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of six hundred and forty acres of land, to be bounded by sectional lines of survey; in like manner shall be entitled to one half that quantity for each unmarried child which is living with him over ten years of age; and a quarter section to such child as may be under 10 years of age, to adjoin the location of the parent. If they reside upon said lands intending to become citizens of the States for five years after the ratification of this Treaty, in that case a grant in fee simple shall issue; said reservation shall include the present improvement of the head of the family, or a portion of it. Persons who claim under this article shall not lose the privilege of a
Choctaw citizen, but if they ever remove are not to be entitled to any portion of the Choctaw annuity.
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William, Benjamin, Basil, Clarissa, Forbis, Jackson, Emily, and three other daughters. According to other records his children included: Jane (married
William Spring), John Donley LeFlore, Jackson LeFlore, and Greenwood LeFlore by Rosa Donly; and Rebecca (married James Clark Harris) and Clarissa (married Chief Edmond Aaron McCurtain) by Rosa's sister Priscilla Donly.
42:
383:(half-blood), which seemed to imitate Euro-American concepts. O'Brien notes the importance of their being first of all, part of the Choctaw elites. Choctaw chiefs recognized the advantage of using such mixed-race elite men as "trailblazers into an unprecedented universe of capitalist accumulation and renewable wealth."
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LeFlore descendants used the mansion until it was destroyed in a fire in 1942. Only a few pieces of crystal and silver, and some chairs were salvaged from the ruins of the mansion. The horse carriage used to transport LeFlore to visit Andrew
Jackson and other Washington, D.C. officials had been saved
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In the event, the
Choctaw were awarded the largest territory of any removed tribe. It was located in the fertile, forested southeast corner of what is now Oklahoma. LeFlore did receive a grant of land in Mississippi, for 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land (his grant by the treaty, including allowances
398:
At age 17, LeFlore married Rosa Donly in
Nashville, whom he met there and brought back with him to the Choctaw Nation when he returned in 1817. After her death, he married again, to a woman named Priscilla. He had ten children (these were probably Greenwood's brothers and sisters, not his children):
564:
Jackson and other
American leaders at the time had generally low opinions of mixed-race leaders, related more to their own ideas of race than an ability to appraise the Native American leaders. Carson believes that such negative opinions have affected the writing of historians for decades and their
545:
LeFlore's accomplishments in unifying and strengthening the
Choctaw people are still honored as the historian James Taylor Carson writes, "He was a Choctaw nationalist who sought to carve out a new and powerful nation for his people within the Cotton Kingdom of the Old South." His pragmatic approach
536:
ART. XIV. Each
Choctaw head of a family being desirous to remain and become a citizen of the States, shall be permitted to do so, by signifying his intention to the Agent within six months from the ratification of this Treaty, and he or she shall thereupon be entitled to a reservation of one section
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While many leaders argued that removal was inevitable, others opposed the treaty and made death threats against LeFlore. Ousted by the tribal council in a coup, he stayed in
Mississippi, where he settled in Carroll County and accepted United States citizenship. He was elected to the state government
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of 1830, the chiefs of the western and eastern districts resigned, and on March 15, 1830, the council elected LeFlore as principal chief, the first time that power had been so centralized among the
Choctaw. He drafted a treaty which he sent to Washington, to try to secure the best terms for the
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To furnish his mansion, LeFlore imported most of the furniture from France, where it had been made to order. Silver, glass, and china came in sets of dozens. The drawing room set was of 30 pieces of solid mahogany, finished in genuine gold and upholstered in silk damask. The house held mirrors,
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He was first and foremost a man whose family had positioned him to draw together Choctaw and Anglo-American worlds. He owned slaves which became freedmen, read and wrote, and prayed at camp meetings, but he also presided over a political hierarchy of pipe lighters and captains, provided food,
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While LeFlore was not said to be popular among the full-blood tribal men, he became powerful and influential within the tribe at an early age, largely because of his mother's clan and maternal uncle's position and his own skills. With other leaders, he struggled to resist European-American
633:
Malmaison was one of the show places of Mississippi. It was a great tourist attraction and was visited annually by hundreds from all parts of the United States. Around it clung the memories of the transition of Mississippi from Indian territory to its present
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United States representatives came out to the Choctaw for a treaty council, where LeFlore used his formidable personal political capital and position as head of a unified tribe to secure the largest and most desirable areas of what would later be called
660:, but many may have stayed on the plantation to work for his descendants. When a woman named Arena James died in 1939, it was reported that she had been enslaved by LaFlore from her birth in 1829 until emancipation, when she was 36 years old.
589:. He was elected to represent Carroll County in the state house for two terms, and elected by the legislature as a state senator, serving one term. He became a wealthy planter and amassed a huge estate, where slaves worked acres of cotton.
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and was against the idea of secession. He died a few months after the war ended. He was 65. LeFlore was buried wrapped in the American flag, on the estate. He left, in addition to the mansion, an estate of 15,000 acres and 400 slaves. With
557:), and rejected many of the civilizing measures which the national council had ordered during the previous two years. The Western Division council led a movement to depose LeFlore, and in a successful coup, they elected his nephew
609:. He commissioned James Harris, a Georgian, to design it. Leflore was an admirer of Napoleon Bonaparte and Josephine, and had the house designed in French style. When he sought a name for the house, "he decided on the name of the
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assessments of men such as LeFlore. He considers LeFlore and leaders like him to have been a new Creole generation, raised as Choctaw but absorbing what they could of the changing world to make a place for their peoples.
501:", the Choctaw were under pressure from encroaching European-American settlers. The settlers kept entering the Choctaw Nation lands in great numbers. The US government wanted to remove the Choctaw to lands west of the
415:, when it was still in Mississippi. He is credited with abolishing the Choctaw "blood for blood" law, which dictated rounds of revenge for murders. LeFlore supported the "civilization" program, which U.S. President
541:
William Ward, who was the U.S. agent for the Indians, "refused to enroll the Choctaw claimants' reserves" in Mississippi, which undermined LeFlore's objectives for the treaty and led him to consider it a failure.
423:
developed during the Washington administration. Particularly after Andrew Jackson's election as president in 1828, he encouraged the Choctaw to make permanent residences, cultivate the land in agriculture,
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Some, like LeFlore, gained a Euro-American education that enabled them to negotiate the changing world developing in the American South. When LeFlore was twelve, his father sent him to
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as president in 1828, who supported Indian removal, many Choctaw claimed that removal was inevitable. They concluded they could not give armed resistance. After passage of the
323:, who belonged to the Choctaw elite due to his mother's rank, LeFlore had many connections in state and federal government. In 1830 LeFlore led other chiefs in signing the
331:. It also provided that Choctaw who chose to stay in Mississippi would have reserved lands, but the United States government failed to follow through on this provision.
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with silken and satin canopies, and four tapestry curtains depicting the four palaces of Napoleon and Josephine: Versailles, Malmaison, Saint Cloud and Fontainebleau.
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shelter, and educational opportunities for his followers, and promulgated his vision of the Choctaw future at the foot of the mound that had given his people life.
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in 1830 before removal. Before that, the nation was governed by three district chiefs and a council of chiefs. A wealthy and regionally influential Choctaw of
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553:, who had resigned, took back his office as Chief of the Western Division (which would later become the new Choctaw Nation in the post-removal
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The treaty included provisions allowing those Choctaw who chose to do so, to remain in Mississippi and become a citizen of the United States.
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encroachment while adapting to some of the new ways and the increasing pressure from the United States government in support of removal.
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system for property and hereditary leadership, LeFlore gained elite status from his mother's family and
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Many Choctaw at the time believed that LeFlore had let them down and could have refused removal.
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LeFlore was the first son of Rebecca Cravatt, a high-ranking Choctaw niece of the chief
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John Donley "Jack" LeFlore , Rebecca Cravat LeFlore Harris, Jane G. LeFlore Spring
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to Christianity, and send their children to United States schools for education.
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315:(June 3, 1800 – August 31, 1865) served as the elected Principal Chief of the
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James Taylor Carson, "Greenwood LeFlore: Southern Creole, Choctaw Chief"
585:. He was a fixture of Mississippi high society and a personal friend of
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When Leflore was 22, he became a chief of the western division of the
444:] Nation if our father lets us rest few years but wee [
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Leflore wanted a manor house that befitted his status as a wealthy
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734:, ed. Greg O'Brien, University of Oklahoma Press, 2008, p. 224
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to their removal from ancestral lands is still controversial.
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Greenwood LeFlore Cemetery, Carroll County, Mississippi, U.S.
886:"Historic Malmaison Completely Destroyed By Fire Last Night"
613:, ten miles west of Paris on the Seine." LeFlore called his
621:. LeFlore occupied the Malmaison until his death in 1865.
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367:, based in Spanish Florida. Because the Choctaw had a
916:"Last Surviving Slave Dies; Owned by Greenwood Leflore"
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769:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005, p. 103
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as a legislator and senator in the 1840s. During the
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Members of the Mississippi House of Representatives
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The Social History of the Choctaw Nation: 1865-1907
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732:Pre-Removal Choctaw History: Exploring New Paths
438:] are anxious to become sivillize [
861:Carson (2008), "Greenwood LeFlore", pp. 223-224
493:Greenwood LeFlore's horse carriage, late 1800s.
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462:] dont know what to do hartly [
953:Greenwood LeFlore portrait and other images
788:Morrison, James (1987). "Red Meets White".
290:Educated by Major Donly in Nashville, Tenn.
67:March 15, 1830 – February 24, 1831
766:Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750-1830
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569:for unmarried children living with him.)
497:Despite being recognized as one of the "
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262: 1834; died 1910)
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216: 1819; died 1829)
753:. Atlanta, Georgia: Long Street Press.
824:"1830 Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek"
456:] for land so much wee [
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1032:19th-century Native American leaders
298:Politician, planter and entrepreneur
100:Mississippi House of Representatives
601:Malmaison, Greenwood LeFlore's home
450:] have been pastered [
625:tables, large four-poster beds of
577:In the 1840s, LeFlore was elected
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1027:Choctaw in the American Civil War
987:19th-century American legislators
282:Louis LeFleur and Rebecca Cravatt
468:], but I hope wee [
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643:American Civil War and death
365:Panton, Leslie & Company
485:Removal or U.S. citizenship
474:] will rest now awhile.
160:Carroll County, Mississippi
56:Chief of the Choctaw Nation
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812:Carson (2008), pp. 228-230
663:Carson describes LeFlore:
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709:List of Choctaw Treaties
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403:Advocate of civilization
143:Territory of Mississippi
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46:Portrait before 1865
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96:Mississippi Senate
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958:Greenwood LeFlore
888:. Donny Whitehead
694:George W. Harkins
649:Southern Unionist
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579:Mississippi
369:matrilineal
203:Rosa Donley
175:Nationality
158:Malmaison,
77:Robert Cole
73:Preceded by
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926:2023-08-10
892:2022-05-12
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751:Providence
689:Pushmataha
421:Henry Knox
357:fur trader
353:Pushmataha
347:Background
321:mixed-race
295:Occupation
133:1800-06-03
715:Citations
619:Malmaison
593:Malmaison
517:Choctaw.
388:Nashville
287:Education
279:Parent(s)
112:1841–1844
108:In office
63:In office
673:See also
658:freedmen
627:rosewood
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