1000:
1120:
1060:
1090:
4161:
1030:
4173:
1968:
Silicon is present in the Earth's crust at concentrations of 28%, making it the second most abundant element there. Silicon's concentration in seawater can vary from 30 parts per billion on the surface of the ocean to 2000 parts per billion deeper down. Silicon dust occurs in trace amounts in Earth's
2058:
Silicon as silica in the form of rock crystal was familiar to the predynastic
Egyptians, who used it for beads and small vases; to the early Chinese; and probably to many others of the ancients. The manufacture of glass containing silica was carried out both by the Egyptians – at least as early
1913:
have been discovered. 14 of these occur in nature. The most common is tin-120, followed by tin-118, tin-116, tin-119, tin-117, tin-124, tin-122, tin-112, and tin-114: all of these are stable. Tin also has four radioisotopes that occur as the result of the radioactive decay of uranium. These isotopes
1519:
are notable in being electron-precise: they are neither electron-deficient (having fewer electrons than an octet and tending to be Lewis acidic at Q and usually existing as oligomeric clusters or adducts with Lewis bases) nor electron-excessive (having lone pair(s) at Q and tending to be Lewis basic
1921:
have been discovered. 9 of these are naturally occurring. The most common isotope is lead-208, followed by lead-206, lead-207, and lead-204: all of these are stable. 5 isotopes of lead occur from the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. These isotopes are lead-209, lead-210, lead-211, lead-212
2070:
The origins of tin seem to be lost in history. It appears that bronzes, which are alloys of copper and tin, were used by prehistoric man some time before the pure metal was isolated. Bronzes were common in early
Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Egypt, Crete, Israel, and Peru. Much of the tin used by
1834:
Tin has two allotropes: α-tin, also known as gray tin, and β-tin. Tin is typically found in the β-tin form, a silvery metal. However, at standard pressure, β-tin converts to α-tin, a gray powder, at temperatures below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). This can cause tin objects in cold temperatures to
1999:
Lead makes up 14 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 36th most abundant element there. On average, lead makes up 23 parts per million of soil, but the concentration can reach 20000 parts per million (2 percent) near old lead mines. Lead exists in seawater at concentrations of 2
2121:
when he first devised his periodic table. However, the element was not actually discovered for some time. In
September 1885, a miner discovered a mineral sample in a silver mine and gave it to the mine manager, who determined that it was a new mineral and sent the mineral to
1987:
Tin makes up 2 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 49th most abundant element there. On average, tin makes up 1 part per million of soil. Tin exists in seawater at concentrations of 4 parts per trillion. Tin makes up 428 parts per billion of the human body.
1682:. Tin forms dihalides and tetrahalides with all halogens except astatine. Tin forms monochalcogenides with naturally occurring chalcogens except polonium, and forms dichalcogenides with naturally occurring chalcogens except polonium and tellurium.
1649:. Germanium forms tetrahalides with all halogens except astatine and forms dihalides with all halogens except bromine and astatine. Germanium bonds to all natural single chalcogens except polonium, and forms dioxides, disulfides, and diselenides.
1885:
have been discovered. Five of these are naturally occurring. The most common is stable silicon-28, followed by stable silicon-29 and stable silicon-30. Silicon-32 is a radioactive isotope that occurs naturally as a result of radioactive decay of
1929:(flerovium-284, flerovium-285, flerovium-286, flerovium-287, flerovium-288, and flerovium-289) have been discovered. None of these are naturally occurring. Flerovium's most stable isotope is flerovium-289, which has a half-life of 2.6 seconds.
1826:
Silicon has two known allotropes that exist at room temperature. These allotropes are known as the amorphous and the crystalline allotropes. The amorphous allotrope is a brown powder. The crystalline allotrope is gray and has a metallic
2619:
Tin has been shown to be essential for proper growth in rats, but there is, as of 2013, no evidence to indicate that humans need tin in their diet. Plants do not require tin. However, plants do collect tin in their
2075:
and
Cornwall in the British Isles, where mining of the metal dates from about 300–200 BCE. Tin mines were operating in both the Inca and Aztec areas of South and Central America before the Spanish conquest.
1901:
have been discovered. Five of these are naturally occurring. The most common is the stable germanium-74, followed by stable germanium-72, stable germanium-70, and stable germanium-73. Germanium-76 is a
1739:
of the carbon group elements have roughly the same trend as their boiling points. Silicon melts at 1414 °C, germanium melts at 939 °C, tin melts at 232 °C, and lead melts at 328 °C.
1735:
at 3825 °C. Silicon's boiling point is 3265 °C, germanium's is 2833 °C, tin's is 2602 °C, and lead's is 1749 °C. Flerovium is predicted to boil at −60 °C. The
2126:. Winkler realized that the sample was 75% silver, 18% sulfur, and 7% of an undiscovered element. After several months, Winkler isolated the element and determined that it was element 32.
1770:
of the carbon group elements tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Carbon has a density of 2.26 g·cm; silicon, 2.33 g·cm; germanium, 5.32 g·cm; tin, 7.26 g·cm; lead, 11.3 g·cm.
1520:
at Q). As a result, the group 14 alkyls have low chemical reactivity relative to the alkyl derivatives of other groups. In the case of carbon, the high bond dissociation energy of the
2616:
contain roughly 0.05 parts per million of germanium. The estimated human intake of germanium is 1 milligram per day. There are 5 milligrams of germanium in a typical 70-kilogram human.
3966:
1973:
are the most common type of mineral on earth. Silicon makes up 14.3 parts per million of the human body on average. Only the largest stars produce silicon via stellar fusion.
3976:
4026:
2555:. Carbon's importance to life is primarily due to its ability to form numerous bonds with other elements. There are 16 kilograms of carbon in a typical 70-kilogram human.
1984:
are also found in seawater. Germanium occurs in the human body at concentrations of 71.4 parts per billion. Germanium has been found to exist in some very faraway stars.
4123:
4001:
1234:
4210:
4006:
3981:
3427:
3961:
3677:
2000:
parts per trillion. Lead makes up 1.7 parts per million of the human body by weight. Human activity releases more lead into the environment than any other metal.
1976:
Germanium makes up 2 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 52nd most abundant element there. On average, germanium makes up 1 part per million of
4090:
2815:
1491:-like properties, though it is still most likely a post-transition metal. Tin and lead are both capable of forming +2 ions. Although tin is chemically a metal,
4100:
4095:
2403:. Other applications for lead include weights, pigments, and shielding against radioactive materials. Lead was historically used in gasoline in the form of
4036:
3996:
3991:
3951:
999:
4011:
3946:
3732:
4105:
4085:
3872:
2087:
used it for tablets, water pipes, coins, and even cooking utensils; indeed, as a result of the last use, lead poisoning was recognized in the time of
1512:
3941:
3905:
2632:
contain 7 and 3 parts per million respectively. However, the level of tin in plants can reach 2000 parts per million if the plants are near a tin
1257:, which means four), stemming from the Roman numeral IV in the group names, or (not coincidentally) from the fact that these elements have four
3986:
3936:
3016:
4031:
3956:
3867:
2841:
2130:
4203:
3465:
3420:
3900:
3857:
3379:
2561:'s feasibility is commonly discussed. However, it is less able than carbon to form elaborate rings and chains. Silicon in the form of
1941:
in most stars, even small ones. Carbon is present in the Earth's crust in concentrations of 480 parts per million, and is present in
3350:
2707:
Some tin compounds are toxic to ingest, but most inorganic compounds of tin are considered nontoxic. Organic tin compounds, such as
1524:
and lack of electronegativity difference between the central atom and the alkyl ligands render the saturated alkyl derivatives, the
4176:
4073:
4415:
1992:
occurs at concentrations of 0.1 to 300 parts per million in soils. Tin also occurs in concentrations of one part per thousand in
1819:, which has the form of sheets of carbon atoms folded into a sphere. A fifth allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2003, is called
4021:
3895:
3120:
2339:
Germanium was used in semiconductors until the 1950s, when it was replaced by silicon. Radiation detectors contain germanium.
1089:
1059:
4196:
4058:
3413:
1732:
1429:
2636:. On average, humans consume 0.3 milligrams of tin per day. There are 30 milligrams of tin in a typical 70-kilogram human.
4050:
3971:
3861:
3029:
2365:
is the most important use of tin; 50% of all tin produced goes into this application. 20% of all tin produced is used in
1119:
4080:
2812:
1781:, silicon's is 118 picometers, germanium's is 123 picometers, tin's is 141 picometers, and lead's is 175 picometers.
2461:, but these are not mined on account of being rare. Instead, germanium is extracted from the ores of metals such as
1400:. An isolated, neutral group 14 atom has the s p configuration in the ground state. These elements, especially
3915:
3278:
3055:
2651:
contain up to tens of parts per million of lead. There are 120 milligrams of lead in a typical 70-kilogram human.
3848:
2604:
to benefit health, but the claim has not been proven. Some plants take up germanium from the soil in the form of
2356:
1981:
1756:
2741:
Flerovium is too radioactive to test if it's toxic or not although its high radioactivity alone would be toxic.
3450:
2696:. Organic germanium compounds are more toxic than inorganic germanium compounds. Germanium has a low degree of
2585:
growth in chickens and rats and may also be essential in humans. Humans consume on average between 20 and 1200
1744:
1421:
1851:, meaning that these elements are more common and more stable than elements that do not have a magic nucleus.
4164:
4133:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3584:
3455:
2474:
2107:
1731:
of the carbon group tend to get lower with the heavier elements. Carbon, the lightest carbon group element,
984:
2496:, and Brazil are the main producers of tin. The method by which tin is produced is to heat the tin mineral
1894:
in the upper atmosphere. Silicon-34 also occurs naturally as the result of radioactive decay of actinides.
3654:
3481:
1777:
of the carbon group elements tend to increase with increasing atomic number. Carbon's atomic radius is 77
1283:
1199:
962:
946:
917:
3051:
2400:
4128:
3709:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2528:
2443:
are produced by Russia. China produces 70% of the world's graphite. Other graphite-mining countries are
2004:
1926:
1898:
1755:
crystal structures, as does tin at low temperatures (below 13.2 °C). Tin at room temperature has a
1588:
1581:
1417:
2117:
Germanium is one of three elements the existence of which was predicted in 1869 by the
Russian chemist
2133:, but it was unsuccessful. In 1977, researchers at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research bombarded
3810:
3494:
2677:
Silicon minerals are not typically poisonous. However, silicon dioxide dust, such as that emitted by
2386:
1790:
1595:
3727:
2601:
2469:, germanium is also separated from coal deposits. Germanium-containing ores are first treated with
2141:, but were again unsuccessful. This nuclear reaction was repeated in 1998, this time successfully.
2111:
1882:
1828:
1760:
1602:
1029:
2708:
3815:
3775:
3012:
2712:
2558:
2287:
1962:
1958:
1903:
1860:
1175:
2129:
The first attempt to discover flerovium (then referred to as "element 114") was in 1969, at the
1672:
3910:
3780:
3388:
3346:
2837:
2670:. However, carbon dust can be dangerous because it lodges in the lungs in a manner similar to
2654:
Flerovium has no biological role and instead is found and made only in particle accelerators.
2440:
2370:
2340:
2103:
2064:
2044:
1970:
1945:
at concentrations of 28 parts per million. Carbon is present in the atmosphere in the form of
1650:
1613:
1556:
1182:
618:
4145:
4068:
4063:
3887:
3839:
3704:
3662:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3544:
3539:
3534:
2787:
2667:
2118:
1918:
1808:
1705:
1693:
1552:
1389:
1297:
1258:
1142:
1112:
1082:
1052:
1022:
992:
3272:
2067:
were used in various kinds of mortar for construction of dwellings by the earliest people.
4016:
3877:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3021:
2819:
2663:
2605:
2562:
2515:(lead sulfide). 4 million metric tons of lead are newly mined each year, mostly in China,
2313:
2123:
2088:
1946:
1910:
1823:, and is in the form of a layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-shaped formation.
1697:
1617:
1609:
1544:
1540:
3321:
2776:
composite and its visible-light photocatalytic capability for ciprofloxacin degradation"
2543:
Carbon is a key element to all known life. It is in all organic compounds, for example,
3825:
3820:
3790:
3785:
3770:
3436:
2723:
2532:
2404:
2254:
1950:
1938:
1864:
1713:
1548:
1441:
1397:
1302:
1014:
2990:
2924:
4409:
3148:
2759:
2520:
2478:
2390:
2378:
2333:
2303:
2134:
1989:
1848:
1752:
1736:
1728:
1709:
1536:
1409:
1292:
1242:
788:
3126:
2879:
2535:. The total amount of lead ever mined by humans amounts to 350 million metric tons.
1521:
4140:
3805:
3800:
3489:
2857:
2731:
2719:
2432:
2424:
2344:
2275:
2084:
2072:
1993:
1774:
830:
697:
471:
2181:, the Latin name for Germany, which is the country where germanium was discovered.
2968:
2791:
1495:
looks more like germanium than like a metal and it is a poor electric conductor.
1455:
increases, as it does with increasing atomic number. Carbon alone forms negative
3920:
3795:
3549:
2946:
2662:
Elemental carbon is not generally toxic, but many of its compounds are, such as
2570:
2505:
2497:
2283:
2271:
2207:
2114:
was not prepared until 1854, when it was obtained as a product of electrolysis.
2080:
2060:
1484:
1425:
1286:, especially in the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
1157:
1134:
1104:
897:
872:
844:
837:
767:
753:
746:
17:
3694:
3025:
2613:
2609:
2597:
2586:
2574:
2317:
2138:
2095:
was apparently prepared as a decorative pigment at least as early as 200 BCE.
2092:
1891:
1778:
1701:
1692:. Lead forms dihalides and tetrahalides with fluorine and chlorine, and forms
1413:
879:
823:
802:
781:
520:
506:
485:
357:
350:
151:
2477:, which is mixed with hydrogen gas. Then the germanium is further refined by
1700:, although the tetrabromide and tetraiodide of lead are unstable. Lead forms
4372:
4291:
3750:
3719:
3574:
3564:
3559:
2727:
2678:
2647:
are able to survive in lead-contaminated environments. Some plants, such as
2578:
2524:
2516:
2485:
2458:
2366:
2307:
2267:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1816:
1796:
1639:
1488:
1487:(its half life is very short, only 1.9 seconds) element that may have a few
1468:
1464:
1377:
1338:
1223:
1211:
1147:
1074:
1064:
1044:
905:
886:
865:
858:
739:
725:
718:
711:
548:
478:
457:
420:
378:
364:
336:
318:
274:
225:
181:
137:
128:
68:
1803:, which is carbon in the form of stacked sheets. Another form of carbon is
2407:, but this application has been discontinued due to concerns of toxicity.
3742:
3699:
2671:
2648:
2644:
2596:
A biological role for germanium is not known, although it does stimulate
2470:
2420:
2329:
2291:
2031:
are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world, together with
1942:
1836:
1820:
1800:
1686:
1665:
1570:
1492:
1433:
1393:
851:
774:
683:
669:
653:
646:
625:
604:
576:
569:
555:
499:
492:
413:
311:
288:
218:
211:
204:
197:
165:
105:
91:
43:
4188:
3098:
1451:
in general. The tendency to lose electrons increases as the size of the
4264:
3569:
2685:
2633:
2590:
2566:
2552:
2548:
2493:
2393:
2382:
2352:
2299:
2295:
1954:
1804:
1767:
1748:
1632:
1532:
1460:
1448:
1405:
1325:
1227:
1207:
1034:
816:
809:
795:
760:
704:
690:
639:
597:
583:
562:
541:
527:
513:
443:
392:
371:
343:
329:
302:
295:
281:
267:
188:
144:
61:
1965:, which is common in seawater. Carbon forms 22.8% of a typical human.
4237:
2512:
2448:
2444:
2428:
2416:
2374:
2362:
2348:
2347:
and wide-angle camera lenses. A small amount of germanium mixed with
2325:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2020:
1563:
1525:
1437:
1401:
1312:
1203:
1004:
732:
676:
590:
534:
464:
450:
427:
399:
385:
253:
246:
239:
158:
121:
98:
84:
52:
2715:
are highly toxic, and can disrupt metabolic processes inside cells.
1631:
Germanium forms five hydrides. The first two germanium hydrides are
2700:
toxicity in animals. Severe germanium poisoning can cause death by
3686:
3299:
2697:
2640:
2629:
2625:
2466:
2436:
2321:
2279:
1878:
is a natural radioactive isotope with a half-life of 5,730 years.
1480:
660:
434:
172:
77:
3405:
4345:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
2735:
2621:
2582:
2489:
2462:
2052:
2036:
2028:
1977:
1812:
1476:
1452:
1364:
1219:
1124:
632:
611:
260:
232:
112:
4192:
3409:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
2481:. Roughly 140 metric tons of germanium are produced each year.
2003:
Flerovium doesn't occur in nature at all, so it only exists in
1282:
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in
4318:
2544:
2083:
used the metal as plates on which to record inscriptions. The
2024:
1863:. Of these, three are naturally occurring. The most common is
1847:
At least two of the carbon group elements (tin and lead) have
1472:
1456:
1351:
1215:
1094:
406:
2593:. There is 1 gram of silicon in a typical 70-kilogram human.
2324:. 50% of pure silicon is devoted to the manufacture of metal
1432:, although other cases exist too, such as three sp pairs in
2320:, construction fillers, and silica is a major component of
2484:
Mines output 300,000 metric tons of tin each year. China,
2310:
struts, because the fibers are highly strong yet elastic.
1498:
Among main group (groups 1, 2, 13–17) alkyl derivatives QR
1436:
and graphite. Double bonds are characteristic for carbon (
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
2681:
can cause adverse health effects if it enters the lungs.
2639:
Lead has no known biological role, and is in fact highly
2071:
1980:. Germanium makes up 0.5 parts per trillion of seawater.
2758:
Liu, Ning; Lu, Na; Su, Yan; Wang, Pu; Quan, Xie (2019).
2079:
Lead is mentioned often in early
Biblical accounts. The
2454:
Silicon can be produced by heating silica with carbon.
2302:, another form of carbon, is commonly used in jewelry.
2106:
was first obtained pure in 1824 by the
Swedish chemist
3336:
3334:
3332:
2834:
The organometallic chemistry of the transition metals
2373:. Tin is a constituent of numerous alloys, including
1811:
is a third allotrope of carbon; it is a component of
2110:; impure silicon had already been obtained in 1811.
4116:
4049:
3929:
3886:
3847:
3838:
3763:
3741:
3718:
3685:
3675:
3653:
3583:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3443:
2328:. 45% of silicon is devoted to the manufacture of
2531:to produce pure lead. Most lead is recycled from
2415:Carbon's allotrope diamond is produced mostly by
2836:(4 ed.). Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. p. 418.
1562:Silicon forms several hydrides; two of them are
2063:. Many of the naturally occurring compounds or
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2316:has a wide variety of applications, including
1747:; at high pressures and temperatures it forms
1685:Lead forms one hydride, which has the formula
4204:
3421:
2523:, and Peru. The ores are mixed with coke and
1835:crumble to gray powder in a process known as
8:
2239:- The common name for plumbum in English is
2202:- The common name for stannum in English is
1914:are tin-121, tin-123, tin-125, and tin-126.
1580:. Silicon forms tetrahalides with fluorine (
2306:are used in numerous applications, such as
2191:, meaning "tin", from or related to Celtic
1719:There are no known compounds of flerovium.
913:
4228:
4211:
4197:
4189:
3844:
3682:
3477:
3470:
3428:
3414:
3406:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
2355:-proof. The resulting alloy is known as
1751:(see below). Silicon and germanium have
1416:. Bonds in these elements often lead to
1288:
1261:(see below). They are also known as the
2750:
2457:There are some germanium ores, such as
2270:form. In this form, carbon is used for
1531:Carbon forms tetrahalides with all the
1412:, which usually brings the outer shell
2780:Separation and Purification Technology
2243:, inherited directly from Old English.
1508:is the standard bonding number for Q (
29:
2600:. In 1980, germanium was reported by
2389:is a tin compound which is used as a
2290:. Carbon is also used in the form of
7:
2511:The most commonly mined lead ore is
2266:Carbon is most commonly used in its
2131:Joint Institute for Nuclear Research
1937:Carbon accumulates as the result of
1382:2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (predicted)
4172:
3323:Online Encyclopædia Britannica, Tin
2399:80% of all lead produced goes into
2332:. Silicon is also commonly used in
1815:. Another allotrope of carbon is a
1146:
1056:
2684:Germanium can interfere with such
1483:, while flerovium is a synthetic,
33:Carbon group (group 14)
25:
3026:"Discovering Superheavy Elements"
2210:. Possibly of common origin with
2016:Discoveries and uses in antiquity
1957:. Carbon is a key constituent of
1249:. The group is also known as the
1245:, it is still universally called
1026:
4171:
4160:
4159:
2718:Lead and its compounds, such as
2589:of silicon per day, mostly from
1424:of the orbitals are erased. For
1118:
1088:
1058:
1028:
998:
1807:, but this is relatively rare.
1408:, have a strong propensity for
996:
3490:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)
2608:. These plants, which include
2059:as 1500 BCE – and by the
1759:crystal structure. Lead has a
1743:Carbon's crystal structure is
1515:), the group 14 derivatives QR
1116:
1:
4389:Specific mass: ? 22 g/cm
4032:Thermal expansion coefficient
3728:Lists of metalloids by source
3030:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2294:, for example as the lead in
2112:Crystalline elemental silicon
1086:
4387:Boiling Point: ? 420 K
4385:Melting Point: ? 340 K
2832:Crabtree, Robert H. (2005).
2792:10.1016/j.seppur.2018.10.027
2369:. 20% of tin is used by the
2007:with a few atoms at a time.
1428:, a typical arrangement has
3771:Platinum-group metals (PGM)
3474:By periodic table structure
2581:. Silicon is essential for
2104:Amorphous elemental silicon
4432:
4362:Specific mass: 11.342 g/cm
4281:Specific mass: 2.3296 g/cm
3916:Goldschmidt classification
2813:The Periodic Law and Table
2381:has been commonly used in
2228:comes from the Latin word
2206:, inherited directly from
2187:comes from the Latin word
2177:comes from the Latin word
2163:comes from the Latin word
2153:comes from the Latin word
1788:
1430:four pairs of sp electrons
326:
194:
134:
74:
49:
4391:Electronegativity: ?
4335:Specific mass: 7.287 g/cm
4308:Specific mass: 5.323 g/cm
4254:Specific mass: 2.267 g/cm
4226:
4154:
3495:2 (Alkaline earth metals)
2357:argentium sterling silver
1982:Organogermanium compounds
1471:, each can form +4 ions.
1226:(Fl). It lies within the
1164:
981:
912:
37:
32:
4304:Melting Point: 1211.45 K
4277:Melting Point: 1638.15 K
4250:Melting Point: 3948.15 K
3260:Nature's Building Blocks
2385:for thousands of years.
2091:. The compound known as
1664:Tin forms two hydrides:
901:
4416:Groups (periodic table)
4364:Electronegativity: 2.33
4358:Melting Point: 600.75 K
4337:Electronegativity: 1.96
4331:Melting Point: 505.21 K
4329:Atomic Weight: 118.710
4310:Electronegativity: 2.01
4275:Atomic Weight: 28.0855
4256:Electronegativity: 2.55
4248:Atomic Weight: 12.0107
4134:systematic element name
4106:in East Asian languages
3456:Extended periodic table
3367:The Poisoner's Handbook
3279:Encyclopædia Britannica
3086:Periodic Table Advanced
3056:Encyclopædia Britannica
2910:Gray, Theodore (2011),
2475:germanium tetrachloride
1904:primordial radioisotope
1237:notation, it is called
4283:Electronegativity: 1.9
3977:Electron configuration
3967:Electrical resistivity
3906:Electron configuration
3710:Post-transition metals
3387:, 2003, archived from
3365:Blum, Deborah (2010),
3187:The Disappearing Spoon
3084:Jackson, Mark (2001),
3052:"Transuranium element"
1608:). Silicon also forms
1528:, particularly inert.
1463:(C) ions. Silicon and
1303:No. of electrons/shell
1284:electron configuration
4360:Boiling Point: 2022 K
4356:Atomic Weight: 207.2
4333:Boiling Point: 2875 K
4306:Boiling Point: 3106 K
4302:Atomic Weight: 72.64
4279:Boiling Point: 3538 K
4252:Boiling Point: 4300 K
4220:Carbon group elements
3811:Transuranium elements
3258:Emsley, John (2011),
2702:respiratory paralysis
2694:alcohol dehydrogenase
2690:lactate dehydrogenase
2157:, meaning "charcoal".
2005:particle accelerators
1927:isotopes of flerovium
1899:isotopes of germanium
1870:, followed by stable
1799:. The most common is
1253:(from the Greek word
1243:semiconductor physics
967:(Europe, pattern A-B)
4027:Thermal conductivity
4002:Heat of vaporization
3444:Periodic table forms
3341:Galan, Mark (1992),
2108:Jöns Jacob Berzelius
1795:Carbon has multiple
1791:Allotropes of carbon
1535:. Carbon also forms
1392:in this group has 4
1369:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4
1200:periodic table group
27:Periodic table group
4381:Atomic Number: 114
4059:Element discoveries
3816:Superheavy elements
3776:Rare-earth elements
3391:on January 12, 2012
3343:Structure of Matter
3150:The Element Silicon
3024:(27 January 2017).
3022:Oganessian, Yu. Ts.
2992:Flerovium compounds
2926:Germanium compounds
2760:"Fabrication of g-C
2401:lead–acid batteries
2171:), meaning "flint".
1883:isotopes of silicon
1859:There are 15 known
1763:crystal structure.
1761:face-centered cubic
1447:...); the same for
951:(US, pattern A-B-A)
4354:Atomic Number: 82
4327:Atomic Number: 50
4300:Atomic Number: 32
4273:Atomic Number: 14
4232:
3185:Kean, Sam (2011),
2818:2020-11-10 at the
2722:are highly toxic.
2559:Silicon-based life
2441:synthetic diamonds
2288:activated charcoal
2278:, as a filling in
2257:and his Institute.
2124:Clemens A. Winkler
2099:Modern discoveries
1963:hydrogen carbonate
1959:carbonate minerals
1861:isotopes of carbon
1653:has the formula Ge
1620:has the formula Si
1422:s and p characters
1414:to eight electrons
1241:. In the field of
1176:primordial element
918:IUPAC group number
4403:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4365:
4338:
4311:
4284:
4257:
4246:Atomic Number: 6
4186:
4185:
4045:
4044:
4007:Ionization energy
3982:Electronegativity
3972:Electron affinity
3911:Electronegativity
3901:Crystal structure
3896:Aqueous chemistry
3873:Nuclear stability
3868:Atomic properties
3834:
3833:
3781:Refractory metals
3759:
3758:
3705:Transition metals
3671:
3670:
3301:Chemical Elements
3122:Carbon:Allotropes
2881:Silicon compounds
2843:978-0-471-66256-3
2371:chemical industry
2341:Germanium dioxide
2336:since the 1950s.
2065:silicate minerals
1971:Silicate minerals
1651:Germanium nitride
1513:lambda convention
1459:, in the form of
1386:
1385:
1259:valence electrons
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:synthetic element
1160:
1137:
1107:
1077:
1047:
1017:
987:
976:
975:
968:
952:
894:
893:
620:Mercury (element)
16:(Redirected from
4423:
4383:Atomic Weight:
4380:
4353:
4326:
4299:
4272:
4245:
4229:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4190:
4175:
4174:
4163:
4162:
4146:Dmitri Mendeleev
4074:1869 predictions
4064:Dmitri Mendeleev
3845:
3683:
3663:Aufbau principle
3575:18 (Noble gases)
3478:
3471:
3466:Sets of elements
3430:
3423:
3416:
3407:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3386:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3338:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3255:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3125:, archived from
3117:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2907:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2859:Carbon compounds
2854:
2848:
2847:
2829:
2823:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2755:
2730:, stomach pain,
2668:hydrogen cyanide
2465:. In Russia and
2351:can make silver
2253:was named after
2119:Dmitri Mendeleev
1919:isotopes of lead
1809:Amorphous carbon
1410:covalent bonding
1356:2, 8, 18, 18, 4
1289:
1172:
1171:
1156:
1154:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1103:
1101:
1092:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1013:
1011:
1002:
983:
966:
963:old IUPAC number
950:
947:CAS group number
932:
914:
903:
889:
882:
875:
868:
861:
854:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
812:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
663:
656:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
614:
607:
600:
593:
586:
579:
572:
565:
558:
551:
544:
537:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
437:
430:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
321:
314:
305:
298:
291:
284:
277:
270:
263:
256:
249:
242:
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
200:
191:
184:
175:
168:
161:
154:
147:
140:
131:
124:
115:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:
71:
64:
55:
46:
40:
39:
30:
21:
18:Group 14 element
4431:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4222:
4217:
4187:
4182:
4150:
4112:
4041:
4017:Oxidation state
3925:
3882:
3830:
3826:Minor actinides
3821:Major actinides
3786:Precious metals
3755:
3737:
3714:
3667:
3649:
3579:
3565:16 (Chalcogens)
3560:15 (Pnictogens)
3460:
3439:
3434:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3392:
3384:
3381:Risk Assessment
3378:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3340:
3339:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3284:
3282:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3164:
3155:
3153:
3147:Gagnon, Steve,
3146:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3105:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3069:
3060:
3058:
3050:Seaborg, G. T.
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3020:
3017:Wayback Machine
3010:
3006:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2820:Wayback Machine
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2664:carbon monoxide
2660:
2606:germanium oxide
2563:silicon dioxide
2541:
2539:Biological role
2503:
2413:
2387:Cobalt stannate
2314:Silicon dioxide
2264:
2147:
2101:
2089:Augustus Caesar
2018:
2013:
1947:carbon monoxide
1935:
1911:isotopes of tin
1857:
1845:
1793:
1787:
1725:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1627:
1623:
1618:Silicon nitride
1606:
1601:), and iodine (
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1551:. Carbon forms
1545:carbon suboxide
1541:carbon monoxide
1518:
1503:
1493:its α allotrope
1445:
1420:where distinct
1280:
1275:
1273:Characteristics
1165:
1152:
1151:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1009:
1008:
1003:
977:
969:
965:
953:
949:
930:
927:Name by element
908:
895:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
684:
677:
670:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
591:
584:
577:
570:
563:
556:
549:
542:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
458:
451:
444:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
319:
312:
303:
296:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
189:
182:
173:
166:
159:
152:
145:
138:
129:
122:
113:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:
69:
62:
53:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4429:
4427:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4395:
4370:
4368:
4343:
4341:
4316:
4314:
4289:
4287:
4262:
4260:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4037:Vapor pressure
4034:
4029:
4024:
4022:Speed of sound
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Heat of fusion
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Critical point
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3853:
3851:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3791:Coinage metals
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3475:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3437:Periodic table
3435:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3371:
3357:
3351:
3328:
3313:
3291:
3264:
3191:
3162:
3139:
3112:
3090:
3067:
3042:
3004:
2982:
2970:Lead compounds
2960:
2938:
2916:
2893:
2871:
2849:
2842:
2824:
2811:W. B. Jensen,
2804:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2724:Lead poisoning
2659:
2656:
2573:to form their
2540:
2537:
2533:lead batteries
2501:
2447:, Canada, and
2412:
2409:
2405:tetraethyllead
2334:semiconductors
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:Georgy Flyorov
2247:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2197:
2196:
2182:
2172:
2158:
2146:
2143:
2100:
2097:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
1951:carbon dioxide
1939:stellar fusion
1934:
1931:
1922:and lead-214.
1856:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1789:Main article:
1786:
1783:
1737:melting points
1729:boiling points
1724:
1721:
1688:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1549:carbon dioxide
1516:
1499:
1443:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1202:consisting of
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1162:
1161:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:Other nonmetal
997:
995:
989:
988:
979:
978:
974:
973:
970:
961:
958:
957:
954:
945:
942:
941:
938:
934:
933:
928:
924:
923:
920:
910:
909:
896:
892:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
666:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
440:
439:
432:
425:
418:
411:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
362:
355:
348:
341:
334:
327:
325:
323:
316:
308:
307:
300:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
223:
216:
209:
202:
195:
193:
186:
178:
177:
170:
163:
156:
149:
142:
135:
133:
126:
118:
117:
110:
103:
96:
89:
82:
75:
73:
66:
58:
57:
50:
48:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4428:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4393:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4351:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4324:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4297:
4293:
4288:
4285:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4243:
4239:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4091:controversies
4089:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4012:Melting point
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:Heat capacity
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Boiling point
3945:
3943:
3942:Atomic radius
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Native metals
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3733:Dividing line
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3570:17 (Halogens)
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3408:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3352:0-809-49663-1
3348:
3344:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3303:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3129:on 2013-01-17
3128:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2983:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2950:
2949:
2948:Tin compounds
2942:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2754:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2720:lead acetates
2716:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:Kazuhiko Asai
2599:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:United States
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2479:zone refining
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:. 80% of all
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:cerulean blue
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Tin(IV) oxide
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:Carbon fibers
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2232:meaning lead.
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:plutonium-244
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1994:igneous rocks
1991:
1990:Tin(IV) oxide
1985:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1753:diamond cubic
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1662:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1587:), chlorine (
1586:
1579:
1568:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:hybridisation
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:in its outer
1395:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:crystallogens
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1247:group IV
1244:
1240:
1239:group 14
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1001:
994:
991:
990:
986:
980:
971:
964:
960:
959:
955:
948:
944:
943:
939:
936:
935:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
907:
904: →
900: ←
899:
890:
885:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
827:
822:
820:
815:
813:
808:
806:
801:
799:
794:
792:
790:Rutherfordium
787:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
757:
752:
750:
745:
743:
738:
736:
731:
729:
724:
722:
717:
715:
710:
708:
703:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
668:
667:
664:
659:
657:
652:
650:
645:
643:
638:
636:
631:
629:
624:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
589:
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
561:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
526:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
489:
484:
482:
477:
475:
470:
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
447:
442:
441:
438:
433:
431:
426:
424:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
391:
389:
384:
382:
377:
375:
370:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
324:
322:
317:
315:
310:
309:
306:
301:
299:
294:
292:
287:
285:
280:
278:
273:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
229:
224:
222:
217:
215:
210:
208:
203:
201:
196:
192:
187:
185:
180:
179:
176:
171:
169:
164:
162:
157:
155:
150:
148:
143:
141:
136:
132:
127:
125:
120:
119:
116:
111:
109:
104:
102:
97:
95:
90:
88:
83:
81:
76:
72:
67:
65:
60:
59:
56:
51:
47:
42:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4376:
4371:
4349:
4344:
4322:
4317:
4295:
4290:
4268:
4263:
4241:
4236:
4219:
4170:
4158:
4141:Trivial name
4129:nomenclature
3801:Heavy metals
3796:Noble metals
3555:14 (Tetrels)
3554:
3451:Alternatives
3393:, retrieved
3389:the original
3380:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3342:
3322:
3316:
3305:, retrieved
3300:
3294:
3285:February 24,
3283:, retrieved
3273:
3267:
3259:
3186:
3154:, retrieved
3149:
3142:
3131:, retrieved
3127:the original
3121:
3115:
3104:, retrieved
3099:
3093:
3085:
3059:. Retrieved
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3013:Ghostarchive
3011:Archived at
3007:
2996:, retrieved
2991:
2985:
2974:, retrieved
2969:
2963:
2952:, retrieved
2947:
2941:
2930:, retrieved
2925:
2919:
2912:The Elements
2911:
2885:, retrieved
2880:
2874:
2863:, retrieved
2858:
2852:
2833:
2827:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2783:
2779:
2753:
2740:
2732:constipation
2717:
2709:trimethyltin
2706:
2683:
2676:
2661:
2653:
2638:
2618:
2595:
2557:
2542:
2510:
2483:
2456:
2453:
2433:South Africa
2414:
2398:
2361:
2345:fiber optics
2338:
2312:
2276:carbon black
2265:
2262:Applications
2250:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2211:
2203:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2128:
2116:
2102:
2078:
2073:Scilly Isles
2069:
2057:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1986:
1975:
1969:atmosphere.
1967:
1961:, and is in
1936:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1896:
1880:
1858:
1849:magic nuclei
1846:
1839:or tin rot.
1833:
1825:
1794:
1775:atomic radii
1772:
1765:
1742:
1726:
1718:
1684:
1663:
1630:
1594:), bromine (
1561:
1557:a diselenide
1530:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1426:single bonds
1388:Each of the
1387:
1343:2, 8, 18, 4
1281:
1267:adamantogens
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1196:carbon group
1195:
1193:
1167:
1166:
937:Trivial name
931:carbon group
902:
832:Darmstadtium
699:Protactinium
473:Praseodymium
4177:WikiProject
3921:Term symbol
3751:Noble gases
3695:Lanthanides
3678:metallicity
3550:13 (Triels)
3395:January 19,
3156:January 20,
2998:January 24,
2976:January 24,
2954:January 24,
2932:January 24,
2887:January 24,
2865:January 24,
2786:: 782–789.
2713:triethyltin
2643:, but some
2571:sea sponges
2565:is used by
2498:cassiterite
2343:is used in
2284:respirators
2272:steelmaking
2208:Old English
2145:Etymologies
2137:atoms with
2081:Babylonians
2061:Phoenicians
1714:a telluride
1702:four oxides
1694:a dibromide
1614:a disulfide
1553:a disulfide
1537:many oxides
1485:radioactive
1158:Other metal
1135:Other metal
1105:Other metal
898:boron group
874:Livermorium
846:Copernicium
839:Roentgenium
769:Mendelevium
755:Einsteinium
748:Californium
4101:for people
4096:for places
4069:1871 table
3962:Elasticity
3930:Data pages
3888:Properties
3764:Other sets
3720:Metalloids
3307:20 January
3133:20 January
3106:20 January
3061:2010-03-16
2745:References
2726:can cause
2614:vegetables
2598:metabolism
2587:milligrams
2575:cell walls
2411:Production
2318:toothpaste
2139:calcium-48
2093:white lead
1933:Occurrence
1892:spallation
1890:, and via
1797:allotropes
1785:Allotropes
1779:picometers
1757:tetragonal
1710:a selenide
1698:a diiodide
1469:metalloids
1233:In modern
1222:(Pb), and
1150: (Fl)
1127: (Pb)
1097: (Sn)
1067: (Ge)
1037: (Si)
906:pnictogens
881:Tennessine
825:Meitnerium
804:Seaborgium
783:Lawrencium
522:Dysprosium
508:Gadolinium
487:Promethium
359:Technetium
352:Molybdenum
153:Phosphorus
4373:Flerovium
4292:Germanium
4086:etymology
3937:Abundance
3862:in humans
3858:Abundance
3743:Nonmetals
3700:Actinides
2797:17 August
2728:headaches
2679:volcanoes
2649:cucumbers
2579:skeletons
2525:limestone
2517:Australia
2486:Indonesia
2459:germanite
2367:tin plate
2330:silicones
2308:satellite
2286:, and as
2268:amorphous
2251:Flerovium
2175:Germanium
1888:actinides
1876:Carbon-14
1872:carbon-13
1868:carbon-12
1817:fullerene
1768:densities
1745:hexagonal
1706:a sulfide
1610:a dioxide
1489:noble gas
1479:both are
1465:germanium
1449:π-systems
1394:electrons
1378:Flerovium
1339:Germanium
1224:flerovium
1212:germanium
1148:Flerovium
1075:Metalloid
1065:Germanium
1045:Metalloid
1007: (C)
888:Oganesson
867:Moscovium
860:Flerovium
741:Berkelium
727:Americium
720:Plutonium
713:Neptunium
550:Ytterbium
480:Neodymium
459:Lanthanum
422:Tellurium
380:Palladium
366:Ruthenium
338:Zirconium
320:Strontium
276:Germanium
227:Manganese
183:Potassium
139:Aluminium
130:Magnesium
70:Beryllium
4410:Category
4165:Category
4117:See also
3987:Hardness
3840:Elements
3274:tin (Sn)
3100:Graphene
3035:21 April
3015:and the
2816:Archived
2672:asbestos
2658:Toxicity
2645:microbes
2553:proteins
2549:steroids
2473:to form
2471:chlorine
2421:Botswana
2383:ceramics
2292:graphite
2179:Germania
1943:seawater
1855:Isotopes
1837:tin pest
1821:graphene
1801:graphite
1733:sublimes
1723:Physical
1539:such as
1533:halogens
1522:C–C bond
1504:, where
1434:graphene
1390:elements
1330:2, 8, 4
1278:Chemical
940:tetrels
853:Nihonium
776:Nobelium
685:Actinium
671:Francium
655:Astatine
648:Polonium
627:Thallium
606:Platinum
578:Tungsten
571:Tantalum
557:Lutetium
501:Europium
494:Samarium
415:Antimony
313:Rubidium
290:Selenium
220:Chromium
213:Vanadium
206:Titanium
199:Scandium
167:Chlorine
107:Fluorine
93:Nitrogen
45:Hydrogen
4265:Silicon
4051:History
3957:Density
3585:Periods
2686:enzymes
2634:smelter
2591:cereals
2567:diatoms
2529:roasted
2504:) with
2494:Bolivia
2394:pigment
2353:tarnish
2300:Diamond
2296:pencils
2230:plumbum
2226:Plumbum
2212:stannum
2189:stannum
2185:Stannum
2169:silicis
2161:Silicon
2045:mercury
2011:History
1955:methane
1843:Nuclear
1805:diamond
1749:diamond
1526:alkanes
1467:, both
1461:carbide
1438:alkenes
1406:silicon
1326:Silicon
1298:Element
1251:tetrels
1228:p-block
1208:silicon
1035:Silicon
982:↓
818:Hassium
811:Bohrium
797:Dubnium
762:Fermium
706:Uranium
692:Thorium
641:Bismuth
599:Iridium
585:Rhenium
564:Hafnium
543:Thulium
529:Holmium
515:Terbium
445:Caesium
394:Cadmium
373:Rhodium
345:Niobium
331:Yttrium
304:Krypton
297:Bromine
283:Arsenic
269:Gallium
190:Calcium
146:Silicon
63:Lithium
4238:Carbon
4081:Naming
3878:Symbol
3687:Metals
3655:Blocks
3643:Pyykkö
3638:Fricke
3633:Aufbau
3482:Groups
3349:
3281:, 2013
2840:
2734:, and
2610:grains
2551:, and
2519:, the
2513:galena
2449:Mexico
2445:Brazil
2435:, and
2429:Canada
2417:Russia
2375:pewter
2363:Solder
2349:silver
2326:alloys
2151:Carbon
2085:Romans
2051:, and
2049:silver
2041:copper
2033:sulfur
2027:, and
2021:Carbon
1953:, and
1865:stable
1829:luster
1712:, and
1547:, and
1481:metals
1402:carbon
1313:Carbon
1218:(Sn),
1214:(Ge),
1210:(Si),
1204:carbon
1168:Legend
1155:
1132:
1102:
1072:
1042:
1012:
1005:Carbon
985:Period
734:Curium
678:Radium
592:Osmium
536:Erbium
466:Cerium
452:Barium
429:Iodine
401:Indium
387:Silver
255:Copper
248:Nickel
241:Cobalt
160:Sulfur
123:Sodium
100:Oxygen
86:Carbon
54:Helium
4124:IUPAC
3849:Lists
3385:(PDF)
2641:toxic
2630:maize
2626:Wheat
2622:roots
2467:China
2437:India
2425:Congo
2322:glass
2282:, in
2280:tires
2274:, as
2216:staen
2193:staen
2165:silex
2155:carbo
1398:shell
1317:2, 4
1255:tetra
1235:IUPAC
1206:(C),
1198:is a
662:Radon
436:Xenon
174:Argon
79:Boron
4346:Lead
3856:By:
3397:2013
3347:ISBN
3309:2013
3287:2013
3158:2013
3135:2013
3108:2013
3037:2017
3000:2013
2978:2013
2956:2013
2934:2013
2889:2013
2867:2013
2838:ISBN
2799:2019
2736:gout
2711:and
2698:oral
2692:and
2666:and
2628:and
2612:and
2583:bone
2577:and
2569:and
2527:and
2506:coke
2500:(SnO
2490:Peru
2463:zinc
2241:lead
2214:and
2167:(or
2053:gold
2037:iron
2029:lead
1978:soil
1813:soot
1773:The
1766:The
1727:The
1696:and
1671:and
1638:and
1612:and
1596:SiBr
1589:SiCl
1569:and
1477:lead
1475:and
1457:ions
1453:atom
1404:and
1365:Lead
1220:lead
1194:The
1125:Lead
972:IVB
956:IVA
634:Lead
613:Gold
262:Zinc
234:Iron
114:Neon
4319:Tin
3676:By
2788:doi
2784:211
2768:/Ti
2688:as
2545:DNA
2204:tin
2025:tin
1917:38
1909:40
1897:32
1881:23
1687:PbH
1666:SnH
1633:GeH
1603:SiI
1582:SiF
1564:SiH
1555:an
1510:see
1473:Tin
1374:114
1352:Tin
1265:or
1216:tin
1153:114
1095:Tin
922:14
408:Tin
4412::
4377:Fl
4350:Pb
4323:Sn
4296:Ge
4269:Si
3628:8+
3545:12
3540:11
3535:10
3345:,
3331:^
3277:,
3194:^
3165:^
3070:^
3054:.
3028:.
3019::
2896:^
2782:.
2778:.
2738:.
2704:.
2674:.
2624:.
2547:,
2508:.
2492:,
2488:,
2451:.
2431:,
2427:,
2423:,
2419:,
2396:.
2377:.
2359:.
2298:.
2055:.
2047:,
2043:,
2039:,
2035:,
2023:,
1996:.
1949:,
1925:6
1906:.
1874:.
1831:.
1716:.
1708:,
1704:,
1673:Sn
1661:.
1640:Ge
1628:.
1616:.
1571:Si
1559:.
1543:,
1442:CO
1440:,
1361:82
1348:50
1335:32
1322:14
1269:.
1230:.
1130:82
1100:50
1070:32
1040:14
4242:C
4212:e
4205:t
4198:v
3864:)
3860:(
3623:7
3618:6
3613:5
3608:4
3603:3
3598:2
3593:1
3530:9
3525:8
3520:7
3515:6
3510:5
3505:4
3500:3
3429:e
3422:t
3415:v
3064:.
3039:.
2846:.
2822:.
2801:.
2790::
2774:2
2772:C
2770:3
2766:4
2764:N
2762:3
2502:2
2218:.
2195:.
1689:4
1679:6
1677:H
1675:2
1668:4
1659:4
1657:N
1655:3
1646:6
1644:H
1642:2
1635:4
1626:4
1624:N
1622:3
1605:4
1598:4
1591:4
1584:4
1577:6
1575:H
1573:2
1566:4
1517:4
1506:n
1501:n
1444:2
1309:6
1293:Z
1143:7
1113:6
1083:5
1053:4
1023:3
1010:6
993:2
20:)
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