Residual-current device

1090:

Connected equipment will not work without a neutral, but the RCD cannot protect people from contact with the energized wire. For this reason circuit breakers must be installed in a way that ensures that the neutral wire cannot be switched off unless the live wire is also switched off at the same time. Where there is a requirement for switching off the neutral wire, two-pole breakers (or four-pole for 3-phase) must be used. To provide some protection with an interrupted neutral, some RCDs and RCBOs are equipped with an auxiliary connection wire that must be connected to the earth busbar of the distribution board. This either enables the device to detect the missing neutral of the supply, causing the device to trip, or provides an alternative supply path for the tripping circuitry, enabling it to continue to function normally in the absence of the supply neutral.

359: 372: 1650:

requirement for supplementary bonding in those locations. Two RCDs may be used to cover the installation, with upstairs and downstairs lighting and power circuits spread across both RCDs. When one RCD trips, power is maintained to at least one lighting and power circuit. Other arrangements, such as the use of RCBOs, may be employed to meet the regulations. The new requirements for RCDs do not affect most existing installations unless they are rewired, the distribution board is changed, a new circuit is installed, or alterations are made such as additional socket outlets or new cables buried in walls.

1026: 1498: 516:

local building and safety departments. The code is An ungrounded GFI receptacle will trip using the built-in "test" button, but will not trip using a GFI test plug, because the plug tests by passing a small current from line to the non-existent ground. It is worth noting that despite this, only one GFCI receptacle at the beginning of each circuit is necessary to protect downstream receptacles. There does not appear to be a risk of using multiple GFI receptacles on the same circuit, though it is considered redundant.

396: 1188:, suffered from accidental trips mainly caused by poor or inconsistent insulation on the wiring. False trips were frequent when insulation problems were compounded by long circuit lengths. So much current leaked along the length of the conductors' insulation that the breaker might trip with the slightest increase of current imbalance. The migration to outlet-receptacle–based protection in North American installations reduced the accidental trips and provided obvious verification that wet areas were under 1059:) must be provided. Circuit breakers that combine the functions of an RCD with overcurrent protection respond to both types of fault. These are known as RCBOs and are available in 2-, 3- and 4-pole configurations. RCBOs will typically have separate circuits for detecting current imbalance and for overload current but use a common interrupting mechanism. Some RCBOs have separate levers for residual-current and over-current protection or use a separate indicator for ground faults. 575: 42: 893:'T' (time-delayed) RCDs have a short time delay. They are typically used at the origin of an installation for fire protection to discriminate with 'G' devices at the loads, and in circuits containing surge suppressors. They must not trip at one-half of rated current. They provide at least 130 milliseconds delay of tripping at rated current, 60 milliseconds at twice rated, and 50 milliseconds at five times rated. The maximum break time is 500 2589: 3168: 1685: 1206: 1094:

a single-pole RCD will not isolate or disconnect all relevant wires in certain uncommon situations, for example where the return conductor is not being held, as expected, at ground potential, or where current leakage occurs between the return and earth conductors. In these cases, a double-pole RCD will offer protection, since the return conductor would also be disconnected.

1152:, USA, who had estimated electrical shock hazards in humans. This system, with its associated circuit breaker, included overcurrent and short-circuit protection. In addition, the original prototype was able to trip at a lower sensitivity in the presence of an interrupted neutral, thus protecting against an important cause of electrical fire. 602:. Some early RCDs were entirely electromechanical and relied on finely balanced sprung over-centre mechanisms driven directly from the current transformer. As these are hard to manufacture to the required accuracy and prone to drift in sensitivity both from pivot wear and lubricant dry-out, the electronically-amplified type with a more robust 643: 358: 829:

provides a conducting path and connectors for the return (neutral) conductor but this path remains uninterrupted when a fault occurs (sometimes known as "solid neutral"), or that both conductors are disconnected for some faults (such as RCD detected leakage) but only one conductor is disconnected for other faults (such as overload).

1673:) and a second group of circuits is supplied via the RCD. This arrangement had the recognised problems that cumulative earth leakage currents from the normal operation of many items of equipment could cause spurious tripping of the RCD, and that tripping of the RCD would disconnect power from all the protected circuits. 663:

the RCD part, and the outgoing circuit cables must be led through a specially dimensioned terminal tunnel with the current transformer part around it. This can lead to incorrect failed trip results when testing with meter probes from the screw heads of the terminals, rather than from the final circuit wiring.

1660:

If spurious tripping would cause a greater problem than the risk of the electrical accident the RCD is supposed to prevent (examples might be a supply to a critical factory process, or to life support equipment), RCDs may be omitted, providing affected circuits are clearly labelled and the balance of

1616:

Taiwan requires circuits of receptacles in washrooms, balconies, and receptacles in kitchen no more than 1.8 metres from the sink the use of earth leakage circuit breakers. This requirement also apply to circuit of water heater in washrooms and circuits that involves devices in water, lights on metal

1518:

GFCIs are commonly available as an integral part of a socket or a circuit breaker installed in the distribution panelboard. GFCI sockets invariably have rectangular faces and accept so-called Decora face plates, and can be mixed with regular outlets or switches in a multi-gang box with standard cover

1514:

has required devices in certain locations to be protected by GFCIs since the 1960s. Beginning with underwater swimming pool lights (1968) successive editions of the code have expanded the areas where GFCIs are required to include: construction sites (1974), bathrooms and outdoor areas (1975), garages

1093:

Related to this, a single-pole RCD/RCBO interrupts the energized conductor only, while a double-pole device interrupts both the energized and return conductors. Usually this is a standard and safe practice, since the return conductor is held at ground potential anyway. However, because of its design,

695:

resulting from damage in branch circuit wiring as well as extensions to branches such as appliances and cord sets. By detecting arc faults and responding by interrupting power, AFCIs help reduce the likelihood of the home's electrical system being an ignition source of a fire. Dual function AFCI/GFCI

629:

This difference causes a current in the sense coil (6), which is picked up by the sense circuitry (7). The sense circuitry then removes power from the solenoid (5), and the contacts (4) are forced apart by a spring, cutting off the electricity supply to the appliance. A power failure will also remove

515:

In North America, GFI receptacles can be used in cases where there is no grounding conductor, but they must be labeled as "no equipment ground". This is referenced in the National Electric Code section 406 (D) 2, however codes change and someone should always consult a licensed professional and their

1066:

Whole installations on a single RCD, common in older installations in the UK, are prone to "nuisance" trips that can cause secondary safety problems with loss of lighting and defrosting of food. Frequently the trips are caused by deteriorating insulation on heater elements, such as water heaters and

1063:

neutral contacts in a light fitting; a device cannot differentiate between current flow through an intended load from flow through a person, though the RCD may still trip if the person is in contact with the ground (earth), as some current may still pass through the persons finger and body to earth.

950:

Type B RCDs, in addition to Type A, also respond to steady DC, and higher frequency current, or for combinations of alternating and direct current as may be found from single-phase or multi-phase rectifying circuits, like all the switching power supplies used at home, or for example washing machines

658:

As well as requiring both live and neutral inputs and outputs (or, full three-phase), many GFCI/RCBO devices require a functional earth (FE) connection. This serves to provide both EMC immunity and to reliably operate the device if the input-side neutral connection is lost but live and earth remain.

468:

only break the circuit when the total current is excessive (which may be thousands of times the leakage current an RCD responds to). A small leakage current, such as through a person, can be a very serious fault, but would probably not increase the total current enough for a fuse or overload circuit

1527:

sockets protected by a GFCI (integral with the socket or with the corresponding circuit breaker) in lieu of rewiring the entire circuit with a grounding conductor. In such cases the sockets must be labeled "no equipment ground" and "GFCI protected"; GFCI manufacturers typically provide tags for the

1488:

From January 2003, all new circuits originating at the switchboard supplying lighting or socket outlets (power points) in domestic buildings must have RCD protection. Residential facilities (such as boarding houses, hospitals, hotels and motels) will also require RCD protection for all new circuits

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Regulations differ widely from country to country. A single RCD installed for an entire electrical installation provides protection against shock hazards to all circuits, however, any fault may cut all power to the premises. A solution is to create groups of circuits, each with an RCD, or to use an

1130:

The cold cathode system was installed in a number of gold mines and worked reliably. However, Rubin began working on a completely novel system with greatly improved sensitivity, and by early 1956, he had produced a prototype second-harmonic magnetic amplifier-type core balance system (South African

1089:

In the case of RCDs that need a power supply, a dangerous condition can arise if the neutral wire is broken or switched off on the supply side of the RCD, while the corresponding live wire remains uninterrupted. The tripping circuit needs power to work and does not trip when the power supply fails.

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There are two groups of devices. 'G' (general use) 'instantaneous' RCDs have no intentional time delay. They must never trip at one-half of the nominal current rating, but must trip within 200 milliseconds for rated current, and within 40 milliseconds at five times rated current. 'S' (selective) or

812:

RCDs with three or more poles can be used on three-phase AC supplies (three current paths) or to disconnect the neutral conductor as well, with four-pole RCDs used to interrupt three-phase and neutral supplies. Specially designed RCDs can also be used with both AC and DC power distribution systems.

650:

Residual-current and over-current protection may be combined in one device for installation into the service panel; this device is known as a GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) breaker in the US and Canada, and as a RCBO (residual-current circuit breaker with over-current protection) in Europe

507:

with incorporated RCD are sometimes installed on appliances that might be considered to pose a particular safety hazard, for example long extension leads, which might be used outdoors, or garden equipment or hair dryers, which may be used near a bath or sink. Occasionally an in-line RCD may be used

1649:

requires that all socket outlets in most installations have RCD protection, though there are exemptions. Non armoured cables buried in walls must also be RCD protected (again with some specific exemptions). Provision of RCD protection for circuits present in bathrooms and shower rooms reduces the

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South Africa mandated the use of Earth Leakage Protection devices in residential environments (e.g. houses, flats, hotels, etc.) from October 1974, with regulations being refined in 1975 and 1976. Devices need to be installed in new premises and when repairs are carried out. Protection is required

768:

The difference between the modes of operation of the essentially two different types of RCD functionality is that the operation for power distribution purposes requires the internal latch to remain set within the RCD after any form of power disconnection caused by either the user turning the power

662:

For reasons of space, many devices, especially in DIN rail format, use flying leads rather than screw terminals, especially for the neutral input and FE connections. Additionally, because of the small form factor, the output cables of some models (Eaton/MEM) are used to form the primary winding of

343:

RCDs are testable and resettable devices—a test button safely creates a small leakage condition, and another button resets the conductors after a fault condition has been cleared. Some RCDs disconnect both the energized and return conductors upon a fault (double pole), while a single pole RCD only

1179:

In 1961, Dalziel, working with Rucker Manufacturing Co., developed a transistorized device for earth leakage protection which became known as a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI), sometimes colloquially shortened to Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI). This name for high-sensitivity earth leakage

1062:

An RCD helps to protect against electric shock when current flows through a person from a phase (live / line / hot) to earth. It cannot protect against electric shock when current flows through a person from phase to neutral or from phase to phase, for example where a finger touches both live and

1033:

RCDs can be tested with a built-in test button to confirm functionality on a regular basis. RCDs may not operate correctly if wired improperly, so they are generally tested by the installer. By introducing a controlled fault current from live to earth, the operating time and wiring can be tested.

764:

In the fourth situation, it would be deemed to be highly undesirable, and probably very unsafe, for a connected appliance to automatically resume operation after a power disconnection, without having the operator in attendance – as such, manual reactivation of the RCD is necessary.

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In the internal mechanism of an RCD, the incoming supply and the neutral conductors are connected to the terminals at (1), and the outgoing load conductors are connected to the terminals at (2). The earth conductor (not shown) is connected through from supply to load uninterrupted. When the reset

1664:

The previous edition of the regulations required use of RCDs for socket outlets that were liable to be used by outdoor appliances. Normal practice in domestic installations was to use a single RCD to cover all the circuits requiring RCD protection (typically sockets and showers) but to have some

828:

1+N and 1P+N – non-standard terms used in the context of RCBOs, at times used differently by different manufacturers. Typically these terms may signify that the return (neutral) conductor is an isolating pole only, without a protective element (an unprotected but switched neutral), that the RCBO

488:

in the installation; the trip will operate just as well if the return path is through plumbing or contact with the ground or anything else. Automatic disconnection and a measure of shock protection is therefore still provided even if the earth wiring of the installation is damaged or incomplete.

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mA protection was mandatory only in rooms where there is water, high power or sensitive equipment (bathrooms, kitchens, IT...). The type of RCD required (A, AC, F) depends upon the type of the equipment that will be connected and the maximum power of the socket outlet. Minimal distances between

625:

Any fault to earth (for example caused by a person touching a live component in the attached appliance) causes some of the current to take a different return path, which means that there is an imbalance (difference) in the current in the two conductors (single-phase case), or, more generally, a

1284:

Austria regulated residual current devices in the ÖVE E8001-1/A1:2013-11-01 norm (most recent revision). It has been required in private housing since 1980. The maximum activation time must not exceed 0.4 seconds. It needs to be installed on all circuits with power plugs with a maximum leakage

783:

ms. For the fourth situation, there is generally a greater choice of ratings available – generally all lower than the other forms, but lower values often result in more nuisance tripping. Sometimes users apply protection in addition to one of the other forms, when they wish to

633:

The test button (8) allows the correct operation of the device to be verified by passing a small current through the orange test wire (9). This simulates a fault by creating an imbalance in the sense coil. If the RCD does not trip when this button is pressed, then the device must be replaced.

1459:

models, or differential circuit breaker for the mode of operation) for all domestic installations to protect all the lines. The law was recently updated to mandate at least two separate RCDs for separate domestic circuits. Short-circuit and overload protection has been compulsory since 1968.

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RCDs are designed to disconnect the circuit if there is a leakage current. In their first implementation in the 1950s, power companies used them to prevent electricity theft where consumers grounded returning circuits rather than connecting them to neutral to inhibit electrical meters from

1102:

The world's first high-sensitivity earth leakage protection system (i.e. a system capable of protecting people from the hazards of direct contact between a live conductor and earth), was a second-harmonic magnetic amplifier core-balance system, known as the magamp, developed in

621:

which surrounds (but is not electrically connected to) the live and neutral conductors. In normal operation, all the current down the live conductor returns up the neutral conductor. The currents in the two conductors are therefore equal and opposite and cancel each other out.

1551:

mA are sometimes deployed in environments (such as computing centers) where a lower threshold would carry an unacceptable risk of accidental trips. These high-current RCDs serve for equipment and fire protection instead of protection against the risks of electrical shocks.

784:

override those with a lower rating. It may be wise to have a selection of type four RCDs available, because connections made under damp conditions or using lengthy power cables are more prone to trip-out when any of the lower ratings of RCD are used; ratings as low as 10

1312:

mA residual current device is required that protects all circuits in "wet rooms" (e.g. bathroom, kitchen) as well as circuits that power certain "wet" appliances (washing machine, tumble dryer, dishwasher). Electrical underfloor heating is required to be protected by a

1175:

in this application, but concluded that the early transistors then available were too unreliable. However, with the advent of improved transistors, the company that he worked for and other companies later produced transistorized versions of earth leakage protection.

1325:

Since NBR 5410 (1997) residual current devices and grounding are required for new construction or repair in wet areas, outdoor areas, interior outlets used for external appliances, or in areas where water is more probable like bathrooms and kitchens.

339:

or serious harm if it persists for more than a small fraction of a second. RCDs are designed to disconnect the conducting wires ("trip") quickly enough to potentially prevent serious injury to humans, and to prevent damage to electrical devices.

796:

The number of poles represents the number of conductors that are interrupted when a fault condition occurs. RCDs used on single-phase AC supplies (two current paths), such as domestic power, are usually one- or two-pole designs, also known as

1192:–required protection. European installations continue to use primarily RCDs installed at the distribution board, which provides protection in case of damage to fixed wiring. In Europe socket-based RCDs are primarily used for retrofitting. 1665:

circuits (typically lighting) not RCD protected. This was to avoid a potentially dangerous loss of lighting should the RCD trip. Protection arrangements for other circuits varied. To implement this arrangement it was common to install a

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A minimum of two RCDs is required per domestic installation. All socket outlets and lighting circuits are to be distributed over circuit RCDs. A maximum of three subcircuits only, may be connected to a single RCD. In Australia, the

1423:

b) For a place where the floor is likely to be wet or where the wall or enclosure is of low electrical resistance, protection against earth leakage current must be provided by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding

1515:(1978), areas near hot tubs or spas (1981), hotel bathrooms (1984), kitchen counter sockets (1987), crawl spaces and unfinished basements (1990), near wet bar sinks (1993), near laundry sinks (2005) and in laundry rooms (2014). 1163:

mA magamp earth leakage protection units were installed in the homes of the mining village during 1957 and 1958. F.W.J. Electrical Industries, which later changed its name to FW Electrical Industries, continued to manufacture

1501:

A Leviton GFCI "Decora" socket in a North American kitchen. Local electrical code requires tamper-resistant socket in homes, and requires a GFCI for socket within 1 metre of a sink. The T-slot indicates this device is rated

1267:

In Australia, residual current devices have been mandatory on power circuits since 1991 and on light circuits since 2000. In Queensland specifically, residual power devices have been compulsory for all new homes since 1992.

484:. If these do not sum to zero, there is a leakage of current to somewhere else (to earth/ground or to another circuit), and the device will open its contacts. Operation does not require a fault current to return through the 678:

mA (or greater) trip current time-delayed RCD is installed, covering the whole installation, and then more sensitive RCDs should be installed downstream of it for sockets and other circuits that are considered high-risk.

1046:

A residual-current circuit breaker cannot remove all risk of electric shock or fire. In particular, an RCD alone will not detect overload conditions, phase-to-neutral short circuits or phase-to-phase short circuits (see

364:

A two-pole, or double-pole, residual-current device. The test button and connect/disconnect switch are colored blue. A fault will trigger the switch to its off (down) position, which in this device would disconnect both

453:. They are an essential part of the automatic disconnection of supply (ADS), i.e. to switch off when a fault develops, rather than rely on human intervention, one of the essential tenets of modern electrical practice. 1489:

originating at the switchboard supplying socket outlets. These RCDs will normally be located at the switchboard. They will provide protection for all electrical wiring and appliances plugged into the new circuits.

1067:

cooker elements or rings. Although regarded as a nuisance, the fault is with the deteriorated element and not the RCD: replacement of the offending element will resolve the problem, but replacing the RCD will not.

805:. A single-pole RCD interrupts only the energized conductor, while a double-pole RCD interrupts both the energized and return conductors. (In a single-pole RCD, the return conductor is usually anticipated to be at 1431:

c) For an installation where hand-held equipment, apparatus or appliance is likely to be used, protection against earth leakage current must be provided by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding

1183:

In the early 1970s most North American GFCI devices were of the circuit breaker type. GFCIs built into the outlet receptacle became commonplace beginning in the 1980s. The circuit breaker type, installed into a

1338:

mA RCDs on all circuits that are rated for less than 20 A (circuits at greater rating are mostly used for distribution). RCDs became mandatory in 1975 for new buildings, and then for all buildings in 2008.

1468:

In the latest guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings (2008) handbook, the overall residential wiring need to be protected by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 100

1143:

mA. Very rapid tripping times were achieved through a novel design, and this combined with the high sensitivity was well within the safe current–time envelope for ventricular fibrillation determined by

2175: 1401: 1009:

The surge current refers to the peak current an RCD is designed to withstand using a test impulse of specified characteristics. The IEC 61008 and IEC 61009 standards require that RCDs withstand a 200

305:. This type of circuit interrupter cannot protect a person who touches both circuit conductors at the same time, since it then cannot distinguish normal current from that passing through a person. 590:

The diagram depicts the internal mechanism of a residual-current device (RCD). The device is designed to be wired in-line in an appliance power cord. It is rated to carry a maximal current of 13

512:, or wiring that does not contain a grounding conductor. The in-line RCD can also have a lower tripping threshold than the building to further improve safety for a specific electrical device. 1439:

d) For an installation other than the installation in (a), (b) and (c), protection against earth leakage current must be provided by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 100

928:

mA 'G' type for each final circuit. In this way, a failure of a device to detect the fault will eventually be cleared by a higher-level device, at the cost of interrupting more circuits.

433:). Section 210.8 of this installation Code is the primary reference for the installation requirements of the GFCI but other requirements can be found in Chapters 5, 6, and 7 of the NEC. 1600:

for power outlets and lighting, with the exception of emergency lighting that should not be interrupted. The standard device used in South Africa is indeed a hybrid of ELPD and RCCB.

508:

to serve a similar function to one in a plug. By putting the RCD in the extension lead, protection is provided at whatever outlet is used even if the building has old wiring, such as

1669:

incorporating an RCD in what is known as a split load configuration, where one group of circuit breakers is supplied direct from the main switch (or time delay RCD in the case of a

1510:

In North America socket-outlets located in places where an easy path to ground exists—such as wet areas and rooms with uncovered concrete floors—must be protected by a GFCI. The US

1001:

and notes that these designations have been introduced because some designs of type A and AC RCD can be disabled if a DC current is present that saturates the core of the detector.

772:

Situation two is mostly installed just as described above, but some wall socket RCDs are available to fit the fourth situation, often by operating a switch on the fascia panel.

252: 2065:(states that there is "2 pole switching of phase and neutral ", but then only identifies the energized conductor as being protected against "overloads and short circuits"). 425:, and has a trip threshold to ensure let-go can occur. The Let-go threshold was established through testing by C. F. Dalziel and published as part of an IEEE Paper titled " 1405:(VDE) 0100-410 Nr. 411.3.3). It is not allowed to use type "AC" RCDs since 1987, to be used to protect humans against electrical shocks. It must be Type "A" or type "B". 1115:, and Rubin, an engineer at the company C.J. Fuchs Electrical Industries of Alberton Johannesburg, initially developed a cold-cathode system in 1955 which operated at 525 968:

for composite residual currents, whether suddenly applied or slowly rising intended for circuit supplied between phase and neutral or phase and earthed middle conductor;

550:

However, an RCD and an MCB often come integrated in the same device, thus being able to detect both supply imbalance and overload current. Such a device is called an

2440: 761:

inside the unit housing the RCD that remains as set following any form of power outage, but has to be reset manually after the detection of an error condition.

1653:

RCDs used for shock protection must be of the 'immediate' operation type (not time-delayed) and must have a residual current sensitivity of no greater than 30

1416:

a) For a place of public entertainment, protection against earth leakage current must be provided by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 10

3113: 2179: 1038:

protected.) To avoid needless tripping, only one RCD should be installed on any single circuit (excluding corded RCDs, such as bathroom small appliances).

2101:

Earl W. Roberts, Overcurrents and Undercurrents – All about GFCIs: Electrical Safety Advances through Electronics, Mystic Publications, Mystic CT, 1996

386: 2214: 1223: 614:((4) and another, hidden behind (5)) close, allowing current to pass. The solenoid (5) keeps the contacts closed when the reset button is released. 583: 674:

may be high, meaning that a ground fault might not cause sufficient current to trip an ordinary circuit breaker or fuse. In this case a special 100

456:

To reduce the risk of electrocution, RCDs should operate within 25–40 milliseconds with any leakage currents (through a person) of greater than 30

1646: 245: 71: 547:

like a fuse or a miniature circuit breaker (MCB) does (except for the special case of a short circuit from live to ground, not live to neutral).

1476:

mA and all equipment in wet places (water heater, water pump) need to be protected by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 10

962:

Type A RCDs trip on alternating sinusoidal residual current and on residual pulsating direct current, suddenly applied or smoothly increasing.

2347: 1946: 1919: 1892: 543:

A pure RCD will detect imbalance in the currents of the supply and return conductors of a circuit. But it cannot protect against overload or

3171: 2413: 2092:

The Professional Engineer, Official Journal of the Federation of Societies of Professional Engineers of South Africa, pp 67, Vol 6(2) 1977

1617:

frames, public drinking fountains and so on. In principle, ELCBs should be installed on branch circuits, with trip current no more than 30

2402: 327:

is unbalanced between the supply and return conductors of the circuit. Any difference between the currents in these conductors indicates

3010: 1698: 1559:

requires both GFCIs for outlets and Equipment Leakage Circuit Interrupters (ELCI) for the entire boat. The difference is GFCIs trip on 5

135: 3118: 2588: 2433: 1963:"Second Peace Loan Campaign in Vic. - Mounted bugler, caged lion and kangaroo which paraded Melbourne streets during the Loan raising" 1830:"Construction eTool | Electrical Incidents - Ground-fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration" 1149: 598:

mA. This is an active RCD; that is, it latches electrically and therefore trips on power failure, a useful feature for equipment that

238: 66: 1854:

Accidents from the Electric Current: A Contribution to the Study of the Action of Current: of High Potential Upon the Human Organism.

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procedure must meet a set standard – this is the AS/NZS 3760:2010 in-service safety inspection and testing of electrical equipment.

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devices offer both electrical fire prevention and shock prevention in one device making them a solution for many rooms in the home.

1866: 2200: 729:

The first three of those situations relate largely to usage as part of a power-distribution system and are almost always of the

666:

Having one RCD feeding another is generally unnecessary, provided they have been wired properly. One exception is the case of a

2901: 2826: 2697: 1556: 912:

are available to allow co-ordinated installations to minimise outage. For example, a power distribution system might have a 300

709:

Major differences exist regarding the manner in which an RCD unit will act to disconnect the power to a circuit or appliance.

1227: 1071: 847:. Preferred values have been defined by the IEC, thus making it possible to divide RCDs into three groups according to their 769:

off, or after any power outage; such arrangements are particularly applicable for connections to refrigerators and freezers.

31: 816:

The following terms are sometimes used to describe the manner in which conductors are connected and disconnected by an RCD:

352:

for any reason, then a single-pole RCD will leave this conductor still connected to the circuit when it detects the fault.

3073: 3005: 2995: 2871: 2771: 2426: 1718: 1185: 1025: 688: 630:

power from the solenoid and cause the contacts to open, causing the safe trip-on-power-failure behaviour mentioned above.

317: 181: 176: 2926: 2886: 2463: 1708: 160: 626:

nonzero sum of currents from among various conductors (for example, three phase conductors and one neutral conductor).

301:

or current flowing to another powered conductor. The device's purpose is to reduce the severity of injury caused by an

3153: 3148: 2866: 2841: 2831: 2807: 2802: 2508: 2414:

Testing of electrical leads and residual current devices (RCDs) (Government of Western Australia Department of Health)

2110:

Edward L. Owen, Power System Grounding Part II: RCD & GFCI, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, July/August 1996

1472:

mA. Additionally, all power sockets need to be protected by a residual current device of sensitivity not exceeding 30

1155:

Following the accidental electrocution of a woman in a domestic accident at the Stilfontein gold mining village near

2374: 2327: 1497: 753:

of the power supply after any inadvertent form of power outage, as soon as the mains supply becomes re-established;

3202: 3192: 3068: 2786: 2756: 2533: 1048: 120: 1579:

In Norway, it has been required in all new homes since 2002, and on all new sockets since 2006. This applies to 32

3123: 2612: 2573: 1034:

Such a test may be performed on installation of the device and at any "downstream" outlet. (Upstream outlets are

524: 293:

when the current passing through a conductor is not equal and opposite in both directions, therefore indicating

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Type A RCDs, in addition to Type AC, also respond to pulsating or continuous direct current of either polarity.

461: 186: 104: 99: 2083:

Charles F. Dalziel, Transistorized ground-fault interrupter reduces shock hazard, IEEE Spectrum, January 1970

1506:

A and can take either a NEMA 5-15 or a NEMA 5-20 plug, though the latter type is rare on household appliances.

3027: 3017: 1216: 477: 2062: 2958: 2821: 2604: 2493: 1911:

Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

1296:

Additional requirements are placed on circuits in wet areas, construction sites and commercial buildings.

309: 2153: 995:

for residual smooth direct currents whether suddenly applied or slowly increased independent of polarity.

716:

At the consumer power distribution level, usually in conjunction with an RCBO resettable circuit breaker;

445:

The most common modern application is as a safety device to detect small leakage currents (typically 5–30

3093: 2861: 2856: 2836: 1988: 1723: 429:" The GFCI listed device is a requirement in many applications as part of the National Electrical Code ( 294: 1013:

A "ring wave" impulse. The standards also require RCDs classified as "selective" to withstand a 3000

725:

Built into the cord of a portable appliance, such as those intended to be used in outdoor or wet areas.

464:, the most common cause of death through electric shock. By contrast, conventional circuit breakers or 1123:

mA. Prior to this, core balance earth leakage protection systems operated at sensitivities of about 10

959:

Type AC RCDs trip on alternating sinusoidal residual current, suddenly applied or smoothly increasing.

2687: 2449: 2119:

Forging ahead: South Africa’s Pioneering Engineers, G R Bozzoli, Witwatersrand University Press, 1997

671: 611: 509: 422: 298: 955:

The BEAMA RCD Handbook - Guide to the Selection and Application of RCDs summarises this as follows:

3058: 2891: 2791: 2766: 2719: 2528: 2518: 2483: 496:, all three live conductors and the neutral (if fitted) must pass through the current transformer. 473: 2362: 2932: 2543: 1976: 1670: 1356: 1347:

According to the NF C 15-100 regulation (1911 -> 2002), a general RCD not exceeding 100 to 300

1108: 532: 290: 211: 140: 130: 17: 2129: 426: 323:

These devices are designed to quickly interrupt the protected circuit when it detects that the

3083: 2963: 2568: 2407: 2343: 2240: 1942: 1936: 1915: 1888: 1882: 1703: 1351:

mA at the origin of the installation is mandatory. Moreover, all circuits must also include 30

1052: 599: 582: 574: 493: 465: 201: 52: 41: 2303: 316:. An earth leakage circuit breaker may be an RCD, although an older type of voltage-operated 3032: 2973: 2677: 2672: 2649: 2558: 2498: 1966: 1713: 1360: 940:) defines three types of RCD depending on the waveforms and frequency of the fault current. 806: 504: 349: 345: 324: 226: 2281: 1571:

ms. The greater values are intended to provide protection while minimizing nuisance trips.

1131:

Patent No. 2268/56 and Australian Patent No. 218360). The prototype magamp was rated at 220

3063: 3022: 3000: 2881: 2851: 2816: 2776: 2578: 2001: 1145: 1056: 667: 652: 472:

RCDs operate by measuring the current balance between two conductors using a differential

328: 191: 80: 2375:"What is an RCD and How Does it Work? - The RCD and the UK Electrical Wiring Regulations" 2050: 1388:. Since June 2007 Germany requires the use of RCDs with a trip current of no more than 30 1539:

ms. A GFCI device which protects equipment (not people) is allowed to trip as high as 30

1367:(electric panels of 1 to 4 DIN rails are the norm for residential). Before 1991, this 30 737:

variety, whereas the fourth relates solely to specific appliances and are always of the

3088: 3078: 2876: 2488: 1750: 1524: 1520: 1273: 449:

mA) and disconnecting quickly enough (<30 milliseconds) to prevent device damage or

336: 302: 150: 145: 992:

for residual pulsating rectified direct current which results from two or more phases;

825:

Double-pole or two-pole – the RCD will disconnect both the energized and return wires.

3186: 3108: 2896: 2781: 2761: 2692: 2682: 2639: 2523: 2478: 1980: 1762: 1690: 1666: 544: 528: 450: 216: 1971: 1962: 1608:

According to the NIBT regulation, the use of RCD type AC is forbidden (since 2010).

3128: 3103: 2968: 2937: 2751: 2553: 2014: 1871:, Scientific Journal of Control Engineering, Dec 2013, Vol. 3, Issue 6, p. 417–422. 1308:

mA residual current device that protects all circuits. Furthermore, at least one 30

1156: 1104: 481: 196: 155: 1909: 1868:

Effects of the Earth Current Frequency and Distortion on Residual Current Devices

1661:

risks considered; this may include the provision of alternative safety measures.

1637:

mA in all new homes since 2004. This rule was introduced in RG-16/06/2004-25494.

2953: 2921: 2714: 2702: 2622: 2548: 2538: 2468: 1205: 802: 798: 35: 2397: 2257: 989:

for residual pulsating direct currents superimposed on a smooth direct current;

691:(AFCI) are important as they offer added protection from potentially hazardous 2916: 2911: 2724: 2707: 2563: 1680: 1172: 618: 485: 125: 30:"GFCI" and "Trip switch" redirect here. For the financial center ranking, see 1583:

A sockets and below. The RCD must trigger after a maximum 0.4 seconds for 230

971:

for residual pulsating direct currents superimposed on smooth direct current.

722:

Plugged into a wall socket, which may be part of a power-extension cable; and

2632: 2627: 2513: 2473: 2130:"What is an RCBO and how does it work? Residual Current Overload Protection" 1684: 1112: 1074:, for example when a ground fault occurs on a circuit protected by a 30 mA I 840:

RCD sensitivity is expressed as the rated residual operating current, noted

692: 638:

RCD with additional overcurrent protection circuitry (RCBO or GFCI breaker)

344:

disconnects the energized conductor. If the fault has left the return wire "

94: 1455:

mA residual current (informally called "salvavita"—life saver, after early

986:

for residual alternating currents superimposed on a smooth direct current;

822:

Single-pole or one-pole – the RCD will disconnect the energized wire only.

712:

There are four situations in which different types of RCD units are used:

335:(0.020 amperes) through the human body is potentially sufficient to cause 2746: 1381: 1364: 603: 520: 331:, which presents a shock hazard. Alternating 60 Hz current above 20 2063:

http://docs-asia.electrocomponents.com/webdocs/01e3/0900766b801e3b4d.pdf

2667: 2657: 2418: 1456: 1451:

The Italian law (n. 46 March 1990) prescribes RCDs with no more than 30

1372:

electrical devices and water or the floor are described and mandatory.

1230: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 89: 2403:

Test of RCCB as per IEC 61008/61009 (Residual Current Device Testing)

1171:

At the time that he worked on the magamp, Rubin also considered using

527:; much like in miniature circuit breakers, the busbar arrangements in 2662: 1809:

Using an RCBO for each circuit can be much more expensive as of 2020.

1766: 1754: 1385: 1304:

Belgian domestic installations are required to be equipped with a 300

938:

General requirements for residual current operated protective devices

332: 221: 1139:

A and had an internally adjustable tripping sensitivity of 12.5–17.5

775:

RCDs for the first and third situation are most commonly rated at 30

642: 476:. This measures the difference between current flowing through the 469:

breaker to isolate the circuit, and not fast enough to save a life.

2074:

BEAMA RCD Handbook - Guide to the Selection and Application of RCDs

976:

Type B RCDs trip in the same conditions as Type F and in addition:

965:

Type F RCDs trip in the same conditions as Type A and in addition:

1496: 1024: 909: 641: 581: 573: 40: 2154:

SAA Wiring Rules AS/NZS 3000:2007, Including Amendments 1 & 2

920:

ms device at the service entry of a building, feeding several 100

655:. In the US, GFCI breakers are more expensive than GFCI outlets. 651:

and Australia. They are effectively a combination of a RCD and a

2617: 1935:

Bill Atkinson; Roger Lovegrove; Gary Gundry (26 November 2012).

1758: 2422: 1413:

According to Regulation 36 of the Electricity Regulations 1990

1531:

GFCIs approved for protection against electric shock trip at 5

1402:

Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und Informationstechnik

1397: 1199: 1519:

plates. In both Canada and the US older two-wire, ungrounded

2051:

Explanation on voltimum.com.au, by specialist Ian Richardson

1111:. Electrical hazards were of great concern in South African 1086:

are available to provide selectivity in such installations.

556:

residual-current circuit breaker with overcurrent protection

2215:"GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRICAL WIRING IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS" 1380:

Since 1 May 1984, RCDs are mandatory for all rooms with a

687:

In addition to ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs),

2398:

GFCIs Fact Sheet (US Consumer Product Safety Commission)

2235:

by Ministry of Consumer Affairs’ Energy Safety Service (

430: 2304:"Microsoft Word - ELCI White Paper September 1 2010.DOC" 1629:

Turkey requires the use of RCDs with no more than 30

979:

for residual sinusoidal alternating currents up to 1

594:

A and is designed to trip on a leakage current of 30

312:

integrated in the same device, it is referred to as

289:) is an electrical safety device that interrupts an 3137: 3047: 2984: 2946: 2800: 2737: 2648: 2603: 2596: 2456: 460:mA, before electric shock can drive the heart into 377:Log–log graph of the effect of alternating current 1881:Ken Oldham Smith; John M. Madden (15 April 2008). 862:mA (for direct-contact or life injury protection), 683:RCD with additional arc fault protection circuitry 1621:mA within 0.1 second according to Taiwanese law. 944:Type AC RCDs trip on sinusoidal residual current. 27:Electrical safety device used in household wiring 2328:The Importance of Installing Earth Leakage Units 1180:protection is still in common use in the U.S.A. 1083: 600:could be dangerous on unexpected re-energisation 2364:, Procedure of Electrical Installation Projects 1017:A impulse surge current of specified waveform. 865:medium sensitivity (MS): 100 – 300 – 500 – 1000 1168:mA single phase and three phase magamp units. 45:Typical GFCI receptacle found in North America 2434: 809:at all times and therefore safe on its own). 535:provides protection for anything downstream. 385:passing from left hand to feet as defined in 246: 8: 884:mA sensitivity is typical for GFCI outlets. 1908:Joachim H. Nagel; William M. Smith (1991). 2600: 2441: 2427: 2419: 646:Opened three-phase residual-current device 253: 239: 48: 2410:- Explanation of nuisance tripping causes 1970: 1246:Learn how and when to remove this message 403:2: Current transformer secondary winding 1941:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 114–. 1887:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 186–. 1865:Weineng Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, Xiao Peng, 1547:. RCDs with trip currents as high as 500 932:Type (types of leakage current detected) 876:A (typically for protection of machine). 2263:. US Consumer Product Safety Commission 1821: 1735: 1119:V and had a tripping sensitivity of 250 417:Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter (GFCI) 401:1: Electromagnet with help electronics 354: 168: 112: 79: 58: 51: 1997: 1986: 1563:mA of current whereas ELCIs trip on 30 1528:appropriate installation description. 1317:mA RCD. These RCDs must be of type A. 606:part as illustrated are now dominant. 81:Regulation of electrical installations 1794:leakage current detection interrupter 1786:appliance leakage current interrupter 924:mA 'S' type at each sub-board, and 30 442:registering their power consumption. 7: 2302:Gropper; Criner (1 September 2010). 2284:. Independent Electrical Contractors 1289:mA and a maximum rated current of 16 1228:adding citations to reliable sources 858:high sensitivity (HS): 5** – 10 – 30 792:Number of poles and pole terminology 705:Differences in disconnection actions 519:In Europe, RCDs can fit on the same 95:IEC 60364 IEC international standard 59:Wiring practice by region or country 2201:"NF C 15-100 evolution (in French)" 1856:Damrell & Upham, 1890, page 13 1699:Domestic AC power plugs and sockets 1543:mA of current; this is known as an 1359:, with each RCD protecting up to 8 136:Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable 105:U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC) 3119:Renewable energy commercialization 2176:"Quando o uso do DR é obrigatório" 1645:The current (18th) edition of the 1587:V circuits, or 0.2 seconds for 400 1259:RCBO for each individual circuit. 1150:University of California, Berkeley 100:Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code) 25: 2342:. SABS Standards Division. 2009. 1647:IEE Electrical Wiring Regulations 1545:Equipment Protective Device (EPD) 872:low sensitivity (LS): 3 – 10 – 30 578:An example of a rail-mounted RCBO 558:, in Europe and Australia, and a 308:If the RCD device has additional 3167: 3166: 2587: 1770:ground fault circuit interrupter 1683: 1204: 619:differential current transformer 564:ground fault circuit interrupter 394: 370: 357: 283:ground fault circuit interrupter 275:residual-current circuit breaker 169:Switching and protection devices 18:Ground fault circuit interrupter 1972:10.47688/rba_archives_pn-001832 1938:Electrical Installation Designs 1557:American Boat and Yacht Council 1215:needs additional citations for 480:and that returning through the 2232:Residual current devices - ACC 1396:A which are for general use. ( 951:etc., equipped with DC motors. 700:Common features and variations 689:arc-fault circuit interrupters 32:Global Financial Centres Index 1: 3114:Renewable Energy Certificates 3074:Cost of electricity by source 2996:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 2872:High-voltage shore connection 1884:Electrical Safety and the Law 1719:Arc-fault circuit interrupter 1523:sockets may be replaced with 1355:mA protections in the user's 1082:RCD either or both may trip. 1078:RCD in series with a 300 mA I 421:The GFCI device is listed to 318:earth leakage circuit breaker 90:BS 7671 UK wiring regulations 3129:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread 2927:Transmission system operator 2887:Mains electricity by country 2464:Automatic generation control 1709:Insulation monitoring device 1392:mA on sockets rated up to 32 1051:). Over-current protection ( 1021:Testing of correct operation 586:Internal mechanism of an RCD 161:Thermoplastic-sheathed cable 3154:List of electricity sectors 3149:Electric energy consumption 2867:High-voltage direct current 2842:Electric power transmission 2832:Electric power distribution 2509:Energy return on investment 888:Break time (response speed) 610:button (3) is pressed, the 427:Let-Go Currents and Voltage 3219: 3069:Carbon offsets and credits 2787:Three-phase electric power 1084:Special time-delayed types 1049:three-phase electric power 901:ms at twice rated, and 150 525:miniature circuit breakers 313: 121:AC power plugs and sockets 29: 3162: 3124:Renewable Energy Payments 2613:Fossil fuel power station 2585: 2165:ÖVE E8001-1/A1:2013-11-01 2015:Jordfelsbrytare (Swedish) 1555:In the United States the 1159:, a few hundred F.W.J. 20 908:Programmable earth fault 869:mA (for fire protection), 719:Built into a wall socket; 566:, in the USA and Canada. 348:" or not at its expected 146:Steel wire armoured cable 2907:Single-wire earth return 2847:Electrical busbar system 2504:Energy demand management 1778:ground fault interrupter 1512:National Electrical Code 1098:History and nomenclature 1005:Surge current resistance 905:ms at five times rated. 897:ms at rated current, 200 749:means prevention of any 617:The sense coil (6) is a 462:ventricular fibrillation 187:Electrical busbar system 53:Electrical installations 3038:Residual-current device 3028:Power system protection 3018:Generator interlock kit 2027:"RCBOs | RS Components" 1196:Regulation and adoption 267:residual-current device 207:Residual-current device 113:Cabling and accessories 72:United Kingdom practice 67:North American practice 2822:Distributed generation 2494:Electric power quality 1996:Cite journal requires 1507: 1363:, usually on the same 1030: 647: 587: 579: 310:overcurrent protection 46: 3094:Fossil fuel phase-out 2862:Electricity retailing 2857:Electrical substation 2837:Electric power system 2377:. Consumer Unit World 1852:Philip Coombs Knapp, 1724:Isolation transformer 1500: 1028: 645: 585: 577: 492:For an RCD used with 437:Purpose and operation 411:N: Neutral conductor 44: 2450:Electricity delivery 2408:Why RCD is tripping? 2156:, SAI Global Limited 1224:improve this article 936:IEC Standard 60755 ( 672:earth loop impedance 407:4: Test push-button 405:3: Transformer core 320:(ELCB) also exists. 34:. For the song, see 3059:Availability factor 3011:Sulfur hexafluoride 2892:Overhead power line 2792:Virtual power plant 2767:Induction generator 2720:Sustainable biofuel 2529:Home energy storage 2519:Grid energy storage 2484:Droop speed control 2309:. Paneltronics, Inc 1334:Denmark requires 30 533:distribution boards 474:current transformer 2933:Transmission tower 2544:Nameplate capacity 2282:"2014 NEC Changes" 2258:"GFCIs Fact Sheet" 1567:mA after up to 100 1508: 1357:distribution board 1186:distribution panel 1031: 788:mA are available. 668:TT earthing system 648: 588: 580: 409:L: Line conductor 291:electrical circuit 212:Distribution board 141:Multiway switching 131:Electrical conduit 47: 3203:Electrical safety 3193:Electrical wiring 3180: 3179: 3084:Environmental tax 2964:Cascading failure 2733: 2732: 2569:Utility frequency 2349:978-0-626-23226-9 1948:978-1-118-47776-2 1921:978-0-7803-0216-7 1894:978-0-470-77746-6 1704:Electrical injury 1256: 1255: 1248: 494:three-phase power 482:neutral conductor 263: 262: 222:Electrical switch 16:(Redirected from 3210: 3170: 3169: 3079:Energy subsidies 3033:Protective relay 2974:Rolling blackout 2601: 2591: 2559:Power-flow study 2499:Electrical fault 2443: 2436: 2429: 2420: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2371: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2336: 2330: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2239:, December 2002 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2178:. Archived from 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2134:www.fusebox.shop 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2031:sg.rs-online.com 2023: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1984: 1974: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1878: 1872: 1863: 1857: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1826: 1810: 1807: 1801: 1749:are used in the 1740: 1714:Protective relay 1693: 1688: 1687: 1656: 1636: 1632: 1620: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1550: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1505: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1454: 1442: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1395: 1391: 1370: 1361:circuit breakers 1354: 1350: 1337: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1292: 1288: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1208: 1200: 1167: 1162: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1057:circuit breakers 1016: 1012: 982: 927: 923: 919: 915: 904: 900: 896: 883: 875: 868: 861: 807:ground potential 787: 782: 778: 677: 597: 593: 505:Electrical plugs 459: 448: 398: 374: 361: 350:ground potential 325:electric current 255: 248: 241: 227:Earthing systems 192:Circuit breakers 49: 21: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3198:Safety switches 3183: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3158: 3142: 3140: 3133: 3064:Capacity factor 3052: 3050: 3043: 3023:Numerical relay 3001:Circuit breaker 2989: 2987: 2980: 2942: 2882:Load management 2852:Electrical grid 2817:Demand response 2810: 2805: 2796: 2777:Microgeneration 2729: 2644: 2592: 2583: 2579:Vehicle-to-grid 2452: 2447: 2394: 2389: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2322: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2138: 2136: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2013: 2009: 1995: 1985: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1949: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1922: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1864: 1860: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1689: 1682: 1679: 1654: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1618: 1614: 1606: 1597: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1503: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1452: 1449: 1440: 1433: 1425: 1417: 1411: 1393: 1389: 1378: 1368: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1335: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1265: 1252: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1221: 1209: 1198: 1190:electrical-code 1165: 1160: 1146:Charles Dalziel 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1100: 1081: 1077: 1044: 1023: 1014: 1010: 1007: 980: 934: 925: 921: 917: 913: 902: 898: 894: 890: 881: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 794: 785: 780: 776: 707: 702: 685: 675: 640: 595: 591: 572: 541: 502: 457: 446: 439: 412: 410: 408: 406: 404: 402: 399: 390: 375: 366: 362: 329:leakage current 295:leakage current 259: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3216: 3214: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3185: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3143: 3139:Statistics and 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3089:Feed-in tariff 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3013: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877:Interconnector 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2827:Dynamic demand 2824: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2757:Combined cycle 2754: 2749: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2609: 2607: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2534:Load-following 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2489:Electric power 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2392:External links 2390: 2388: 2387: 2366: 2355: 2348: 2331: 2320: 2294: 2273: 2249: 2223: 2206: 2192: 2167: 2158: 2146: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2055: 2043: 2018: 2007: 1998:|journal= 1965:. 2021-03-08. 1954: 1947: 1927: 1920: 1900: 1893: 1873: 1858: 1845: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1802: 1751:United Kingdom 1734: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1678: 1675: 1642: 1641:United Kingdom 1639: 1626: 1623: 1613: 1610: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1576: 1573: 1494: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1465: 1462: 1448: 1445: 1410: 1407: 1377: 1374: 1344: 1341: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1319: 1301: 1298: 1281: 1278: 1264: 1261: 1254: 1253: 1212: 1210: 1203: 1197: 1194: 1099: 1096: 1079: 1075: 1043: 1040: 1022: 1019: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 974: 973: 972: 969: 963: 960: 953: 952: 948: 945: 933: 930: 889: 886: 878: 877: 870: 863: 850: 843: 837: 834: 833: 832: 831: 830: 826: 823: 793: 790: 727: 726: 723: 720: 717: 706: 703: 701: 698: 684: 681: 639: 636: 571: 570:Typical design 568: 540: 537: 529:consumer units 501: 498: 478:live conductor 438: 435: 414: 413: 400: 393: 391: 376: 369: 367: 363: 356: 337:cardiac arrest 303:electric shock 261: 260: 258: 257: 250: 243: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 171: 170: 166: 165: 164: 163: 158: 153: 151:Ring main unit 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 115: 114: 110: 109: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 84: 83: 77: 76: 75: 74: 69: 61: 60: 56: 55: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3215: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3173: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3109:Pigouvian tax 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3006:Earth-leakage 3004: 3003: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947:Failure modes 2945: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2897:Power station 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2782:Rankine cycle 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2762:Cooling tower 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2605:Non-renewable 2602: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524:Grid strength 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479:Demand factor 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2376: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2324: 2321: 2305: 2298: 2295: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2245:0-478-26322-8 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2193: 2182:on 2014-08-08 2181: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2044: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2008: 2003: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1846: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1763:United States 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1729: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1691:Energy portal 1686: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1667:consumer unit 1662: 1658: 1651: 1648: 1640: 1638: 1624: 1622: 1611: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1574: 1572: 1558: 1553: 1546: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1499: 1493:North America 1492: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1446: 1444: 1437: 1429: 1421: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1387: 1383: 1375: 1373: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1342: 1340: 1329: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1285:current of 30 1279: 1277: 1275: 1269: 1262: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1239: 1236:February 2012 1229: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1213:This section 1211: 1207: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1128: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1073: 1070:RCDs are not 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1004: 1002: 994: 991: 988: 985: 978: 977: 975: 970: 967: 966: 964: 961: 958: 957: 956: 949: 946: 943: 942: 941: 939: 931: 929: 911: 906: 887: 885: 871: 864: 857: 856: 855: 853: 846: 835: 827: 824: 821: 820: 819: 818: 817: 814: 810: 808: 804: 800: 791: 789: 773: 770: 766: 762: 760: 757:relates to a 756: 752: 751:re-activation 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 724: 721: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 704: 699: 697: 694: 690: 682: 680: 673: 669: 664: 660: 656: 654: 644: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 620: 615: 613: 607: 605: 601: 584: 576: 569: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 545:short circuit 538: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 517: 513: 511: 510:knob and tube 506: 499: 497: 495: 490: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 467: 463: 454: 452: 451:electrocution 443: 436: 434: 432: 428: 424: 419: 418: 397: 392: 388: 384: 380: 373: 368: 360: 355: 353: 351: 347: 341: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 256: 251: 249: 244: 242: 237: 236: 234: 233: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 217:Consumer unit 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 174: 173: 172: 167: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 86: 85: 82: 78: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 63: 62: 57: 54: 50: 43: 37: 33: 19: 3104:Net metering 3051:and policies 3037: 2969:Power outage 2938:Utility pole 2902:Pumped hydro 2808:distribution 2803:Transmission 2752:Cogeneration 2554:Power factor 2379:. 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Retrieved 1834:www.osha.gov 1833: 1824: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1663: 1659: 1652: 1644: 1628: 1615: 1607: 1598: 1595:South Africa 1591:V circuits. 1578: 1554: 1544: 1535:mA within 25 1530: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1487: 1467: 1450: 1438: 1430: 1422: 1415: 1412: 1400: 1379: 1346: 1333: 1324: 1303: 1295: 1283: 1270: 1266: 1257: 1242: 1233: 1222:Please help 1217:verification 1214: 1182: 1178: 1170: 1157:Johannesburg 1154: 1129: 1105:South Africa 1101: 1092: 1088: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1045: 1035: 1032: 1008: 1000: 954: 937: 935: 907: 891: 879: 848: 841: 839: 815: 811: 795: 774: 771: 767: 763: 758: 754: 750: 746: 743:non-latching 742: 738: 734: 730: 728: 711: 708: 686: 670:, where the 665: 661: 657: 649: 632: 628: 624: 616: 608: 589: 563: 560:GFCI breaker 559: 555: 551: 549: 542: 518: 514: 503: 491: 471: 455: 444: 440: 420: 416: 415: 382: 381:of duration 378: 342: 322: 307: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 264: 206: 197:Disconnector 156:Ring circuit 3099:Load factor 2954:Black start 2922:Transformer 2623:Natural gas 2574:Variability 2549:Peak demand 2539:Merit order 2469:Backfeeding 2237:ACC Website 1800:) are used. 1604:Switzerland 1484:New Zealand 1274:RCD testing 1173:transistors 1109:Henri Rubin 1042:Limitations 1029:Test button 836:Sensitivity 803:double-pole 500:Application 365:conductors. 36:Trip Switch 3187:Categories 3141:production 2986:Protective 2917:Super grid 2912:Smart grid 2739:Generation 2673:Geothermal 2564:Repowering 2381:2017-12-23 2288:2016-07-04 2267:2009-06-28 2186:2014-07-23 1839:2019-04-05 1817:References 1633:mA and 300 1113:gold mines 745:variety. 693:arc faults 486:earth wire 126:Cable tray 3049:Economics 2772:Micro CHP 2650:Renewable 2633:Petroleum 2628:Oil shale 2514:Grid code 2474:Base load 2139:2 January 1981:241748775 1761:. In the 1263:Australia 1072:selective 779:mA and 40 3172:Category 2959:Brownout 2747:AC power 2457:Concepts 2313:16 March 1914:. 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