland
775:
774:
767:
766:
759:
758:
751:
750:
743:
742:
735:
734:
727:
726:
719:
718:
711:
710:
703:
702:
693:Area (hectares)
652:
494:
184:
21:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2559:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2269:
2265:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2222:, 16 March 2015
2214:
2213:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2134:, 24 March 2014
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2102:Wayback Machine
2093:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:Wayback Machine
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:Wayback Machine
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1651:on 5 April 2018
1643:Fawcett, Tony.
1642:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1314:
1294:COST Action C11
1277:
1219:
1213:
1196:Natural England
1184:
1170:
1120:the CEO of the
1071:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1008:
1006:
996:
984:
973:
898:Greater Glasgow
855:
843:
837:
834:
827:needs expansion
812:
796:
479:York Green Belt
437:Stoke-on-Trent
404:South Yorkshire
202:Avon Green Belt
168:
109:
45:outlined in red
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Green belt (UK)
15:
12:
11:
5:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Stoke-on-Trent
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2430:
2428:London Society
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2378:External links
2376:
2374:
2373:
2347:
2321:
2312:
2286:
2263:
2244:
2225:
2207:
2189:
2186:, 18 June 2014
2171:
2137:
2119:
2105:
2087:
2063:
2042:
2017:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1929:
1899:
1873:
1871:, London, 2014
1869:London Society
1857:
1848:
1830:
1805:
1775:
1749:
1725:
1699:
1676:
1662:
1635:
1617:
1592:
1575:
1543:
1529:
1503:
1483:
1444:
1435:
1409:
1397:Ham & High
1384:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1276:
1273:
1215:Main article:
1212:
1209:
1200:London Society
1192:Martin Doughty
1183:
1180:
1169:
1166:
1154:London Society
1087:London Society
1073:
1072:
987:
985:
978:
972:
969:
958:
957:
954:
951:
948:
945:
936:
935:
932:
929:
854:
851:
845:
844:
824:
822:
811:
808:
795:
792:
778:
777:
769:
761:
753:
745:
737:
729:
721:
713:
705:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
642:
641:
638:
635:
632:
631:England total
628:
627:
624:
621:
618:
612:
611:
608:
605:
602:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
525:
522:
508:
507:
504:
501:
498:
487:
486:
481:
476:
472:
471:
458:
453:
452:Tyne and Wear
449:
448:
446:Stoke-on-Trent
443:
438:
434:
433:
420:
415:
411:
410:
408:West Yorkshire
401:
396:
392:
391:
386:
381:
377:
376:
367:
364:
360:
359:
357:Greater London
354:
349:
345:
344:
335:
330:
326:
325:
316:
311:
307:
306:
293:
290:
286:
285:
280:
275:
271:
270:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
241:
237:
236:
223:
218:
214:
213:
204:
199:
195:
194:
191:
188:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
108:
105:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2572:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2550:West Midlands
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2280:9780906321560
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:9780906321645
2255:
2248:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2220:adamsmith.org
2217:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2202:adamsmith.org
2199:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2184:adamsmith.org
2181:
2175:
2172:
2157:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2132:The Economist
2129:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2080:
2073:
2072:"Green Belts"
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1818:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1373:. 16 May 2012
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:The Economist
1223:
1218:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:Environmental
1181:
1179:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:Hertfordshire
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:Duncan Sandys
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1055:November 2018
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016: –
1015:
1011:
1010:Find sources:
1004:
1000:
994:
993:
988:This section
986:
982:
977:
976:
970:
967:
963:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
942:
940:
933:
930:
927:
926:
924:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
864:
860:
852:
850:
841:
832:
828:
825:This section
823:
820:
816:
815:
809:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
789:
784:
770:
762:
754:
746:
738:
730:
722:
714:
706:
698:
695:
692:
691:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
653:
650:
647:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
609:
606:
603:
601:
600:West Midlands
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
542:
539:
537:
536:East Midlands
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
521:
517:
513:
510:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
492:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
466:
462:
461:Tyne and Wear
459:
457:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
435:
432:
428:
424:
421:
419:
416:
413:
412:
409:
405:
402:
400:
397:
394:
393:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
358:
355:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
339:
336:
334:
331:
328:
327:
324:
320:
317:
315:
312:
309:
308:
305:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
265:
262:
260:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
245:
242:
239:
238:
235:
231:
227:
226:West Midlands
224:
222:
219:
216:
215:
212:
208:
205:
203:
200:
197:
196:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
177:
173:
165:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
143:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
118:
114:
106:
104:
100:
98:
97:Duncan Sandys
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:town planning
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2465:
2432:
2400:urbanisation
2366:25 September
2364:. Retrieved
2360:the original
2350:
2340:25 September
2338:. Retrieved
2334:the original
2324:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2299:The Guardian
2298:
2289:
2271:
2266:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2163:, retrieved
2156:the original
2147:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2108:
2090:
2079:the original
2066:
2058:the original
2052:
2045:
2033:. Retrieved
2029:
2020:
2007:LSE (2016).
2002:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1937:
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1911:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1851:
1833:
1823:25 September
1821:. Retrieved
1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1778:
1768:25 September
1766:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1712:
1702:
1691:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1649:the original
1638:
1629:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1595:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:the original
1506:
1498:the original
1492:
1486:
1477:10419/205313
1457:
1447:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1421:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1371:The Guardian
1370:
1361:
1343:Smart growth
1278:
1269:
1266:
1258:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1185:
1171:
1159:
1150:
1138:
1131:
1115:
1095:
1076:
1061:
1052:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1009:
997:Please help
992:verification
989:
965:
960:
938:
922:
882:East Lothian
867:
856:
848:
838:January 2009
835:
831:adding to it
826:
797:
785:
781:
648:
645:
490:
348:London area
180:
169:
141:
121:
110:
101:
86:
78:urban sprawl
70:urbanisation
66:Octavia Hill
62:urban growth
57:
48:
2305:18 December
2035:30 November
1922:18 December
1892:18 December
1610:12 November
1568:12 November
910:Dunfermline
894:Grangemouth
427:Bournemouth
329:Gloucester
268:Swadlincote
217:Birmingham
193:Urban core
2584:Categories
2520:North West
2515:North East
1742:3 February
1630:www.gov.uk
1402:2 December
1377:2 December
1354:References
1323:Green belt
1118:Frank Pick
1079:RingstraĂźe
1025:newspapers
918:St Andrews
902:Midlothian
788:brownfield
776:1,629,510
640:1,638,420
637:1,639,290
634:1,671,580
584:South West
568:North West
552:North East
520:South East
370:Merseyside
342:Cheltenham
338:Gloucester
319:Nottingham
274:Cambridge
240:Blackpool
230:Birmingham
74:green belt
58:green belt
2500:Cambridge
2165:15 August
1798:2 January
1522:9 January
1302:Sheffield
1168:Criticism
886:Edinburgh
768:1,638,610
760:1,639,160
752:1,639,480
744:1,639,530
736:1,639,530
728:1,639,650
720:1,635,670
712:1,631,830
704:1,678,190
696:1,671,580
304:Carnforth
300:Morecambe
296:Lancaster
283:Cambridge
249:Blackpool
2571:Category
2098:Archived
1944:Archived
1841:Archived
1762:BBC News
1713:BBC News
1422:BBC News
1312:See also
1204:urbanist
906:Stirling
870:Aberdeen
859:Scotland
853:Scotland
688:2017/18
626:261,600
623:264,290
620:262,640
610:264,510
607:269,360
604:269,140
594:107,970
591:110,620
588:106,180
578:254,350
575:262,440
572:260,610
530:574,040
527:580,570
524:627,160
234:Coventry
82:openness
2482:England
1718:16 July
1655:4 April
1039:scholar
971:History
890:Falkirk
804:Newport
800:Cardiff
685:2013/14
682:2012/13
679:2011/12
676:2010/11
673:2009/10
670:2008/09
562:98,550
559:73,060
556:66,330
546:77,410
543:78,950
540:79,520
497:Region
380:Oxford
207:Bristol
166:England
51:British
2530:Oxford
2479:
2278:
2256:
1693:GOV.UK
1563:GOV.UK
1144:. The
1083:Vienna
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
516:London
469:Hexham
465:Durham
423:Dorset
389:Oxford
56:, the
2239:(PDF)
2159:(PDF)
2152:(PDF)
2082:(PDF)
2075:(PDF)
2012:(PDF)
1737:(PDF)
1587:(PDF)
1428:4 May
1338:NIMBY
1046:JSTOR
1032:books
914:Perth
794:Wales
655:Year
475:York
431:Poole
323:Derby
113:Wales
2555:York
2368:2014
2342:2014
2307:2018
2276:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2167:2015
2037:2018
1924:2018
1894:2018
1825:2014
1800:2009
1770:2014
1744:2020
1720:2024
1657:2018
1612:2023
1605:CPRE
1570:2023
1524:2006
1430:2010
1404:2022
1379:2022
1298:COST
1253:CPRE
1186:The
1091:CPRE
1018:news
916:and
904:and
892:and
802:and
667:2007
664:2006
661:2004
658:2003
512:East
484:York
467:and
429:and
406:and
340:and
321:and
266:and
211:Bath
209:and
176:CPRE
87:The
1472:hdl
1462:doi
1292:'s
1081:in
1001:by
874:Ayr
833:.
115:in
49:In
2586::
2402::
2297:.
2282:.
2218:,
2200:,
2182:,
2130:,
2028:.
1910:.
1884:.
1860:^
1808:^
1786:.
1760:.
1711:.
1690:.
1679:^
1628:.
1603:.
1561:.
1546:^
1470:.
1460:.
1456:.
1420:.
1395:.
1369:.
1308:.
920:.
912:,
900:,
896:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
806:.
463:,
425:,
372:,
302:,
298:,
232:,
228:,
84:.
2458:e
2451:t
2444:v
2370:.
2344:.
2309:.
2116:.
2039:.
2014:.
1926:.
1896:.
1827:.
1802:.
1772:.
1746:.
1722:.
1696:.
1673:.
1659:.
1614:.
1589:.
1572:.
1540:.
1526:.
1480:.
1474::
1464::
1432:.
1406:.
1381:.
1296:(
1284:"
1068:)
1062:(
1057:)
1053:(
1043:·
1036:·
1029:·
1022:·
995:.
840:)
836:(
518:/
514:/
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
