218:
190:
206:
230:
306:
317:
31:
42:
175:
477:), between Beijing and the findspot, which seems a plausible site for their manufacture, with fragments of figures with similar characteristics found Although Gillman was unconvinced by this suggestion in 2011, in 2013 he noted the promising correlation made by Nigel Wood and Chris Doherty between unusually high sodium oxide levels in Liao and Jin wares from Longquanwu and in the Hermitage and Boston figures, and therefore that the set could have been made at Longquanwu during the last active phase of the kiln.
348:. Now six figures are in museums in North America, with two surviving and one missing or destroyed in Europe, and one of the set in Japan. The Metropolitan acquired its two examples separately in 1921, by which time Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto and the Matsukata Collection in Japan already had theirs, and a further four were "owned by private collectors and dealers", so making a total of ten figures, "besides a great many small fragments, several hands and feet, and baskets full of broken pieces".
163:". The green hair of some of the figures is also a departure from naturalism. The alleged findspot in 1912 seems not to have been the original location of the group, which is unknown, and the set of 16 or 18 figures was probably made to be set on platforms along the walls of a "luohan hall" in a temple. The openwork rock-like bases were intended to suggest mountains; paintings of luohans often show them perched on small peaks, indicating the mountain retreats of the ascetic monk.
189:
217:
205:
250:
120:, Karuizawa, Japan. Including the example rediscovered in Saint Petersburg, this totals ten figures. There may be fragments from the same set in other collections. The circumstances of the find, and the subsequent events as the figures reached the art market, have been the subject of much scholarly investigation, without being entirely clarified.
229:
73:. They have been described as "one of the most important groups of ceramic sculpture in the world." They reached the international art market, and were bought for Western collections. At least eight statues were originally found, including one large fragment which was thought to have been destroyed in
288:
during the second half of the 12th century, arguing now that the set was created during the
Shizong reign (1161–89) for the Daqingshou temple (simplified Chinese: 大庆寿寺; traditional Chinese: 大慶壽寺), a newly established, imperially commissioned Chan Buddhist temple in Beijing. An early 12th-century coin
435:
The dimensions of the figures vary somewhat; taking the younger of the two in New York as an example, they are: height of the figure alone 50 in. (127 cm); including the base the height is 92 in. (233.7 cm). The base is 41 in. (104.1 cm) wide and 38 in. (96.5 cm) deep. The whole
296:
which she connects to the figures. The earliest of these records the completion in 1519 of a number of figures commissioned by a Song Jun; these had taken eight years to make. Another stele dated 1667 records the repair of
Buddhist figures; Hsu argues this is when at least some of the replacement
468:
The figures, variously described as life-size or "slightly over life-size", are among the largest made with the technique and are agreed to be outstanding examples from the technical as well as the artistic point of view. According to one scholar "it would tax the best-equipped modern pottery to
158:
This set is exceptional in its quality and the sculpted-from-life individuality of each figure, and it has been suggested that they were also portraits of notable contemporary monks. For Watson they are "outstanding examples of the naturalistic pseudo-portrait of the period, displaying to great
279:
tests of the statues in
Philadelphia and New York (younger figure) produced a midpoint date of 1210, ± 100 and 200 years respectively, the midpoint being during the period of the following Jin dynasty. In 2011 Derek Gillman tentatively suggested the specific date of 1159, to match the recorded
383:
and others includes the examples from Berlin (as "present location unknown") and Japan (as "Matsukata
Collection") but excludes the one now in Paris. By 2010 Gillman says what is presumably the same Japanese example was in the "Saizon Museum of Modern Art" (more usually "Sezon").
469:
build up and fire such massive objects without sinkage or warping or loss of pose", though he was probably unaware that because of their exceptional size the figures have iron rods inserted internally before firing to support the structure, a very unusual element.
370:
To a surprising degree, the number of surviving pieces differs between sources. Most older sources say there were eight, including the Berlin figure. Three of these, those in Boston, Japan and
Ontario, are reported to have later heads. This may explain why
367:. The figure in Paris is an uncertain member of the group, very similar overall, but with differences in the posture of the shoulders and its stippled design on the robes. Many scholars question whether it really belongs with the group.
472:
Because of their high quality it is often believed that they may have been made at one of the imperial kilns, which were home to the most highly skilled craftsmen. Remains of a kiln have been excavated since 1983 at
Longquanwu (not
335:, some 100 miles south-west of Beijing in northwestern China. Perzynski claimed that he visited the cave the luohans had come from, by which time only a few fragments remained there. He described the episode in an article for
280:
renovation of a large temple in the region, which he proposed as a candidate for their original location. In a 2013 lecture to the
Oriental Ceramic Society, Gillman noted that the figures' pale coloured lips have an iron red
415:. The current Penn Museum webpage lists eight surviving figures, including the "Matsukata Collection" but excluding Paris and Berlin. Lecturing in 2011, Derek Gillman, then executive director and President of the
422:
The luohan at the Royal
Ontario Museum, in the Bishop White Gallery of Chinese Temple Art, was one of the first pieces to be included in the museum's Chinese art collection. Although the piece dates back to the
269:(916–1125 CE) came to be preferred, although in recent years they are increasingly, partly because of the results of scientific dating methods, placed in the early 12th century, which is mostly in the following
305:
1115:
97:
465:, continued to use the style, although normally for vessels rather than figures, and Beijing and Yixian were on the southern edge of their state, with Beijing (as "Nanjing") their southern capital.
131:. As Buddhist tradition developed, and especially in the East Asian Buddhist countries, the number of arhats tended to increase, and at least the most important were regarded as, or as almost,
1183:
355:
in Berlin is a head and bust length fragment, 60 cm high, of a younger man with his head turned to his left, and his shoulder bared. In his 2011 lecture Derek
Gillman reported that
289:
was also found inside a robe fold of the Boston figure, together with eight others including five from the 8th century; coins often remained in circulation long after they were minted.
1337:
1357:
1312:
331:
about them in 1912, and subsequently showed him examples, some of which he bought and exported to Europe. They had apparently been found in one or more caves near Yixian,
155:
describes this "usual assumption" as "speculative". These and earlier smaller groupings of six or eight were each given names and personalities in
Buddhist tradition.
754:"Bulletin", 15, quoted; this covers the first the MMA bought, the younger luohan, with a later article in the June edition on the second aged figure, see Wisdom, 226
1342:
1292:
447:
as sometimes said), with their bases made separately, and using a combination of moulded and freely formed "slab-constructed" sections. They use the difficult
135:
or fully enlightened beings, with a wide range of supernatural powers. According to Buddhist tradition, groups of 16, 18 or 500 luohans awaited the arrival of
316:
453:
three-colour glazing process (here in fact often including four colours), which requires two firings. This was widely used for vessels and figures found in
41:
1317:
174:
30:
1287:
458:
862:
725:
419:, said there were "nine known examples; there's a tenth which may be part of the group, and three are known, believed, to have been broken".
341:
soon after, repeating his story in a book published a few years later, but the veracity of his account has been challenged in recent years.
344:
In 1913 two figures were exhibited in Paris (without their bases), and a third (with base) was acquired by the British Museum in 1914, see
1307:
1015:
Gillman (2013–14): Gillman, Derek, "The Imperial Luohans of Zhongdu and the Reassertion of Chan (Zen) Buddhist Influence in North China,"
143:. The full set of the so-called "Yixian luohans" is thought by most scholars to have had figures for the typical Chinese main grouping of
1104:
352:
1277:
461:), but from the mid-8th century is rarely found in most of China. However the regional Liao dynasty, founded by the semi-nomadic
1362:
1322:
1158:
1136:
1077:
1059:
1031:
1000:
427:(916–1125 CE), its tri-colour glaze of green, amber, and cream, is reminiscent of elements from Tang dynasty sculptures.
1166:
763:
270:
1302:
1124:
1111:
396:
372:
152:
105:
93:
379:
pottery are preserved in Western museums", presumably excluding the example in Japan. The group of nine as listed by
1024:
Chinese Buddhist Sculpture Under the Liao: Free Standing Works In Situ and Selected Examples from Public Collections
1332:
1297:
1150:
575:
400:
388:
196:
117:
85:
1367:
1352:
1347:
345:
276:
181:
1327:
526:
17:
1282:
1089:, Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675, pp. 200–201
328:
866:
594:
Rhie and Thurman, 102–116; Wisdom, 112–114; Steinhardt, 7–8; Gillman (2010), 126; Watson, 123, quoted
404:
387:
Several of the current museum web pages mention a group of eight, probably counting Berlin, plus the
321:
310:
236:
89:
1256:
900:
663:
1180:
The Missing Buddhas :The mystery of the Chinese Buddhist statues that stunned the Western art world
1040:
540:
The Missing Buddhas: The mystery of the Chinese Buddhist statues that stunned the Western Art World
337:
77:
during World War II, but was rediscovered in the State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, in 2001.
1262:
1162:
1154:
1140:
1132:
1100:
1073:
1055:
1027:
1004:
996:
416:
159:
perfection an idealization of the face", where "only the elongation of the ear-lobes follows
1063:
1251:
1082:
694:
380:
360:
285:
124:
66:
1195:
Smithies, Richard (2001), "A Luohan from Yizhou in the University of Pennsylvania Museum",
327:
The figures were reportedly in the hands of Chinese dealers who told the German sinologist
292:
A significantly different dating is proposed by Hsu, based mainly on inscriptions on stone
148:
65:
period (907–1125). They were apparently discovered in the early 20th century in caves at
1239:
Lecture by Derek Gillman at the Penn Museum, on their example and the group. From YouTube
1011:
Lecture by Derek Gillman at the Penn Museum, on their example and the group. From YouTube
113:
1147:
Wisdom Embodied: Chinese Buddhist and Daoist Sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1092:
392:
144:
81:
726:"View of the Luohan sculpture, Matthews Family Court of Chinese Sculpture, April 2006"
644:
Steinhardt, 8; Gillman Lecture, 53:10, for some minutes; Wisdom, 116 (Technical note).
1271:
462:
364:
281:
1119:
841:
567:
454:
424:
412:
266:
262:
258:
140:
101:
62:
34:
711:
Homage to Heaven, Homage to Earth: Chinese Treasures of the Royal Ontario Museum
408:
356:
160:
132:
109:
1244:
1238:
1010:
515:. Vol. 39. Russia: Transactions of the State Hermitage. pp. 114–118.
440:
1247:, 2:25 minutes, appreciation by Denise Leidy of the older Metropolitan figure
1052:
Monks in Glaze: Patronage, Kiln Origin, and Iconography of the Yixian Luohans
1250:
Abstracts of the 1998 AAS Annual Meeting, March 26–29, 1998, Washington, DC
981:
693:
Abstracts of the 1998 AAS Annual Meeting, March 26–29, 1998, Washington, DC
444:
525:
Sickman, p. 483, note 11 for p. 200; updated to include the Paris example (
257:
In their first years in the West the figures were usually assigned to the
474:
265:
period and those of the dynasties in between. But a date in the regional
136:
359:, a fellow specialist, had recently been shown it in a storeroom of the
249:
70:
1044:
1026:, 1993, International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan,
211:
Another at the Metropolitan from the same set, depicting an older monk
449:
293:
128:
74:
1145:"Wisdom": Leidy, Denise Patry; Strahan, Donna K.; Becker, Lawrence,
617:
Steinhardt, 7–8; Gillman (2010), 126; Gillman Lecture, 35:00 – 37:00
1188:
Smithies, Richard, "The Search for the Lohans of I-chou (Yixian)",
1167:
fully available online as PDF, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art
829:
Friends of the Far East: Newsletter for the Bishop White Committee
332:
315:
304:
248:
54:
1116:
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
1037:
Hobson, R.L. "A New Chinese Masterpiece in the British Museum."
968:
Gillman Lecture, long passage beginning 41:00; Gillman (2013-14)
1043:
for Connoisseurs, Vol. 25, No. 134 (May, 1914), pp. 68–70, 73,
139:, the Future Buddha, and groups were often used in East Asian
827:
Cheong, Phillip (Autumn 2007). "Reflections on the Luohan".
261:(618–907), with some proposing various later dates in the
1072:, 1991, Harry N. Abrams, New York (with 3 institutions),
774:
772:
704:
702:
61:
in Chinese) now usually regarded as originating from the
635:
Bulletin and Hobson's titles; Hobson, 69–70; Watson, 123
439:
The statues are assembled from several pieces of glazed
1131:, Pelican history of art, 2000, Yale University Press,
822:
820:
709:
Far Eastern Department, Royal Ontario Museum (1992).
675:
Gillman Lecture, 23:40; others give shorter distances
984:" by "S.C.B.R." (S.C. Bosch Reitz per Wisdom, 221),
713:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 174.
53:
are a set of life-size glazed pottery sculptures of
568:"Arhat (luohan), Liao dynasty (907–1125), ca. 1000"
919:
917:
1263:See "Sun" for citations for two papers in Chinese
80:Others are now in the following collections: the
253:The older of the New York figures, from the side
1202:Wolf, Marion (1969), "The Lohans from I-chou",
1070:Wisdom And Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet
890:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. 55.
1338:Collection of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
604:
602:
600:
27:Set of pottery Buddhist sculptures from China
8:
1358:Sculptures in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1182:, 2021, Earnshaw Books, ISBN 9789888769186,
1017:Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society
436:piece weighs 450 lbs (204.1 kg).
18:Group of glazed pottery luohans from Yixian
1313:Ceramics in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
1220:, (London, The British Museum Press, 1991)
986:Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
982:A Large Pottery Lohan of the T'ang Period
888:Art Treasures in the Royal Ontario Museum
127:, one of the historical disciples of the
1227:(London, The British Museum Press, 1985)
1099:, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
1068:Rhie, Marylin and Thurman, Robert (eds):
40:
29:
485:
170:
1343:Collection of the Royal Ontario Museum
1293:Asian sculptures in the British Museum
1112:"The Luohan that Came from Afar" (PDF)
1097:The British Museum Book of Chinese Art
766:; Gridley, 10, 113, 114; Steinhardt, 7
562:
560:
558:
351:The figure long thought lost from the
199:, his head turned sharply to his right
7:
995:, 2010, Cambridge University Press,
459:this set in London is a good example
1213:(London, Thames & Hudson, 1993)
1192:, vol. 30, no. 3 (1984): pp 260–274
375:in 2000 wrote that "Five Luohan in
123:Luohan is the Chinese term for an
25:
1087:The Art and Architecture of China
988:, vol. xvi (1921), pp. 15–16
886:Heinrich, Theodore Allen (1963).
572:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
991:Gillman (2010): Gillman, Derek,
932:Wisdom, 115; Sickman, 200 quoted
228:
216:
204:
188:
173:
1288:1912 archaeological discoveries
1184:Review in Asian Review of Books
353:Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst
1:
1318:China–United States relations
1218:Chinese pottery and porcelain
1211:Buddhist art and architecture
993:The Idea of Cultural Heritage
941:Sickman, 201; Wisdom, 115–116
391:(with two) in New York City,
51:Yixian glazed pottery luohans
1110:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman,
542:. Hong Kong: Earnshaw Books.
511:Menishkova, Maria L (2008).
1129:The Arts of China: 900–1620
397:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
239:in Toronto, with later head
106:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
94:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1384:
1257:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1151:Metropolitan Museum of Art
576:Metropolitan Museum of Art
401:Boston Museum of Fine Arts
389:Metropolitan Museum of Art
197:Metropolitan Museum of Art
118:Sezon Museum of Modern Art
86:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1050:Hsu, Eileen Hsiang-ling,
1022:Gridley, Marilyn Leidig,
1019:, vol. 78, 2013–14, 41–52
959:Rawson; Sickman and Soper
492:Sickman, 200; Rawson, 159
407:in Toronto, Ontario, and
346:Seated Luohan from Yixian
277:Thermoluminescence dating
182:Seated Luohan from Yixian
901:Metropolitan object page
653:Gillman (2013-14), 41-52
301:History in the art world
1278:11th-century sculptures
1225:Buddhism: art and faith
271:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
195:Yixian luohan from the
1308:Canada–China relations
1252:Session on the Luohans
911:Gillman Lecture, 21:00
787:Gillman Lecture, 22:30
778:Gillman Lecture, 21:10
728:. Royal Ontario Museum
695:Session on the Luohans
626:Gillman Lecture, 38:30
324:
313:
254:
223:The Penn Museum luohan
84:in London, two in the
46:
38:
1363:Terracotta sculptures
1323:Chinese ceramic works
1259:webpages on their two
1149:, pp. 112–116, 2010,
852:Gillman Lecture, 3:50
805:Sickman, 483, note 11
552:Rhie and Thurman, 102
538:Miller, Tony (2021).
513:The Arhat from I-chou
501:Gillman Lecture, 3.20
319:
308:
252:
44:
33:
1241:, 1 hour 14 minutes.
1206:15, no. 1, pp. 51–57
867:Royal Ontario Museum
863:"Figure of a luohan"
814:Gillman (2010), 126n
405:Royal Ontario Museum
322:Royal Ontario Museum
311:Royal Ontario Museum
237:Royal Ontario Museum
90:Royal Ontario Museum
1199:32, no.2, pp. 51–56
1107:, pp. 158–160.
1041:Burlington Magazine
329:Friedrich Perzynski
45:Chinese luohan hall
1303:Buddhist sculpture
1237:"Gillman Lecture"
1009:"Gillman Lecture"
338:Deutsche Rundschau
325:
314:
297:heads were added.
255:
116:in Paris, and the
47:
39:
1333:Chinese sculpture
1298:Buddhism in Hebei
1161:, 9781588393999,
1139:, 9780300098358,
1062:, 9789004335868,
1003:, 9780521192552,
527:Musée Guimet page
457:(618–907) tombs (
417:Barnes Foundation
16:(Redirected from
1375:
1368:Yi County, Hebei
1353:History of Hebei
1348:Culture in Hebei
1245:82nd & Fifth
1223:W. Zwalf (ed.),
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
948:
942:
939:
933:
930:
924:
921:
912:
909:
903:
898:
892:
891:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
859:
853:
850:
844:
842:Penn Museum page
839:
833:
832:
824:
815:
812:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
785:
779:
776:
767:
761:
755:
752:
746:
743:
737:
736:
734:
733:
721:
715:
714:
706:
697:
691:
685:
682:
676:
673:
667:
660:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
609:
606:
595:
592:
586:
585:
583:
582:
564:
553:
550:
544:
543:
535:
529:
523:
517:
516:
508:
502:
499:
493:
490:
399:in Kansas City,
381:Laurence Sickman
361:Hermitage Museum
286:Chinese ceramics
284:, first used on
232:
220:
208:
192:
180:British Museum,
177:
67:Yi County, Hebei
21:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1328:Chinese pottery
1268:
1267:
1234:
1175:
1173:Further reading
1125:Watson, William
1093:Rawson, Jessica
1085:& Soper A,
1054:, 2016, BRILL,
1034:, 9788185689043
977:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
945:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:Wisdom, 115–116
922:
915:
910:
906:
899:
895:
885:
884:
880:
871:
869:
861:
860:
856:
851:
847:
840:
836:
826:
825:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
770:
764:Photo on Flickr
762:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
731:
729:
723:
722:
718:
708:
707:
700:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
670:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:
598:
593:
589:
580:
578:
566:
565:
556:
551:
547:
537:
536:
532:
524:
520:
510:
509:
505:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
433:
303:
247:
240:
233:
224:
221:
212:
209:
200:
193:
184:
178:
169:
149:Eighteen Arhats
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1381:
1379:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1233:
1232:External links
1230:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1216:S.J. Vainker,
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1178:Miller, Tony,
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1143:
1122:
1108:
1090:
1080:
1066:
1048:
1035:
1020:
1013:
1007:
989:
976:
973:
971:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
913:
904:
893:
878:
854:
845:
834:
816:
807:
798:
796:Gillman, 126 n
789:
780:
768:
756:
747:
738:
724:Boyle, Brian.
716:
698:
686:
677:
668:
655:
646:
637:
628:
619:
610:
596:
587:
554:
545:
530:
518:
503:
494:
484:
482:
479:
432:
429:
393:British Museum
373:William Watson
302:
299:
246:
243:
242:
241:
235:Luohan at the
234:
227:
225:
222:
215:
213:
210:
203:
201:
194:
187:
185:
179:
172:
168:
165:
153:William Watson
82:British Museum
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1380:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1283:1912 in China
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1209:R.E. Fisher,
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:9780714124469
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:"Bulletin", "
979:
978:
974:
965:
962:
956:
953:
947:
944:
938:
935:
929:
926:
920:
918:
914:
908:
905:
902:
897:
894:
889:
882:
879:
868:
864:
858:
855:
849:
846:
843:
838:
835:
830:
823:
821:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
739:
727:
720:
717:
712:
705:
703:
699:
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
672:
669:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:
641:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
605:
603:
601:
597:
591:
588:
577:
573:
569:
563:
561:
559:
555:
549:
546:
541:
534:
531:
528:
522:
519:
514:
507:
504:
498:
495:
489:
486:
480:
478:
476:
470:
466:
464:
463:Khitan people
460:
456:
452:
451:
446:
442:
437:
430:
428:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
382:
378:
374:
368:
366:
365:St Petersburg
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
323:
318:
312:
307:
300:
298:
295:
290:
287:
283:
282:ceramic glaze
278:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
251:
244:
238:
231:
226:
219:
214:
207:
202:
198:
191:
186:
183:
176:
171:
166:
164:
162:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
88:in New York,
87:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
43:
36:
32:
19:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1204:Oriental Art
1203:
1197:Orientations
1196:
1190:Oriental Art
1189:
1179:
1163:google books
1146:
1141:google books
1128:
1120:Philadelphia
1096:
1086:
1069:
1064:google books
1051:
1038:
1023:
1016:
1005:google books
992:
985:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
907:
896:
887:
881:
870:. Retrieved
857:
848:
837:
828:
810:
801:
792:
783:
759:
750:
741:
730:. Retrieved
719:
710:
689:
684:Bulletin, 16
680:
671:
658:
649:
640:
631:
622:
613:
590:
579:. Retrieved
571:
548:
539:
533:
521:
512:
506:
497:
488:
471:
467:
455:Tang dynasty
448:
438:
434:
425:Liao dynasty
421:
413:Philadelphia
386:
376:
369:
350:
343:
336:
326:
320:Detail from
291:
275:
267:Liao dynasty
263:Ming dynasty
259:Tang dynasty
256:
157:
141:Buddhist art
133:bodhisattvas
122:
114:Musée Guimet
102:Philadelphia
92:in Toronto,
79:
63:Liao dynasty
58:
50:
48:
35:Musee Guimet
608:Watson, 123
409:Penn Museum
395:in London,
357:Stanley Abe
161:iconography
151:, although
110:Kansas City
98:Penn Museum
69:, south of
1272:Categories
1159:1588393992
1137:0300098359
1078:0810925265
1060:9004335862
1032:8185689040
1001:0521192552
975:References
950:Hobson, 70
872:2014-02-24
732:2014-02-24
662:Hsu, 184 (
581:2014-02-25
441:terracotta
309:Luohan at
1083:Sickman L
445:stoneware
431:Technique
475:Longquan
273:period.
137:Maitreya
57:(called
167:Gallery
145:Sixteen
71:Beijing
37:example
1157:
1135:
1103:
1095:(ed).
1076:
1058:
1030:
999:
745:Hobson
450:sancai
403:, the
377:sancai
294:stelae
245:Dating
129:Buddha
112:, the
75:Berlin
59:luohan
55:arhats
1165:, or
1045:JSTOR
481:Notes
443:(not
333:Hebei
125:arhat
1155:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1074:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1039:The
1028:ISBN
997:ISBN
49:The
664:PDF
411:in
363:in
147:or
1274::
1153:,
1127:,
1118:,
1114:,
916:^
865:.
819:^
771:^
701:^
599:^
574:.
570:.
557:^
108:,
104:,
100:,
96:,
875:.
831:.
735:.
666:)
584:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
