Ground source heat pump - Knowledge (XXG)

380:, is dug and U-shaped or slinky coils are spread out inside the same trench. Shallow 3–8-foot (0.91–2.44 m) horizontal heat exchangers experience seasonal temperature cycles due to solar gains and transmission losses to ambient air at ground level. These temperature cycles lag behind the seasons because of thermal inertia, so the heat exchanger will harvest heat deposited by the sun several months earlier, while being weighed down in late winter and spring, due to accumulated winter cold. Systems in wet ground or in water are generally more efficient than drier ground loops since water conducts and stores heat better than solids in sand or soil. If the ground is naturally dry, soaker hoses may be buried with the ground loop to keep it wet. 577:. Standard ARI 330 ratings were intended for closed-loop ground-source heat pumps, and assume secondary loop water temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) for air conditioning and 0 °C (32 °F) for heating. These temperatures are typical of installations in the northern US. Standard ARI 325 ratings were intended for open-loop ground-source heat pumps, and include two sets of ratings for groundwater temperatures of 10 °C (50 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F). ARI 325 budgets more electricity for water pumping than ARI 330. Neither of these standards attempts to account for seasonal variations. Standard ARI 870 ratings are intended for direct exchange ground-source heat pumps. 2958: 594:(~ 0.1 m) and the associated time is on the order of 1 hr, during which the effect of the heat capacity of the backfilling material is significant. The second important space dimension is the half distance between two adjacent boreholes, which is on the order of several meters. The corresponding time is on the order of a month, during which the thermal interaction between adjacent boreholes is important. The largest space scale can be tens of meters or more, such as the half-length of a borehole and the horizontal scale of a GHE cluster. The time scale involved is as long as the lifetime of a GHE (decades). 1156:, Germany which seems the cause of considerable damage to historical buildings there. In 2008, the city centre was reported to have risen 12 cm, after initially sinking a few millimeters. The boring tapped a naturally pressurized aquifer, and via the borehole this water entered a layer of anhydrite, which expands when wet as it forms gypsum. The swelling will stop when the anhydrite is fully reacted, and reconstruction of the city center "is not expedient until the uplift ceases". By 2010 sealing of the borehole had not been accomplished. By 2010, some sections of town had risen by 30 cm. 1322:

for 25 to 50 years and are expected to last at least 50 to 200 years. Ground-source heat pumps use electricity for heating the house. The higher investment above conventional oil, propane or electric systems may be returned in energy savings in 2–10 years for residential systems in the US. The payback period for larger commercial systems in the US is 1–5 years, even when compared to natural gas. Additionally, because geothermal heat pumps usually have no outdoor compressors or cooling towers, the risk of vandalism is reduced or eliminated, potentially extending a system's lifespan.

1216:, particularly for open-loop systems, so they are more cost-effective for larger commercial buildings and harsher climates. The initial cost can be two to five times that of a conventional heating system in most residential applications, new construction or existing. In retrofits, the cost of installation is affected by the size of the living area, the home's age, insulation characteristics, the geology of the area, and the location of the property. Proper duct system design and mechanical air exchange should be considered in the initial system cost. 389: 1318:

plants have larger loads during summer months and idle capacity in the winter, this increases electrical sales during the winter months. Heat pumps also lower the load peak during the summer due to the increased efficiency of heat pumps, thereby avoiding the costly construction of new power plants. For the same reasons, other utility companies have started to pay for the installation of ground-source heat pumps at customer residences. They lease the systems to their customers for a monthly fee, at a net overall saving to the customer.

422:(mini-HDD). This technique can lay piping under yards, driveways, gardens or other structures without disturbing them, with a cost between those of trenching and vertical drilling. This system also differs from horizontal & vertical drilling as the loops are installed from one central chamber, further reducing the ground space needed. Radial drilling is often installed retroactively (after the property has been built) due to the small nature of the equipment used and the ability to bore beneath existing constructions. 314:. These heat pumps are also preferred for pool heating. Heat pumps typically only heat water to about 55 °C (131 °F) efficiently, whereas boilers typically operate at 65–95 °C (149–203 °F) . The size of radiators designed for the higher temperatures achieved by boilers may be too small for use with heat pumps, requiring replacement with larger radiators when retrofitting a home from boiler to heat pump. When used for cooling, the temperature of the circulating water must normally be kept above the 328:) output forced air, and are most commonly used to replace legacy forced air furnaces and central air conditioning systems. There are variations that allow for split systems, high-velocity systems, and ductless systems. Heat pumps cannot achieve as high a fluid temperature as a conventional furnace, so they require a higher volume flow rate of air to compensate. When retrofitting a residence, the existing ductwork may have to be enlarged to reduce the noise from the higher air flow. 1121:

electricity infrastructure, a residential heat pump may save 5 tons of carbon dioxide per year relative to an oil furnace, or about as much as taking an average passenger car off the road. But in cities like Beijing or Pittsburgh that are highly reliant on coal for electricity production, a heat pump may result in 1 or 2 tons more carbon dioxide emissions than a natural gas furnace. For areas not served by utility natural gas infrastructure, however, no better alternative exists.

749: 35: 1170: 4624: 4858: 1349: 457: 510:), Geothermal Exchange Organization (GEO), Canadian GeoExchange Coalition and Ground Source Heat Pump Association maintain listings of qualified installers in the US, Canada and the UK. Furthermore, detailed analysis of soil thermal conductivity for horizontal systems and formation thermal conductivity for vertical systems will generally result in more accurately designed systems with a higher efficiency. 4883: 4873: 1377: 1363: 337: 1081: 1329:), despite reductions in thermal efficiency due to ground temperature. (The ground source is warmer in climates that need strong air conditioning, and cooler in climates that need strong heating.) The financial viability of these systems depends on the adequate sizing of ground heat exchangers (GHEs), which generally contribute the most to the overall capital costs of GSHP systems. 78:(CoP) which is typically in the range 3 – 6, meaning that the devices provide 3 – 6 units of heat for each unit of electricity used. Setup costs are higher than for other heating systems, due to the requirement to install ground loops over large areas or to drill bore holes, and for this reason, ground source is often suitable when new blocks of flats are built. Otherwise 536:(COP). The conversion factor is 3.41 BTU/hr/watt. Since a heat pump moves three to five times more heat energy than the electric energy it consumes, the total energy output is much greater than the electrical input. This results in net thermal efficiencies greater than 300% as compared to radiant electric heat being 100% efficient. Traditional combustion furnaces and 1205:

everywhere in the world. Natural gas is the only fuel with competitive operational costs, and only in a handful of countries where it is exceptionally cheap, or where electricity is exceptionally expensive. In general, a homeowner may save anywhere from 20% to 60% annually on utilities by switching from an ordinary system to a ground-source system.

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systems. Their overall economic benefit depends primarily on the relative costs of electricity and fuels, which are highly variable over time and across the world. Based on recent prices, ground-source heat pumps currently have lower operational costs than any other conventional heating source almost

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The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has called ground source heat pumps the most energy-efficient, environmentally clean, and cost-effective space conditioning systems available. Heat pumps offer significant emission reductions potential, particularly where they are used for both heating and

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for thermal storage. In summer, the greenhouse is cooled with cold ground water. This heats the water in the aquifer which can become a warm source for heating in winter. The combination of cold and heat storage with heat pumps can be combined with water/humidity regulation. These principles are used

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The main questions that engineers may ask in the early stages of designing a GHE are (a) what the heat transfer rate of a GHE as a function of time is, given a particular temperature difference between the circulating fluid and the ground, and (b) what the temperature difference as a function of time

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has adapted this approach to calculate typical seasonally adjusted HSPFs for ground-source heat pumps in Canada. The NRC HSPFs ranged from 8.7 to 12.8 BTU/hr/watt (2.6 to 3.8 in nondimensional factors, or 255% to 375% seasonal average electricity utilization efficiency) for the most populated regions

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the system over time and require periodic acid cleaning. This is much more of a problem with cooling systems than heating systems. A standing column well system is a specialized type of open-loop system where water is drawn from the bottom of a deep rock well, passed through a heat pump, and returned

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In an open-loop system (also called a groundwater heat pump), the secondary loop pumps natural water from a well or body of water into a heat exchanger inside the heat pump. Since the water chemistry is not controlled, the appliance may need to be protected from corrosion by using different metals in

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A vertical system consists of a number of boreholes some 50 to 400 feet (15–122 m) deep fitted with U-shaped pipes through which a heat-carrying fluid that absorbs (or discharges) heat from (or to) the ground is circulated. Bore holes are spaced at least 5–6 m apart and the depth depends on

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A challenge in predicting the thermal response of a ground heat exchanger (GHE) is the diversity of the time and space scales involved. Four space scales and eight time scales are involved in the heat transfer of GHEs. The first space scale having practical importance is the diameter of the borehole

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to a depth of about 8–20 metres depending on soil type, the thermal mass of the ground causes temperature variation to decrease exponentially with depth until it is close to the local annual average air temperature; it also lags behind the surface temperature, so that the peak temperature is about 6

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The lifespan of the system is longer than conventional heating and cooling systems. Good data on system lifespan is not yet available because the technology is too recent, but many early systems are still operational today after 25–30 years with routine maintenance. Most loop fields have warranties

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Capital costs may be offset by government subsidies; for example, Ontario offered $ 7000 for residential systems installed in the 2009 fiscal year. Some electric companies offer special rates to customers who install a ground-source heat pump for heating or cooling their building. Where electrical

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to transfer heat to or from the ground, taking advantage of the relative constancy of temperatures of the earth through the seasons. Ground-source heat pumps (GSHPs) – or geothermal heat pumps (GHP), as they are commonly termed in North America – are among the most energy-efficient technologies for

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Ground source heat pumps employ a ground heat exchanger in contact with the ground or groundwater to extract or dissipate heat. Incorrect design can result in the system freezing after a number of years or very inefficient system performance; thus accurate system design is critical to a successful

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Soil without artificial heat addition or subtraction and at depths of several metres or more remains at a relatively constant temperature year round. This temperature equates roughly to the average annual air temperature of the chosen location, usually 7–12 °C (45–54 °F) at a depth of 6

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As of 2004, there are over a million units installed worldwide, providing 12 GW of thermal capacity with a growth rate of 10% per year. Each year (as of 2011/2004, respectively), about 80,000 units are installed in the US and 27,000 in Sweden. In Finland, a geothermal heat pump was the most

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Because of the technical knowledge and equipment needed to design and size the system properly (and install the piping if heat fusion is required), a GSHP system installation requires a professional's services. Several installers have published real-time views of system performance in an online

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Ground-source heat pumps always produce fewer greenhouse gases than air conditioners, oil furnaces, and electric heating, but natural gas furnaces may be competitive depending on the greenhouse gas intensity of the local electricity supply. In countries like Canada and Russia with low emitting

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Pipe pairs in the hole are joined with a U-shaped cross connector at the bottom of the hole or comprises two small-diameter high-density polyethylene (HDPE) tubes thermally fused to form a U-shaped bend at the bottom. The space between the wall of the borehole and the U-shaped tubes is usually

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The short-term hourly temperature response of the ground is vital for analyzing the energy of ground-source heat pump systems and for their optimum control and operation. By contrast, the long-term response determines the overall feasibility of a system from the standpoint of the life cycle.

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used to support the building. Vertical systems rely on migration of heat from surrounding geology, unless recharged during the summer and at other times when surplus heat is available. Vertical systems are typically used where there is insufficient available land for a horizontal system.

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metres (20 ft) in the northern US. Because this temperature remains more constant than the air temperature throughout the seasons, ground source heat pumps perform with far greater efficiency during extreme air temperatures than air conditioners and air-source heat pumps.

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Efficient compressors, variable speed compressors and larger heat exchangers all contribute to heat pump efficiency. Residential ground source heat pumps on the market today have standard COPs ranging from 2.4 to 5.0 and EERs ranging from 10.6 to 30. To qualify for an

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Also the efficiency of existing small heat pump installations can be improved by adding large, cheap, water-filled solar collectors. These may be integrated into a to-be-overhauled parking lot, or in walls or roof constructions by installing one-inch

1076:{\displaystyle {\text{GHG Savings}}=\mathrm {HL} \left({\frac {\mathrm {FI} }{\mathrm {AFUE} \times 1000{\frac {\mathrm {kg} }{\mathrm {ton} }}}}-{\frac {\mathrm {EI} }{\mathrm {COP} \times 3600{\frac {\mathrm {sec} }{\mathrm {hr} }}}}\right)} 1151:

Before drilling, the underground geology needs to be understood, and drillers need to be prepared to seal the borehole, including preventing penetration of water between strata. The unfortunate example is a geothermal heating project in

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Governments that promote renewable energy will likely offer incentives for the consumer (residential), or industrial markets. For example, in the United States, incentives are offered both on the state and federal levels of government.

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A closed pond loop consists of coils of pipe similar to a slinky loop attached to a frame and located at the bottom of an appropriately sized pond or water source. Artificial ponds are used as heat storage (up to 90% efficient) in some

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and interseasonal heat transfer. Heat captured and stored in thermal banks in the summer can be retrieved efficiently in the winter. Heat storage efficiency increases with scale, so this advantage is most significant in commercial or

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label, heat pumps must meet certain minimum COP and EER ratings which depend on the ground heat exchanger type. For closed-loop systems, the ISO 13256-1 heating COP must be 3.3 or greater and the cooling EER must be 14.1 or greater.

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can never exceed 100% efficiency. Ground source heat pumps can reduce energy consumption – and corresponding air pollution emissions – up to 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standard air-conditioning equipment.

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Kavanaugh SK, Rafferty K. Ground-source heat pumps: Design of geothermal systems for commercial and institutional buildings. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.;

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Note: contrary to air-source conventions, the NRC's HSPF numbers are in units of BTU/hr/watt. Divide these numbers by 3.41 BTU/hr/watt to arrive at non-dimensional units comparable to ground-source COPs and air-source

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Commercial systems maintenance costs in the US have historically been between $ 0.11 to $ 0.22 per m per year in 1996 dollars, much less than the average $ 0.54 per m per year for conventional HVAC systems.

364:). Monopropylene glycol has the least damaging potential when it might leak into the ground, and is, therefore, the only allowed anti-freeze in ground sources in an increasing number of European countries. 1452:

Kalogirou, Soteris & Florides, Georgios. (2004). Measurements of Ground Temperature at Various Depths, conference paper 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Nottingham, UK,

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GSHPs have unsurpassed thermal efficiencies and produce zero emissions locally, but their electricity supply includes components with high greenhouse gas emissions unless the owner has opted for a 100%

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Li M, Li P, Chan V, Lai ACK. Full-scale temperature response function (G-function) for heat transfer by borehole ground heat exchangers (GHEs) from sub-hour to decades. Appl Energy 2014; 136: 197-205.

561:(HSPF) to account for the impact of seasonal variations on air source heat pumps. These numbers are normally not applicable and should not be compared to ground source heat pump ratings. However, 1325:

Ground source heat pumps are recognized as one of the most efficient heating and cooling systems on the market. They are often the second-most cost-effective solution in extreme climates (after

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transitioned to ISO 13256–1 in 2001, which replaces ARI 320, 325 and 330. The new ISO standard produces slightly higher ratings because it no longer budgets any electricity for water pumps.

1136:. Open-loop systems (i.e. those that draw ground water as opposed to closed-loop systems using a borehole heat exchanger) need to be balanced by reinjecting the spent water. This prevents 485:(DX) is the oldest type of geothermal heat pump technology where the refrigerant itself is passed through the ground loop. Developed during the 1980s, this approach faced issues with the 3115: 815:

Annual greenhouse gas (GHG) savings from using a ground source heat pump instead of a high-efficiency furnace in a detached residence (assuming no specific supply of renewable energy)

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The fluids used in closed loops may be designed to be biodegradable and non-toxic, but the refrigerant used in the heat pump cabinet and in direct exchange loops was, until recently,

251:, ground source heat pumps became popular in Sweden and have been growing slowly in worldwide acceptance since then. Open loop systems dominated the market until the development of 4402: 1748:

Li M, Lai ACK. Review of analytical models for heat transfer by vertical ground heat exchangers (GHEs): A perspective of time and space scales, Applied Energy 2015; 151: 178-191.

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is often performed to make a deterministic analysis of ground thermal conductivity to optimize the loopfield size, especially for larger commercial sites (e.g., over 10 wells).

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is highly variable. The rapid escalation in system price has been accompanied by rapid improvements in efficiency and reliability. Capital costs are known to benefit from

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The "penetration depth" is defined as the depth at which the temperature variable is less than 0.01 of the variation at the surface, and this depends on the type of soil:

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Van Passel, Willy; Sourbron, Maarten; Verplaetsen, Filip; Leroy, Luc; Somers, Yvan; Verheyden, Johan; Coupé, Koen. Organisatie voor Duurzame Energie Vlaanderen (ed.).

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For the sake of comparing heat pump appliances to each other, independently from other system components, a few standard test conditions have been established by the

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grouted completely with grouting material or, in some cases, partially filled with groundwater. For illustration, a detached house needing 10 kW (3

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in the late 1940s; sources disagree, however, as to the exact timeline of his invention The first successful commercial project was installed in the

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Ground-source heat pumps take advantage of the difference between the ambient temperature and the temperature at various depths in the ground.

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to the top of the well. A growing number of jurisdictions have outlawed open-loop systems that drain to the surface because these may drain

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Williams G. and Gold L. Canadian Building Digest 180m 1976. National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction.

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supply. Their environmental impact, therefore, depends on the characteristics of the electricity supply and the available alternatives.

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is, given a required heat exchange rate. In the language of heat transfer, the two questions can probably be expressed as

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The GHG emissions savings from a heat pump over a conventional furnace can be calculated based on the following formula:

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Hellstrom G. Ground heat storage – thermal analysis of duct storage systems I. Theory. Lund: University of Lund; 1991.

1724: 2526:"DAMAGE TO THE HISTORIC TOWN OF STAUFEN (GERMANY) CAUSED By GEOTHERMAL DRILLING THROUGH ANHYDRITE-BEARING FORMATIONS" 2290:. EEA Report. Vol. 6/2008. Luxemburg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 83. 2068: 4907: 4862: 4802: 4746: 4646: 4437: 4318: 4025: 3790: 3634: 533: 519: 388: 214: 75: 2126: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4656: 4651: 4561: 4490: 4349: 4313: 4115: 3745: 3700: 3628: 3480: 3423: 1395: 349: 2696: 1991: 4537: 4359: 4055: 3655: 3434: 3325: 3310: 2830: 2181: 562: 1200:

Ground source heat pumps are characterized by high capital costs and low operational costs compared to other

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common heating system choice for new detached houses between 2006 and 2011 with market share exceeding 40%.

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Environmental Protection Agency (1993). "Space Conditioning: The Next Frontier – Report 430-R-93-004". EPA.

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Various models for the time-independent and time-dependent R can be found in the references. Further, a

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Orio, Carl D.; Johnson, Carl N.; Rees, Simon J.; Chiasson, A.; Deng, Zheng; Spitler, Jeffrey D. (2004).

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30500372_Measurements_of_Ground_Temperature_at_Various_Depths

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A horizontal closed loop field is composed of pipes that are arrayed in a plane in the ground. A long

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is the central unit for the building's heating and cooling. It usually comes in two main variants:

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wells. This forces the use of more environmentally sound injection wells or a closed-loop system.

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plants, which later extract the heat (similar to ground storage) via a large heat pump to supply

307: 303: 116:, the temperature is effectively constant, rising about 0.025 °C per metre according to the 24: 2341: 1181:. The reason given is: probably needs to say more about larger systems such as district heating. 4623: 4598: 4584: 4045: 4000: 3755: 3750: 3680: 3576: 3412: 3215: 2992: 2857: 2483: 2448: 2382: 2372: 2309: 2299: 2041: 1680:"Geothermal – The Energy Under Our Feet: Geothermal Resources Estimates for the United States" 1647: 1575: 1509: 1382: 1137: 1109:

COP = heat pump coefficient of performance ≈ 3.2 seasonally adjusted for northern US heat pump

725:) is often an unknown variable that needs to be determined by heat transfer analysis. Despite 490: 357: 3158: 410:) of heating capacity might need three boreholes 80 to 110 m (260 to 360 ft) deep. 4797: 4721: 4613: 4512: 4267: 4262: 3845: 3551: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3356: 3007: 3002: 2949: 2628: 2581: 2440: 2291: 1243: 1094: 848: 808: 768: 470: 353: 28: 2557:

Butscher, Christoph; Huggenberger, Peter; Auckenthaler, Adrian; Bänninger, Dominik (2010).

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Capital costs and system lifespan have received much less study until recently, and the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=386ddf88-fe8d-45dd-aabb-0a55be826f3f

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to a depth of about 1 metre, the temperature is very sensitive to sunlight and weather,

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Addressing the complete spectrum of time scales require vast computational resources.

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ground and building characteristics. Alternatively, pipes may be integrated with the

299: 60: 2702:. Klamath Falls, OR: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology. Archived from 2654:

Keine Entwarnung in der Fauststadt – Risse in Staufen: Pumpen, reparieren und hoffen

2049: 1655: 1583: 532:(EER), while heating performance is typically reduced to dimensionless units as the 456: 4787: 4517: 4195: 4095: 4070: 4065: 4060: 3990: 3925: 3805: 3775: 3715: 3710: 3685: 3596: 3475: 3391: 3315: 3300: 3285: 3061: 1537: 791: 252: 93:

The thermal properties of the ground near the surface can be described as follows:

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HL = seasonal heat load ≈ 80 GJ/yr for a modern detached house in the northern US

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Payback period for installing a ground source heat pump in a detached residence

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This article is about one type of heat pump. For more general information, see

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National Inventory Report 1990–2006:Greenhouse Gas Sources and Sinks in Canada

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Lund, J.; Sanner, B.; Rybach, L.; Curtis, R.; Hellström, G. (September 2004).

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is the heat transfer rate of the GHE per unit time per unit length (W/m), and

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The efficiency of ground source heat pumps can be greatly improved by using

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systems that carry heating or cooling through the building through pipes to

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Cooling performance is typically expressed in units of BTU/hr/watt as the

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cooling and where the electricity is produced from renewable resources.

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had patented the idea of using it to draw heat from the ground in 1912.

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ASHRAE. ASHRAE handbook: HVAC applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, Inc; 2011.

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to ensure that atmospheric humidity does not condense on the radiator.

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History of Heat Pumps Swiss Contributions and International Milestones

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After experimenting with a freezer, Robert C. Webber built the first

128:

Penetration depth in metres of diurnal and annual temperature cycles

4553: 2781:"Geothermal heat pumps: alternative energy heating and cooling FAQs" 2431:. Vol. 2, no. 4. UK: IOP Publishing. pp. 044001 8pp. 1845:. Vol. 11, no. 4. ASHRAE. pp. 637–655. Archived from 63:, using far less energy than can be achieved by burning a fuel in a 2340:

Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy (2007).

1536:. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association. Archived from 244:

built the first residential open loop version in his home in 1948.

4427: 3860: 2913: 2295: 1458:

https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/bitstream/10488/870/3/C55-PRT020-SET3.pdf

1145: 1133: 747: 455: 387: 335: 271: 33: 2695:

Lienau, Paul J.; Boyd, Tonya L.; Rogers, Robert L. (April 1995).

1922: 1836:"A Survey of Standing Column Well Installations in North America" 1504:, 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference, Zürich, Switzerland 3935: 3855: 2909: 2784: 1615:, vol. 212, no. 2, Bonnier Corporation, pp. 78–82 1201: 1100: 237: 56: 4557: 3162: 1944: 50:) is a heating/cooling system for buildings that use a type of 2206:"Schematic of similar system of aquifers with fans-regulation" 1163: 407: 2877:

Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency

2100:"Energy Star Program Requirements for Geothermal Heat Pumps" 2697:"Ground-Source Heat Pump Case Studies and Utility Programs" 255:

pipe in 1979 made closed loop systems economically viable.

2934: 460:

12-ton pond loop system being sunk to the bottom of a pond

418:

As an alternative to trenching, loops may be laid by mini

340:

A horizontal slinky loop prior to being covered with soil.

2924: 2853:

Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles

2670: 1637:"Geothermal (Ground Source) Heat Pumps, A World Overview" 703:

is the effective, undisturbed temperature of the ground,

1565:"Geothermal Heat Pumps, Four Plus Decades of Experience" 1112:

EI = emissions intensity of electricity ≈ 200–800 ton(CO

1872:"Seasonal pit heat storage: Cost benchmark of 30 EUR/m" 2086:"AHRI Directory of water-to-air geothermal heat pumps" 777:

have been used to heat and cool a greenhouse using an

352:

pipe and contains a mixture of water and anti-freeze (

1093:)/GJ for natural gas, 73 for heating oil, 0 for 100% 932: 752:

A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

696:

is the average temperature of the circulating fluid,

608: 38:

A heat pump in combination with heat and cold storage

1717:"GSHC Viability and Design – Carbon Zero Consulting" 502:

community of recent residential installations. The

4816: 4775: 4631: 4591: 4500: 4466: 4393: 4297: 4145: 3648: 3334: 3196: 2808:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2009-02-24. Archived from 2227:"Capture, storage and release of Renewable Cooling" 2559:"Risikoorientierte Bewilligung von Erdwärmesonden" 1907:. sec. 4 PTES (Pit Thermal Energy Storage), p. 99. 1097:such as wind, hydro, photovoltaic or solar thermal 1075: 679: 493:in 1989 and DX systems now are infrequently used. 348:Pipework for the ground loop is typically made of 2930:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association 1793:"Ground Source Heat Pumps (Earth Energy Systems)" 1411:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association 786:and renewable cooling to all kinds of buildings. 504:International Ground Source Heat Pump Association 234:National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark 27:. For electricity generation from hot rocks, see 2607:Goldscheider, Nico; Bechtel, Timothy D. (2009). 1988:"Horizontal & Vertical Thermal Conductivity" 1089:FI = emissions intensity of fuel = 50 kg(CO 489:and oil management system, especially after the 1896:Kallesøe, A.J.; Vangkilde-Pedersen, T. (eds.). 2480:Spiegel.de report on recent geological changes 1990:. Carbonzeroco.com. 2016-03-23. Archived from 1474: 1472: 575:International Organization for Standardization 392:Drilling of a borehole for residential heating 4569: 3174: 3140: 2423:Hanova, J; Dowlatabadi, H (9 November 2007). 2166: 2164: 1787: 1785: 8: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2418: 2416: 1558: 1556: 1554: 2831:"Benefits of a Geothermal Heat Pump System" 2665: 2663: 2024: 2022: 2020: 1898:"Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES)" 1891: 1889: 4576: 4562: 4554: 3941:High efficiency glandless circulating pump 3190:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 3181: 3167: 3159: 3147: 3133: 3105:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy 2940: 2775: 2773: 1514:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1416:Glossary of geothermal heating and cooling 16:System to transfer heat to/from the ground 2632: 1744: 1742: 1055: 1044: 1042: 1025: 1016: 1014: 995: 987: 985: 965: 956: 954: 941: 933: 931: 660: 651: 629: 613: 607: 109:months after the surface peak temperature 23:. For direct heating from hot rocks, see 4375:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation 1921:. www.igshpa.okstate.edu. Archived from 1218: 1103:= furnace efficiency ≈ 95% for a modern 813: 230:Commonwealth Building (Portland, Oregon) 126: 2948: 2850:Craig, William; Gavin, Kenneth (2018). 2014:. National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1630: 1628: 1563:Bloomquist, R. Gordon (December 1999). 1431: 226:direct exchange ground source heat pump 2856:. London: ICE Publishing. p. 79. 2806:"Energy Savers: Geothermal Heat Pumps" 2730: 2719: 2671:"Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, Inc" 2402: 2392: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2261: 2250: 1507: 1490: 1488: 4248:Programmable communicating thermostat 1882:from the original on 2 February 2020. 1148:or other compounds from underground. 7: 4370:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing 2498:"Geothermal probe sinks German city" 2284:European Environment Agency (2008). 1797:Heating and Cooling with a Heat Pump 1756: 1754: 559:Heating Seasonal Performance Factors 483:direct exchange geothermal heat pump 2935:Ground Source Heat Pump Association 1969:. Apps1.eere.energy.gov. 2008-12-30 1298:Highly variable with energy prices. 232:in 1948, and has been designated a 4231:Minimum efficiency reporting value 2496:Pancevski, Bojan (30 March 2008). 2371:. Government of Canada. May 2008. 2287:Energy and environment report 2008 2174:Warmtepompen voor woningverwarming 2038:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 1644:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 1572:Geo-Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin 1308:Climate differences not evaluated. 1303:Government subsidies not included. 1059: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1020: 1017: 1002: 999: 996: 991: 988: 975: 972: 969: 966: 960: 957: 945: 942: 714:is the total thermal resistance (m 14: 4273:Standard temperature and pressure 3986:Packaged terminal air conditioner 3522:Passive daytime radiative cooling 3251:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle 2075:of this article in February 2001. 553:Standards ARI 210 and 240 define 4881: 4871: 4857: 4856: 4622: 3342:Absorption-compression heat pump 2956: 1607:Gannon, Robert (February 1978), 1375: 1361: 1347: 1168: 555:Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio 86:Thermal properties of the ground 4237:Normal temperature and pressure 3617:Vapor-compression refrigeration 3116:Topics by country and territory 2925:Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium 764:seasonal thermal energy storage 758:Seasonal thermal energy storage 573:(ARI) and more recently by the 420:horizontal directional drilling 2429:Environmental Research Letters 2029:Rafferty, Kevin (April 1997). 674: 668: 657: 641: 635: 622: 571:American Refrigerant Institute 414:Radial or directional drilling 1: 4385:Testing, adjusting, balancing 4329:Building information modeling 4324:Building services engineering 3901:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 3429:Demand controlled ventilation 3377:Building insulation materials 2148:"Interseasonal Heat Transfer" 1391:Ground-coupled heat exchanger 1228:Payback period for replacing 431:the heat exchanger and pump. 3946:High-pressure cut-off switch 3497:Ice storage air conditioning 3418:Dedicated outdoor air system 2753:Capital Electric Cooperative 2445:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/044001 2180:. p. 28. Archived from 1870:Epp, Baerbel (17 May 2019). 794:pipes into the outer layer. 240:. Professor Carl Nielsen of 4834:Energy return on investment 4289:Thermostatic radiator valve 4091:Thermostatic radiator valve 3602:Underfloor air distribution 3537:Radiant heating and cooling 3455:Energy recovery ventilation 3367:Automobile air conditioning 3231:Domestic energy consumption 3121:Marketing and policy trends 1703:"Choosing a heating system" 1495:Zogg, M. (20–22 May 2008), 680:{\displaystyle q_{l}=/R(t)} 4939: 4803:Enhanced geothermal system 4438:Institute of Refrigeration 4319:Architectural technologist 3791:Electrostatic precipitator 2886:. US Department of Energy. 2208:. Zonneterp.nl. 2005-11-11 755: 534:coefficient of performance 520:Coefficient of performance 517: 215:Peter Ritter von Rittinger 76:coefficient of performance 18: 4852: 4620: 4491:Volatile organic compound 4350:Environmental engineering 4314:Architectural engineering 4116:Ultra-low particulate air 3701:Automatic balancing valve 3629:Variable refrigerant flow 3481:Heat recovery ventilation 3424:Deep water source cooling 2652:, 15. Oktober 2010, hcw: 2634:10.1007/s10040-009-0458-7 2586:10.1007/s00767-010-0154-5 1396:Deep water source cooling 1291: 1227: 1224: 1177:This section needs to be 832: 822: 819: 589:Analysis of heat transfer 350:high-density polyethylene 276:Liquid-to-water heat pump 213:in 1853 and developed by 74:Efficiency is given as a 4923:Sustainable technologies 4538:Template:Home automation 4360:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 4056:Solar-assisted heat pump 3656:Air conditioner inverter 3435:Displacement ventilation 3326:Vapour pressure of water 3311:Thermal destratification 2539:(2): 233. Archived from 833:GHG savings relative to 744:Seasonal thermal storage 563:Natural Resources Canada 324:heat pumps (also called 290:heat pumps (also called 82:are often used instead. 4533:World Refrigeration Day 4380:Refrigerant reclamation 4309:Architectural acoustics 4253:Programmable thermostat 4185:Clean air delivery rate 4081:Thermal expansion valve 3996:Pressurisation ductwork 3906:Ground source heat pump 3347:Absorption refrigerator 2749:"Geothermal Heat Pumps" 1421:Uniform Mechanical Code 1355:Renewable energy portal 530:energy efficiency ratio 524:Energy Efficiency Ratio 491:ban of CFC refrigerants 67:or by use of resistive 44:ground source heat pump 4523:Glossary of HVAC terms 4485:Sick building syndrome 4365:Mechanical engineering 4076:Smoke exhaust ductwork 3507:Mixed-mode ventilation 3082:Tidal stream generator 2729:Cite journal requires 2260:Cite journal requires 1144:or surface water with 1077: 753: 681: 461: 393: 341: 300:conventional radiators 277: 39: 4543:Template:Solar energy 4221:Intelligent buildings 4180:Carbon dioxide sensor 3567:Room air distribution 3387:Central solar heating 2899:Geothermal Heat Pumps 2648:badische-zeitung.de, 2524:FORMACIJE, A (2010). 2064:The author issued an 2012:Geothermal Heat Pumps 1947:. www.geoexchange.org 1401:Solar thermal cooling 1142:contamination of soil 1126:chlorodifluoromethane 1078: 775:Geosolar combisystems 751: 738:Thermal response test 682: 467:central solar heating 459: 391: 339: 332:Ground heat exchanger 275: 242:Ohio State University 80:air-source heat pumps 37: 4913:Building engineering 4345:Duct leakage testing 4335:Deep energy retrofit 4279:Thermographic camera 4216:Infrared thermometer 3691:Air source heat pump 3640:Water heat recycling 3206:Air changes per hour 3042:Marine current power 2988:Crosswind kite power 2613:Hydrogeology Journal 2482:(in German, partial 1210:return on investment 930: 798:Environmental impact 606: 477:Direct exchange (DX) 268:Internal arrangement 48:geothermal heat pump 4604:Geothermal gradient 4211:HVAC control system 4201:Home energy monitor 4175:Building automation 3961:Inverter compressor 3623:Variable air volume 3532:Passive ventilation 3502:Kitchen ventilation 3402:Constant air volume 3372:Autonomous building 3072:Sustainable biofuel 2983:Carbon-neutral fuel 2944:Part of a series on 2625:2009HydJ...17..491G 2578:2011Grund..16...13B 2437:2007ERL.....2d4001H 2107:Partner Commitments 2055:on 17 February 2012 1843:ASHRAE Transactions 1221: 1154:Staufen im Breisgau 829:Emissions Intensity 816: 514:Thermal performance 308:baseboard radiators 247:As a result of the 129: 118:geothermal gradient 112:Below that, in the 4609:Geothermal heating 4474:Indoor air quality 4418:ASTM International 4355:Hydronic balancing 4132:Wood-burning stove 4011:Radiator reflector 3796:Evaporative cooler 3607:Underfloor heating 3592:Thermal insulation 2998:Geothermal heating 2904:2009-04-01 at the 2882:2008-02-22 at the 2657:(17. Oktober 2010) 2071:2013-02-17 at the 1823:Hard water#Indices 1463:2022-10-05 at the 1219: 1214:economies of scale 1105:condensing furnace 1073: 814: 754: 677: 462: 394: 376:, deeper than the 342: 304:underfloor heating 278: 127: 40: 25:geothermal heating 4908:Energy conversion 4895: 4894: 4599:Geothermal energy 4592:Geothermal energy 4585:Geothermal energy 4551: 4550: 4467:Health and safety 4046:Scroll compressor 4001:Process duct work 3756:Convection heater 3751:Condensing boiler 3681:Air-mixing plenum 3577:Solar combisystem 3413:Cross ventilation 3216:Building envelope 3157: 3156: 2993:Geothermal energy 2650:Lokales, Breisgau 2378:978-1-100-11176-6 2305:978-92-9167-980-5 2127:definition of GHE 1876:Solarthermalworld 1383:Technology portal 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1198: 1197: 1138:aquifer depletion 1066: 1063: 1009: 1006: 936: 922: 921: 358:denatured alcohol 209:was described by 198: 197: 4930: 4887:Renewable energy 4885: 4875: 4860: 4859: 4798:District heating 4626: 4614:Geothermal power 4578: 4571: 4564: 4555: 4513:Building science 4268:Smart thermostat 4263:Room temperature 3846:Fireplace insert 3552:Radon mitigation 3450:Electric heating 3445:District heating 3440:District cooling 3357:Air conditioning 3183: 3176: 3169: 3160: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3013:Run-of-the-river 3008:Hydroelectricity 3003:Geothermal power 2960: 2950:Renewable energy 2941: 2920:Cost calculation 2887: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2817: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2783:. Archived from 2777: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2755:. Archived from 2745: 2739: 2738: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2715: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2692: 2681: 2680: 2678: 2677: 2667: 2658: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2636: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2563: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2533:Acta Carsologica 2530: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2493: 2487: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2455:. Archived from 2420: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2390: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2337: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2281: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2179: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2063: 2061: 2060: 2054: 2048:. 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Archived from 1569: 1560: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1545: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1492: 1483: 1476: 1467: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1436: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1366: 1365: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1244:electric heating 1222: 1193: 1190: 1184: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1095:renewable energy 1082: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1054: 1043: 1035: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1005: 994: 986: 978: 963: 955: 948: 937: 934: 849:electric heating 817: 809:renewable energy 769:district heating 686: 684: 683: 678: 664: 656: 655: 634: 633: 618: 617: 538:electric heaters 471:district heating 399:foundation piles 354:propylene glycol 130: 69:electric heaters 29:geothermal power 4938: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4848: 4829:Capacity factor 4817:Energy concepts 4812: 4771: 4627: 4618: 4587: 4582: 4552: 4547: 4508:ASHRAE Handbook 4496: 4480:Passive smoking 4462: 4395: 4389: 4301: 4299: 4293: 4147: 4141: 4122:Whole-house fan 4036:Run-around coil 4031:Reversing valve 3976:Mechanical room 3966:Kerosene heater 3956:Infrared heater 3886:Gasoline heater 3826:Fan filter unit 3741:Condensate pump 3726:Centrifugal fan 3644: 3547:Radiant heating 3542:Radiant cooling 3517:Passive cooling 3512:Microgeneration 3382:Central heating 3330: 3306:Thermal comfort 3198: 3192: 3187: 3153: 2906:Wayback Machine 2895: 2890: 2884:Wayback Machine 2875: 2871: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2728: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2646: 2642: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2561: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2503:Telegraph.co.uk 2495: 2494: 2490: 2478: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2422: 2421: 2414: 2401: 2391: 2379: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2306: 2283: 2282: 2273: 2259: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2232: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2220: 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3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3731:Ceramic heater 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3652: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3572:Solar air heat 3569: 3564: 3562:Renewable heat 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3473: 3471:Forced-air gas 3468: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3323: 3321:Thermodynamics 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3291:Psychrometrics 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3246:Gas compressor 3243: 3241:Fluid dynamics 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3171: 3163: 3155: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3144: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3017: 3016: 3015: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2894: 2893:External links 2891: 2889: 2888: 2869: 2862: 2842: 2822: 2797: 2769: 2740: 2731:|journal= 2682: 2659: 2640: 2619:(3): 491–493. 2599: 2549: 2546:on 2012-08-13. 2516: 2488: 2472: 2412: 2403:|journal= 2377: 2356: 2325: 2304: 2271: 2262:|journal= 2239: 2218: 2197: 2160: 2139: 2130: 2119: 2091: 2077: 2016: 2004: 1979: 1958: 1936: 1910: 1885: 1862: 1826: 1815: 1781: 1771: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1708: 1694: 1671: 1624: 1599: 1550: 1521: 1484: 1468: 1445: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1406:Renewable heat 1403: 1398: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1372: 1358: 1342: 1339: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1196: 1195: 1189:September 2023 1176: 1174: 1167: 1161: 1158: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1098: 1090: 1087: 1071: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1004: 1001: 998: 993: 990: 984: 981: 977: 974: 971: 968: 962: 959: 952: 947: 944: 940: 920: 919: 916: 913: 910: 907: 903: 902: 899: 896: 893: 890: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 869: 868: 865: 862: 859: 856: 852: 851: 846: 841: 835: 834: 831: 824: 823:Electricity CO 821: 799: 796: 784:renewable heat 756:Main article: 745: 742: 706: 700: 693: 676: 673: 670: 667: 663: 659: 654: 650: 646: 643: 640: 637: 632: 628: 624: 621: 616: 612: 590: 587: 515: 512: 498: 495: 479: 478: 454: 453: 428: 427: 416: 415: 386: 385: 370: 369: 333: 330: 292:water-to-water 269: 266: 264: 261: 202: 199: 196: 195: 192: 189: 185: 184: 181: 178: 174: 173: 170: 167: 163: 162: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 134: 122: 121: 110: 102: 87: 84: 65:boiler/furnace 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4935: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4767:United States 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4560: 4559: 4556: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396:organizations 4392: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4340:Duct cleaning 4338: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4191:Control valve 4189: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4111:Turning vanes 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Thermal wheel 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:Solar chimney 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3821:Fan coil unit 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3766:Cooling tower 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3612:Vapor barrier 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3587:Solar heating 3585: 3583: 3582:Solar cooling 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3557:Refrigeration 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3527:Passive house 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3397:Chilled water 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3296:Sensible heat 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3276:Noise control 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3256:Heat transfer 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3057:Osmotic power 3055: 3053: 3052:Ocean thermal 3050: 3048: 3047:Marine energy 3045: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2863:9780727763983 2859: 2855: 2854: 2846: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2812:on 2009-04-01 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2787:on 2007-09-03 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2759:on 2008-12-06 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2736: 2723: 2709:on 2009-10-07 2705: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2672: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2517: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2473: 2462:on 2016-04-06 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2297: 2296:10.2800/10548 2293: 2289: 2288: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2254: 2243: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2219: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2187:on 2009-03-18 2183: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2109:. Energy Star 2108: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2005: 1994:on 2015-03-27 1993: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1925:on 3 May 2015 1924: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1852:on 2010-06-26 1848: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1803:on 2009-04-03 1802: 1798: 1794: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1681: 1675: 1672: 1661:on 2014-02-01 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1589:on 2012-10-31 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1540:on 2009-04-04 1539: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1511: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1370: 1369:Energy portal 1364: 1359: 1356: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1327:co-generation 1323: 1319: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1223: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1192: 1180: 1175: 1166: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1069: 1039: 1036: 1011: 982: 979: 950: 938: 925: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 904: 900: 897: 894: 891: 888: 887: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 870: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 853: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 836: 830: 818: 812: 810: 804: 797: 795: 793: 787: 785: 780: 776: 772: 770: 765: 759: 750: 743: 741: 739: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 713: 709: 699: 692: 687: 671: 665: 661: 652: 648: 644: 638: 630: 626: 619: 614: 610: 599: 595: 588: 586: 582: 580: 576: 572: 567: 564: 560: 556: 551: 548: 542: 539: 535: 531: 525: 521: 513: 511: 509: 505: 496: 494: 492: 488: 484: 476: 475: 474: 472: 468: 458: 451: 450: 449: 447: 443: 438: 434: 425: 424: 423: 421: 413: 412: 411: 409: 403: 400: 390: 383: 382: 381: 379: 375: 367: 366: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 346: 338: 331: 329: 327: 323: 322:Liquid-to-air 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 283: 274: 267: 262: 260: 256: 254: 250: 245: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 212: 208: 200: 193: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 176: 175: 171: 168: 165: 164: 160: 157: 154: 153: 149: 146: 143: 142: 138: 135: 132: 131: 125: 119: 115: 111: 107: 106:shallow layer 103: 100: 99:surface layer 96: 95: 94: 91: 85: 83: 81: 77: 72: 70: 66: 62: 61:water heating 58: 53: 49: 45: 36: 30: 26: 22: 4868: 4861: 4808:Hot dry rock 4793:Desalination 4788:Binary cycle 4776:Technologies 4518:Fireproofing 4302:and services 4298:Professions, 4196:Gas detector 4096:Trickle vent 4071:Smoke damper 4066:Smoke canopy 4061:Space heater 3991:Plenum space 3926:Heating film 3905: 3806:Exhaust hood 3776:Dehumidifier 3716:Blast damper 3711:Barrier pipe 3686:Air purifier 3597:Thermosiphon 3476:Free cooling 3392:Chilled beam 3316:Thermal mass 3301:Stack effect 3286:Particulates 3266:Infiltration 3197:Fundamental 3062:Solar energy 2872: 2852: 2845: 2834:. Retrieved 2825: 2814:. Retrieved 2810:the original 2800: 2789:. Retrieved 2785:the original 2761:. Retrieved 2757:the original 2743: 2722:cite journal 2711:. Retrieved 2704:the original 2674:. Retrieved 2653: 2649: 2643: 2616: 2612: 2602: 2572:(1): 13–24. 2569: 2565: 2552: 2541:the original 2536: 2532: 2519: 2507:. Retrieved 2501: 2491: 2475: 2464:. Retrieved 2457:the original 2428: 2368: 2359: 2348:. Retrieved 2317:. Retrieved 2286: 2253:cite journal 2242: 2231:. Retrieved 2229:. Icax.co.uk 2221: 2210:. Retrieved 2200: 2189:. Retrieved 2182:the original 2173: 2152:. Retrieved 2150:. Icax.co.uk 2142: 2133: 2122: 2111:. Retrieved 2106: 2094: 2080: 2057:. Retrieved 2050:the original 2037: 2007: 1996:. Retrieved 1992:the original 1982: 1971:. Retrieved 1961: 1949:. Retrieved 1939: 1927:. Retrieved 1923:the original 1913: 1905:heatstore.eu 1904: 1875: 1865: 1854:. Retrieved 1847:the original 1842: 1829: 1818: 1805:. Retrieved 1801:the original 1796: 1774: 1765: 1729:. Retrieved 1725:the original 1720: 1711: 1697: 1686:. Retrieved 1674: 1663:. Retrieved 1656:the original 1643: 1617:, retrieved 1612: 1602: 1591:. Retrieved 1584:the original 1571: 1542:. Retrieved 1538:the original 1533: 1524: 1497: 1448: 1434: 1335: 1331: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1207: 1199: 1186: 1178: 1150: 1123: 1119: 926: 923: 918:12.8 ton/yr 901:10.3 ton/yr 805: 801: 788: 773: 761: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 715: 711: 704: 697: 690: 688: 600: 596: 592: 583: 568: 552: 543: 527: 500: 497:Installation 480: 463: 429: 417: 404: 395: 371: 347: 343: 326:water-to-air 325: 321: 320: 291: 287: 286: 279: 257: 253:polybutylene 246: 223: 204: 123: 114:deeper layer 113: 105: 98: 92: 89: 73: 47: 43: 41: 4783:Aquaculture 4732:Philippines 4727:New Zealand 4667:El Salvador 4528:Warm Spaces 4170:Blower door 4148:and control 4146:Measurement 4127:Windcatcher 4101:Trombe wall 4041:Sail switch 4021:Refrigerant 4016:Recuperator 3891:Grease duct 3851:Freeze stat 3836:Fire damper 3706:Back boiler 3676:Air ionizer 3671:Air handler 3635:Ventilation 3487:Hybrid heat 3352:Air barrier 3271:Latent heat 3077:Tidal power 3067:Solar power 3035:Small hydro 3025:Micro hydro 2566:Grundwasser 2484:translation 1239:heating oil 1234:natural gas 935:GHG Savings 912:−1.6 ton/yr 909:839 ton/GWh 895:−0.5 ton/yr 892:676 ton/GWh 884:5.4 ton/yr 875:351 ton/GWh 867:3.4 ton/yr 858:223 ton/GWh 844:heating oil 839:natural gas 782:to provide 566:of Canada. 557:(SEER) and 547:Energy Star 487:refrigerant 446:contaminate 263:Arrangement 211:Lord Kelvin 4918:Heat pumps 4902:Categories 4632:By country 4284:Thermostat 4206:Humidistat 4137:Zone valve 4106:TurboSwing 3981:Oil heater 3951:Humidifier 3881:Gas heater 3831:Fan heater 3801:Evaporator 3786:Economizer 3761:Compressor 3666:Air filter 3649:Components 3466:Forced-air 3362:Antifreeze 3335:Technology 3281:Outgassing 3221:Convection 3094:Wind power 3089:Wave power 3030:Pico hydro 3020:Hydropower 2836:2011-11-21 2816:2009-06-08 2791:2007-10-19 2763:2008-10-05 2713:2009-03-26 2676:2007-10-19 2466:2009-03-22 2350:2009-03-22 2319:2009-03-22 2233:2011-03-30 2212:2011-03-30 2191:2009-03-23 2154:2011-09-16 2113:2009-03-24 2059:2009-03-21 1998:2016-03-23 1973:2009-06-08 1856:2009-03-25 1807:2009-03-24 1688:2011-03-30 1665:2009-03-21 1619:2009-11-01 1593:2009-03-21 1544:2009-03-24 1427:References 1130:ozone hole 915:1.0 ton/yr 898:2.2 ton/yr 881:4.4 ton/yr 878:1.8 ton/yr 864:5.3 ton/yr 861:2.7 ton/yr 378:frost line 368:Horizontal 55:providing 4824:Base load 4717:Lithuania 4692:Indonesia 4642:Australia 4394:Industry 4243:OpenTherm 3921:Heat pump 3916:Heat pipe 3866:Fume hood 3841:Fireplace 3746:Condenser 3696:Attic fan 3492:Hydronics 2594:129598890 2453:1748-9326 2405:ignored ( 2395:cite book 2387:1706-3353 2365:"annex 9" 2314:1725-9177 2046:0276-1084 1652:0276-1084 1580:0276-1084 1530:"History" 1160:Economics 1037:× 1012:− 980:× 771:systems. 645:− 433:Limescale 426:Open loop 316:dew point 282:heat pump 217:in 1855. 207:heat pump 139:Year (m) 133:Soil Type 52:heat pump 21:heat pump 4869:Portals: 4863:Category 4737:Portugal 4672:Ethiopia 4501:See also 4226:LonWorks 4160:Aquastat 4026:Register 4006:Radiator 3661:Air door 3461:Firestop 3261:Humidity 3236:Enthalpy 3226:Dilution 3211:Bake-out 3199:concepts 2902:Archived 2880:Archived 2509:19 March 2069:Archived 1919:"IGSHPA" 1880:Archived 1731:19 March 1534:About Us 1510:citation 1461:Archived 1341:See also 1287:2 years 1281:net loss 1273:4 years 1267:12 years 1259:6 years 1253:13 years 1140:and the 442:aquifers 384:Vertical 362:methanol 345:system 296:hydronic 188:Dry sand 177:Dry clay 166:Wet sand 155:Wet clay 4757:Ukraine 4742:Romania 4712:Lebanon 4687:Iceland 4682:Hungary 4677:Germany 4662:Denmark 4638:Armenia 4300:trades, 3871:Furnace 3736:Chiller 3408:Coolant 2978:Biomass 2968:Biofuel 2937:(GSHPA) 2621:Bibcode 2574:Bibcode 2433:Bibcode 1284:8 years 1278:Germany 1270:5 years 1256:3 years 1225:Country 1179:updated 820:Country 779:aquifer 201:History 136:Day (m) 104:In the 97:In the 4877:Energy 4752:Turkey 4747:Russia 4722:Mexico 4647:Canada 4453:SMACNA 4413:ASHRAE 4233:(MERV) 4187:(CADR) 4165:BACnet 4118:(ULPA) 3971:Louver 3896:Grille 3771:Damper 3721:Boiler 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