481:
874:'big belly') is obviously an exonym (based on a misunderstanding of the sign language form for 'falling water'), though it is commonly used by the people themselves at Fort Belknap, while the indigenous name is ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh meaning 'white clay people'. The term White Clay is commonly used in English today at Fort Belknap, along with Gros Ventre. Another name that has been used in the past for this group of people is Atsina, but this is another exonym (from the Blackfeet), and not used by the Gros Ventre themselves.
61:
1242:
1452:
587:
1462:
873:
The Gros Ventre or White Clay people currently occupy the Fort
Belknap Reservation in northcentral Montana, north of the Missouri River. Earlier, in the eighteenth century, they seem to have been located primarily farther to the north, around the Saskatchewan River. The name Gros Ventre (French for
621:
In 1888, the Fort
Belknap Indian Reservation was established by an act of Congress on May 1, 1888 (Stat., L., XXV, 113). The Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, and Assiniboine tribes ceded a combined 17,500,000 acres of their joint reservation and agreed to live on three smaller reservations. These are now
678:
The reservation government of Fort
Belknap has an elected community council with 4 Gros Ventre members and 4 Assiniboine, for a total of 8 elected members of the council. The officers of the council are the President, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer, with the Secretary-Treasurer being
401:
After they migrated to
Montana, the Arapaho moved southwards to the Wyoming and Colorado area. The Cheyenne who migrated with the Gros Ventre and Arapaho also migrated onwards. The Gros Ventre were reported living in two north–south tribal groups – the so-called
618:. Much of the traditional ceremonies were lost through the course of time following the establishment of the mission. Two sacred pipes, The Feathered Pipe and The Flat Pipe, still remain central to the traditional spiritual beliefs of the Gros Ventres.
557:. Fort Belknap was a substation post, with half of the structure being a trading post. A block house stood to the left of the stockade gate. At the right was a warehouse and an issue building, where the tribe received their rations and annuity goods.
526:
tribes. The Gros
Ventres signed the treaty as part of the Blackfoot Confederacy, whose territory near the Three Fork area became a common hunting ground for the combined peoples. A common hunting ground north of the Missouri River on the
394:. During the migration, the large tribe split into the Arapaho and the Gros Ventre, possibly near Devil's Lake. These groups, along with the Cheyenne, were among the last to migrate into Montana, due to pressure from the
735:
237:
441:
The Gros Ventre acquired horses in the mid-18th century. The earliest known contact of Gros Ventre with settlers was around 1754, between the north and south forks of the
1154:
666:. Many celebrated the move, over a century after bison were nearly made extinct by White settlers and the government. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the
1374:
1126:
1496:
1501:
1087:
1062:
831:
1241:
560:
In 1876, the fort was discontinued and the Gros Ventre and
Assiniboine people receiving annuities at the post were instructed to go to the agency at
679:
appointed by the president and confirmed by the council. The secretary-treasurer, as the only appointed officer, may not vote on council matters.
519:
836:
794:
225:
607:
642:
By 1904, there were only 535 Gros Ventre tribe members remaining. The tribe has since revived, with a substantial increase in population.
1379:
1147:
286:
972:
934:
466:
191:
1035:
542:
662:. There are numerous other bison herds outside Yellowstone, but the herd transferred is one of the very few not cross-bred with
658:
were transferred to prairie on the Fort Peck Indian
Reservation, to be released to a 2,100-acre game preserve 25 miles north of
1274:
683:
667:
631:
511:
342:
and North Dakota. In Ojibwa oral history they are known as the "men of the olden time" that occupied the lands surrounding the
233:
1455:
1140:
997:
576:
was re-established, and the Gros
Ventres, and remaining Assiniboines were again allowed to receive supplies at Fort Belknap.
545:. This trading post was built for the Gros Ventres and Assiniboines, but because it was on a favorite hunting ground of the
426:(American or southern group) of 40 tipis (400 population) living in close contact with bands (which would become the later
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1384:
427:
367:
1268:
845:
627:
603:
573:
550:
528:
38:
1506:
359:
294:
1431:
553:, which was established on the south side of the Milk River, about one mile southwest of the present town site of
1399:
1120:
655:
964:
568:. The Assiniboines readily did so, but the Gros Ventres refused, fearing coming into conflict with the nearby
1436:
926:
450:
304:
After their split from the Gros
Ventres, the Arapaho, who considered the Gros Ventres inferior, called them
60:
31:
310:, meaning "beggars." Other interpretations of the term have been "hunger," "waterfall," and "big bellies."
1491:
611:
599:
602:. Pressure from miners and mining companies forced the tribes to cede sections of the mountains in 1885.
445:. Exposure to smallpox severely reduced their numbers. Around 1793, in response to attacks by well-armed
1163:
949:
History of the Ojibwa People, Willlian W. Warren, Minnesota
Historical Press, St. Paul, MN, 1885, p.178
541:
In 1868, the United States government established a trading post called Fort Browning near the mouth of
499:
480:
391:
1465:
1341:
1486:
1336:
707:
701:
507:
355:
331:
221:
105:
890:
1227:
713:
565:
493:"Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834"
363:
1351:
1331:
1258:
1179:
1040:
857:
561:
442:
435:
411:
1311:
1063:"Constitution of the Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana"
993:
968:
930:
790:
531:
included the Assiniboine and Sioux. In 1861, the Gros Ventres left the Blackfoot Confederacy.
347:
117:
1203:
849:
695:
623:
473:, the Europeans painted portraits and recorded their meeting with the Gros Ventre, near the
375:
335:
159:
153:
71:
1405:
1346:
659:
554:
204:
717:
579:
White Eagle, "the last major Chief of the Gros Ventre people", died "at the mouth of the
1286:
1198:
1193:
787:
Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced
651:
474:
415:
378:
dialect, which had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s.
1480:
1188:
1013:
861:
615:
503:
572:. They chose to forfeit their annuities rather than move to Fort Peck. In 1878, the
580:
454:
453:
trading posts that were providing guns to the Cree and Assiniboine in what is now
17:
1306:
1301:
722:
535:
502:, after which they moved to north-central Montana and southern Canada. In 1855,
488:
470:
387:
343:
319:
241:
586:
465:
In 1832, the Gros Ventre made contact with the German explorer and naturalist,
1416:
961:
Shared Symbols, Contested Meanings: Gros Ventre Culture and History, 1778–1984
431:
990:
Montana Book of Days-365 Days-365 Stories-The Short Course in Montana History
1296:
523:
419:
339:
322:
region 3,000 years ago, where they lived an agrarian lifestyle, cultivating
121:
386:
In the early 18th century, the combined tribe came under pressure from the
258:
means "White Clay People". It has a variety of transliterations, including
853:
1425:
1412:
1368:
538:, the Gros Ventres fought the Blackfoot but in 1867, they were defeated.
351:
138:
1132:
234:
Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana
591:
515:
327:
298:
229:
134:
832:"Gros Ventre Ethnogeography and Place Names: A Diachronic Perspective"
686:
were ratified on September 25, 1935, and adopted on October 19, 1935.
663:
395:
297:. They were once known as the "Gros Ventres of the Prairies", as the
736:
List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States
606:
came to Fort Belknap in 1862 to convert the Gros Ventre people to
585:
569:
546:
479:
323:
1014:"American Bison (Bison bison) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service"
610:. In 1887, St. Paul's Mission was established at the foot of the
446:
1136:
485:
Camp of the Gros Ventres of the Prairies on the upper Missouri.
830:
Cowell, Andrew; Taylor, Allan; Brockie, Terry (January 2016).
923:
A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples
518:) to make peace between the United States and the Blackfoot,
1125:
Sing an Owl Dance Song for George Chandler (Archived at the
921:
Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). "Chapter Six: The Great Plains".
59:
318:
The Gros Ventres are believed to have lived in the western
171:
698:(c. 1896–2007), fluent speaker of the Gros Ventre language
350:. They were closely associated with the ancestors of the
301:
were similarly called the "Gros Ventres of the Missouri".
177:
1114:
992:. Missoula, MT: Historic Montana Publishing. p. 42.
449:
and Assiniboines, large groups of Gros Ventre burned two
165:
886:
414:
on the Upper Saskatchewan River and roamed between the
1390:
War against the Crow and Gros Ventre (circa 1861–1867)
1121:
Cultural Heritage of the Fort Belknap Indian Community
549:, it was abandoned in 1871. The government then built
192:
180:
232:. Today, the Gros Ventre people are enrolled in the
183:
174:
168:
1360:
1324:
1284:
1256:
1249:
1212:
1177:
1170:
162:
128:
111:
98:
88:
78:
1036:"Rarest Native Animals Find Haven on Tribal Lands"
410:) of 260 tipis (2,500 population) traded with the
366:. There is evidence that, together with bands of
253:
50:
1411:Peace with the Cree, circa 1871, (symbolized by
1422:US land annexation, migration to Canada (1874)
590:Gros Ventre moving camp on horses rigged with
362:, much like the Arapaho, and is grouped as an
27:Native American group of north-central Montana
1148:
725:(b. 1967), clinical and cultural psychologist
305:
30:"Atsina" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
47:
785:Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009).
1375:1775–1782 North American smallpox epidemic
1253:
1174:
1155:
1141:
1133:
208:; meaning "big belly"), also known as the
46:
1204:Amskapi Pikuni, South Piegan or Blackfeet
710:(1940–2003), Blackfoot-Gros Ventre author
825:
823:
821:
819:
293:, which was mistakenly interpreted from
780:
778:
747:
390:, and started a migration to the upper
240:with 7,000 members, also including the
704:(1937–2013), anthropologist and author
1194:Piikani, Northern Peigan or Blackfoot
670:also received a portion of the herd.
334:-speaking people who lived along the
203:
7:
1461:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
598:In 1884, gold was discovered in the
469:. Along with the naturalist painter
354:. They spoke the now nearly extinct
89:Regions with significant populations
682:The constitution and bylaws of the
430:) and roamed the headwaters of the
364:Arapahoan language (Arapaho-Atsina)
1497:Native American history of Montana
1034:Schweber, Nate (August 25, 2014).
959:Fowler, Loretta (August 6, 2018).
893:from the original on June 16, 2023
252:The name used by the Gros Ventre,
25:
1502:Native American tribes in Montana
1460:
1451:
1450:
1240:
158:
1275:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
1115:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
887:"Fort Belknap Indian Community"
684:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
668:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
632:Fort Belknap Indian Reservation
543:Peoples Creek on the Milk River
370:, a southern tribal group, the
506:, Territorial Governor of the
228:tribe located in northcentral
70:, a Gros Ventre man, photo by
1:
1432:Starvation winter (1883–1884)
1394:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
1385:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)
789:. McFarland. pp. 10–11.
406:(Canadian or northern group,
356:Gros Ventre language (Atsina)
1269:Blackfeet Indian Reservation
846:University of Nebraska Press
628:Fort Peck Indian Reservation
529:Fort Peck Indian Reservation
498:The Gros Ventres joined the
326:. With the ancestors of the
39:Gros Ventre (disambiguation)
1380:1837–1838 smallpox epidemic
837:Anthropological Linguistics
510:, signed a treaty (11
1523:
988:Smith, Jeffrey J. (2003).
871:– via ResearchGate.
487:(circa 1832): aquatint by
360:Plains Algonquian language
238:federally recognized tribe
36:
29:
1446:
1400:Battle of the Belly River
1238:
656:Yellowstone National Park
133:
116:
103:
93:
83:
58:
1402:(against the Cree, 1870)
965:Cornell University Press
438:(Lewis and Clark 1806).
1437:Sweetgrass Hills Treaty
927:Oxford University Press
583:" on February 9, 1881.
330:, they formed a single
306:
254:
94:United States (Montana)
51:
32:Atsina (disambiguation)
612:Little Rocky Mountains
600:Little Rocky Mountains
595:
495:
124:, traditional religion
64:
1222:Gros Ventre or Atsina
1164:Blackfoot Confederacy
854:10.1353/anl.2016.0025
624:Blackfoot Confederacy
589:
500:Blackfoot Confederacy
483:
392:Missouri River Valley
220:, are a historically
129:Related ethnic groups
63:
1337:Gros Ventre language
1199:Siksika or Blackfoot
963:(Digital ed.).
929:. pp. 297–319.
702:George Horse Capture
508:Washington Territory
451:Hudson's Bay Company
422:, and the so-called
358:, a closely related
37:For other uses, see
1428:(with Canada, 1877)
1371:(circa 1730s-1800s)
1228:Tsuutʼina or Sarcee
690:Notable Gros Ventre
574:Fort Belknap Agency
84:3,682 (2000 census)
55:
1507:Algonquian peoples
1408:(by US Army, 1870)
1352:Blackfoot religion
1342:Tsuutʼina language
1332:Blackfoot language
1180:Blackfoot-speaking
1117:, official website
1041:The New York Times
650:In March 2012, 63
596:
496:
443:Saskatchewan River
436:North Platte River
434:, a branch of the
412:North West Company
242:Assiniboine people
205:[ɡʁovɑ̃tʁ]
65:
18:Gros Ventre people
1474:
1473:
1320:
1319:
1236:
1235:
1224:(circa 1793–1861)
1171:Tribes or Nations
796:978-0-7864-5169-2
608:Roman Catholicism
534:Allying with the
467:Prince Maximilian
348:Mississippi River
255:ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh
144:
143:
118:Roman Catholicism
52:ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh
16:(Redirected from
1514:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1439:(with USA, 1887)
1254:
1244:
1175:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1134:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1088:"BYLAWS OF FBIC"
1084:
1078:
1077:
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1067:
1059:
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1048:
1031:
1025:
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1022:
1020:
1010:
1004:
1003:
985:
979:
978:
956:
950:
947:
941:
940:
918:
903:
902:
900:
898:
883:
877:
876:
870:
868:
827:
814:
807:
801:
800:
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696:Theresa Lamebull
428:Northern Arapaho
368:Northern Arapaho
336:Red River Valley
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79:Total population
72:Edward S. Curtis
56:
54:
21:
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1515:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1477:
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1475:
1470:
1442:
1415:'s adoption of
1406:Marias Massacre
1356:
1347:Blackfeet music
1316:
1280:
1271:(South Piegans)
1245:
1232:
1208:
1166:
1161:
1127:Wayback Machine
1111:
1106:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
975:
958:
957:
953:
948:
944:
937:
920:
919:
906:
896:
894:
885:
884:
880:
866:
864:
829:
828:
817:
808:
804:
797:
784:
783:
776:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
732:
692:
676:
648:
640:
555:Harlem, Montana
463:
384:
338:in present-day
316:
250:
226:Native American
200:
193:
161:
152:
151:
74:
49:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1479:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1458:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1312:Tsuu T'ina 145
1309:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1277:(Gros Ventres)
1272:
1265:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1189:Kanai or Blood
1185:
1183:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1109:External links
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1104:
1103:
1079:
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1005:
998:
980:
973:
967:. p. 45.
951:
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935:
904:
878:
815:
802:
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746:
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723:Joseph P. Gone
720:
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652:American bison
647:
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639:
636:
491:from the book
475:Missouri River
462:
459:
383:
380:
315:
312:
299:Hidatsa people
289:used the term
249:
246:
142:
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68:Assiniboin Boy
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1214:Later members
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1205:
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1068:. May 1, 2001
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724:
721:
719:
718:Métis fiddler
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
693:
689:
687:
685:
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
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653:
645:
643:
637:
635:
633:
629:
625:
622:known as the
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588:
584:
582:
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504:Isaac Stevens
501:
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452:
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439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:Staetan tribe
421:
417:
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365:
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296:
295:sign language
292:
288:
283:
281:
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256:
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155:
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97:
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87:
82:
77:
73:
69:
62:
57:
53:
40:
33:
19:
1285:
1259:Reservations
1257:
1221:
1213:
1178:
1094:. Retrieved
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1039:
1029:
1017:. Retrieved
1008:
989:
983:
960:
954:
945:
922:
895:. Retrieved
881:
872:
865:. Retrieved
841:
835:
810:
805:
786:
772:Pritzker 320
768:
763:Pritzker 304
759:
754:Pritzker 319
750:
681:
677:
649:
646:21st century
641:
638:20th century
620:
597:
581:Judith River
578:
559:
551:Fort Belknap
540:
533:
497:
492:
484:
477:in Montana.
464:
461:19th century
455:Saskatchewan
440:
423:
407:
404:Fall Indians
403:
400:
385:
382:18th century
374:, spoke the
371:
317:
303:
290:
284:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
217:
213:
209:
147:
145:
67:
44:Ethnic group
1487:Gros Ventre
1307:Siksika 146
1302:Piikani 147
1250:Communities
708:James Welch
489:Karl Bodmer
471:Karl Bodmer
408:Hahá-tonwan
344:head waters
320:Great Lakes
291:Gros Ventre
148:Gros Ventre
106:Gros Ventre
1481:Categories
1417:Poundmaker
1396:(with USA)
1387:(with USA)
999:0966335562
742:References
674:Government
566:Wolf Point
432:Loup River
376:Besawunena
332:Algonquian
224:-speaking
222:Algonquian
218:White Clay
1367:War with
1297:Blood 148
862:151520012
714:Jamie Fox
562:Fort Peck
524:Nez Perce
420:Bow River
340:Minnesota
276:Aa'ninena
122:Sun Dance
104:English,
99:Languages
1456:Category
1426:Treaty 7
1419:in 1873)
1413:Crowfoot
1369:Shoshone
1290:(Canada)
1287:Reserves
1096:June 18,
1072:June 18,
1047:June 18,
1019:June 18,
897:June 18,
891:Archived
889:. 2023.
867:June 18,
730:See also
630:and the
520:Flathead
416:Missouri
352:Cheyenne
307:Hitúnĕna
280:Aaninena
268:Haaninin
260:A'aninin
210:A'aninin
139:Cheyenne
112:Religion
1466:Commons
1361:History
1325:Culture
848:: 132.
614:, near
604:Jesuits
592:travois
372:Staetan
346:of the
328:Arapaho
314:History
264:Aaniiih
230:Montana
201:French:
135:Arapaho
48:Aaniiih
996:
971:
933:
860:
811:Achena
793:
664:cattle
660:Poplar
626:, the
514:
396:Ojibwe
388:Ojibwe
287:French
278:, and
272:Aainen
214:Atsina
1091:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
858:S2CID
844:(2).
654:from
570:Sioux
547:Sioux
512:Stat.
324:maize
248:Names
216:, or
196:-vont
1262:(US)
1098:2023
1074:2023
1049:2023
1021:2023
994:ISBN
969:ISBN
931:ISBN
899:2023
869:2023
791:ISBN
616:Hays
564:and
536:Crow
522:and
447:Cree
418:and
285:The
236:, a
194:GROH
146:The
850:doi
809:Or
716:,
516:657
1483::
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925:.
907:^
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1100:.
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1002:.
977:.
939:.
901:.
852::
813:.
799:.
594:.
187:/
184:t
181:n
178:ɒ
175:v
169:r
166:ɡ
163:ˈ
160:/
150:(
41:.
34:.
20:)
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