322:
1854:
injected the more food that is consumed. However, ghrelin does not increase meal size, only meal number. Ghrelin injections also increase an animal's motivation to seek out food, behaviors including increased sniffing, foraging for food, and hoarding food. Body weight is regulated through energy balance, the amount of energy taken in versus the amount of energy expended over an extended period of time. Studies have shown that ghrelin levels are positively correlated with weight. This data suggests that ghrelin functions as an
299:
196:
221:
1725:. The non-octanoylated form is desacyl ghrelin. It does not activate the GHS-R receptor but does have other effects: cardiac, anti-ghrelin, appetite stimulation, and inhibition of hepatic glucose output. Side-chains other than octanoyl have also been observed: these can also trigger the ghrelin receptor. In particular, decanoyl ghrelin has been found to constitute a significant portion of circulating ghrelin in mice, but as of 2011 its presence in humans has not been established.
328:
227:
1657:
2046:
Ghrelin has been theorized to have protective effects on the cardiovascular system. Studies have shown that in mice models of myocardial infarction (MI) with knock-outs of ghrelin, subjects with no endogenous ghrelin production had a significantly increased mortality rate along with worse metrics in
1979:
GHSR1A, Ghrelin's endogenous receptor, is expressed within the hypothalamus including the arcuate nucleus, but not in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) where ghrelin has been found to indirectly affect HPA axis function via neighboring corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons. Studies regarding
1853:
Ghrelin has been linked to inducing appetite and feeding behaviors. Circulating ghrelin levels are the highest right before a meal and the lowest right after. Injections of ghrelin in both humans and rats have been shown to increase food intake in a dose-dependent manner. So the more ghrelin that is
2000:
not only reduces gut capacity for food, but also lowers ghrelin levels compared to both lean people and those who lost weight through dieting. Studies have not clarified whether ghrelin levels return to normal in people who had gastric bypass surgery after weight loss has stabilized. Gastric bypass
1866:
Blood levels are in the pmol/L or fmol/mL range. Both active and total ghrelin can be measured. Circulating ghrelin concentrations rise before eating and fall afterward, more strongly in response to protein and carbohydrate than to lipids. The plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity concentration
1747:
Ghrelin cells are found mainly in the stomach and duodenum, but also in the jejunum, lungs, pancreatic islets, gonads, adrenal cortex, placenta, and kidney. It has also been shown that ghrelin is produced locally in the brain. Additionally, research suggests that ghrelin may be produced in the
1895:
splice being inactive) is involved in mediating a wide variety of biological effects of ghrelin, including: stimulation of growth hormone release, increase in hunger, modulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, regulation of gastrointestinal motility and secretion, protection of neuronal and
1850:, a circuit that communicates the hedonic and reinforcing aspects of natural rewards, such as food and addictive drugs such as ethanol. Ghrelin receptors are located on neurons in this circuit. Hypothalamic ghrelin signalling is required for reward from alcohol and palatable/rewarding foods.
1792:
production, fat storage, glycogen storage, and short-term heat loss. The net result of these processes is reflected in body weight, and is under continuous monitoring and adjustment based on metabolic signals and needs. At any given moment in time, it may be in equilibrium or disequilibrium.
2606:
Whereas ghrelin emerged as a stomach-derived hormone involved in energy balance, hunger and meal initiation via hypothalamic circuits, it now seems clear that it also has a role in motivated reward-driven behaviours via activation of the so-called "cholinergic-dopaminergic reward
63:
1970:
Additionally, Ghrelin and its endogenous receptor, GHSR1a, along with GOAT are expressed in primary immune tissues such as the spleen and thymus where it has a role in modulating interactions between metabolic state and inflammation, mediating energy balance homeostasis.
2047:
terms of cardiac sympathetic activity and systolic function when compared to wild-type subjects. with exogenous ghrelin being shown to improve heart function in rodent models of chronic heart failure and improved ventricular remodeling in post-MI rats.
1961:
Ghrelin has a diverse immunoregulatory role mediating the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and 10 along with TGF-β while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-1β from various immunologically competent cells
3839:
Jerlhag E, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL, Andersson M, Svensson L, Engel JA (March 2006). "Ghrelin stimulates locomotor activity and accumbal dopamine-overflow via central cholinergic systems in mice: implications for its involvement in brain reward".
1896:
cardiovascular cells, and regulation of immune function. They are present in high density in the hypothalamus and pituitary, on the vagus nerve (on both afferent cell bodies and efferent nerve endings) and throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
1767:
They are ovoid cells with granules. They have gastrin receptors. Some produce nesfatin-1. Ghrelin cells are not terminally differentiated in the pancreas: they are progenitor cells that can give rise to A-cells, PP cells and Beta-cells there.
2021:
have high plasma levels of ghrelin compared to both the constitutionally thin and normal-weight controls. The level of ghrelin increases during the time of day from midnight to dawn in thinner people, which suggests there is a flaw in the
3883:
Jerlhag E, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL, Douhan A, Svensson L, Engel JA (March 2007). "Ghrelin administration into tegmental areas stimulates locomotor activity and increases extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens".
2432:"Induction of c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid in neuropeptide Y and growth hormone (GH)-releasing factor neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus following systemic injection of the GH secretagogue, GH-releasing peptide-6"
4438:
Zhu B, Shi C, Park CG, Zhao X, Reutrakul S (June 2019). "Effects of sleep restriction on metabolism-related parameters in healthy adults: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
4950:
Bohdjalian A, Langer FB, Shakeri-Leidenmühler S, Gfrerer L, Ludvik B, Zacherl J, Prager G (May 2010). "Sleeve gastrectomy as sole and definitive bariatric procedure: 5-year results for weight loss and ghrelin".
1539:" because it increases the drive to eat. Blood levels of ghrelin are highest before meals when hungry, returning to lower levels after mealtimes. Ghrelin may help prepare for food intake by increasing gastric
1738:
The ghrelin cell is also known as an A-like cell (pancreas), X-cell (for unknown function), X/A-like cell (rats), Epsilon cell (pancreas), P/D sub 1 cell (humans) and Gr cell (abbreviation for ghrelin cell).
1980:
how ghrelin affects cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion along with how cortisol and ACTH levels affect ghrelin are inconsistent as different psychological and physical stressors within
2753:
Bedendi I, Alloatti G, Marcantoni A, Malan D, Catapano F, Ghé C, et al. (August 2003). "Cardiac effects of ghrelin and its endogenous derivatives des-octanoyl ghrelin and des-Gln14-ghrelin".
7006:
4128:
Cummings DE, Frayo RS, Marmonier C, Aubert R, Chapelot D (August 2004). "Plasma ghrelin levels and hunger scores in humans initiating meals voluntarily without time- and food-related cues".
2660:
Seim I, Amorim L, Walpole C, Carter S, Chopin LK, Herington AC (January 2010). "Ghrelin gene-related peptides: multifunctional endocrine / autocrine modulators in health and disease".
2471:
Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, Arena JP, Liberator PA, Rosenblum CI, et al. (August 1996). "A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release".
7715:
3796:
Naleid AM, Grace MK, Cummings DE, Levine AS (November 2005). "Ghrelin induces feeding in the mesolimbic reward pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens".
1623:
Ghrelin was discovered after the ghrelin receptor (called growth hormone secretagogue type 1A receptor or GHS-R) was determined in 1999. The hormone name is based on its role as a
3753:
Page AJ, Slattery JA, Milte C, Laker R, O'Donnell T, Dorian C, et al. (May 2007). "Ghrelin selectively reduces mechanosensitivity of upper gastrointestinal vagal afferents".
2013:
Ghrelin levels in the plasma of obese individuals are lower than those in leaner individuals, suggesting that ghrelin does not contribute to obesity, except in the cases of
4722:
Spencer SJ, Emmerzaal TL, Kozicz T, Andrews ZB (July 2015). "Ghrelin's Role in the
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Stress Response: Implications for Mood Disorders".
3342:
Fukumoto K, Nakahara K, Katayama T, Miyazatao M, Kangawa K, Murakami N (September 2008). "Synergistic action of gastrin and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in rats".
335:
234:
6999:
3264:
Simonsson M, Eriksson S, Håkanson R, Lind T, Lönroth H, Lundell L, et al. (November 1988). "Endocrine cells in the human oxyntic mucosa. A histochemical study".
1644:
6736:
1953:
Ghrelin functions as a cardio-protective peptide by being an anti-inflammatory agent, promoting angiogenesis, inhibiting arrhythmia, and improving heart failure.
6783:
7015:
5779:
5751:
5648:
2056:
6656:
2977:"Interaction between gastric and upper small intestinal hormones in the regulation of hunger and satiety: ghrelin and cholecystokinin take the central stage"
1793:
Gastric-brain communication is an essential part of energy homeostasis, and several communication pathways are probable, including the gastric intracellular
6992:
7695:
7653:
1077:
1058:
157:
7355:
4037:"Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor gene expression"
5037:"Elevated fasting plasma ghrelin in prader-willi syndrome adults is not solely explained by their reduced visceral adiposity and insulin resistance"
2384:
Dickson SL, Leng G, Robinson IC (March 1993). "Systemic administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide activates hypothalamic arcuate neurons".
2164:
Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K (December 1999). "Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach".
3526:
Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL (January 2001). "Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues".
6282:
5607:
2625:
Neuropsychopharmacology : the fifth generation of progress : an official publication of the
American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
5209:"Constitutional thinness and lean anorexia nervosa display opposite concentrations of peptide YY, glucagon-like peptide 1, ghrelin, and leptin"
4525:"Ghrelin expression in human and rat fetal lungs and the effect of ghrelin administration in nitrofen-induced congenital diaphragmatic hernia"
7690:
5849:
3502:
2146:
2128:
5531:
7675:
7435:
2061:
1888:
1828:(AgRP) neurons. Ghrelin-responsiveness of these neurons is both leptin- and insulin-sensitive. Ghrelin reduces the sensitivity of gastric
1875:
10.1 fmol/mL. Serum ghrelin concentrations tend to increase in age and vary throughout the day, with values peaking while one is asleep.
5492:
321:
7685:
5464:
3075:"Stomach is a major source of circulating ghrelin, and feeding state determines plasma ghrelin-like immunoreactivity levels in humans"
2632:
1428:
1421:
6776:
2534:
1520:
2556:
298:
7390:
5952:
3616:
6646:
5526:
2115:
2094:
2038:. There is insufficient evidence to conclude either for or against use of ghrelin in managing cachexia associated with cancer.
1794:
7178:
6058:
5681:
5617:
5511:
1930:
1921:. A review reported finding strong evidence that sleep restriction affected ghrelin or leptin levels, or energy expenditure.
4399:"Mechanisms in endocrinology: regulation of glucose metabolism by the ghrelin system: multiple players and multiple actions"
2111:
2620:
220:
195:
60:
6958:
6073:
5541:
5516:
2090:
7680:
6769:
6661:
6130:
6125:
5867:
5582:
1639:
137:
6923:
6845:
6275:
5612:
5592:
3485:
Folgueira C, Seoane LM, Casanueva FF (2014). "The Brain-Stomach
Connection". In Delhanty PJD, van der Lely AJ (eds.).
2002:
1813:
334:
233:
6238:
6120:
4089:"Ultradian rhythmicity of ghrelin secretion in relation with GH, feeding behavior, and sleep-wake patterns in rats"
2808:"Non-acylated ghrelin counteracts the metabolic but not the neuroendocrine response to acylated ghrelin in humans"
2525:
Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Holtzman DM, Malenka RC (2015). "Neural and
Neuroendocrine Control of the Internal Milieu".
2014:
7710:
6900:
6681:
6243:
5801:
3379:"Novel insight in distribution of nesfatin-1 and phospho-mTOR in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of rats"
2929:
Korbonits M, Goldstone AP, Gueorguiev M, Grossman AB (April 2004). "Ghrelin--a hormone with multiple functions".
1714:
327:
226:
4767:"The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders"
3617:"Enhanced responsiveness of Ghsr Q343X rats to ghrelin results in enhanced adiposity without increased appetite"
7088:
7078:
5872:
1122:
145:
2849:"Des-acyl ghrelin induces food intake by a mechanism independent of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor"
7036:
6101:
2331:
1577:
1103:
4087:
Tolle V, Bassant MH, Zizzari P, Poindessous-Jazat F, Tomasetto C, Epelbaum J, Bluet-Pajot MT (April 2002).
7700:
7068:
6933:
6731:
6268:
5947:
5924:
5676:
5457:
5168:"Balance in ghrelin and leptin plasma levels in anorexia nervosa patients and constitutionally thin women"
3711:"The rat arcuate nucleus integrates peripheral signals provided by leptin, insulin, and a ghrelin mimetic"
1997:
1843:
1825:
1789:
1532:
7295:
7193:
5348:
Khatib MN, Shankar AH, Kirubakaran R, Gaidhane A, Gaidhane S, Simkhada P, Quazi Syed Z (February 2018).
1528:
7335:
3561:
2707:
7113:
1984:
studies have produced a myriad of results as the underlying mechanisms are still not understood well.
7638:
7614:
7063:
6833:
6706:
6701:
6691:
6676:
5261:
3940:
3573:
3439:
2480:
2173:
1832:
209:
124:
7460:
7220:
7053:
7609:
7395:
7275:
7058:
6533:
6233:
5839:
5834:
5806:
5769:
5602:
5587:
5551:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
7455:
7320:
6340:
5078:"High circulating ghrelin: a potential cause for hyperphagia and obesity in prader-willi syndrome"
4523:
Santos M, Bastos P, Gonzaga S, Roriz JM, Baptista MJ, Nogueira-Silva C, et al. (April 2006).
3667:"Orexigenic action of peripheral ghrelin is mediated by neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein"
2890:"Ghrelin stimulates, whereas des-octanoyl ghrelin inhibits, glucose output by primary hepatocytes"
2017:-induced obesity, where high ghrelin levels are correlated with increased food intake. Those with
7345:
7255:
7235:
7168:
7133:
7123:
7093:
7028:
6915:
6875:
6365:
5574:
5035:
Goldstone AP, Thomas EL, Brynes AE, Castroman G, Edwards R, Ghatei MA, et al. (April 2004).
4976:
4747:
4464:
4153:
3909:
3865:
3821:
3778:
3647:
3597:
3324:
3145:
2954:
2788:
2735:
2685:
2597:
2504:
2409:
2363:
2197:
1847:
1777:
1612:
1555:
169:
7515:
7400:
7340:
7225:
7143:
7138:
7103:
4819:
Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, et al. (June 2015).
3299:
Grube D, Forssmann WG (November 1979). "Morphology and function of the entero-endocrine cells".
2238:
Müller TD, Nogueiras R, Andermann ML, Andrews ZB, Anker SD, Argente J, et al. (June 2015).
1400:
1367:
1327:
1249:
1228:
7594:
7589:
7572:
7562:
7520:
7385:
7375:
7330:
7285:
7245:
7240:
7210:
7153:
4996:"Plasma ghrelin levels in lean and obese humans and the effect of glucose on ghrelin secretion"
3986:
Egecioglu E, Jerlhag E, Salomé N, Skibicka KP, Haage D, Bohlooly-Y M, et al. (July 2010).
2888:
Gauna C, Delhanty PJ, Hofland LJ, Janssen JA, Broglio F, Ross RJ, et al. (February 2005).
7604:
7465:
7425:
7083:
6850:
6370:
6309:
5761:
5450:
5422:
5401:
5379:
5330:
5289:
5250:"Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity"
5230:
5189:
5148:
5099:
5076:
DelParigi A, Tschöp M, Heiman ML, Salbe AD, Vozarova B, Sell SM, et al. (December 2002).
5058:
5017:
4968:
4932:
4891:
4850:
4798:
4739:
4704:
4663:
4612:
4556:
4505:
4456:
4420:
4379:
4328:
4279:
4258:"Concentration of the n-octanoylated active form of ghrelin in fetal and neonatal circulation"
4235:
4194:
4145:
4110:
4066:
4017:
3968:
3901:
3857:
3813:
3770:
3732:
3688:
3639:
3589:
3543:
3508:
3498:
3467:
3408:
3359:
3316:
3281:
3246:
3194:
3137:
3096:
3055:
3006:
2946:
2911:
2870:
2829:
2780:
2727:
2677:
2628:
2589:
2530:
2496:
2453:
2401:
2355:
2310:
2269:
2189:
117:
53:
7628:
7623:
7305:
7300:
3927:
Jerlhag E, Egecioglu E, Landgren S, Salomé N, Heilig M, Moechars D, et al. (July 2009).
3665:
Chen HY, Trumbauer ME, Chen AS, Weingarth DT, Adams JR, Frazier EG, et al. (June 2004).
3615:
Chebani Y, Marion C, Zizzari P, Chettab K, Pastor M, Korostelev M, et al. (April 2016).
3428:"Ghrelin expression in the mouse pancreas defines a unique multipotent progenitor population"
3024:
Zigman JM, Nakano Y, Coppari R, Balthasar N, Marcus JN, Lee CE, et al. (December 2005).
7705:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7310:
7280:
7215:
5728:
5723:
5369:
5361:
5320:
5279:
5269:
5220:
5179:
5138:
5130:
5089:
5048:
5007:
4960:
4922:
4881:
4840:
4832:
4788:
4778:
4731:
4694:
4653:
4643:
4602:
4592:
4546:
4536:
4495:
4448:
4410:
4369:
4359:
4318:
4310:
4269:
4225:
4184:
4173:"The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and growth hormone secretion"
4137:
4100:
4056:
4048:
4007:
3999:
3958:
3948:
3893:
3849:
3805:
3762:
3722:
3678:
3631:
3581:
3535:
3490:
3457:
3447:
3398:
3390:
3351:
3308:
3301:
Hormone and
Metabolic Research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et Métabolisme
3273:
3236:
3228:
3184:
3176:
3127:
3086:
3045:
3037:
2996:
2988:
2938:
2901:
2860:
2819:
2770:
2762:
2719:
2669:
2579:
2571:
2488:
2443:
2393:
2347:
2300:
2259:
2251:
2181:
2023:
2018:
1918:
1868:
1600:
1486:
414:
345:
289:
244:
6838:
6696:
6421:
6411:
6053:
5686:
5481:
5166:
Tolle V, Kadem M, Bluet-Pajot MT, Frere D, Foulon C, Bossu C, et al. (January 2003).
2289:"A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans"
1817:
1806:
1798:
1562:
903:
positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus
389:
165:
5307:
Garcia JM, Garcia-Touza M, Hijazi RA, Taffet G, Epner D, Mann D, et al. (May 2005).
4994:
Shiiya T, Nakazato M, Mizuta M, Date Y, Mondal MS, Tanaka M, et al. (January 2002).
3377:
Inhoff T, Stengel A, Peter L, Goebel M, Taché Y, Bannert N, et al. (February 2010).
3073:
Ariyasu H, Takaya K, Tagami T, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Akamizu T, et al. (October 2001).
2847:
Toshinai K, Yamaguchi H, Sun Y, Smith RG, Yamanaka A, Sakurai T, et al. (May 2006).
2806:
Broglio F, Gottero C, Prodam F, Gauna C, Muccioli G, Papotti M, et al. (June 2004).
5265:
5207:
Germain N, Galusca B, Le Roux CW, Bossu C, Ghatei MA, Lang F, et al. (April 2007).
4868:
Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, Breen PA, Ma MK, Dellinger EP, Purnell JQ (May 2002).
4171:
Wren AM, Small CJ, Ward HL, Murphy KG, Dakin CL, Taheri S, et al. (November 2000).
3944:
3577:
3443:
2484:
2177:
7073:
7025:
6968:
6885:
6823:
6716:
6711:
6444:
6439:
6416:
6318:
6205:
6174:
6146:
6091:
5986:
5703:
5634:
5374:
5349:
5143:
5118:
4911:"Ghrelin and gastric bypass: is there a hormonal contribution to surgical weight loss?"
4845:
4820:
4793:
4766:
4658:
4631:
4607:
4580:
4541:
4524:
4374:
4347:
4323:
4298:
4061:
4036:
4012:
3987:
3963:
3928:
3462:
3427:
3403:
3378:
3241:
3216:
3189:
3164:
3050:
3025:
3001:
2976:
2264:
2239:
1942:
1821:
1756:
1752:
1581:
1566:
5284:
5249:
5134:
4348:"The growth hormone secretagogue receptor: its intracellular signaling and regulation"
2766:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
7669:
6984:
6828:
6813:
6393:
6388:
6355:
6215:
5991:
5693:
5656:
5431:
5410:
4980:
4052:
4003:
3897:
3853:
2673:
2601:
2397:
2367:
1706:
1608:
592:
5309:"Active ghrelin levels and active to total ghrelin ratio in cancer-induced cachexia"
4751:
4468:
4157:
3913:
3869:
3825:
3782:
3651:
3328:
2958:
2792:
2739:
2689:
2508:
1945:
blood levels of ghrelin show a correlation between ghrelin levels and birth weight.
149:
7557:
7290:
7108:
6796:
6721:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6549:
6544:
6295:
5998:
5934:
5919:
5882:
5829:
5796:
5536:
5503:
5365:
4735:
3809:
3601:
3394:
2555:
Dickson SL, Egecioglu E, Landgren S, Skibicka KP, Engel JA, Jerlhag E (June 2011).
2413:
2335:
2287:
Cummings DE, Purnell JQ, Frayo RS, Schmidova K, Wisse BE, Weigle DS (August 2001).
1909:
The entire ghrelin system (dAG, AG, GHS-R and GOAT) has a gluco-regulatory action.
1584:
1559:
1548:
407:
186:
3149:
2201:
1656:
4836:
3452:
2492:
2255:
173:
7577:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7510:
7415:
7410:
7270:
7230:
7158:
7098:
6928:
6905:
6880:
6855:
6726:
6636:
6564:
6539:
6475:
6460:
6380:
6350:
6335:
6182:
6159:
5661:
5564:
4870:"Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery"
3727:
3710:
2942:
2723:
2638:
2151:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
2133:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
1829:
1718:
5254:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4452:
4230:
4213:
4141:
3933:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3564:, Smiley DL, Heiman ML (October 2000). "Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents".
3355:
3232:
3180:
3026:"Mice lacking ghrelin receptors resist the development of diet-induced obesity"
2992:
2557:"The role of the central ghrelin system in reward from food and chemical drugs"
2305:
2288:
490:
7567:
7552:
7540:
7505:
7470:
7405:
7315:
7265:
7260:
7250:
7128:
6938:
6890:
6870:
6865:
6792:
6741:
6528:
6492:
6482:
6465:
6431:
6403:
6360:
6210:
6096:
5746:
5698:
5627:
5622:
4964:
4783:
4314:
3635:
3489:. Frontiers of Hormone Research. Vol. 42. Basel: Karger. pp. 83–92.
3277:
2575:
1917:
Preliminary research indicates that ghrelin participates in the regulation of
1838:
In addition to its function in energy homeostasis, ghrelin also activates the
306:
203:
153:
4189:
4172:
3766:
7582:
7547:
6963:
6948:
6818:
6761:
6666:
6651:
6497:
6487:
6470:
6327:
6013:
5942:
5824:
5736:
5671:
5597:
5274:
5225:
5208:
4597:
4500:
4483:
4105:
4088:
3953:
3091:
3074:
2448:
2431:
1855:
1748:
myocardium and have an 'autocrine/ paracrine' like effect within the heart.
1698:
1592:
1544:
1022:
550:
428:
373:
360:
272:
259:
161:
5383:
5334:
5293:
5234:
5193:
5184:
5167:
5152:
5103:
5094:
5077:
5062:
5053:
5036:
5021:
5012:
4995:
4972:
4936:
4927:
4910:
4895:
4854:
4802:
4743:
4708:
4667:
4648:
4616:
4560:
4509:
4460:
4424:
4383:
4332:
4283:
4274:
4257:
4239:
4198:
4149:
4114:
4070:
4021:
3972:
3905:
3861:
3817:
3774:
3736:
3692:
3643:
3593:
3547:
3539:
3512:
3471:
3412:
3363:
3312:
3250:
3198:
3141:
3100:
3059:
3010:
2950:
2915:
2874:
2833:
2824:
2807:
2784:
2731:
2710:(January 2010). "Ghrelin in the regulation of body weight and metabolism".
2681:
2593:
2359:
2338:, Baskin DG (April 2000). "Central nervous system control of food intake".
2314:
2273:
2193:
6260:
4699:
4682:
3285:
2500:
2457:
2405:
1468:
1463:
7380:
7118:
6943:
6860:
6641:
6620:
6615:
6559:
6164:
6063:
6045:
6003:
5981:
5904:
5896:
5877:
5859:
5788:
5666:
5559:
5521:
5325:
5308:
4886:
4869:
4364:
3683:
3666:
3215:
Zhang G, Yin X, Qi Y, Pendyala L, Chen J, Hou D, Tang C (February 2010).
2906:
2889:
2865:
2848:
2035:
1802:
1722:
1721:. It is located on the cell membrane of ghrelin cells in the stomach and
1573:
1540:
1452:
1167:
1148:
933:
positive regulation of gastro-intestinal system smooth muscle contraction
4415:
4398:
3320:
6805:
6671:
6291:
6068:
6030:
6022:
5909:
5844:
5715:
5473:
5436:
5426:
5415:
5405:
3709:
Hewson AK, Tung LY, Connell DW, Tookman L, Dickson SL (December 2002).
2775:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2027:
1681:
1524:
1134:
1089:
17:
4551:
3494:
3210:
3208:
2627:(5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2584:
1941:
Ghrelin is produced early by the fetal lung and promotes lung growth.
94:
90:
86:
82:
7500:
6973:
6607:
6192:
6154:
5973:
5914:
4484:"The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction"
4212:
Faulconbridge LF, Cummings DE, Kaplan JM, Grill HJ (September 2003).
3755:
American
Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
3585:
3041:
2351:
2066:
2031:
1710:
1596:
1569:
1436:
1044:
4632:"The Impact of Ghrelin in Metabolic Diseases: An Immune Perspective"
1858:
signal, a messenger between the body's energy stores and the brain.
2527:
Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience
1816:) increase body weight and fat mass by triggering receptors in the
6895:
6520:
6225:
6200:
6111:
6083:
5816:
5248:
Yildiz BO, Suchard MA, Wong ML, McCann SM, Licinio J (July 2004).
4683:"Ghrelin: A Link Between Energy Homeostasis and the Immune System"
4256:
Yokota I, Kitamura S, Hosoda H, Kotani Y, Kangawa K (April 2005).
2185:
1655:
1604:
3132:
3115:
2529:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 245–267.
1007:
1003:
4035:
Skibicka KP, Hansson C, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL (January 2012).
3116:"Pancreas islets in metabolic signaling--focus on the beta-cell"
1673:
1669:
1588:
938:
positive regulation of small intestine smooth muscle contraction
778:
positive regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, non-REM sleep
718:
positive regulation of growth hormone receptor signaling pathway
141:
6988:
6765:
6264:
5446:
5350:"Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer"
1809:
gastric systems, and both afferent and efferent vagal signals.
6746:
1776:
Ghrelin is a participant in regulating the complex process of
948:
positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
128:, ghrelin, Ghrelin, ghrelin and obestatin prepropeptide, MTLRP
3929:"Requirement of central ghrelin signaling for alcohol reward"
2005:
reduces plasma ghrelin levels by about 60% in the long term.
5421:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
5400:
Overview of all the structural information available in the
4130:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
848:
negative regulation of circadian sleep/wake cycle, REM sleep
5442:
1498:
1680:. It is homologous to promotilin; both are members of the
733:
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration
7194:
4214:"Hyperphagic effects of brainstem ghrelin administration"
3426:
Arnes L, Hill JT, Gross S, Magnuson MA, Sussel L (2012).
1688:
which is cleaved to produce an unacylated 28-amino acid
1504:
1492:
983:
postsynaptic modulation of chemical synaptic transmission
7356:
1591:-1A). Ghrelin also participates in regulation of reward
1576:. Ghrelin stimulates brain structures having a specific
963:
positive regulation of gastric mucosal blood circulation
397:
3988:"Ghrelin increases intake of rewarding food in rodents"
2662:
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
2623:. In Davis KL, Charney D, Coyle JT, Nemeroff C (eds.).
1676:. Five products arise: the first is the 117-amino acid
868:
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity
7179:
4765:
Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D (27 October 2020).
4630:
Pereira JA, da Silva FC, de Moraes-Vieira PM (2017).
3163:
Ferrini F, Salio C, Lossi L, Merighi A (March 2009).
2970:
2968:
1507:
773:
negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation
562:
7639:
7020:
5313:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5172:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5082:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5041:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
5000:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
4915:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
3079:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2894:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2812:
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2030:
individuals. Ghrelin levels are high in people with
1933:(GnRH) secretion. It may cause decreased fertility.
1835:, so they are less sensitive to gastric distension.
1501:
1495:
893:
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production
823:
positive regulation of multicellular organism growth
7637:
7436:
7434:
7354:
7192:
7035:
6914:
6804:
6629:
6606:
6575:
6519:
6510:
6453:
6430:
6402:
6379:
6326:
6317:
6302:
6224:
6191:
6173:
6145:
6110:
6082:
6044:
6021:
6012:
5972:
5965:
5933:
5895:
5858:
5815:
5787:
5778:
5760:
5714:
5647:
5573:
5550:
5502:
5491:
5480:
3528:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
3344:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1489:
1381:
1284:
1242:
1185:
4299:"Ghrelin - Physiological Functions and Regulation"
2107:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2084:
2082:
1660:Preproghrelin (green and blue) and ghrelin (green)
7089:Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
1975:Stress/ Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
1801:pathway mediating the interaction among ghrelin,
1788:– by adjusting the proportion of energy going to
1535:, especially the stomach, and is often called a "
993:positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis
888:positive regulation of adipose tissue development
344:
243:
4581:"Effect of Ghrelin on the Cardiovascular System"
4251:
4249:
4082:
4080:
3748:
3746:
3704:
3702:
2701:
2699:
2326:
2324:
958:positive regulation of small intestinal transit
803:positive regulation of growth hormone secretion
27:Peptide hormone involved in appetite regulation
7716:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
6737:Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide
2520:
2518:
2425:
2423:
2112:GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000064177
753:positive regulation of corticotropin secretion
7000:
6777:
6657:Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript
6276:
5458:
2379:
2377:
928:positive regulation of sprouting angiogenesis
8:
5119:"Endocrine consequences of anorexia nervosa"
4482:Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS (2014).
1702:is presumed to be cleaved from C-ghrelin.
853:negative regulation of inflammatory response
708:G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
5435:(Mouse Appetite-regulating hormone) at the
5414:(Human Appetite-regulating hormone) at the
5354:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4352:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2091:GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000157017
1652:Gene, transcription products, and structure
918:regulation of transmission of nerve impulse
793:regulation of cell population proliferation
7007:
6993:
6985:
6784:
6770:
6762:
6516:
6323:
6283:
6269:
6261:
6018:
5969:
5784:
5499:
5488:
5465:
5451:
5443:
5213:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
4814:
4812:
1281:
1182:
1018:
606:protein tyrosine kinase activator activity
588:
385:
284:
181:
71:
5373:
5324:
5283:
5273:
5224:
5183:
5142:
5093:
5052:
5011:
4926:
4885:
4844:
4792:
4782:
4698:
4657:
4647:
4606:
4596:
4550:
4540:
4499:
4414:
4373:
4363:
4322:
4273:
4229:
4188:
4104:
4060:
4011:
3962:
3952:
3726:
3682:
3461:
3451:
3402:
3240:
3188:
3131:
3090:
3049:
3000:
2905:
2864:
2823:
2774:
2706:Castañeda TR, Tong J, Datta R, Culler M,
2583:
2447:
2304:
2263:
2233:
2231:
973:regulation of signaling receptor activity
713:positive regulation of cortisol secretion
631:growth hormone-releasing hormone activity
5123:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
3266:Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
2621:"Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic Neurons"
2430:Dickson SL, Luckman SM (February 1997).
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
1812:Ghrelin and synthetic ghrelin mimetics (
858:positive regulation of insulin secretion
838:actin polymerization or depolymerization
748:negative regulation of apoptotic process
723:negative regulation of insulin secretion
2078:
968:positive regulation of feeding behavior
923:positive regulation of bone development
863:positive regulation of synapse assembly
843:positive regulation of response to food
7184:Tooltip Growth hormone-binding protein
7037:
7016:
988:regulation of postsynapse organization
883:positive regulation of eating behavior
31:
4909:Cummings DE, Shannon MH (July 2003).
4574:
4572:
4570:
3217:"Ghrelin and cardiovascular diseases"
3030:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2981:Current Protein & Peptide Science
349:
310:
305:
248:
207:
202:
7:
3487:How Gut and Brain Control Metabolism
2564:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology
2062:List of growth hormone secretagogues
1889:growth hormone secretagogue receptor
1840:cholinergic–dopaminergic reward link
1784:– by adjusting hunger signals – and
4874:The New England Journal of Medicine
4346:Yin Y, Li Y, Zhang W (March 2014).
2057:Hypothalamic–pituitary–somatic axis
828:negative regulation of angiogenesis
537:migratory enteric neural crest cell
5117:Misra M, Klibanski A (July 2014).
4771:Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience
4681:Chowen JA, Argente J (July 2017).
4542:10.1203/01.pdr.0000202748.66359.a9
4297:Ibrahim Abdalla MM (August 2015).
3114:Suckale J, Solimena M (May 2008).
1929:Ghrelin has inhibitory effects on
1378:
1239:
1158:
1139:
1113:
1094:
1068:
1049:
953:positive regulation of growth rate
813:hormone-mediated signaling pathway
626:G protein-coupled receptor binding
567:
485:
423:
402:
25:
7696:Hormones of the somatotropic axis
4403:European Journal of Endocrinology
1709:is linked posttranslationally to
1705:Ghrelin only becomes active when
1684:family. It is cleaved to produce
808:excitatory postsynaptic potential
758:negative regulation of locomotion
682:Schaffer collateral - CA1 synapse
5953:5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine
4397:Heppner KM, Tong J (July 2014).
4053:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00294.x
4004:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00216.x
3898:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00041.x
3854:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00002.x
2975:Stengel A, Taché Y (June 2011).
2755:European Journal of Pharmacology
2674:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05241.x
2042:Effects on cardiovascular system
1772:Function and mechanism of action
1751:Ghrelin cells are also found in
1713:at the 3-position by the enzyme
1485:
333:
326:
320:
297:
232:
225:
219:
194:
6834:Dronabinol/Tetrahydrocannabinol
6647:Calcitonin gene-related peptide
2931:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
2712:Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
1554:Ghrelin activates cells in the
913:response to electrical stimulus
703:positive regulation of appetite
7129:Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP)
5366:10.1002/14651858.cd012229.pub2
4736:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.021
3810:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.025
3395:10.1016/j.peptides.2009.11.024
1931:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
943:regulation of gastric motility
743:regulation of response to food
551:More reference expression data
1:
6959:Melanin-concentrating hormone
5135:10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70180-3
2767:10.1016/S0014-2999(03)02083-1
908:positive regulation of growth
318:
217:
7691:Growth hormone secretagogues
6662:Delta-sleep-inducing peptide
4837:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005
4636:Journal of Diabetes Research
3453:10.1371/journal.pone.0052026
3165:"Ghrelin in central neurons"
2493:10.1126/science.273.5277.974
2398:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90197-n
2256:10.1016/j.molmet.2015.03.005
1871:in a typical human is 166.0
1814:growth hormone secretagogues
7676:Genes on human chromosome 3
7166:Antisense oligonucleotides:
6846:Medroxyprogesterone acetate
3728:10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3412
2943:10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.03.002
2724:10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.10.008
2003:vertical-sleeve gastrectomy
1867:measured with a particular
878:response to nutrient levels
657:endoplasmic reticulum lumen
7732:
6121:Insulin-like growth factor
4453:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.02.002
4231:10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2260
4142:10.1152/ajpendo.00582.2003
3356:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.06.114
3233:10.2174/157340310790231662
3221:Current Cardiology Reviews
3181:10.2174/157015909787602779
2993:10.2174/138920311795906673
2306:10.2337/diabetes.50.8.1714
447:pancreatic epithelial cell
7686:Ghrelin receptor agonists
6682:Gastrin-releasing peptide
4965:10.1007/s11695-009-0066-6
4784:10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484
4488:Human Reproduction Update
4315:10.17925/EE.2015.11.02.90
3636:10.1126/scisignal.aae0374
3278:10.3109/00365528809090174
3169:Current Neuropharmacology
2576:10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.017
2147:"Mouse PubMed Reference:"
2129:"Human PubMed Reference:"
1887:(a splice-variant of the
1715:ghrelin O-acyltransferase
1467:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1416:
1385:
1308:
1277:
1246:
1209:
1178:
1165:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1120:
1116:
1101:
1097:
1088:
1075:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1001:
818:glucose metabolic process
591:
587:
575:
570:
561:
548:
497:
488:
435:
426:
396:
388:
384:
367:
354:
317:
296:
287:
283:
266:
253:
216:
193:
184:
180:
135:
132:
122:
115:
110:
79:
74:
57:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
7079:Human placental lactogen
4579:Hosoda H (August 2022).
4190:10.1210/endo.141.11.7873
3767:10.1152/ajpgi.00536.2006
1707:caprylic (octanoic) acid
1638:, with reference to the
1556:anterior pituitary gland
1429:Chr 6: 113.69 – 113.7 Mb
798:growth hormone secretion
621:ghrelin receptor binding
6944:Cortisol/Hydrocortisone
5275:10.1073/pnas.0403465101
4598:10.3390/biology11081190
4106:10.1210/endo.143.4.8712
3954:10.1073/pnas.0812809106
3120:Frontiers in Bioscience
3092:10.1210/jcem.86.10.7885
2449:10.1210/endo.138.2.4907
1759:, and small intestine.
1422:Chr 3: 10.29 – 10.29 Mb
672:secretory granule lumen
7471:Examorelin (hexarelin)
6934:Agouti-related peptide
6732:Pancreatic polypeptide
5948:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine
5925:Pancreatic polypeptide
5185:10.1210/jc.2002-020645
5095:10.1210/jc.2002-020871
5054:10.1210/jc.2003-031118
5013:10.1210/jcem.87.1.8129
4928:10.1210/jc.2003-030705
4441:Sleep Medicine Reviews
4303:European Endocrinology
4275:10.1507/endocrj.52.271
3540:10.1006/bbrc.2000.4065
3313:10.1055/s-0028-1092785
2825:10.1210/jc.2003-031964
1998:Gastric bypass surgery
1993:Gastric bypass surgery
1844:ventral tegmental area
1826:agouti-related protein
1661:
1533:gastrointestinal tract
1527:primarily produced by
873:adult feeding behavior
728:gastric acid secretion
517:neural layer of retina
509:mucous cell of stomach
459:pancreatic ductal cell
5226:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.967
4724:Biological Psychiatry
4700:10.1210/en.2017-00350
4501:10.1093/humupd/dmt033
2334:, Woods SC, Porte D,
2015:Prader–Willi syndrome
1949:Cardiovascular system
1883:The ghrelin receptor
1659:
1648:, meaning "to grow".
1529:enteroendocrine cells
783:cartilage development
687:glutamatergic synapse
501:epithelium of stomach
7526:Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)
7069:Eftansomatropin alfa
6677:Galanin-like peptide
5326:10.1210/jc.2004-1788
4887:10.1056/NEJMoa012908
4825:Molecular Metabolism
4649:10.1155/2017/4527980
4365:10.3390/ijms15034837
3684:10.1210/en.2003-1596
2907:10.1210/jc.2004-1069
2866:10.1210/en.2005-1357
2244:Molecular Metabolism
2009:Anorexia and obesity
1601:the sleep-wake cycle
1543:and stimulating the
768:response to estrogen
738:dendrite development
662:extracellular region
351:6 E3|6 52.84 cM
312:Chromosome 6 (mouse)
210:Chromosome 3 (human)
75:List of PDB id codes
48:Available structures
7681:Appetite stimulants
7568:Ibutamoren (MK-677)
7396:Modified GRF (1-29)
7296:Somatostatin (1-28)
7291:Somatostatin (GHIH)
7059:Bovine somatotropin
6793:Appetite stimulants
6234:Natriuretic peptide
5552:Posterior pituitary
5537:Somatostatin (GHIH)
5266:2004PNAS..10110434Y
5260:(28): 10434–10439.
4535:(4 Pt 1): 531–537.
4416:10.1530/EJE-14-0183
3945:2009PNAS..10611318J
3939:(27): 11318–11323.
3578:2000Natur.407..908T
3444:2012PLoSO...752026A
2485:1996Sci...273..974H
2178:1999Natur.402..656K
1925:Reproductive system
1900:Locations of action
1780:which adjusts both
1640:Proto-Indo-European
833:response to hormone
677:extracellular space
463:islet of Langerhans
6924:ACTH/Corticotropin
6876:Omega-3 fatty acid
5575:Anterior pituitary
4529:Pediatric Research
3761:(5): G1376–G1384.
2641:on 5 February 2018
2619:Le Moal M (2002).
2001:surgery involving
1988:Role(s) in disease
1905:Glucose metabolism
1848:mesolimbic pathway
1778:energy homeostasis
1662:
1613:glucose metabolism
1123:ENSMUSG00000064177
978:energy homeostasis
763:cortisol secretion
696:Biological process
640:Cellular component
599:Molecular function
7663:
7662:
7645:
7618:
7442:
7362:
7336:Cyclosomatostatin
7200:
7176:Binding proteins:
7084:Lonapegsomatropin
7043:
6982:
6981:
6974:Orexin/Hypocretin
6851:Megestrol acetate
6759:
6758:
6755:
6754:
6506:
6505:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6141:
6140:
5961:
5960:
5891:
5890:
5643:
5642:
5088:(12): 5461–5464.
4880:(21): 1623–1630.
4262:Endocrine Journal
4183:(11): 4325–4328.
4041:Addiction Biology
3992:Addiction Biology
3886:Addiction Biology
3842:Addiction Biology
3804:(11): 2274–2279.
3721:(12): 3412–3419.
3624:Science Signaling
3572:(6806): 908–913.
3504:978-3-318-02638-2
3495:10.1159/000358316
3126:(13): 7156–7171.
3085:(10): 4753–4758.
3036:(12): 3564–3572.
2479:(5277): 974–977.
2346:(6778): 661–671.
2172:(6762): 656–660.
1937:Fetus and neonate
1919:circadian rhythms
1842:in inputs to the
1734:Alternative names
1717:(GOAT) to form a
1478:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1447:
1446:
1412:
1411:
1375:
1374:
1273:
1272:
1236:
1235:
1174:
1173:
1155:
1154:
1129:
1128:
1110:
1109:
1084:
1083:
1065:
1064:
1013:
1012:
583:
582:
579:
578:
557:
556:
544:
543:
482:
481:
455:bone marrow cells
380:
379:
279:
278:
106:
105:
102:
101:
58:Ortholog search:
16:(Redirected from
7723:
7711:Peptide hormones
7643:
7641:
7616:
7440:
7438:
7360:
7358:
7198:
7196:
7185:
7181:
7114:Somatropin pegol
7041:
7039:
7022:
7018:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6986:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6763:
6517:
6324:
6285:
6278:
6271:
6262:
6019:
6014:Digestive system
5970:
5785:
5724:Thyroid hormones
5500:
5489:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5444:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5328:
5319:(5): 2920–2926.
5304:
5298:
5297:
5287:
5277:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5228:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5097:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5056:
5047:(4): 1718–1726.
5032:
5026:
5025:
5015:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4921:(7): 2999–3002.
4906:
4900:
4899:
4889:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4848:
4816:
4807:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4693:(7): 2077–2081.
4678:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4651:
4627:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4600:
4576:
4565:
4564:
4554:
4544:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4503:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4367:
4358:(3): 4837–4855.
4343:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4277:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4233:
4224:(9): 2260–2265.
4209:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4136:(2): E297–E304.
4125:
4119:
4118:
4108:
4099:(4): 1353–1361.
4084:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4015:
3983:
3977:
3976:
3966:
3956:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3730:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3677:(6): 2607–2612.
3662:
3656:
3655:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3586:10.1038/35038090
3558:
3552:
3551:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3465:
3455:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3272:(9): 1089–1099.
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3135:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3094:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3042:10.1172/JCI26002
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2900:(2): 1055–1060.
2885:
2879:
2878:
2868:
2859:(5): 2306–2314.
2844:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2818:(6): 3062–3065.
2803:
2797:
2796:
2778:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2637:. Archived from
2616:
2610:
2609:
2587:
2561:
2552:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2513:
2512:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2352:10.1038/35007534
2328:
2319:
2318:
2308:
2299:(8): 1714–1719.
2284:
2278:
2277:
2267:
2235:
2206:
2205:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2109:
2098:
2088:
2019:anorexia nervosa
1879:Ghrelin receptor
1869:radioimmunoassay
1755:(20% of cells),
1692:and an acylated
1619:History and name
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1460:
1459:
1431:
1424:
1407:
1379:
1370:
1282:
1278:RefSeq (protein)
1268:
1240:
1231:
1183:
1159:
1140:
1114:
1095:
1069:
1050:
1019:
898:gastric emptying
611:hormone activity
589:
568:
553:
493:
491:Top expressed in
486:
431:
429:Top expressed in
424:
403:
386:
376:
363:
352:
337:
330:
324:
313:
301:
285:
275:
262:
251:
236:
229:
223:
212:
198:
182:
176:
174:GHRL - orthologs
127:
120:
97:
72:
66:
45:
44:
32:
21:
7731:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7666:
7665:
7664:
7659:
7642:
7633:
7439:
7430:
7359:
7350:
7197:
7188:
7183:
7064:Efpegsomatropin
7040:
7031:
7013:
6983:
6978:
6910:
6800:
6790:
6760:
6751:
6707:Neuropeptide VF
6702:Neuropeptide SF
6697:Neuropeptide FF
6692:Neuropeptide AF
6625:
6602:
6571:
6512:
6502:
6449:
6426:
6398:
6375:
6344:
6319:Opioid peptides
6313:
6298:
6289:
6259:
6250:
6220:
6187:
6169:
6137:
6106:
6078:
6040:
6008:
5957:
5929:
5887:
5854:
5811:
5774:
5756:
5740:
5732:
5710:
5694:Adrenal medulla
5687:Androstenedione
5639:
5569:
5546:
5494:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5397:
5392:
5391:
5360:(2): CD012229.
5347:
5346:
5342:
5306:
5305:
5301:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5116:
5115:
5111:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5034:
5033:
5029:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4953:Obesity Surgery
4949:
4948:
4944:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4578:
4577:
4568:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4396:
4395:
4391:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4034:
4033:
4029:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3752:
3751:
3744:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3619:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3505:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3307:(11): 589–606.
3298:
3297:
3293:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2974:
2973:
2966:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2544:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2237:
2236:
2209:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2110:
2101:
2089:
2080:
2075:
2053:
2044:
2011:
1995:
1990:
1977:
1959:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1907:
1902:
1881:
1864:
1818:arcuate nucleus
1807:endocannabinoid
1774:
1765:
1745:
1736:
1731:
1672:which has four
1654:
1621:
1609:reward behavior
1595:, learning and
1563:arcuate nucleus
1488:
1484:
1469:View/Edit Mouse
1464:View/Edit Human
1427:
1420:
1417:Location (UCSC)
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1104:ENSG00000157017
997:
788:decidualization
691:
635:
616:protein binding
549:
540:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
489:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
443:body of stomach
441:
427:
371:
358:
350:
340:
339:
338:
331:
311:
288:Gene location (
270:
257:
249:
239:
238:
237:
230:
208:
185:Gene location (
136:
123:
116:
81:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7729:
7727:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7668:
7667:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7657:
7649:
7647:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7612:
7607:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7461:Cortistatin-14
7458:
7446:
7444:
7432:
7431:
7429:
7428:
7419:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7366:
7364:
7361:(somatocrinin)
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7221:Cortistatin-14
7218:
7213:
7204:
7202:
7199:(somatostatin)
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7172:
7171:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Growth hormone
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7054:Albusomatropin
7047:
7045:
7042:(somatotropin)
7033:
7032:
7014:
7012:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6989:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6971:
6969:Neuropeptide Y
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6920:
6918:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6886:Pentoxifylline
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6831:
6826:
6824:Cyproheptadine
6821:
6816:
6810:
6808:
6802:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6766:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6717:Neuropeptide Y
6714:
6712:Neuropeptide S
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6445:Leu-enkephalin
6442:
6440:Met-enkephalin
6436:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6391:
6385:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6373:
6371:β-Neoendorphin
6368:
6366:α-Neoendorphin
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6306:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6273:
6265:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6147:Adipose tissue
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6117:
6115:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:Enteroglucagon
6088:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6033:
6027:
6025:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5992:Beta thymosins
5989:
5978:
5976:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5939:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5901:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5704:Norepinephrine
5701:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5657:Adrenal cortex
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5508:
5506:
5497:
5486:
5478:
5477:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5419:
5396:
5395:External links
5393:
5390:
5389:
5340:
5299:
5240:
5219:(4): 967–971.
5199:
5178:(1): 109–116.
5158:
5129:(7): 581–592.
5109:
5068:
5027:
5006:(1): 240–244.
4986:
4959:(5): 535–540.
4942:
4901:
4860:
4831:(6): 437–460.
4808:
4757:
4714:
4673:
4622:
4566:
4515:
4494:(2): 153–174.
4474:
4430:
4409:(1): R21–R32.
4389:
4338:
4289:
4268:(2): 271–276.
4245:
4204:
4163:
4120:
4076:
4027:
3998:(3): 304–311.
3978:
3919:
3875:
3831:
3788:
3742:
3698:
3657:
3607:
3553:
3534:(1): 132–138.
3518:
3503:
3477:
3438:(12): e52026.
3418:
3389:(2): 257–262.
3369:
3334:
3291:
3256:
3204:
3155:
3106:
3065:
3016:
2987:(4): 293–304.
2964:
2921:
2880:
2839:
2798:
2761:(1–2): 87–95.
2745:
2695:
2668:(1): 125–131.
2652:
2634:978-0781728379
2633:
2611:
2542:
2535:
2514:
2463:
2442:(2): 771–777.
2419:
2392:(2): 303–306.
2373:
2320:
2279:
2250:(6): 437–460.
2207:
2156:
2138:
2120:
2099:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2010:
2007:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1958:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:Umbilical cord
1938:
1935:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1880:
1877:
1863:
1860:
1822:neuropeptide Y
1773:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1757:pyloric glands
1753:oxyntic glands
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1668:gene produces
1653:
1650:
1636:easing peptide
1620:
1617:
1582:growth hormone
1572:that initiate
1567:neuropeptide Y
1537:hunger hormone
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1306:
1305:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1207:
1206:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
999:
998:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
699:
697:
693:
692:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
641:
637:
636:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
600:
596:
595:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
573:
572:
565:
559:
558:
555:
554:
546:
545:
542:
541:
539:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:pyloric antrum
502:
498:
495:
494:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
420:
419:
411:
400:
394:
393:
390:RNA expression
382:
381:
378:
377:
369:
365:
364:
356:
353:
348:
342:
341:
332:
325:
319:
315:
314:
309:
303:
302:
294:
293:
281:
280:
277:
276:
268:
264:
263:
255:
252:
247:
241:
240:
231:
224:
218:
214:
213:
206:
200:
199:
191:
190:
178:
177:
134:
130:
129:
121:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
77:
76:
68:
67:
56:
50:
49:
41:
40:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7728:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7701:Neuropeptides
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7671:
7655:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7644:(somatomedin)
7636:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7619:-Lys³)-GHRP-6
7613:
7611:
7610:Cortistatin-8
7608:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7433:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7276:Pentetreotide
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7191:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7044:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7010:
7005:
7003:
6998:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6917:
6913:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6829:Dexamethasone
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:Amitriptyline
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6782:
6780:
6775:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6764:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:neuropeptides
6509:
6499:
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6394:Endomorphin-2
6392:
6390:
6389:Endomorphin-1
6387:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6356:Big dynorphin
6354:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6296:neuropeptides
6293:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6223:
6217:
6216:Prostaglandin
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5964:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5857:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5636:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:Hypothalamic–
5490:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5463:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5244:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5159:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5028:
5023:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4761:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4687:Endocrinology
4684:
4677:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4626:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4177:Endocrinology
4174:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:Endocrinology
4090:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4047:(1): 95–107.
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:Endocrinology
3668:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3630:(424): ra39.
3629:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2853:Endocrinology
2850:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2536:9780071827690
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2436:Endocrinology
2433:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:10.1038/45230
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1957:Immune system
1956:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:that include
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1786:energy output
1783:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1729:Ghrelin cells
1728:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:preproghrelin
1675:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:receptor 1A (
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1482:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1179:RefSeq (mRNA)
1177:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:Gene ontology
590:
586:
574:
569:
566:
564:
560:
552:
547:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:
496:
492:
487:
484:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:
434:
430:
425:
422:
421:
418:
416:
412:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
366:
362:
357:
347:
343:
336:
329:
323:
316:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
286:
282:
274:
269:
265:
261:
256:
246:
242:
235:
228:
222:
215:
211:
205:
201:
197:
192:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7602:Antagonists:
7601:
7586:
7558:Capromorelin
7545:Non-peptide:
7544:
7475:
7456:Alexamorelin
7452:
7449:
7423:Antagonists:
7422:
7372:
7369:
7328:Antagonists:
7327:
7321:Veldoreotide
7207:
7175:
7165:
7151:Antagonists:
7150:
7109:Somatotropin
7050:
6953:
6901:Testosterone
6837:
6722:Neurophysins
6686:
6550:Neurokinin B
6545:Neurokinin A
6381:Endomorphins
6307:
6035:
5999:Thymopoietin
5935:Pineal gland
5920:Somatostatin
5883:Progesterone
5830:Progesterone
5797:Testosterone
5780:Gonadal axis
5752:Thyroid axis
5649:Adrenal axis
5504:Hypothalamus
5430:
5409:
5357:
5353:
5343:
5316:
5312:
5302:
5257:
5253:
5243:
5216:
5212:
5202:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5085:
5081:
5071:
5044:
5040:
5030:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4956:
4952:
4945:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4877:
4873:
4863:
4828:
4824:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4730:(1): 19–27.
4727:
4723:
4717:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4588:
4584:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4444:
4440:
4433:
4406:
4402:
4392:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4309:(2): 90–95.
4306:
4302:
4292:
4265:
4261:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4096:
4092:
4044:
4040:
4030:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3889:
3885:
3878:
3848:(1): 45–54.
3845:
3841:
3834:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3758:
3754:
3718:
3714:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3627:
3623:
3610:
3569:
3565:
3556:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3486:
3480:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3350:(1): 60–63.
3347:
3343:
3337:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3227:(1): 62–70.
3224:
3220:
3175:(1): 37–49.
3172:
3168:
3158:
3133:10.2741/3218
3123:
3119:
3109:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3033:
3029:
3019:
2984:
2980:
2937:(1): 27–68.
2934:
2930:
2924:
2897:
2893:
2883:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2718:(1): 44–60.
2715:
2711:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2643:. Retrieved
2639:the original
2624:
2614:
2605:
2570:(1): 80–87.
2567:
2563:
2526:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2439:
2435:
2389:
2386:Neuroscience
2385:
2343:
2339:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2247:
2243:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2150:
2141:
2132:
2123:
2045:
2012:
1996:
1981:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1908:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1865:
1862:Blood levels
1852:
1839:
1837:
1811:
1785:
1782:energy input
1781:
1775:
1766:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1665:
1663:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1585:secretagogue
1580:– the
1565:, including
1560:hypothalamic
1553:
1549:gastric acid
1536:
1516:
1480:
1479:
1405:NP_001366058
1397:NP_001273335
1393:NP_001273334
1389:NP_001273333
1386:
1364:NP_001289754
1360:NP_001289753
1356:NP_001289752
1352:NP_001289751
1348:NP_001289750
1344:NP_001128418
1340:NP_001128417
1336:NP_001128416
1332:NP_001128413
1324:NP_001289754
1320:NP_001289753
1316:NP_001289752
1312:NP_001289751
1309:
1302:NP_001289750
1298:NP_001128418
1294:NP_001128417
1290:NP_001128416
1286:NP_001128413
1266:NM_001379129
1262:NM_001286406
1258:NM_001286405
1254:NM_001286404
1247:
1225:NM_001302825
1221:NM_001302824
1217:NM_001302823
1213:NM_001302822
1210:
1203:NM_001302821
1199:NM_001134946
1195:NM_001134945
1191:NM_001134944
1187:NM_001134941
1166:
1147:
1121:
1102:
1076:
1057:
1037:
1032:
533:spermatocyte
413:
406:
372:113,696,841
359:113,693,080
133:External IDs
80:
29:
7578:Macimorelin
7536:Tabimorelin
7531:Relamorelin
7511:Lenomorelin
7416:Tesamorelin
7411:Somatorelin
7346:Satoreotide
7271:Pasireotide
7256:NNC 26-9100
7236:Ilatreotide
7231:Edotreotide
7169:Atesidorsen
7159:Pegvisomant
7134:Somavaratan
7124:Sometribove
7099:Somapacitan
7094:Somagrebove
6929:Adiponectin
6906:Thalidomide
6881:Oxandrolone
6856:Mirtazapine
6727:Neurotensin
6637:Angiotensin
6576:Neuromedins
6565:Physalaemin
6540:Substance P
6534:Tachykinins
6529:Bradykinins
6476:Hemorphin-4
6461:Adrenorphin
6432:Enkephalins
6422:γ-Endorphin
6417:β-Endorphin
6412:α-Endorphin
6351:Dynorphin B
6341:Dynorphin A
6336:Dynorphin A
6183:Osteocalcin
6160:Adiponectin
5987:Thymosin α1
5762:Parathyroid
5662:Aldosterone
5565:Vasopressin
4642:: 4527980.
4591:(8): 1190.
3892:(1): 6–16.
2776:2318/125949
2332:Schwartz MW
1891:, with the
1846:and in the
1719:proteolipid
1607:sensation,
1517:lenomorelin
647:postsynapse
271:10,292,947
258:10,285,666
111:Identifiers
7670:Categories
7553:Anamorelin
7541:Ulimorelin
7516:Livoletide
7506:Ipamorelin
7406:Sermorelin
7401:Rismorelin
7341:CYN-154806
7316:Vapreotide
7266:Octreotide
7261:Octreotate
7251:Lanreotide
7226:Depreotide
7144:Somidobove
7139:Somavubove
7104:Somatosalm
7029:modulators
6939:Anandamide
6916:Endogenous
6891:Prednisone
6871:Olanzapine
6866:Nandrolone
6556:amphibian
6493:Spinorphin
6483:Nociceptin
6466:Amidorphin
6404:Endorphins
6361:Leumorphin
6328:Dynorphins
6211:Calcitriol
6097:Peptide YY
5747:Calcitonin
5699:Adrenaline
5628:Lipotropin
5623:Endorphins
4777:: 594484.
4552:1822/67942
2585:2077/26318
2118:, May 2017
2097:, May 2017
2073:References
2026:rhythm of
1824:(NPY) and
1686:proghrelin
417:(ortholog)
154:HomoloGene
7595:LY-444711
7590:LY-426410
7587:Unsorted:
7583:SM-130686
7573:L-692,585
7563:CP-464709
7548:Adenosine
7521:LY-444711
7450:Agonists:
7441:(ghrelin)
7386:Dumorelin
7376:ALRN-5281
7370:Agonists:
7331:BIM-23056
7286:Seglitide
7246:L-817,818
7241:L-803,087
7211:BIM-23052
7208:Agonists:
7154:G120K-hGH
7051:Agonists:
7026:signaling
6964:Melatonin
6949:Cortisone
6819:Clonidine
6806:Exogenous
6667:FMRFamide
6652:Carnosine
6536:: mammal
6498:Valorphin
6488:Opiorphin
6471:Hemorphin
5982:Thymosins
5943:Melatonin
5825:Estradiol
5672:Cortisone
5598:Prolactin
5495:pituitary
5482:Endocrine
4981:207303352
4821:"Ghrelin"
4447:: 18–30.
2708:Tschöp MH
2602:206815322
2368:205005718
2336:Seeley RJ
2240:"Ghrelin"
2034:-induced
2024:circadian
1856:adiposity
1833:afferents
1699:Obestatin
1694:C-ghrelin
1593:cognition
1545:secretion
1401:NP_067463
1368:NP_057446
1328:NP_057446
1250:NM_021488
1229:NM_016362
1023:Orthologs
652:cytoplasm
521:spermatid
162:GeneCards
7656:instead.
7605:A-778193
7466:EP-51216
7453:Peptide:
7426:MZ-5-156
7381:CJC-1295
7373:Peptide:
7119:Somatrem
6861:Nabilone
6839:Cannabis
6642:Bombesin
6560:Kassinin
6310:hormones
6303:Hormones
6292:Peptides
6175:Skeleton
6165:Resistin
6064:Secretin
6046:Duodenum
6004:Thymulin
5905:Glucagon
5897:Pancreas
5878:Estrogen
5860:Placenta
5667:Cortisol
5560:Oxytocin
5522:Dopamine
5474:Hormones
5384:29489032
5335:15713718
5294:15231997
5235:17413094
5194:12519838
5153:24731664
5104:12466337
5063:15070936
5022:11788653
4973:20094819
4937:12843132
4896:12023994
4855:26042199
4803:33192444
4752:38370890
4744:25534754
4709:28881864
4668:29082258
4617:36009817
4561:16549524
4510:24173881
4469:78091930
4461:30870662
4425:24714083
4384:24651458
4333:29632576
4284:15863960
4240:12941764
4218:Diabetes
4199:11089570
4158:14197143
4150:15039149
4115:11897692
4071:21309956
4022:20477752
3973:19564604
3914:22556527
3906:17407492
3870:33650732
3862:16759336
3826:25619880
3818:16137788
3798:Peptides
3783:10681559
3775:17290011
3737:12453894
3715:Diabetes
3693:14962995
3652:29245906
3644:27095593
3594:11057670
3562:Tschöp M
3548:11162489
3513:24732927
3472:23251675
3432:PLOS ONE
3413:19961888
3383:Peptides
3364:18611393
3329:40287472
3251:21286280
3199:19721816
3142:18508724
3101:11600536
3060:16322794
3011:21428875
2959:24821233
2951:15183037
2916:15536157
2875:16484324
2834:15181099
2793:20542064
2785:12969753
2740:23820027
2732:19896496
2690:21657818
2682:19566830
2594:21354264
2509:32192383
2360:10766253
2315:11473029
2293:Diabetes
2274:26042199
2194:10604470
2114:–
2093:–
2051:See also
2036:cachexia
1968:in vivo.
1964:in vitro
1803:nesfatin
1763:Features
1743:Location
1723:pancreas
1578:receptor
1574:appetite
1541:motility
1453:Wikidata
1002:Sources:
513:duodenum
471:testicle
467:duodenum
7706:Obesity
7629:YIL-781
7624:JMV2959
7476:Ghrelin
7306:SRIF-28
7301:SRIF-14
6954:Ghrelin
6742:RVD-Hpα
6687:Ghrelin
6672:Galanin
6608:Orexins
6069:Motilin
6036:Ghrelin
6031:Gastrin
6023:Stomach
5910:Insulin
5845:Relaxin
5840:Inhibin
5835:Activin
5807:Inhibin
5716:Thyroid
5437:PDBe-KB
5427:UniProt
5416:PDBe-KB
5406:UniProt
5375:6491219
5262:Bibcode
5144:4133106
4846:4443295
4794:7652849
4659:5610818
4608:9405061
4585:Biology
4375:3975427
4324:5819073
4062:3298643
4013:2901520
3964:2703665
3941:Bibcode
3602:4564644
3574:Bibcode
3463:3520898
3440:Bibcode
3404:4043136
3286:2470131
3242:2845796
3190:2724662
3051:1297251
3002:3670092
2501:8688086
2481:Bibcode
2473:Science
2458:9003014
2414:9757253
2406:8492908
2265:4443295
2174:Bibcode
2116:Ensembl
2095:Ensembl
1982:in vivo
1893:GHS-R1b
1885:GHS-R1a
1690:ghrelin
1682:motilin
1632:ormone-
1570:neurons
1531:of the
1525:hormone
1523:) is a
1481:Ghrelin
1135:UniProt
1090:Ensembl
1029:Species
1008:QuickGO
392:pattern
150:1930008
118:Aliases
18:Grehlin
7501:GHRP-6
7496:GHRP-5
7491:GHRP-4
7486:GHRP-3
7481:GHRP-1
7311:TT-232
7281:RC-160
7216:CH-275
6896:Sugars
6521:Kinins
6454:Others
6193:Kidney
6155:Leptin
6114:/other
5974:Thymus
5915:Amylin
5789:Testis
5682:DHEA-S
5484:glands
5432:Q9EQX0
5411:Q9UBU3
5382:
5372:
5333:
5292:
5285:478601
5282:
5233:
5192:
5151:
5141:
5102:
5061:
5020:
4979:
4971:
4935:
4894:
4853:
4843:
4801:
4791:
4750:
4742:
4707:
4666:
4656:
4615:
4605:
4559:
4508:
4467:
4459:
4423:
4382:
4372:
4331:
4321:
4282:
4238:
4197:
4156:
4148:
4113:
4069:
4059:
4020:
4010:
3971:
3961:
3912:
3904:
3868:
3860:
3824:
3816:
3781:
3773:
3735:
3691:
3650:
3642:
3600:
3592:
3566:Nature
3546:
3511:
3501:
3470:
3460:
3411:
3401:
3362:
3327:
3319:
3284:
3249:
3239:
3197:
3187:
3150:646106
3148:
3140:
3099:
3058:
3048:
3009:
2999:
2957:
2949:
2914:
2873:
2832:
2791:
2783:
2738:
2730:
2688:
2680:
2645:21 May
2631:
2607:link".
2600:
2592:
2533:
2507:
2499:
2456:
2412:
2404:
2366:
2358:
2340:Nature
2313:
2272:
2262:
2202:753383
2200:
2192:
2166:Nature
2067:Leptin
2032:cancer
1711:serine
1628:rowth
1611:, and
1597:memory
1439:search
1437:PubMed
1168:Q9EQX0
1149:Q9UBU3
1045:Entrez
563:BioGPS
529:embryo
525:embryo
451:fundus
439:cardia
250:3p25.3
142:605353
7640:IGF-1
7021:IGF-1
6630:Other
6511:Other
6226:Heart
6201:Renin
6131:IGF-2
6126:IGF-1
6112:Liver
6102:GLP-1
6084:Ileum
5966:Other
5850:GnSAF
5817:Ovary
4977:S2CID
4748:S2CID
4465:S2CID
4154:S2CID
3910:S2CID
3866:S2CID
3822:S2CID
3779:S2CID
3648:S2CID
3620:(PDF)
3598:S2CID
3325:S2CID
3321:94030
3146:S2CID
2955:S2CID
2789:S2CID
2736:S2CID
2686:S2CID
2598:S2CID
2560:(PDF)
2505:S2CID
2410:S2CID
2364:S2CID
2198:S2CID
2028:obese
1913:Sleep
1830:vagal
1674:exons
1645:gʰre-
1642:root
1605:taste
1515:; or
1078:58991
1059:51738
1038:Mouse
1033:Human
1004:Amigo
475:blood
415:Mouse
408:Human
355:Start
290:Mouse
254:Start
187:Human
7654:here
7652:See
7391:GHRH
7357:GHRH
7195:GHIH
7180:GHBP
7023:axis
6308:see
5677:DHEA
5613:ACTH
5608:CLIP
5603:POMC
5532:GHRH
5512:GnRH
5425:for
5404:for
5380:PMID
5331:PMID
5290:PMID
5231:PMID
5190:PMID
5149:PMID
5100:PMID
5059:PMID
5018:PMID
4969:PMID
4933:PMID
4892:PMID
4851:PMID
4799:PMID
4740:PMID
4705:PMID
4664:PMID
4640:2017
4613:PMID
4557:PMID
4506:PMID
4457:PMID
4421:PMID
4380:PMID
4329:PMID
4280:PMID
4236:PMID
4195:PMID
4146:PMID
4111:PMID
4067:PMID
4018:PMID
3969:PMID
3902:PMID
3858:PMID
3814:PMID
3771:PMID
3733:PMID
3689:PMID
3640:PMID
3590:PMID
3544:PMID
3509:PMID
3499:ISBN
3468:PMID
3409:PMID
3360:PMID
3317:PMID
3282:PMID
3247:PMID
3195:PMID
3138:PMID
3097:PMID
3056:PMID
3007:PMID
2947:PMID
2912:PMID
2871:PMID
2830:PMID
2781:PMID
2728:PMID
2678:PMID
2647:2014
2629:ISBN
2590:PMID
2531:ISBN
2497:PMID
2454:PMID
2402:PMID
2356:PMID
2311:PMID
2270:PMID
2190:PMID
1966:and
1805:and
1799:S6K1
1795:mTOR
1670:mRNA
1666:GHRL
1664:The
1589:GHSR
1558:and
667:axon
398:Bgee
346:Band
307:Chr.
245:Band
204:Chr.
166:GHRL
158:9487
138:OMIM
125:GHRL
95:2JSJ
91:2JSI
87:2JSH
85:,%%s
83:1P7X
64:RCSB
61:PDBe
35:GHRL
7437:GHS
6797:A15
6747:VGF
6343:1–8
6244:BNP
6239:ANP
6206:EPO
6074:VIP
6059:GIP
6054:CCK
5873:HPL
5868:hCG
5802:AMH
5770:PTH
5618:MSH
5593:TSH
5583:FSH
5542:MCH
5527:CRH
5517:TRH
5423:PDB
5402:PDB
5370:PMC
5362:doi
5321:doi
5280:PMC
5270:doi
5258:101
5221:doi
5180:doi
5139:PMC
5131:doi
5090:doi
5049:doi
5008:doi
4961:doi
4923:doi
4882:doi
4878:346
4841:PMC
4833:doi
4789:PMC
4779:doi
4732:doi
4695:doi
4691:158
4654:PMC
4644:doi
4603:PMC
4593:doi
4547:hdl
4537:doi
4496:doi
4449:doi
4411:doi
4407:171
4370:PMC
4360:doi
4319:PMC
4311:doi
4270:doi
4226:doi
4185:doi
4181:141
4138:doi
4134:287
4101:doi
4097:143
4057:PMC
4049:doi
4008:PMC
4000:doi
3959:PMC
3949:doi
3937:106
3894:doi
3850:doi
3806:doi
3763:doi
3759:292
3723:doi
3679:doi
3675:145
3632:doi
3582:doi
3570:407
3536:doi
3532:280
3491:doi
3458:PMC
3448:doi
3399:PMC
3391:doi
3352:doi
3348:374
3309:doi
3274:doi
3237:PMC
3229:doi
3185:PMC
3177:doi
3128:doi
3087:doi
3046:PMC
3038:doi
3034:115
2997:PMC
2989:doi
2939:doi
2902:doi
2861:doi
2857:147
2820:doi
2771:hdl
2763:doi
2759:476
2720:doi
2670:doi
2580:hdl
2572:doi
2568:340
2489:doi
2477:273
2444:doi
2440:138
2394:doi
2348:doi
2344:404
2301:doi
2260:PMC
2252:doi
2182:doi
2170:402
1790:ATP
1634:rel
1547:of
1521:INN
571:n/a
368:End
267:End
170:OMA
146:MGI
54:PDB
7672::
7585:;
7543:;
7038:GH
7017:GH
6294::
5635:GH
5588:LH
5429::
5408::
5378:.
5368:.
5356:.
5352:.
5329:.
5317:90
5315:.
5311:.
5288:.
5278:.
5268:.
5256:.
5252:.
5229:.
5217:85
5215:.
5211:.
5188:.
5176:88
5174:.
5170:.
5147:.
5137:.
5125:.
5121:.
5098:.
5086:87
5084:.
5080:.
5057:.
5045:89
5043:.
5039:.
5016:.
5004:87
5002:.
4998:.
4975:.
4967:.
4957:20
4955:.
4931:.
4919:88
4917:.
4913:.
4890:.
4876:.
4872:.
4849:.
4839:.
4827:.
4823:.
4811:^
4797:.
4787:.
4775:12
4773:.
4769:.
4746:.
4738:.
4728:78
4726:.
4703:.
4689:.
4685:.
4662:.
4652:.
4638:.
4634:.
4611:.
4601:.
4589:11
4587:.
4583:.
4569:^
4555:.
4545:.
4533:59
4531:.
4527:.
4504:.
4492:20
4490:.
4486:.
4463:.
4455:.
4445:45
4443:.
4419:.
4405:.
4401:.
4378:.
4368:.
4356:15
4354:.
4350:.
4327:.
4317:.
4307:11
4305:.
4301:.
4278:.
4266:52
4264:.
4260:.
4248:^
4234:.
4222:52
4220:.
4216:.
4193:.
4179:.
4175:.
4152:.
4144:.
4132:.
4109:.
4095:.
4091:.
4079:^
4065:.
4055:.
4045:17
4043:.
4039:.
4016:.
4006:.
3996:15
3994:.
3990:.
3967:.
3957:.
3947:.
3935:.
3931:.
3908:.
3900:.
3890:12
3888:.
3864:.
3856:.
3846:11
3844:.
3820:.
3812:.
3802:26
3800:.
3777:.
3769:.
3757:.
3745:^
3731:.
3719:51
3717:.
3713:.
3701:^
3687:.
3673:.
3669:.
3646:.
3638:.
3626:.
3622:.
3596:.
3588:.
3580:.
3568:.
3542:.
3530:.
3507:.
3497:.
3466:.
3456:.
3446:.
3434:.
3430:.
3407:.
3397:.
3387:31
3385:.
3381:.
3358:.
3346:.
3323:.
3315:.
3305:11
3303:.
3280:.
3270:23
3268:.
3245:.
3235:.
3223:.
3219:.
3207:^
3193:.
3183:.
3171:.
3167:.
3144:.
3136:.
3124:13
3122:.
3118:.
3095:.
3083:86
3081:.
3077:.
3054:.
3044:.
3032:.
3028:.
3005:.
2995:.
2985:12
2983:.
2979:.
2967:^
2953:.
2945:.
2935:25
2933:.
2910:.
2898:90
2896:.
2892:.
2869:.
2855:.
2851:.
2828:.
2816:89
2814:.
2810:.
2787:.
2779:.
2769:.
2757:.
2734:.
2726:.
2716:31
2714:.
2698:^
2684:.
2676:.
2666:37
2664:.
2604:.
2596:.
2588:.
2578:.
2566:.
2562:.
2545:^
2517:^
2503:.
2495:.
2487:.
2475:.
2452:.
2438:.
2434:.
2422:^
2408:.
2400:.
2390:53
2388:.
2376:^
2362:.
2354:.
2342:.
2323:^
2309:.
2297:50
2295:.
2291:.
2268:.
2258:.
2246:.
2242:.
2210:^
2196:.
2188:.
2180:.
2168:.
2149:.
2131:.
2102:^
2081:^
1696:.
1615:.
1603:,
1599:,
1551:.
1519:,
1006:/
374:bp
361:bp
273:bp
260:bp
168:;
164::
160:;
156::
152:;
148::
144:;
140::
93:,
89:,
7617:D
7615:(
7019:/
7008:e
7001:t
6994:v
6842:)
6836:(
6799:)
6795:(
6785:e
6778:t
6771:v
6621:B
6616:A
6598:U
6593:S
6588:N
6583:B
6284:e
6277:t
6270:v
5739:4
5737:T
5731:3
5729:T
5466:e
5459:t
5452:v
5439:.
5418:.
5386:.
5364::
5358:2
5337:.
5323::
5296:.
5272::
5264::
5237:.
5223::
5196:.
5182::
5155:.
5133::
5127:2
5106:.
5092::
5065:.
5051::
5024:.
5010::
4983:.
4963::
4939:.
4925::
4898:.
4884::
4857:.
4835::
4829:4
4805:.
4781::
4754:.
4734::
4711:.
4697::
4670:.
4646::
4619:.
4595::
4563:.
4549::
4539::
4512:.
4498::
4471:.
4451::
4427:.
4413::
4386:.
4362::
4335:.
4313::
4286:.
4272::
4242:.
4228::
4201:.
4187::
4160:.
4140::
4117:.
4103::
4073:.
4051::
4024:.
4002::
3975:.
3951::
3943::
3916:.
3896::
3872:.
3852::
3828:.
3808::
3785:.
3765::
3739:.
3725::
3695:.
3681::
3654:.
3634::
3628:9
3604:.
3584::
3576::
3550:.
3538::
3515:.
3493::
3474:.
3450::
3442::
3436:7
3415:.
3393::
3366:.
3354::
3331:.
3311::
3288:.
3276::
3253:.
3231::
3225:6
3201:.
3179::
3173:7
3152:.
3130::
3103:.
3089::
3062:.
3040::
3013:.
2991::
2961:.
2941::
2918:.
2904::
2877:.
2863::
2836:.
2822::
2795:.
2773::
2765::
2742:.
2722::
2692:.
2672::
2649:.
2582::
2574::
2539:.
2511:.
2491::
2483::
2460:.
2446::
2416:.
2396::
2370:.
2350::
2317:.
2303::
2276:.
2254::
2248:4
2204:.
2184::
2176::
2153:.
2135:.
1873:+
1797:/
1630:h
1626:g
1511:/
1508:n
1505:ɪ
1502:l
1499:ɛ
1496:r
1493:ɡ
1490:ˈ
1487:/
1483:(
292:)
189:)
172::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
