339:
403:
or sex. There was no bread: meals consisted of tea, gruel or broth served three times a day. As drinking water was carted, there was never enough for the fever patients. One
Catholic priest, Father Moylan, reported giving water to invalids in a tent who had not been able to drink for 18 hours. The sheds were not originally intended to house fever patients and had no ventilation; new sheds were built without privies. The Senate Committee stated that because of the lack of personnel and space, the invalids lay in their own excrement for days and there were insufficient staff to take away those who died during the night. The hospitals themselves had very little equipment and planks for bedding were not always available, meaning that it was spread on the ground and became soaked.
416:
their food; they had no privacy, often caught the fever themselves and were not helped when they fell ill. Prisoners from the local jail were released to carry out the nursing, but many stole from the dead and the dying. All of the medical officers involved became ill at some stage, with four doctors dying of typhus. Under the
Passenger Act of 1842, ships were not obliged to carry a doctor, and only two doctors arrived as passengers. One of these was a Dr. Benson from Dublin, a man with experience working in fever hospitals in Ireland. He arrived on May 21, volunteered to help the sick, contracted typhus himself and was dead within six days.
583:, arrived with 430 fever cases. This was followed by eight more ships a few days later. Dr Douglas wrote that he had 'not a bed to lay on... I never contemplated the possibility of every vessel arriving with fever as they do now'. One week later seventeen more vessels had appeared at Grosse Isle. By this time, 695 people were already in hospital. Only two days afterwards the number of vessels reached thirty, with 10,000 immigrants now waiting to be processed. By May 29, a total of 36 vessels had arrived. The end of May saw forty ships forming a line two miles (approx. 3 km) long down the
60:
1565:
399:
Whyte records seeing 'hundreds... literally flung on the beach, left amid the mud and stones to crawl on the dry land as they could'. The
Anglican Bishop of Montreal, Bishop Mountain, recalled seeing people lying opposite the church screaming for water, while others lay inside the tents without bedding. One child he saw was covered in vermin; another who had 'been walking with some others, sat down for a moment, and died'. Many children were orphaned.
443:
502:
1541:
1577:
1553:
67:
615:
By mid-summer 2500 invalids were quarantined on Grosse Isle, and the line of waiting ships stretched several miles. At the end of the month, Dr. Douglas abandoned the quarantine regulations because they were 'impossible' to enforce. His new instructions were that the healthy would be released after a
457:
On June 8, Dr. Douglas warned the authorities of Quebec and
Montreal that an epidemic was about to strike. On the previous Sunday between 4,000 and 5,000 'healthy' had left Grosse Isle, of whom Dr. Douglas estimated two thousand would develop fever within three weeks. Thousands were being discharged
415:
As well as a shortage of accommodation, there was a serious lack of doctors. Dr. Douglas attempted to enlist nurses and doctors from among the healthy female passengers with the promise of high wages, but fear of disease meant none accepted. Nurses were expected to sleep alongside the sick and share
398:
Before the 1847 crisis, invalids were placed in hospitals while the healthy carried out their quarantine periods in sheds. However, in 1847 the island was quickly overwhelmed. Tents were set up to house the influx of people, but many new arrivals were left lying on the ground without shelter. Robert
351:
On arrival at Grosse Isle, immigrant ships were not permitted to sail onwards unless they had assured the authorities that they were free of disease. Those with fever cases on board were required to fly a blue flag. Dr. George
Douglas, Grosse Isle's chief medical officer, recorded that by mid-summer
402:
Accommodation was found in the sheds, which were filthy and crowded, with patients lying in double tiers of bunks which allowed dirt from the top bunk to fall onto the lower. According to the Senate
Committee's report, two or three invalids would be placed together in one berth, irrespective of age
385:
The exact numbers of those who died at sea is unknown, although Whyte himself estimated it at 5293. During the crossing itself, bodies were thrown into the sea, but once the ships had reached Grosse Isle they were kept in the hold until a burial on land became possible. The dead were dragged out of
370:
On 28 July 1847, Whyte recorded the neglect of his fellow passengers, who 'within reach of help' 'were to be left enveloped in reeking pestilence, the sick without medicine, medical skill, nourishment, or so much as a drop of pure water'. However, conditions on other Irish emigrant ships were still
311:
It is believed that over 3,000 Irish people died on the island and that over 5,000 are currently buried in the cemetery there; many died en route. Most who died on the island were infected with typhus, a result of poor sanitary conditions there in 1847. Grosse Isle is the largest burial ground for
753:
Visitors can tour many of the buildings used for the immigrants and by the islanders. The disinfection building features the original showers, waiting rooms and steam disinfection apparatus, as well as a multimedia exhibit about the island's history. A walking trail or trolley are available for
453:
Many immigrants who passed the perfunctory quarantine checks at Grosse Isle fell sick soon afterwards. Some died in the camp for the 'healthy' tents on the eastern side of Grosse Isle. When a priest, Father O'Reilly, visited this area in August, he gave the last rites to fifty people. In the week
406:
At Quebec, the French and
English speaking Catholic clergy ministered to the discharged emigrants and convalescents brought from the island. Father McMahon, founder of St. Patrick's Church (Quebec City), took a leading part in organizing relief to the sufferers and orphans of that awful period.
627:
In summary for the year of 1847, 89,738 Irish emigrants embarked from ports in the United
Kingdom. 5,293 of those died on the journey, 3,452 died at the quarantine station at Grosse Isle, 1,041 at the Quebec Emigrant Hospital. 1,965 at the Kingston and Toronto Emigrant Hospital, equating to an
509:
A national memorial, the Celtic Cross, was unveiled on site on August 15, 1909. Designed by
Jeremiah O'Gallagher, Country President of the Ancient Order of Hibernians at the time, the monument is the largest of its kind in North America. In 1974, the government of Canada declared the island a
481:
Other cities, including
Kingston and Toronto, were anxious to push immigrants on. Whyte recorded seeing one family sheltering under boards by the side of the road and commented that 'there is no means of learning how many of the survivors of so many ordeals were cut off by the inclemency of a
375:
described the holds of other vessels where they had been 'up to their ankles in filth. The wretched emigrants crowded together like cattle and corpses remain long unburied'. Whyte contrasted this with the condition of German immigrants arriving at Grosse Isle. These were all free of sickness,
389:
Even those passengers who escaped typhus and other diseases were weakened by the journey. The Senate Committee of the United States on Sickness and Mortality in Emigrant Ships described the newly disembarked emigrants as 'cadaverous' and 'feeble'. Most had been misled by passage-brokers into
352:
the quarantine regulations in force were 'physically impossible' to carry out, making it necessary for the emigrants to stay on board their ships for many days. Douglas believed that washing and airing out the ships would be enough to stop the contagion spreading between infected passengers.
458:
into Montreal, weak and helpless, some crawling because they could not walk, others 'lying on the wharves, dying'. Immigrants in Quebec were described as 'emaciated objects' huddled 'in the doors of churches, the wharves and the streets, apparently in the last stages of disease and famine'.
386:
the holds with hooks and 'stacked like cordwood' on the shore. On July 29, 1847, Whyte described 'a continuous line of boats, each carrying its freight of dead to the burial ground... Some had several corpses so tied up in canvas that the stiff, sharp outline of death was easily traceable'.
366:
dressed in their best clothes and helped the crew to clean the ship, expecting to be sent either to hospital or on to Quebec after their long voyage. In fact, the doctor inspected them only briefly and did not return for several days. By mid-summer doctors were examining their charges very
544:
On February 19, the medical officer in charge of the quarantine station at Grosse Isle, Dr George M. Douglas, requested £3,000 to assist with an expected influx of Irish immigrants. He was granted £300, a small steamer and permission to hire a sailing vessel for not more than £50.
419:
More than forty Irish and French Canadian priests and Anglican clergymen were active on Grosse Isle, many becoming ill themselves. The Chief Pastor, Bishop Power, contracted fever and died after delivering the last sacraments to a dying woman in September. The Mayor of Montreal,
603:
On June 1, the Catholic archbishop of Quebec contacted all Catholic bishops and archbishops in Ireland, asking them to discourage their diocesans from emigrating. Despite this, of the 109,000 emigrants who had left for British North America, almost all were Irish.
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perfunctorily, allowing them to walk past and examining the tongues of any who looked feverish. In this way, many people with latent fever were allowed to pass as healthy, only to succumb to their sickness once they had left Grosse Isle.
477:"To preserve from desecration the remains of 6000 immigrants who died of ship fever A.D.1847-8 this stone is erected by the workmen of Messrs. Peto, Brassey and Betts employed in the construction of the Victoria Bridge A.D.1859."
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Due to the lack of space on Grosse Isle, Dr. Douglas required healthy passengers to stay on ship for fifteen days once the sick had been removed, by way of quarantine. Infection flourished on board the ships. One ship, the
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1419:
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A total of 59 casualties die on the island, 34 from typhus. Medical improvements, the abandonment of slow-sailing ships in favour of steam ships and tougher quarantine regulations helped slow the spread of disease.
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chapel, the superintendent's gardens, the eastern wharf and a transport museum. In season, costumed interpreters portray various islanders, such as the quarantine station's staff, the nurse, Catholic priest,
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Dr. Douglas, believing 10,600 emigrants had left Britain for Quebec since April 10, requested £150 for a new fever shed. The authorities promised him £135. Preparations were made for 200 invalids.
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epidemic that was believed to be caused by the large influx of European immigrants, and the station was reopened in the mid-19th century to accommodate Irish immigrants who had contracted
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1424:
1602:
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In total 17% of all passengers that embarked from Ireland either died at sea, quarantine or emigrant hospital. One-third of those who arrived in Canada were received into a hospital.
781:
and the Irish Memorial, which honours the memory of the immigrants, the employees of the quarantine station, the sailors, the doctors and the priests who perished on this island.
1471:
1409:
1504:
1454:
1429:
1399:
1525:
1466:
1449:
1509:
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Grosse Isle ceases to be a quarantine station. By this time, immigrants are arriving at many different ports and the city hospitals are capable of dealing with them.
813:
335:. It is estimated that in total, from its opening in 1832 to its closing in 1932, almost 500,000 Irish immigrants passed through Grosse Isle on their way to Canada.
573:
Chief Emigration Officer Alexander Carlisle Buchanan failed to report concerns to the Canadian government because it was "not within the control of department".
587:. According to Dr Douglas, each one was affected by fever and dysentery. 1100 invalids were accommodated in sheds and tents, or laid out in rows in the church.
1647:
1617:
1612:
1544:
1580:
1667:
1637:
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1308:
1093:"Grosse Ile Cross Raised In Memory of Fever Victims. Pilgrimage planned for 25th Anniversary ...Some 18,000 Irish Immigrants died at sea..."
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1109:
274:
209:
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523:
192:
59:
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1607:
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1179:
511:
217:
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111:
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in America set up a Celtic cross with inscriptions in Irish, English and French, in memory of those who died during 1847 and 1848.
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in 1867, the buildings and equipment were modernized to meet the standards of the new Canadian government's immigration policies.
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554:
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The Colonial Land and Emigration Commissioners published their seventh report without any mention of the approaching crisis.
288:, the island was the site of an immigration depot which housed predominantly Irish immigrants coming to Canada to escape the
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27:
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On June 5, 25,000 Irish immigrants were quarantined on Grosse Isle itself or waiting in the ships anchored nearby.
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446:
821:
1313:
1167:
1104:
466:
433:
278:
785:
317:
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289:
99:
1323:
557:, Secretary of State for the Colonies, to take action in the face of the expected rise in immigration.
20:
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332:
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940:
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529:
1368:
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846:
710:
584:
490:
262:
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Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site were twinned on May 25, 1998, with the
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595:, reached Grosse Isle with 427 passengers of whom only 150 survived the quarantine period.
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853:
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The lazaretto features an exhibit about the tragic experiences of the immigrants in 1847.
437:
305:
254:
42:
1261:
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681:
1596:
1569:
1361:
1296:
1277:, compiled by abbé Armand Proulx, Éditions Bergeron & Fils enr, 1976, 10 pages.
915:
778:
736:
645:
324:
293:
789:
358:
270:
147:
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The Voyage of the Naparima by James Magnan, published by Carraig Books in 1982.
362:, described how on arrival at Grosse Isle the Irish emigrant passengers on the
486:
473:, who erected the Black Rock memorial in their honour. Its inscription reads:
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From 1847 to 1848, an estimated 3,000 to 6,000 Irish died from ship fever in
126:
113:
755:
378:
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in Montreal. Their remains were discovered in 1859 by workers building the
1258:
The Grosse-Isle Tragedy and the Monument to the Irish Fever Victims 1847
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759:
677:
673:
669:
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leading up to August 18 alone, 88 deaths occurred among the 'healthy'.
328:
297:
668:
Grosse Isle continues to act as a quarantine station against typhus,
301:
286:
Grosse Isle(the famine) and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site
266:
197:
80:
269:, Canada. It is one of the islands of the 21-island Isle-aux-Grues
1147:"Index - Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site"
1124:"The Irish crisis by Charles Edward Trevelyan | Open Library"
500:
441:
337:
745:
A memorial is erected in memory of those who died on the island.
1357:
1324:
Library Island: The Irish Exodus to Canada: Grosse Isle, 1847-8
662:
Only 42 deaths are reported on Grosse Isle during this decade.
754:
visits of the village and hospital sector, including the 1847
729:
Declared a National Historic Site by the Canadian government.
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also commented on the 'healthy, robust and cheerful' Germans.
390:
believing that they would be provided with food on the ship.
1334:
Historica’s Heritage Minute video docudrama about “Orphans.”
1239:"The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences"
866:
Moving Here, Staying Here: The Canadian Immigrant Experience
967:
1847 Famine Ship Diary: The Journey of an Irish Coffin Ship
342:
Steamer Lake Champlain arriving at port, Québec, Oct. 1911
735:
Grosse Isle becomes a national historic park operated by
1291:
Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site
228:
Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial National Historic Site
296:
had previously set up this depot to contain an earlier
1275:
Mariages de St-Luc, Grosse-Île - 1834-1937 (Montmagny)
841:
839:
1196:
Flight from famine: The Coming of the Irish to Canada
485:
One immigrant who did survive was the grandfather of
624:
Ice blocks the St. Lawrence and immigration ceases.
1518:
1492:
1392:
308:were quarantined on Grosse Isle from 1832 to 1848.
232:
224:
215:
203:
191:
177:
169:
161:
153:
142:
105:
95:
90:
40:
424:, also died in the course of caring for the sick.
16:Island in the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada
1198:, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 368 p.
323:Grosse Isle is sometimes referred to as Canada's
1643:Buildings and structures in Chaudière-Appalaches
1174:, Sainte-Foy: Livres Carraig Books, 432 p.
514:. A memorial was erected on the island in 1997.
376:'comfortably and neatly clad, clean and happy'.
327:(1892–1954), an association it shares with the
1603:Great Famine (Ireland) monuments and memorials
1260:, Quebec: Telegraph Printing Company, 136 p. (
536:, first published by Hamish Hamilton in 1962.
434:Goose Village, Montreal § Typhus epidemic
1369:
8:
1243:CCHA Report, University of Manitoba Web Site
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959:
957:
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953:
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926:
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877:Penelope Johnston, "Canada's Ellis Island",
371:worse. Two Canadian priests who visited the
261:, "big island") is an island located in the
35:
1376:
1362:
1354:
947:, published by Penguin Books, 1991 edition
807:
805:
34:
1095:May 25, 1934. Montreal Gazette newspaper.
1046:The Grosse Île Tragedy by J. Jordan, 1909
357:1847 Famine Ship Diary: The Journey of a
355:Robert Whyte, pseudonymous author of the
23:, a municipality of the Magdalen Islands.
1237:Gallagher, The Reverend John A. (1936).
713:, including the manufacture of anthrax.
1224:Grosse Ile. Gateway to Canada 1832-1937
801:
1226:, Ste-Foy: Carraig Books, 184 p.
1212:, Ste-Foy: Carraig Books, 183 p.
1349:Doukhobors Quarantined at Grosse Isle
1297:Robert Whyte's 1847 Famine Ship Diary
892:"The Irish Exodus - Irish in America"
749:Irish Memorial National Historic Site
231:
223:
214:
7:
1189:The Great Hunger - Ireland 1845-1849
1110:Canadian Register of Historic Places
945:The Great Hunger - Ireland 1845-1849
528:This timeline has been derived from
428:Fate of immigrants after Grosse Isle
273:. It is part of the municipality of
1576:
534:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849
524:1847 North American typhus epidemic
304:during their voyages. Thousands of
66:
1210:A Grandmother remembers Grosse Île
1208:Vekeman Masson, Jeannette (1989).
1066:"BBC - Northern Ireland - Schools"
969:, published by Mercier Press, 1994
14:
1648:Landforms of Chaudière-Appalaches
1613:National Historic Sites in Quebec
1385:National Historic Sites of Canada
1344:Famine Museum at Strokestown Park
1105:Grosse Île and the Irish Memorial
275:Saint-Antoine-de-l'Isle-aux-Grues
210:Saint-Antoine-de-l'Isle-aux-Grues
157:7.7 km (3.0 sq mi)
1668:Epidemic monuments and memorials
1575:
1563:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1170:, Rose Masson Dompierre (1995).
881:, February–March 2009, p. 52–53.
814:"Seeking hope, they found death"
639:This information was taken from
579:On May 17 the first vessel, the
218:National Historic Site of Canada
65:
58:
1638:Quarantine facilities in Canada
1618:Museums in Chaudière-Appalaches
691:The Ancient Order of Hibernians
1222:O'Gallagher, Marianna (1984).
987:, published by Vintage in 1999
868:at Library and Archives Canada
812:Bruemmer, Rene (30 May 2009).
707:Department of National Defence
643:, an article appearing in the
628:overall death toll of 15,330.
1:
1136:The Toronto Star, 2 May 1992.
777:A walking trail leads to the
616:cursory check by the doctor.
1309:Passenger List for the Agnes
1293:- Official Parks Canada site
1172:Eyewitness, Grosse Îsle 1847
28:Grosse Isle (disambiguation)
1329:Newspaper Reports from 1847
1113:. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
553:Quebec citizens petitioned
518:Timeline of the 1847 crisis
449:, on the island of Montreal
292:of 1845–1849. In 1832, the
1684:
1658:Museums of human migration
1623:Open-air museums in Canada
1319:1848 Report on Grosse Isle
856:, retrieved August 9, 2006
723:for quarantining animals.
521:
431:
173:1.6 km (0.99 mi)
165:4.8 km (2.98 mi)
25:
18:
1653:Coastal islands of Quebec
1633:History museums in Quebec
1534:
1420:Newfoundland and Labrador
820:. Canwest. Archived from
294:Lower Canadian Government
244:
240:
182:
146:21-Island Isle-aux-Grues
53:
1628:Ethnic museums in Canada
1608:Irish diaspora in Quebec
331:immigration facility in
281:region of the province.
19:Not to be confused with
1302:6 December 2006 at the
1269:Historical publications
1256:Jordan, John A (1909).
1194:MacKay, Donald (1990).
711:bacteriological warfare
316:outside Ireland. After
1663:Irish diaspora museums
997:The Grosse Île Tragedy
786:National Famine Museum
758:(quarantine station),
512:National Historic Site
506:
450:
343:
318:Canadian Confederation
258:
100:Gulf of Saint Lawrence
1500:Northwest Territories
1168:O'Gallagher, Marianna
1023:"Grosse Isle Tragedy"
703:1939 - 1945 (approx):
530:Cecil Woodham-Smith's
504:
445:
341:
1462:Prince Edward Island
847:Parks Canada Website
771:and school teacher.
333:Halifax, Nova Scotia
279:Chaudière-Appalaches
26:For other uses, see
1185:Cecil Woodham-Smith
983:The Great Shame by
941:Cecil Woodham-Smith
635:1848 to the present
123: /
37:
1558:History portal
1338:Adobe Flash Player
999:by J. Jordan, 1909
896:Libraryireland.com
852:2006-08-06 at the
721:Agriculture Canada
641:Île of Irish Tears
585:St. Lawrence River
507:
505:1909 Celtic Cross.
491:Ford Motor Company
482:Canadian winter'.
451:
344:
263:St. Lawrence River
21:Grosse-Île, Quebec
1590:
1589:
1570:Canada portal
1314:BBC Short History
489:, founder of the
422:John Easton Mills
277:, located in the
248:
247:
127:47.033°N 70.667°W
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1405:British Columbia
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1153:. 28 March 2017.
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845:A. Charbonneau:
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818:Montreal Gazette
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312:refugees of the
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1304:Wayback Machine
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1191:, Penguin Books
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1011:, July 23, 1847
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985:Thomas Keneally
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965:Robert Whyte's
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854:Wayback Machine
844:
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649:on 2 May 1992.
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471:Victoria Bridge
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438:Irish Quebecers
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132:47.033; -70.667
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79:Grosse Isle in
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918:, 2 May 1992
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899:. Retrieved
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826:. Retrieved
822:the original
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779:Celtic cross
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737:Parks Canada
732:
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709:to research
705:Used by the
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666:1880 - 1932:
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314:Great Famine
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205:Municipality
184:
32:
1581:WikiProject
1493:Territories
1477:Quebec City
1425:Nova Scotia
1387:by location
1279:(in French)
1027:Archive.org
1021:Jorban, S.
792:, Ireland.
790:Strokestown
463:fever sheds
359:Coffin Ship
271:archipelago
251:Grosse Isle
148:archipelago
143:Archipelago
130: /
106:Coordinates
73:Grosse Isle
43:Native name
36:Grosse Isle
1597:Categories
1162:References
1078:1 November
901:1 November
879:The Beaver
487:Henry Ford
465:set up at
432:See also:
259:Grosse Île
233:Designated
47:Grosse Île
1393:Provinces
1073:Bbc.co.uk
1032:5 October
756:lazaretto
555:Earl Grey
497:Memorials
411:Personnel
379:The Times
91:Geography
1545:Category
1472:Montreal
1440:Kingston
1435:Hamilton
1410:Manitoba
1300:Archived
1248:23 March
1187:(1991).
1151:Pc.gc.ca
850:Archived
764:Anglican
762:chapel,
760:Catholic
678:smallpox
674:beriberi
540:February
193:Province
96:Location
1505:Nunavut
1455:Toronto
1445:Niagara
1430:Ontario
1400:Alberta
670:cholera
620:October
347:Arrival
329:Pier 21
298:cholera
118:70°40′W
115:47°02′N
1526:France
1467:Quebec
1450:Ottawa
1262:online
1230:
1216:
1202:
1178:
828:30 May
769:carter
436:; and
302:typhus
267:Quebec
255:French
198:Quebec
185:Canada
162:Length
81:Quebec
1510:Yukon
1069:(PDF)
796:Notes
743:1997:
733:1993:
727:1974:
717:1956:
697:1932:
688:1909:
653:1862:
593:Agnes
581:Syria
561:April
549:March
532:work
306:Irish
170:Width
1250:2008
1228:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1080:2021
1034:2015
903:2021
830:2009
680:and
611:July
599:June
373:Ajax
364:Ajax
236:1974
154:Area
788:in
569:May
265:in
1599::
1340:.)
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
