798:
863:". By extension, if somebody has been grossly negligent, that means they have fallen so far below the ordinary standard of care that one can expect, to warrant the label of being "gross". Gross negligence may thus be described as reflecting "the want of even slight or scant care", falling below the level of care that even a careless person would be expected to follow. While some jurisdictions equate the
973:(1836) 4 A. & E. 870, 876, per Lord Denman C.J. But while we regard the difference between fraud on the one hand and mere negligence, however gross, on the other as a difference in kind, we regard the difference between negligence and gross negligence as merely one of degree. English lawyers have always had a healthy disrespect for the latter distinction. In
968:
It would be very surprising if our law drew the line between liability for ordinary negligence and liability for gross negligence. In this respect
English law differs from civil law systems, for it has always drawn a sharp distinction between negligence, however gross, on the one hand and fraud, bad
929:
This view has been consistently approved in
English law relating to fiduciary duties, as the courts have reasserted that there is only one standard of culpable carelessness: ordinary negligence. The preferred view has been that the context of a trustee, company director or other fiduciary's judgment
998:
Under United States law, proof of gross negligence involves proving all of the elements of an ordinary negligence action, plus the additional element that the defendant acted in reckless disregard of, or with a lack of substantial concern for, the rights of others. For some causes of action that
889:
In the U.K., a conviction for gross negligence manslaughter requires that the prosecutor prove the existence of a duty of care, breach of that duty by the defendant resulting in death, and a risk of death that would be obvious to a reasonable prudent person in the position of the defendant.
960:, was asked to decide whether an exclusion clause was effective to absolve a trustee from an accusation of negligence when applying property to beneficiaries. It was held that exclusion clauses were still effective (though other remedies could follow, such as
844:
is the "lack of slight diligence or care" or "a conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty and of the consequences to another party." In some jurisdictions a person injured as a result of gross negligence may be able to recover
989:; and although the maxim itself is not Roman the principle is classical. There is no room for the maxim in the common law; it is not mentioned in Broom's Legal Maxims, 10th ed. (1939).
886:. Under common law, criminal negligence is defined as a gross deviation from a reasonable standard of care. This is a higher standard than ordinary negligence under tort law.
985:
famously observed that gross negligence is ordinary negligence with a vituperative epithet. But civilian systems draw the line in a different place. The doctrine is
969:
faith and wilful misconduct on the other. The doctrine of the common law is that: "Gross negligence may be evidence of mala fides, but is not the same thing": see
938:
I have always found some difficulty in understanding just what was "gross negligence", because it appears to me that the standard of care required in a case of
81:
221:
964:
in a contract law case) but on the point of principle, as a default position all trustees are liable for ordinary negligence. Millett LJ said,
156:
1308:
925:
could see no difference between negligence and gross negligence; that it was the same thing, with the addition of a vituperative epithet.
828:
1132:
1066:
547:
1280:
337:
1083:
883:
553:
20:
327:
642:
491:
675:
659:
226:
186:
540:
365:
332:
821:
736:
558:
469:
312:
257:
161:
56:
1000:
696:
670:
589:
479:
474:
436:
231:
191:
178:
1236:
168:
108:
942:, or any other type of case, is the standard demanded by the circumstances of that particular case.
533:
527:
486:
423:
246:
47:
1260:
1058:
977:(1842) 2 Q.B. 646 Lord Denman C.J. doubted whether any intelligible distinction exists; while in
904:
868:
859:, or being careful. The standard of ordinary negligence is what conduct deviates from that of a "
776:
663:
594:
563:
454:
418:
394:
350:
133:
75:
1272:
1276:
1208:
1128:
1062:
982:
860:
814:
721:
716:
706:
701:
517:
496:
360:
306:
293:
241:
201:
1198:
1190:
952:
908:
846:
711:
584:
512:
464:
413:
346:
288:
196:
173:
115:
103:
388:
317:
300:
1265:
1203:
1178:
1116:
1051:
918:
766:
522:
404:
322:
124:
70:
65:
1302:
1121:
1017:
Roman lawyers had an axiom that gross negligence amounts to an intentional wrong, or
731:
606:
1179:"The distinction between gross negligence and recklessness in English criminal law"
1148:
947:
784:
771:
761:
726:
680:
266:
1003:, it may be necessary to prove gross negligence in order to overcome the defense.
930:
is to be taken into account when the judge reviews the exercise of discretion. In
864:
797:
637:
370:
236:
151:
1030:
957:
852:
802:
746:
649:
601:
271:
212:
138:
30:
1194:
1012:
961:
856:
780:
1267:
World
Dictionary of Foreign Expressions: A Resource for Readers and Writers
1212:
939:
913:
The concept of gross negligence is broadly distrusted by
English law. In
756:
616:
379:
276:
98:
611:
579:
459:
281:
654:
621:
431:
1084:"Punitive Damages in Negligence Cases: The Conflicting Standards"
445:
38:
871:, most differentiate it from simple negligence in its degree.
882:
is used as a standard for criminal law, for example, under
1057:(7th ed.). St. Paul, Minn: West Group. p.
1264:
1120:
1050:
966:
936:
923:
849:from the person who caused the injury or loss.
822:
8:
82:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
829:
815:
222:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
25:
1202:
1111:
1109:
1271:. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p.
1183:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
932:Houghland v RR Low (Luxury Coaches) Ltd.
1041:
979:Grill v. General Iron Screw Collier Co.
744:
688:
629:
571:
504:
444:
403:
378:
345:
256:
211:
123:
90:
55:
37:
1123:Prosser and Keeton on the Law of Torts
1177:Gooderham, Peter (1 September 2009).
7:
14:
867:of gross negligence with that of
1082:Austin, Kevin L. (Summer 1995).
796:
16:Lack of slight diligence or care
1234:Approved by Lord Chelmsford in
999:might trigger defenses such as
548:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
1:
658:(term used for torts in some
1309:Common law legal terminology
1019:culpa lata dolo aequiparatur
987:culpa lata dolo aequiparatur
981:(1866) L.R. 1 C.P. 600, 612
884:manslaughter in English law
554:Joint and several liability
21:Negligence (disambiguation)
1325:
1225:(1843) 11 M&W 113, 115
1010:
902:
328:Comparative responsibility
18:
643:Non-economic damages caps
1195:10.1258/jrsm.2009.09k048
1153:[1995] 1 AC 171"
676:Private attorney general
630:Other topics in tort law
258:Principles of negligence
187:Alienation of affections
1240:(1868) LR 2 PC 317, 336
541:Volenti non fit injuria
366:Ultrahazardous activity
333:Contributory negligence
1127:(5th ed.). § 34.
1053:Black's Law Dictionary
1049:Garner, Bryan (1999).
991:
944:
927:
559:Market share liability
492:Shopkeeper's privilege
470:Statute of limitations
313:Restitutio ad integrum
162:Intrusion on seclusion
57:Trespass to the person
1001:governmental immunity
917:, Baron Rolfe (later
671:Conflict of tort laws
437:Tortious interference
192:Criminal conversation
179:Malicious prosecution
169:Breach of confidence
19:For other uses, see
1261:Acquah-Dadzie, Kofi
1088:Missouri Law Review
934:, Ormerod LJ said,
855:is the opposite of
664:mixed legal systems
534:Respondeat superior
528:Vicarious liability
487:Defence of property
424:Insurance bad faith
338:Attractive nuisance
157:Invasion of privacy
1259:Adeleye, Gabriel;
905:English trusts law
564:Transferred intent
455:Assumption of risk
419:Restraint of trade
395:Rylands v Fletcher
227:Employment-related
76:False imprisonment
1237:Giblin v McMullen
971:Goodman v. Harvey
861:reasonable person
839:
838:
712:England and Wales
667:
518:Last clear chance
513:Intentional torts
497:Neutral reportage
480:Defense of others
428:
361:Product liability
307:Res ipsa loquitur
294:Reasonable person
202:Breach of promise
51:
1316:
1294:
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1126:
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1103:
1101:
1099:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1056:
1046:
975:Hinton v. Dibbin
953:Armitage v Nurse
909:English tort law
880:Gross negligence
847:punitive damages
842:Gross negligence
831:
824:
817:
801:
800:
657:
426:
289:Standard of care
174:Abuse of process
84:
45:
26:
1324:
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1027:
1015:
1009:
996:
921:) said that he:
911:
901:
896:
877:
835:
795:
689:By jurisdiction
389:Public nuisance
318:Rescue doctrine
301:Proximate cause
213:Negligent torts
125:Dignitary torts
80:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
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1300:
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1119:, ed. (1984).
1117:W. Page Keeton
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919:Lord Cranworth
915:Wilson v Brett
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803:Law portal
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523:Eggshell skull
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427:(American law)
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405:Economic torts
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323:Duty to rescue
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91:Property torts
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1068:0-314-22864-0
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183:Sexual torts
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134:Appropriation
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40:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
1288:20 September
1286:. Retrieved
1266:
1254:
1245:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1162:20 September
1160:. Retrieved
1156:
1150:
1143:
1122:
1098:20 September
1096:. Retrieved
1091:
1087:
1077:
1052:
1044:
1018:
1016:
997:
986:
978:
974:
970:
967:
951:
948:leading case
945:
937:
931:
928:
924:
914:
912:
888:
879:
878:
875:Criminal law
869:recklessness
851:
841:
840:
762:Criminal law
681:Class action
546:
539:
532:
475:Self-defense
393:
371:Deep pockets
305:
267:Duty of care
29:Part of the
1151:R v Adomako
899:English law
894:Private law
865:culpability
638:Tort reform
272:Trespassers
237:Malpractice
232:Entrustment
152:False light
1282:0865164231
1189:(9): 358.
1157:LawTeacher
1031:Negligence
1011:See also:
958:Millett LJ
903:See also:
853:Negligence
747:common law
650:Quasi-tort
602:Injunction
595:Incidental
414:Conspiracy
139:Defamation
116:Conversion
31:common law
1013:Roman law
1007:Roman law
983:Willes J.
962:UCTA 1977
857:diligence
757:Contracts
697:Australia
505:Liability
465:Necessity
353:liability
277:Licensees
197:Seduction
1303:Category
1263:(1999).
1249:1 QB 694
1213:19734528
1025:See also
940:bailment
772:Property
767:Evidence
617:Replevin
585:Punitive
572:Remedies
446:Defences
380:Nuisance
351:absolute
282:Invitees
109:chattels
99:Trespass
39:Tort law
1204:2738763
785:estates
612:Detinue
607:Tracing
590:Special
580:Damages
460:Consent
247:medical
143:Slander
71:Battery
66:Assault
48:Outline
1279:
1211:
1201:
1131:
1065:
956:where
783:, and
781:trusts
745:Other
732:Taiwan
702:Canada
655:Delict
622:Trover
347:Strict
33:series
1037:Notes
777:Wills
749:areas
727:Japan
722:India
707:China
660:civil
432:Fraud
242:legal
146:Libel
1290:2017
1277:ISBN
1209:PMID
1164:2017
1129:ISBN
1100:2017
1063:ISBN
1059:1057
946:The
907:and
662:and
349:and
104:land
1199:PMC
1191:doi
1187:102
1094:(3)
950:is
1305::
1275:.
1273:87
1207:.
1197:.
1185:.
1181:.
1155:.
1108:^
1092:60
1090:.
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1021:.
779:,
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1137:.
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46:(
23:.
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