Group polarization - Knowledge (XXG)

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their position. The theory posits that each group member enters the discussion aware of a set of items of information or arguments favoring both sides of the issue, but lean toward that side that boasts the greater amount of information. In other words, individuals base their individual choices by weighing remembered pro and con arguments. Some of these items or arguments are shared among the members while some items are unshared, in which all but one member has considered these arguments before. Assuming most or all group members lean in the same direction, during discussion, items of unshared information supporting that direction are expressed, which provides members previously unaware of them more reason to lean in that direction. Group discussion shifts the weight of evidence as each group member expresses their arguments, shedding light onto a number of different positions and ideas. Research has indicated that informational influence is more likely with intellective issues, a group goal of making correct decision, task-oriented group members, and private responses. Furthermore, research suggests that it is not simply the sharing of information that predicts group polarization. Rather, the amount of information and persuasiveness of the arguments mediate the level of polarization experienced.

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suggests that a general phenomenon of choice-shifts exists apart from only risk-related decisions. Stoner (1968) found that a decision is impacted by the values behind that circumstances of the decision. The study found that situations that normally favor the more risky alternative increased risky shifts. More so, situations that normally favor the cautious alternative increased cautious shifts. These findings also show the importance of previous group shifts. Choice shifts are mainly explained by largely differing human values and how highly these values are held by an individual. According to Moscovici et al. (1972) interaction within a group and differences of opinion are necessary for group polarization to take place. While an extremist in the group may sway opinion, the shift can only occur with sufficient and proper interaction within the group. In other words, the extremist will have no impact without interaction. Also, Moscovici et al. found individual preferences to be irrelevant; it is differences of opinion which will cause the shift. This finding demonstrates how one opinion in the group will not sway the group; it is the combination of all the individual opinions that will make an impact.

302:, or normative influence theory, has been widely used to explain group polarization. According to the social comparison interpretation, group polarization occurs as a result of individuals' desire to gain acceptance and be perceived in a favorable way by their group. The theory holds that people first compare their own ideas with those held by the rest of the group; they observe and evaluate what the group values and prefers. In order to gain acceptance, people then take a position that is similar to everyone else's but slightly more extreme. In doing so, individuals support the group's beliefs while still presenting themselves as admirable group "leaders". The presence of a member with an extreme viewpoint or attitude does not further polarize the group. Studies regarding the theory have demonstrated that normative influence is more likely with judgmental issues, a group goal of harmony, person-oriented group members, and public responses. 269:

that would conform to the average risk level of its members. The seemingly counter-intuitive findings of Stoner led to a spurt of research around the risky shift, which was originally thought to be a special case exception to the standard decision-making practice. Many people had concluded that people in a group setting would make decisions based on what they assumed to be the overall risk level of a group; because Stoner's work did not necessarily address this specific theme, and because it does seem to contrast Stoner's initial definition of risky shift, additional controversy arose leading researchers to further examine the topic. By the late 1960s, however, it had become clear that the risky shift was just one type of many attitudes that became more extreme in groups, leading Moscovici and Zavalloni to term the overall phenomenon "group polarization."

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expected. The study's results also showed that groupthink occurs less in computer-mediated discussions than when people are face to face. Moreover, computer-mediated discussions often fail to result in a group consensus, or lead to less satisfaction with the consensus that was reached, compared to groups operating in a natural environment. Furthermore, the experiment took place over a two-week period, leading the researchers to suggest that group polarization may occur only in the short-term. Overall, the results suggest that not only may group polarization not be as prevalent as previous studies suggest, but group theories, in general, may not be simply transferable when seen in a computer-related discussion.

235:"Mr. A, an electrical engineer, who is married and has one child, has been working for a large electronics corporation since graduating from college five years ago. He is assured of a lifetime job with a modest, though adequate, salary and liberal pension benefits upon retirement. On the other hand, it is very unlikely that his salary will increase much before he retires. While attending a convention, Mr. A is offered a job with a small, newly founded company which has a highly uncertain future. The new job would pay more to start and would offer the possibility of a share in the owner- ship if the company survived the competition of the larger firms." 334:, which holds that conformity stems from psychological processes; that is, being a member of a group is defined as the subjective perception of the self as a member of a specific category. Accordingly, proponents of the self-categorization model hold that group polarization occurs because individuals identify with a particular group and conform to a prototypical group position that is more extreme than the group mean. In contrast to social comparison theory and persuasive argumentation theory, the self-categorization model maintains that inter-group categorization processes are the cause of group polarization 394:) discussions. In particular, this study found that group discussions, conducted when discussants are in a distributed (cannot see one another) or anonymous (cannot identify one another) environment, can lead to even higher levels of group polarization compared to traditional meetings. This is attributed to the greater numbers of novel arguments generated (due to persuasive arguments theory) and higher incidence of one-upmanship behaviors (due to social comparison). 441:. A study by Myers in 2005 reported that initial differences among American college students become more accentuated over time. For example, students who do not belong to fraternities and sororities tend to be more liberal politically, and this difference increases over the course of their college careers. Researchers theorize that this is at least partially explained by group polarization, as group members tend to reinforce one another's proclivities and opinions. 52:

deliberating together, mock jury members often decided on punitive damage awards that were either larger or smaller than the amount any individual juror had favored prior to deliberation. The studies indicated that when the jurors favored a relatively low award, discussion would lead to an even more lenient result, while if the jury was inclined to impose a stiff penalty, discussion would make it even harsher. Moreover, in recent years, the Internet and online

115:" issues. For most issues, new evidence does not produce a polarization effect. For those issues where polarization is found, mere thinking about the issue, without contemplating new evidence, produces the effect. Social comparison processes have also been invoked as an explanation for the effect, which is increased by settings in which people repeat and validate each other's statements. This apparent tendency is of interest not only to 5075: 1810: 467: 346:

The results of the study supported their hypothesis in that participants converged on a norm polarized toward risk on risky items and toward caution on cautious items. Another similar study found that in-group prototypes become more polarized as the group becomes more extreme in the social context. This further lends support to the self-categorization explanation of group polarization.

318:'s 1986 meta-analysis of the data gathered by both the persuasive argument and social comparison camps succeeded, in large part, in answering the questions about predominant mechanisms. Isenberg concluded that there was substantial evidence that both effects were operating simultaneously, and that persuasive arguments theory operated when social comparison did not, and vice versa. 108:: the tendency of people to search for and interpret evidence selectively, to reinforce their current beliefs or attitudes. When people encounter ambiguous evidence, this bias can potentially result in each of them interpreting it as in support of their existing attitudes, widening rather than narrowing the disagreement between them. 453: 154:, the other strongly opposed. The researchers initially measured the strength with which people held their position. Later, both the pro- and anti-capital punishment people were put into small groups and shown one of two cards, each containing a statement about the results of a research project written on it. For example: 341:, which explains group polarization as conformity to a polarized norm, was found by Hogg, Turner, and Davidson in 1990. In their experiment, participants gave pre-test, post-test, and group consensus recommendations on three choice dilemma item-types (risky, neutral, or cautious). The researchers hypothesized that an 387:, a late term abortion doctor, where the tweets analyzed were conversations among supporters and opponents of abortion rights, post shooting. The study found that like-minded individuals strengthened group identity whereas replies between different-minded individuals reinforced a split in affiliation. 397:

However, some research suggests that important differences arise in measuring group polarization in laboratory versus field experiments. A study conducted by Taylor & MacDonald (2002) featured a realistic setting of a computer-mediated discussion, but group polarization did not occur at the level

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confronted by a risky outgroup will polarize toward caution, an ingroup confronted by a caution outgroup will polarize toward risk, and an ingroup in the middle of the social frame of reference, confronted by both risky and cautious outgroups, will not polarize but will converge on its pre-test mean.

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The study of group polarization can be traced back to an unpublished 1961 Master's thesis by MIT student James Stoner, who observed the so-called "risky shift". The concept of risky shift maintains that a group's decisions are riskier than the average of the individual decisions of members before the

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Group polarization is similarly influential in legal contexts. A study that assessed whether Federal district court judges behaved differently when they sat alone, or in small groups, demonstrated that those judges who sat alone took extreme action 35% of the time, whereas judges who sat in a group

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individuals. Similar to the social media platforms, video streaming platforms like YouTube are forming groups unconsciously through intelligent algorithm seeking for extreme contents. Owing to this technology, it is possible for individuals to curate their sources of information and the opinions to

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The discovery of the risky shift was considered surprising and counter-intuitive, especially since earlier work in the 1920s and 1930s by Allport and other researchers suggested that individuals made more extreme decisions than did groups, leading to the expectation that groups would make decisions

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Individuals completed the questionnaire and made their decisions independently of others. Later, they would be asked to join a group to reassess their choices. Indicated by shifts in the mean value, initial studies using this method revealed that group decisions tended to be relatively riskier than

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In early studies, the risky-shift phenomenon was measured using a scale known as the Choice-Dilemmas Questionnaire. This measure required participants to consider a hypothetical scenario in which an individual is faced with a dilemma and must make a choice to resolve the issue at hand. Participants

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Informational influence, or persuasive arguments theory, has also been used to explain group polarization, and is most recognized by psychologists today. The persuasive arguments interpretation holds that individuals become more convinced of their views when they hear novel arguments in support of

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point out that it is reasonable for people to be less critical of research that supports their current position, but it seems less rational for people to significantly increase the strength of their attitudes when they read supporting evidence. When people had read both the research that supported

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Group polarization has been reported to occur during wartime and other times of conflict and helps to account partially for violent behavior and conflict. Researchers have suggested, for instance, that ethnic conflict exacerbates group polarization by enhancing identification with the ingroup and

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refers to the tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members. These more extreme decisions are towards greater risk if individuals' initial tendencies are to be risky and towards greater caution if individuals' initial tendencies are to be

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The researchers found that people tended to believe that research that supported their original views had been better conducted and was more convincing than research that didn't. Whichever position they held initially, people tended to hold that position more strongly after reading research that

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Group polarization is an important phenomenon in social psychology and is observable in many social contexts. For example, a group of women who hold moderately feminist views tend to demonstrate heightened pro-feminist beliefs following group discussion. Similarly, studies have shown that after

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Risky and cautious shifts are both a part of a more generalized idea known as group-induced attitude polarization. Though group polarization deals mainly with risk-involving decisions and/or opinions, discussion-induced shifts have been shown to occur on several non-risk-involving levels. This

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strongly than before they received that information. These results should be understood in the context of several problems in the implementation of the study, including the fact the researchers changed the scaling of the outcome of the variable, so measuring attitude change was impossible, and

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In the next stage of the research, the participants were given more information about the study described on the card they received, including details of the research, critiques of the research, and the researchers' responses to those critiques. The participants' degree of commitment to their

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Subsequently, a decade-long period of examination of the applicability of group polarization to a number of fields in both lab and field settings began. There is a substantial amount of empirical evidence demonstrating the phenomenon of group polarization. Group polarization has been widely

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Research has suggested that well-established groups suffer less from polarization, as do groups discussing problems that are well known to them. However, in situations where groups are somewhat newly formed and tasks are new, group polarization can demonstrate a more profound influence on

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original positions were re-measured, and the participants were asked about the quality of the research and the effect the research had on their beliefs. Finally, the trial was rerun on all participants using a card that supported the opposite position to that they had initially seen.

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Kroner and Phillips (1977) compared murder rates for the year before and the year after adoption of capital punishment in 14 states. In 11 of the 14 states, murder rates were lower after adoption of the death penalty. This research supports the deterrent effect of the death

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Palmer and Crandall (1977) compared murder rates in 10 pairs of neighboring states with different capital punishment laws. In 8 of the 10 pairs, murder rates were higher in the state with capital punishment. This research opposes the deterrent effect of the death

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demonstrate that group polarization can occur even when a group is not physically together. As long as the group of individuals begins with the same fundamental opinion on the topic and a consistent dialogue is kept going, group polarization can occur.

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Almost as soon as the phenomenon of group polarization was discovered, a number of theories were offered to help explain and account for it. These explanations were gradually narrowed down and grouped together until two primary mechanisms remained,

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Participants were then asked to imagine that they were advising Mr. A. They would then be provided with a series of probabilities that indicate whether the new company that offered him a position is financially stable. It would read as following

2708: 416:). Researchers have identified an increase in affective polarization among the United States electorate, and report that hostility and discrimination towards the opposing political party has increased dramatically over time. 265:

those that were made by individuals. This tendency also occurred when individual judgments were collected after the group discussion and even when the individual post-discussion measures were delayed two to six weeks.

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of three took extreme action 65% of the time. These results are noteworthy because they indicate that even trained, professional decision-makers are subject to the influences of group polarization.

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hostility towards the outgroup. While polarization can occur in any type of conflict, it has its most damaging effects in large-scale inter-group, public policy, and international conflicts.

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refers to the outcome of that attitude change; namely, the difference between the average group members' pre-group discussion attitudes and the outcome of the group decision.

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While these two theories are the most widely accepted as explanations for group polarization, alternative theories have been proposed. The most popular of these theories is

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considered as a fundamental group decision-making process and was well established, but remained non-obvious and puzzling because its mechanisms were not fully understood.

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toward a situation may change in the sense that the individuals' initial attitudes have strengthened and intensified after group discussion, a phenomenon known as

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Hogg, M.A.; Turner, J.C.; Davidson, B. (1990). "Polarized norms and social frames of reference: A test of the self-categorization theory of group polarization".

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Lord, C. G.; Ross, L.; Lepper, M. R. (1979). "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence".

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which they are exposed, thereby reinforcing and strengthening their own views while effectively avoiding information and perspectives with which they disagree.

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were then asked to estimate the probability that a certain choice would be of benefit or risk to the individual being discussed. Consider the following example:

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Sia, C. L; Tan, B; Wei, K. K. (2002). "Group Polarization and Computer-Mediated Communication: Effects of Communication Cues, Social Presence, and Anonymity".

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McGarty, Craig; John C. Turner, Michael A., Barbara David; et al. (March 1992). "Group polarization as conformity to the prototypical group member".

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Bastug, Mehmet F.; Douai, Aziz; Akca, Davut (2020-07-02). "Exploring the "Demand Side" of Online Radicalization: Evidence from the Canadian Context".

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Moscovici, S.; W. Doise; R. Dulong (1972). "Studies in group decision: II. Differences of positions, differences of opinion, and group polarization".

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have also presented opportunities to observe group polarization and compile new research. Psychologists have found that social media outlets such as

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Brauer, Mark J.; Judd, Charles Mosley; Gliner, M D (1995). "The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group discussions".

102:, is a phenomenon in which a disagreement becomes more extreme as the different parties consider evidence on the issue. It is one of the effects of 3676: 1224:

Vinokur, A.; Burnstein, E. (1974). "Effects of partially shared persuasive arguments on group induced shifts: A group problem-solving approach".

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Walker, Thomas G.; Main, Eleanor C. (December 1973). "Choice shifts and extreme behavior: Judicial review in the federal courts".

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measured polarization using a subjective assessment of attitude change and not a direct measure of how much change had occurred.

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Bray, R. M.; A. M. Noble (1978). "Authoritarianism and decisions of mock juries: Evidence of jury bias and group polarization".

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effect of the death penalty, and, this time, also asked them about the effect that the research had had on their attitudes.

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In the 1970s, significant arguments occurred over whether persuasive argumentation alone accounted for group polarization.

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Kunovich, Robert; Deitelbaum, Catherine (2004). "Ethnic Conflict, Group Polarization, and Gender Attitudes in Croatia".

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Taylor, J.; MacDonald, J. (2002). "The effects of asynchronous computer-mediated group interaction of group processes".

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Since the late 1960s, psychologists have carried out a number of studies on various aspects of attitude polarization.

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Iyengar, Shanto; Westwood, Sean (2014). "Fear and Loathing Across Party Lines: New Evidence on Group Polarization".

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Taber, Charles S.; Lodge, Milton (July 2006). "Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs".

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____Place a check here if you think Mr. A should not take the new job no matter what the probabilities.

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Hinsz, V.B.; Davis, J.H. (1984). "Persuasive Arguments Theory, Group Polarization, and Choice Shifts".

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Kuhn, Deanna; Lao, Joseph (1996). "Effects of Evidence on Attitudes: Is Polarization the Norm?".

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In a study conducted by Sia et al. (2002), group polarization was found to occur with online (

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performed a study in which they selected two groups of people, one group strongly in favor of

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On a smaller scale, group polarization can also be seen in the everyday lives of students in

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Baldassarri, Delia; Bearman, Peter (October 2007). "Dynamics of Political Polarization".

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refers to attitude change on the individual level due to the influence of the group, and

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their views and the research that did not, they tended to hold their original attitudes

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Tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than the inclinations of its members

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Stoner, J.A. (1961). "A comparison of individual and group decision involving risk".

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The rising popularity and increased number of online social media platforms, such as

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Isenberg, D.J. (1986). "Group Polarization: A Critical Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Group polarization has been widely discussed in terms of political behavior (see

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The researchers again asked people about the strength of their beliefs about the

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The effect is observed with issues that activate emotions, such as political "

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Moscovici, S.; M. Zavalloni (1969). "The group as a polarizer of attitudes".

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One study analyzed over 30,000 tweets on Twitter regarding the shooting of

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____The chances are 9 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.

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____The chances are 7 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.

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____The chances are 5 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.

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____The chances are 3 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.

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____The chances are 1 in 10 that the company will prove financially sound.

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Myers, D.G.; H. Lamm (1975). "The polarizing effect of group discussion".

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Abrams, D.; M. Wetherell; S. Cochrane; M.A. Hogg; J.C. Turner (1990).

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are similar in many ways; however, they differ in one distinct way.

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Van Swol, Lyn M. (2009). "Extreme members and group polarization".

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Unpublished Master's Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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Myers, D.G.; H. Lamm (1976). "The group polarization phenomenon".

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Myers, D.G. (1975). "Discussion-induced attitude polarization".

19:"Polarization (psychology)" redirects here. For other uses, see 4966: 4809: 4200: 3787: 3606: 3468: 3319: 3257: 2806: 2572: 2368: 2321: 1714: 720: 718: 1636:"Polarization and Conflict: Theoretical and Empirical Issues" 1404:. International clearninghouse on children, youth and media. 621: 619: 617: 615: 1059: 1057: 1402:

Influences of mediated violence: a brief research summary

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A Mind of its Own - How Your Brain Distorts and Deceives

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Polarization (disambiguation) § Social sciences

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Why groups go to extremes" 776: 774: 1048: 1036: 1024: 1012: 1000: 2333: 1726: 689:Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 8: 1385:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1226:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1164:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 891:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 783:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 655:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 628:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1702:Exploring Social Psychology: Fourth Edition 1327: 1325: 1323: 678: 676: 4963: 4872: 4806: 4757: 4208: 4197: 3881: 3784: 3603: 3465: 3316: 3254: 2814: 2803: 2714: 2626: 2569: 2499: 2376: 2365: 2340: 2326: 2318: 1733: 1719: 1711: 1253:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 849: 847: 1634:Esteban, Joan; Schneider, Gerald (2008). 1303: 1092: 1073:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 330:. Self-categorization theory stems from 520: 322:Self-categorization and social identity 1378: 1574:American Journal of Political Science 1532: 1530: 1113:European Journal of Social Psychology 818:American Journal of Political Science 7: 2075:Social determinants of mental health 1987:Social determinants of mental health 1361:British Journal of Social Psychology 1292:British Journal of Social Psychology 3975:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 1427:Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 1334:Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1152:Forsyth, D.R. (2010) Group Dynamics 1373:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1992.tb00952.x 1305:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1990.tb00892.x 868:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00340.x 683:Yardi, Sarita; Danah Boyd (2010). 14: 4375:Western-backed Iranian Revolution 4257:Finger-pinching conspiracy theory 4107:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry 2122:Frustration–aggression hypothesis 5074: 5073: 3834:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw 3771:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning 3137:South African Airways Flight 295 1808: 1687:10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00080.x 1609:The Journal of Social Psychology 830:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x 465: 451: 4418:Petrograd Military Organization 3941:International Jewish conspiracy 3789:Race, religion and/or ethnicity 3451:Denial of the 7 October attacks 3276:California drought manipulation 4367:Israel-related animal theories 1675:Journal of Marriage and Family 1: 4529:First Catilinarian conspiracy 3571:Ideology in incel communities 2302:Fundamental attribution error 1621:10.1080/00224545.1973.9923044 1439:10.1080/1057610X.2018.1494409 5079:Category:Conspiracy theories 4890:Freeman on the land movement 4780:Maricopa County ballot audit 4738:"Vast right-wing conspiracy" 3170:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 2454:Global catastrophe scenarios 1948:Elaboration likelihood model 1869:Social dominance orientation 1509:Information Systems Research 1085:10.1016/0022-1031(68)90069-3 1064:Stoner, James A. F. (1968). 1049:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979 1037:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979 1025:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979 1013:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979 1001:Lord, Ross & Lepper 1979 926:American Sociological Review 795:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098 667:10.1037/0022-3514.36.12.1424 277:Major theoretical approaches 5054:Science by press conference 5027:Online youth radicalization 4946:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme 4638:CIA assistance to bin Laden 4281:(outside the United States) 3445:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 3391:Mozambican presidential jet 3131:United Air Lines Flight 553 2662:Interdimensional hypothesis 2358:List of conspiracy theories 2155:Negative-state relief model 2065:Diffusion of responsibility 1931:Asch conformity experiments 1750:Interpersonal relationships 1346:10.1207/s15324834basp1101_6 903:10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1014 640:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141 5134: 4343:Middle East / North Africa 3743:oral polio AIDS hypothesis 2280:Observer-expectancy effect 1914:Door-in-the-face technique 1909:Foot-in-the-door technique 1892:Stanford prison experiment 1551:10.1177/089443930202000304 938:10.1177/000312240707200507 739:10.1037/0033-2909.83.4.602 598:10.1177/001872677502800802 400: 339:self-categorization theory 328:self-categorization theory 76: 18: 5071: 4973: 4962: 4816: 4805: 4207: 4196: 3794: 3783: 3613: 3602: 3475: 3464: 3329: 3315: 3266: 3253: 2813: 2808:Deaths and disappearances 2802: 2673:Estimate of the Situation 2579: 2574:Astronomy and outer space 2568: 2375: 2364: 2355: 1859:Realistic conflict theory 1847:Implicit association test 1806: 1783:Triangular theory of love 1640:Journal of Peace Research 1203:10.1080/15534510802584368 83:Selective exposure theory 4867:Shakespearean authorship 4845:Shadow government claims 4653:Election denial movement 4549:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet 3001:Diana, Princess of Wales 2552:Psychological projection 2535:Mass psychogenic illness 2290:Representative heuristic 2070:Social comparison theory 1652:10.1177/0022343307087168 1265:10.1177/0146167284102012 1015:, pp. 2102, 2105–6. 985:10.5840/jphil20081051024 752:Fine, Cordelia (2006a). 701:10.1177/0270467610380011 528:Aronson, Elliot (2010). 424:War and violent behavior 300:social comparison theory 294:Social comparison theory 4984:Conspiracy Encyclopedia 4978:Argument from ignorance 4683:Philadelphia Experiment 4302:Avro Arrow cancellation 4127:Denial of mass killings 3809:COVID-19 and xenophobia 3293:Free energy suppression 2484:Urban legends and myths 2409:power behind the throne 2265:Counterfactual thinking 1778:Physical attractiveness 1521:10.1287/isre.13.1.70.92 1468:Sunstein, Cass (2000). 1125:10.1002/ejsp.2420020404 306:Informational influence 288:informational influence 202:Group polarization and 5022:Historical negationism 4456:Operation Sledgehammer 4222:Cow vigilante violence 3914:during the Black Death 3101:Great Kantō earthquake 2971:GEC-Marconi scientists 2917:Martin Luther King Jr. 2680:Lake Michigan Triangle 2649:Black Knight satellite 2510:Communal reinforcement 2424:Political conspiracies 2295:Availability heuristic 2240:Choice-supportive bias 2060:False-consensus effect 2020:Social identity theory 1854:Minimal group paradigm 1400:Feilitzen, C. (2009). 967:Kelly, Thomas (2008). 727:Psychological Bulletin 414:political polarization 332:social identity theory 237: 170: 161: 4750:Stab-in-the-back myth 4559:Clockwork Orange plot 4087:Bihar human sacrifice 4018:Stab-in-the-back myth 3841:German POWs post-WWII 3723:Germ theory denialism 3718:Electronic harassment 3439:Smolensk air disaster 3403:Oklahoma City bombing 3281:Climate change denial 3077:Accidents / disasters 3013:Nepalese royal family 2500:Attitude polarization 1955:Pluralistic ignorance 1539:Social Science Review 973:Journal of Philosophy 856:Psychological Science 233: 165: 156: 92:Attitude polarization 87:Subjective validation 73:Attitude polarization 41:attitude polarization 4821:Dead Internet theory 4327:Daktari Ranch affair 4112:Trojan Horse scandal 3490:anti-gender movement 3470:Gender and sexuality 3427:Madrid train bombing 3373:Lufthansa Flight 615 3061:Sushant Singh Rajput 2601:Apollo Moon landings 2505:Cognitive dissonance 2235:Cognitive dissonance 1837:Outgroup homogeneity 1768:Mere-exposure effect 1474:The Yale Law Journal 403:Echo chamber (media) 79:Reinforcement theory 5098:Conspiracy theories 4895:Redemption movement 4668:Georgia Guidestones 3951:Cultural Bolshevism 3590:Soy and masculinity 3260:Energy, environment 3164:EgyptAir Flight 990 2905:Lal Bahadur Shastri 2875:Subhas Chandra Bose 2349:Conspiracy theories 2200:Cultural relativism 2150:Reciprocal altruism 2055:In-group favoritism 2025:Social facilitation 563:1975AmSci..63..297M 222:History and origins 184:supported it. Lord 100:polarization effect 96:belief polarization 4990:Conspiracy fiction 4900:Sovereign citizens 4658:FBI secret society 4643:Clinton body count 4463:Gezi Park protests 4428:Ukraine bioweapons 4227:Greater Bangladesh 3969:Judeo-Masonic plot 3766:Water fluoridation 3733:HIV/AIDS denialism 3480:Alpha / beta males 3379:Widerøe Flight 933 2857:Władysław Sikorski 2596:Ancient astronauts 2172:Prisoner's dilemma 2145:Prosocial behavior 2045:Group polarization 1965:Milgram experiment 1926:Autokinetic effect 1700:Myers, DG (2007). 1586:10.1111/ajps.12152 1039:, pp. 2105–6. 1027:, pp. 2106–7. 551:American Scientist 491:Group-serving bias 208:Group polarization 152:capital punishment 131:Empirical findings 32:group polarization 5108:Social psychology 5085: 5084: 5067: 5066: 4958: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4936:Birds Aren't Real 4801: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4628:Black helicopters 4539:Mano Negra affair 4509:Itavia Flight 870 4446:2016 coup attempt 4350:In the Arab world 4282: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4180:Serbs during WWII 4097:Great Replacement 3955:Jewish Bolshevism 3871:War against Islam 3850:Product labeling 3819:French Revolution 3779: 3778: 3618:5G misinformation 3598: 3597: 3460: 3459: 3415:advance knowledge 3397:Pan Am Flight 103 3311: 3310: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3193:Yemenite children 2923:Robert F. Kennedy 2899:Lee Harvey Oswald 2881:Johnny Stompanato 2798: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2751:Aztec, New Mexico 2654:Cryptoterrestrial 2564: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2515:Confirmation bias 2315: 2314: 2307:Self-serving bias 2275:Confirmation bias 2260:Explanatory style 2040:Group development 1842:Stereotype threat 1758:Attachment theory 1742:Social psychology 1411:978-91-89471-81-8 1051:, p. 2101n1. 789:(11): 2098–2109. 661:(12): 1424–1430. 531:Social Psychology 510:Identity politics 481:Confirmation bias 459:Psychology portal 392:computer-mediated 284:social comparison 105:confirmation bias 69:decision-making. 28:social psychology 5125: 5077: 5076: 5005:pseudoskepticism 4964: 4873: 4807: 4758: 4648:Cultural Marxism 4280: 4209: 4198: 3998:Killing of Jesus 3946:Committee of 300 3929:Holocaust denial 3882: 3866:Tartarian Empire 3836: 3827: 3804:CERN ritual hoax 3799:Bhagwa Love Trap 3785: 3738:origins theories 3623:Anti-vaccination 3604: 3554:Transvestigation 3466: 3317: 3255: 3215:Body double hoax 3049:Alejandro Castro 2947:Pope John Paul I 2929:Salvador Allende 2863:Benito Mussolini 2815: 2804: 2757:Southern England 2715: 2658:Extraterrestrial 2627: 2589:Nibiru cataclysm 2570: 2525:Locus of control 2479:Secret societies 2377: 2366: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2319: 2230:Spotlight effect 2160:Empathy-altruism 2140:Bystander effect 2085:Frog pond effect 2080:Self-enhancement 1977:Self-concealment 1879:Social influence 1812: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1681:(5): 1089–1107. 1670: 1664: 1663: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1604: 1598: 1597: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1465: 1459: 1458: 1422: 1416: 1415: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1376: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1329: 1318: 1317: 1307: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238:10.1037/h0036010 1221: 1215: 1214: 1191:Social Influence 1186: 1180: 1179: 1176:10.1037/h0027568 1159: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1070: 1061: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 989: 988: 964: 958: 957: 921: 915: 914: 897:(6): 1014–1029. 886: 880: 879: 851: 842: 841: 813: 807: 806: 778: 769: 768: 749: 743: 742: 722: 713: 712: 680: 671: 670: 650: 644: 643: 634:(6): 1141–1151. 623: 610: 609: 581: 575: 574: 546: 540: 539: 525: 475: 470: 469: 461: 456: 455: 454: 439:higher education 408:Politics and law 337:Support for the 94:, also known as 5133: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5103:Group processes 5088: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5063: 4995:Conspirituality 4969: 4950: 4914: 4905:Strawman theory 4871: 4812: 4789: 4756: 4722:Saddam–al-Qaeda 4698:Project Azorian 4678:Montauk Project 4580: 4564:Elm Guest House 4525:Roman Republic 4479: 4468:Sèvres syndrome 4432: 4391: 4338: 4307:Leuchter report 4279: 4273: 4203: 4184: 4125: 4122:Genocide denial 4116: 4068: 4022: 4008:New World Order 3880: 3832: 3821: 3790: 3775: 3645:in chiropractic 3609: 3594: 3561:Finger pinching 3549:litter box hoax 3515:HIV/AIDS stigma 3471: 3456: 3433:London bombings 3325: 3307: 3262: 3261: 3241: 3210: 3175: 3119:Lost Cosmonauts 3072: 3055:Jeffrey Epstein 3031:Osama bin Laden 3007:Alois Estermann 2893:John F. Kennedy 2839:Louis Le Prince 2822: 2809: 2786: 2713: 2639:Alien abduction 2625: 2584:2012 phenomenon 2575: 2556: 2488: 2371: 2360: 2351: 2346: 2316: 2311: 2246: 2216: 2176: 2126: 2110:Deindividuation 2091: 2035:Social cohesion 2001: 1873: 1813: 1804: 1790:Parenting style 1763:Falling in love 1744: 1739: 1709: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1377: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1223: 1222: 1218: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1023: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1003:, p. 2100. 999: 992: 979:(10): 611–633. 966: 965: 961: 923: 922: 918: 888: 887: 883: 853: 852: 845: 815: 814: 810: 780: 779: 772: 751: 750: 746: 724: 723: 716: 682: 681: 674: 652: 651: 647: 625: 624: 613: 586:Human Relations 583: 582: 578: 548: 547: 543: 527: 526: 522: 518: 486:Deindividuation 471: 464: 457: 452: 450: 447: 435: 426: 410: 405: 357: 352: 324: 316:Daniel Isenberg 308: 296: 279: 224: 200: 133: 89: 75: 49: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5131: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5049:Radicalization 5046: 5045: 5044: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5017:Fringe science 5014: 5012:Falsifiability 5009: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4960: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4910:Tax protesters 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4842: 4840:New chronology 4833: 4828: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4785:Stop the Steal 4782: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4484:Other European 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4413:Golden billion 4410: 4405: 4403:Alaska payment 4399: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4321: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4285: 4283: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4215: 4213: 4205: 4204: 4201: 4194: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4033: 4031: 4029:Anti-Christian 4024: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3948: 3938: 3937: 3936: 3934:Trivialization 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3888: 3879: 3878: 3876:White genocide 3873: 3868: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3848: 3846:Priory of Sion 3843: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3650:misinformation 3647: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3600: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3532:Lavender scare 3524: 3523: 3522: 3512: 3510:gay Nazis myth 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3385:KAL Flight 007 3382: 3376: 3370: 3361: 3355: 3352:Reichstag fire 3349: 3340: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3320: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3286:false theories 3278: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3239: 3234: 3232:Vladimir Putin 3229: 3224: 3222:Paul McCartney 3218: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3158:TWA Flight 800 3155: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3125:JAT Flight 367 3122: 3116: 3110: 3107:Lynmouth Flood 3104: 3098: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3025:Benazir Bhutto 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2941:Renny Ottolina 2938: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2887:Marilyn Monroe 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2845:Lord Kitchener 2842: 2836: 2833:Zachary Taylor 2829: 2827: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2664: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2566: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2459:Hidden message 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2403:éminence grise 2399: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2372: 2369: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2344: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2270:Framing effect 2267: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2186: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2142: 2136: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2117: 2107: 2101: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:Social loafing 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2007:Group dynamics 2003: 2002: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1982:Social anxiety 1979: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1864:Discrimination 1861: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1715: 1708: 1707: 1704:. McGraw Hill. 1692: 1665: 1646:(2): 131–141. 1626: 1615:(2): 215–221. 1599: 1580:(3): 690–707. 1564: 1545:(3): 260–274. 1526: 1499: 1486:10.2307/797587 1460: 1433:(7): 616–637. 1417: 1410: 1392: 1351: 1319: 1278: 1259:(2): 260–268. 1243: 1232:(3): 305–315. 1216: 1197:(3): 185–199. 1181: 1170:(2): 125–135. 1154: 1145: 1130: 1119:(4): 385–399. 1100: 1079:(4): 442–459. 1053: 1041: 1029: 1017: 1005: 990: 959: 932:(5): 784–811. 916: 881: 862:(2): 115–120. 843: 824:(3): 755–769. 808: 770: 744: 733:(4): 602–627. 714: 672: 645: 611: 592:(8): 699–714. 576: 557:(3): 297–303. 541: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 507: 505:herd mentality 498: 493: 488: 483: 477: 476: 473:Society portal 462: 446: 443: 434: 431: 425: 422: 409: 406: 356: 353: 351: 348: 323: 320: 307: 304: 295: 292: 278: 275: 223: 220: 199: 196: 132: 129: 119:, but also to 74: 71: 48: 45: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5130: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5080: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885:Admiralty law 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4826:NESARA/GESARA 4824: 4822: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4808: 4804: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4762:2020 election 4759: 4751: 4747: 4746:POW/MIA issue 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4733:Trump–Ukraine 4731: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Biden–Ukraine 4621: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593:Barack Obama 4592: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4586:United States 4583: 4575: 4574:Voting pencil 4572: 4570: 4569:Harold Wilson 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4317:Casa Matusita 4315: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4155:The Holocaust 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082:Counter-jihad 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4064:Giuseppe Siri 4062: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4037:Anti-Catholic 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909:Doctors' plot 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3793: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706:United States 3703: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3626: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3585:Satanic panic 3583: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3520:United States 3518: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3474: 3467: 3463: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3238: 3237:Melania Trump 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3227:Avril Lavigne 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199:Elvis Presley 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3152: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3019:Yasser Arafat 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2995:Yitzhak Rabin 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2819:Assassination 2816: 2812: 2805: 2801: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2775:Alien autopsy 2773: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2709:Project Serpo 2707: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2578: 2571: 2567: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469:Pseudoscience 2467: 2465: 2464:Pseudohistory 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2434:Crisis actors 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:Individualism 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2195:Culture shock 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190:Enculturation 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2015:Belongingness 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1997:Social stress 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1703: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480:(1): 71–119. 1479: 1475: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1382: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1298:(2): 97–119. 1297: 1293: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1247: 1244: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1220: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1141: 1134: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1067: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 963: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 920: 917: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 885: 882: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 850: 848: 844: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 812: 809: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 777: 775: 771: 767: 766:0-393-06213-9 763: 759: 755: 748: 745: 740: 736: 732: 728: 721: 719: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 695:(5): 316–27. 694: 690: 686: 679: 677: 673: 668: 664: 660: 656: 649: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 622: 620: 618: 616: 612: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 580: 577: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 545: 542: 537: 533: 532: 524: 521: 515: 511: 508: 506: 502: 501:Herd behavior 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 474: 468: 463: 460: 449: 444: 442: 440: 432: 430: 423: 421: 417: 415: 407: 404: 399: 395: 393: 388: 386: 385:George Tiller 381: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 354: 349: 347: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 321: 319: 317: 312: 305: 303: 301: 293: 291: 289: 285: 276: 274: 270: 266: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 247: 244: 241: 236: 232: 228: 221: 219: 215: 213: 209: 205: 204:choice shifts 198:Choice shifts 197: 195: 192: 187: 181: 177: 175: 169: 164: 160: 155: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 130: 128: 126: 122: 118: 117:psychologists 114: 109: 107: 106: 101: 97: 93: 88: 84: 80: 72: 70: 66: 63: 59: 55: 46: 44: 42: 38: 33: 29: 22: 5118:Sectarianism 5059:Superstition 4982: 4838: / 4836:Phantom time 4775:"Pence Card" 4748: / 4742:Vietnam War 4712: 4673:Jade Helm 15 4614: / 4472: 4408:Dulles' Plan 4292:Andinia Plan 4267:Finland Plot 4253:South Korea 4247:Tallano gold 4243:Philippines 4074:Islamophobic 4027:Christian / 4003:Kalergi Plan 3993:Judeopolonia 3981:World War II 3973: 3959: 3953: / 3924:George Soros 3919:Epsilon Team 3894:Andinia Plan 3750:Lepers' plot 3704: / 3700: / 3692:turbo cancer 3578: / 3420:WTC collapse 3409:9/11 attacks 3365: 3358:Pearl Harbor 3344: 3335: 3150: 3143:Khamar-Daban 3113:Dyatlov Pass 3093: 3085:Mary Celeste 3084: 2983:Vince Foster 2869:Adolf Hitler 2733:Maury Island 2727:Dundy County 2699: 2690:Men in black 2672: 2660: / 2656: / 2611:Hollow Earth 2540:moral panics 2530:Manipulation 2422: / 2418: / 2401: 2222:Self-concept 2212:Collectivism 2044: 1992:Social proof 1701: 1695: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1542: 1538: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1430: 1426: 1420: 1401: 1395: 1381:cite journal 1364: 1360: 1354: 1337: 1333: 1295: 1291: 1281: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1229: 1225: 1219: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1148: 1139: 1133: 1116: 1112: 1094:1721.1/48923 1076: 1072: 1044: 1032: 1020: 1008: 976: 972: 962: 929: 925: 919: 894: 890: 884: 859: 855: 821: 817: 811: 786: 782: 758:W. W. Norton 753: 747: 730: 726: 692: 688: 658: 654: 648: 631: 627: 589: 585: 579: 554: 550: 544: 530: 523: 436: 433:College life 427: 418: 411: 396: 389: 382: 377:generation Z 373:generation Y 358: 355:The Internet 350:Applications 336: 325: 313: 309: 297: 280: 271: 267: 263: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 238: 234: 229: 225: 216: 212:choice shift 211: 207: 203: 201: 190: 185: 182: 178: 171: 166: 162: 157: 140:Charles Lord 137: 134: 125:philosophers 121:sociologists 110: 103: 99: 95: 91: 90: 67: 54:social media 50: 40: 31: 25: 5042:hate speech 4633:CIA and JFK 4612:"Obamagate" 4597:citizenship 4499:German Plot 4047:Popish Plot 4013:Rothschilds 3899:Blood libel 3886:Antisemitic 3822: [ 3702:Philippines 3539:Recruitment 3324:allegations 3303:Red mercury 3187:Joan of Arc 3180:Other cases 3121:(1950s–60s) 3067:John McAfee 3037:Hugo Chávez 2989:Kurt Cobain 2977:Turgut Özal 2973:(1980s–90s) 2953:Airey Neave 2911:Harold Holt 2851:Tom Thomson 2769:Gulf Breeze 2763:Ilkley Moor 2616:Hollow Moon 2387:Antiscience 2380:Core topics 2252:Attribution 2167:Cooperation 1972:Reciprocity 227:group met. 148:Mark Lepper 5113:Motivation 5092:Categories 5032:Paranormal 4941:Li's field 4860:synarchism 4855:Illuminati 4850:Bilderberg 4727:Sandy Hook 4663:FEMA camps 4515:Lithuania 4360:Cairo fire 4332:Golpe Azul 4323:Venezuela 4288:Argentina 4140:Bangladesh 4102:Love jihad 3961:Żydokomuna 3904:Cohen Plan 3814:Freemasons 3677:Ivermectin 3667:Chemtrails 3662:Big Pharma 3638:Thiomersal 3505:gay agenda 3500:drag panic 3485:Anti-LGBTQ 3322:False flag 2965:Zia-ul-Haq 2959:Olof Palme 2781:Morristown 2745:Twin Falls 2701:Die Glocke 2667:Dulce Base 2621:Reptilians 2606:Flat Earth 2493:Psychology 2429:Conspiracy 2397:deep state 2097:Aggression 2050:Groupthink 1943:Persuasion 1921:Conformity 1904:Compliance 1832:Stereotype 1773:Similarity 1340:: 77–100. 516:References 496:Groupthink 401:See also: 174:deterrence 113:hot-button 77:See also: 5037:Prejudice 4931:Bielefeld 4919:Satirical 4877:Pseudolaw 4770:Italygate 4714:incidents 4688:Pizzagate 4607:parentage 4519:Statesmen 4451:Ergenekon 4385:Pallywood 4355:10 agorot 4263:Thailand 4237:Jinnahpur 4233:Pakistan 4160:Holodomor 4150:Cambodian 3657:Aspartame 3566:GamerGate 3527:Homintern 3495:Chemicals 3345:Lusitania 3271:Agenda 21 3205:Jonestown 3195:(1948–54) 3043:Seth Rich 2935:Aldo Moro 2771:(1987–88) 2695:Nazi UFOs 2520:Denialism 2449:Espionage 2439:Deception 2285:Heuristic 2115:Anonymity 1960:Obedience 1887:Authority 1827:Prejudice 1559:220160579 1515:: 70–90. 1455:115806907 1447:1057-610X 1273:145085635 1211:219697757 876:145659040 709:144371141 606:145480929 369:Instagram 138:In 1979, 4968:See also 4831:New Coke 4693:The Plan 4602:religion 4495:Ireland 4491:Euromyth 4474:Üst akıl 4423:Rasputin 4278:Americas 4202:Regional 4135:Armenian 3687:vaccines 3682:lab leak 3672:COVID-19 3544:Grooming 2826:theories 2547:Paranoia 2444:Dystopia 2420:Criminal 2370:Overview 2132:Altruism 2105:Violence 1819:Conflict 1800:Adoption 1594:16242632 1367:: 1–19. 954:10156795 946:25472492 445:See also 361:Facebook 168:penalty. 159:penalty. 144:Lee Ross 58:Facebook 47:Overview 37:attitude 4616:Spygate 4545:Sweden 4381:Israel 4298:Canada 4170:Rwandan 4165:Nanjing 4145:Bosnian 4092:Eurabia 4052:Vatican 4042:Jesuits 3837:(1940s) 3755:Medbeds 3580:Gaylors 3576:Larries 3411:(2001) 3366:Liberty 3151:Estonia 3094:Titanic 2824:suicide 2739:Roswell 2644:Area 51 2474:Secrecy 2182:Culture 1938:Passing 1897:Honesty 1795:Divorce 1660:5952676 1314:2372667 911:7608855 838:3770487 803:7465318 571:1147368 559:Bibcode 365:Twitter 343:ingroup 62:Twitter 4729:(2012) 4708:Pastel 4535:Spain 4505:Italy 4438:Turkey 4396:Russia 4218:India 3986:Z.O.G. 3859:Kosher 3762:(2003) 3698:Canada 3628:autism 3608:Health 3453:(2023) 3447:(2014) 3441:(2010) 3435:(2005) 3429:(2004) 3405:(1995) 3399:(1988) 3393:(1986) 3387:(1983) 3381:(1982) 3375:(1972) 3369:(1967) 3360:(1941) 3354:(1933) 3348:(1915) 3339:(1898) 3207:(1978) 3201:(1977) 3189:(1431) 3172:(2014) 3166:(1999) 3160:(1996) 3154:(1994) 3145:(1993) 3139:(1987) 3133:(1972) 3127:(1972) 3115:(1959) 3109:(1952) 3103:(1923) 3097:(1912) 3088:(1872) 3069:(2021) 3063:(2020) 3057:(2019) 3051:(2018) 3045:(2016) 3039:(2013) 3033:(2011) 3027:(2007) 3021:(2004) 3015:(2001) 3009:(1998) 3003:(1997) 2997:(1995) 2991:(1994) 2985:(1993) 2979:(1993) 2967:(1988) 2961:(1986) 2955:(1979) 2949:(1978) 2943:(1978) 2937:(1978) 2931:(1973) 2925:(1968) 2919:(1968) 2913:(1967) 2907:(1966) 2901:(1963) 2895:(1963) 2889:(1962) 2883:(1958) 2877:(1945) 2871:(1945) 2865:(1945) 2859:(1943) 2853:(1917) 2847:(1916) 2841:(1890) 2835:(1850) 2783:(2009) 2777:(1995) 2765:(1987) 2759:(1967) 2753:(1949) 2747:(1947) 2741:(1947) 2735:(1947) 2729:(1884) 2719:Hoaxes 2676:(1948) 2392:Cabals 1658: 1592: 1557: 1494:797587 1492: 1453: 1445: 1408: 1312: 1271: 1209: 952: 944: 909: 874: 836: 801: 764: 707: 604: 569: 186:et al. 85:, and 5000:Dogma 4811:Other 4703:QAnon 4371:Iran 4313:Peru 4175:Sayfo 4059:Bible 3854:Halal 3826:] 3713:Ebola 3336:Maine 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