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curve. When a child deviates from his or her previously established growth curve, investigation into the cause is generally warranted. Parameters used to analyze growth charts include weight velocity (defined as rate of change in weight over time), height velocity (defined as rate of change in stature over time), and whether someone's growth chart crosses percentiles. For instance, endocrine disorders can be associated with a decrease in height velocity and preserved weight velocity while normal growth variants are associated with a decrease in height and weight velocity that are proportional to each other. It's important to note that other parameters are more commonly used such as waist circumference for assessing obesity and skin fold difference for assessing malnutrition. Growth charts can also be compiled with a portion of the population deemed to have been raised in more or less ideal environments, such as nutrition that conforms to pediatric guidelines, and no
20:
56:
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for dissemination to healthcare systems abroad. In order to accommodate for heterogenous populations internationally, the WHO made an effort to gather data from different regions in every continent. Data used to calculate the CDC's growth chart percentiles was accumulated periodically since the 1960s
72:
follow distinct growth curves which deviate significantly from children without these conditions. As such, growth charts have been created to describe the expected growth patterns of several developmental conditions. Since there are differences in normal growth rates between breastfed and formula-fed
47:
of a child can be compared to the expected parameters of children of the same age and sex to determine whether the child is growing appropriately. Growth charts can also be used to predict the expected adult height and weight of a child because, in general, children maintain a fairly constant growth
522:
Dewey, KG; Peerson, JM; Brown, KH; Krebs, NF; Michaelsen, KF; Persson, LA; Salmenpera, L; Whitehead, RG; Yeung, DL (1995). "Growth of breast-fed infants deviates from current reference data: A pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and
European data sets. World Health Organization Working Group on Infant
109:
for children. MPH is given by (mother’s height + father’s height) divided by 2. MPH is unisex. Boys need an upward correction, girls need a downward correction. In view of an average height difference between adult men and women of 13 cm, TH for boys is usually given by MPH + 6.5cm, TH for girls by
444:
The CDC's growth chart is utilized from a population that consists of a representative population in the USA. Charts based on a specific race or ethnicity are not useful because of the growth chart progression can be attributed to socioeconomic factors. WHO launched a revised growth in 2006 chart
387:
One of the most common growth disorders, a growth deficiency can be due to either familial short stature or constitutional growth delay (CGD). Familial short stature is indicative when one or both parents are of a short stature, and the height and weight percentiles are under the 5 percentile
110:
MPH - 6.5cm. Alternatively, TH can be expressed in standard deviation scores (SDS), with TH_SDS = (mother’s height_SDS + father’s height_SDS) / 2. Yet, this calculation is incorrect as it needs adjustment to mid-population height. It is suggested to use the
94:. Updated and more comprehensive data was later used to revise the existing growth chart and construct the 2000 CDC growth charts. The revised growth charts include revision of the 14 existing charts as well as introduction of 2 new BMI-for-age charts.
388:
threshold. The child will be concordant with the mean parental height, and the bone age should be normal. Constitutional growth delays are marked by low height and weight percentiles as early as the first 4–6 months following birth.
63:
Growth charts are different for boys and girls, due in part to pubertal differences and disparity in final adult height. In addition, children born prematurely and children with chromosomal abnormalities such as
73:
babies, the World Health
Organization growth charts, which better reflect the growth pattern of the healthy, breastfed infant, are considered the standard for U.S. children under age two.
197:
35:
and other health care providers to follow a child's growth over time. Growth charts have been constructed by observing the growth of large numbers of healthy children over time. The
312:
857:
Kwun, Younghee; Kim, Su Jin; Lee, Jieun; Isojima, Tsuyoshi; Choi, Doo-Seok; Kim, Duk-Kyung; Huh, June; Kang, I.-Seok; Chang, MiSun; Cho, Sung Yoon; Sohn, Young Bae (July 2015).
342:
is another useful metric that complements a physician's use of a growth chart. It is particularly useful in working up growth abnormalities and can indicate a delay in onset of
91:
364:
Benign variant of normal height growth due to a delay in the onset of puberty. Expect a delayed bone age and a trajectory that is not on track for the target height.
445:
using children from Ghana, Oman, Norway, Brazil, India and the USA that substantiated the fact that growth is highly dependent on environmental factors.
105:
is often used to predict the target height of an individual based on the heights of the two biological parents. It can be used to calculate the
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658:
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379:
The combination of height and weight velocity can indicate underlying disease of genetic origin, endocrine cause, and/or delayed growth.
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Pathologic variant of normal growth due to hormonal abnormality. Expect a delayed height trajectory accompanied by a gain of weight.
123:
is another quantity that is used to quantify growth curves. It can be used for both height and weight. In the equation provided
480:
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A decrease of height velocity with retained or increased weight velocity can be indicative of endocrine disorders including
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Benign variant of normal height growth. Expect a normal bone age and a trajectory that is on track for the target height.
460:
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is a useful quantification that can gauge level of obesity. It is defined as follows with the given clinical ranges.
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A variety of genetic syndromes can result growth chart patterns with a typical pattern. Genetic diseases such as
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141:
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971:
567:"Use of World Health Organization and CDC Growth Charts for Children Aged 0–59 Months in the United States"
408:
can be marked by a less than 5th percentile height and weight since birth. Other genetic disorders such as
85:(NCHS) in 1977 to clinically analyze child development. The 1977 growth chart was subsequently used by the
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915:"Reference Population | Overview CDC Growth Charts | Growth Chart Training | NUtrition | DNPAO | CDC"
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represents change over a defined interval. Growth velocity is defined as follows.
681:"Constitutional Growth Delay: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology"
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52:. Charts from these sources end up with slightly taller but thinner averages.
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Sample growth chart for use with
American boys from birth to age 36 months.
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859:"Disease-specific Growth Charts of Marfan Syndrome Patients in Korea"
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conditional target height or cTH_SDS with a correction factor of 0.72
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637:
Bozzola, Mauro; Meazza, Cristina (2012), Preedy, Victor R. (ed.),
54:
18:
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are typically indicated by a height above the 90th percentile.
643:
Handbook of Growth and Growth
Monitoring in Health and Disease
639:"Growth Velocity Curves: What They Are and How to Use Them"
645:, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 2999–3011,
59:
Growth curve of a girl, compared to the 2006 WHO curves
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144:
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92:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
757:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
600:"The calculation of target height reconsidered"
583:Centers for Disease Control (11 January 2019).
8:
81:The growth chart was first developed by the
192:{\displaystyle velocity=\Delta q/\Delta t}
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833:
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777:"Noonan syndrome - Symptoms and causes"
729:"Turner syndrome - Symptoms and causes"
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982:Growth Charts and Breastfeeding Babies
16:Graphic of child development over time
83:National Center for Health Statistics
77:History and revisions to growth chart
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327:: 85th < BMI < 95th percentile
307:{\displaystyle BMI=weight(kg)/^{2}}
585:"CDC Growth Charts: United States"
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172:
14:
863:Journal of Korean Medical Science
598:Hermanussen, M; Cole, M. (2003).
420:Endocrine and metabolic disorders
972:WHO information on growth charts
967:CDC information on growth charts
806:Archives of Disease in Childhood
350:Common variants of normal growth
481:Intrauterine growth restriction
977:The WHO Child Growth Standards
679:Clark, Pamela A (2024-07-10).
572:. Centers for Disease Control.
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1:
705:"Constitutional Growth Delay"
651:10.1007/978-1-4419-1795-9_180
944:Center for Adoption Medicine
511:. World Health Organization.
506:"WHO Child Growth Standards"
461:Weight and height percentile
440:Variability in growth charts
362:Constitutional growth delay:
127:is either weight or height,
800:Hulse, J A (October 1988).
709:Pediatric Endocrine Society
471:Constitutional growth delay
1020:
875:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.911
321:: BMI > 95th percentile
476:Growth hormone deficiency
430:growth hormone deficiency
333:: BMI < 5th percentile
103:Mid-parental height (MPH)
87:World Health Organization
383:Normal growth deficiency
117:cTH_SDS = TH_SDS x 0.72
98:Quantitative definitions
802:"Special growth charts"
753:"Prader-Willi Syndrome"
356:Familial short stature:
818:10.1136/adc.63.10.1179
414:Klinefelter's syndrome
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193:
60:
24:
537:10.1542/peds.96.3.497
375:Clinical significance
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204:Body mass index (BMI)
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131:represents time, and
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368:Endocrine disorders:
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531:(3 Pt 1): 495–503.
457:, a growth disorder
987:2015-09-21 at the
685:Medscape Reference
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107:target height (TH)
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45:head circumference
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812:(10): 1179–1180.
660:978-1-4419-1794-2
616:10.1159/000069321
466:Endocrine disease
455:Failure to thrive
410:Marfan's syndrome
398:Turner's syndrome
392:Genetic syndromes
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921:. 2019-01-23
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29:growth chart
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919:www.cdc.gov
781:Mayo Clinic
733:Mayo Clinic
331:Underweight
31:is used by
1004:Pediatrics
949:2021-09-20
925:2021-09-20
786:2021-09-13
762:2021-09-13
738:2021-09-13
714:2021-09-13
690:2024-08-06
666:2021-09-13
525:Pediatrics
492:References
325:Overweight
883:1598-6357
826:0003-9888
523:Growth".
184:Δ
173:Δ
998:Category
985:Archived
901:26130954
624:12649571
553:20425748
449:See also
339:Bone age
121:Velocity
892:4479945
844:3058044
835:1779032
545:7651784
486:Obesity
344:puberty
318:Obesity
90:by the
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43:, and
41:weight
37:height
570:(PDF)
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655:ISBN
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