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261:(also called longshore transport). If a groyne is correctly designed, then the amount of material it can hold will be limited, and excess sediment will be free to move on through the system. However, if a groyne is too large it may trap too much sediment, which can cause severe beach erosion on the down-drift side.
38:
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Groynes can be built with different planview shapes. Some examples include straight groynes, hockey stick or curved, inverted hockey stick groynes, tail or checkmark shaped groynes, L head, straight groynes with pier head (seaward end raised on the stilts, since the pier head is raised on the stilts
367:
A groyne's length and elevation, and the spacing between groynes is determined according to local wave energy and beach slope. Groynes that are too long or too high tend to accelerate downdrift erosion, and are ineffective because they trap too much sediment. Groynes that are too short, too low, or
295:
A poorly designed groyne (too long and not suited to the unique features of the coast) can also accelerate the erosion of the downdrift beach, which receives little or no sand from longshore drift. This process is known as terminal groyne syndrome, because in a series of groynes it occurs after the
528:
Groynes can be submerged or not under normal conditions. Usually impermeable groynes are non-submerged, since flow over the top of solid groynes may cause severe erosion along the shanks. Submerged groynes, on the other hand, may be permeable depending on the degree of flow disturbance needed.
418:) are often constructed nearly perpendicular to the riverbanks, beginning at a riverbank with a root and ending at the regulation line with a head. They maintain a channel to prevent ice jamming, and more generally improve navigation and control over lateral erosion, that would form from
726:
100:
and other coastal engineering features. Groynes, however, may cause a shoreline to be perceived as unnatural. Groynes are generally straight but could be of various plan view shapes, permeable or impermeable, built from various materials such as wood, sand, stone rubble, or
372:
are ineffective because they trap too little sediment. If a groyne does not extend far enough landward, water (for example at a high tide combined with a storm surge) may flow past the landward end and erode a channel bypassing the groyne, a process known as
165:. The earliest ones dated so far were found to be over 3,000 years old, but researchers are hypothising that the technique might already have been understood in the fourth millennium BCE. The newly discovered groynes are located in what are now
1238:
694:
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A groyne gradually creates and maintains a wide area of beach on its updrift side by trapping the sediments suspended in the ocean current. This process is called accretion of sand and gravel or
670:
544:
point downstream, serving to attract the stream flow toward themselves and not repel the flow toward the opposite bank. They tend to maintain deep current close to the bank.
85:. There is also often cross-shore movement which if longer than the groyne will limit its effectiveness. In a river, groynes slow down the process of erosion and prevent
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253:. It reduces erosion on the other, i.e. downdrift, side by reducing the speed and power of the waves striking the shore. It is a physical barrier to stop
634:
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point upstream; they force the flow away from themselves. A single groyne may have one section, for example, attracting, and another section deflecting.
848:
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474:, breakwater attached to the shore with straight groyne, the head/breakwater itself could be shaped straight, Y-shaped, arrow or wing shaped head).
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There were complaints by 1583 that the haven was in a worse state than in 1575 (p. 96); Poyntz was sidelined and the work was finished by
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498:
Groynes can be permeable, allowing the water to flow through at reduced velocities, or impermeable, blocking and deflecting the current.
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204:, and again in 1705. In 1867, the first concrete groyne was built near East Street, Brighton as a promenade 195 feet (59 m) long.
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Groynes can be distinguished by how they are constructed, whether they are submerged, their effect on stream flow or by shape.
320:-- that normally remains unattached to the shore. When a groyne is built to attach the breakwater to the shore, it is called a
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Groynes are generally placed in series, generally all perpendicular to the shore. The areas between groups of groynes are
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change the direction of flow without repelling it. They are generally short and used for limited, local protection.
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One of the earliest mentions of groynes is in connection with the planned improvements to the silted-up
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328:, also known as "bulkhead groyne", "headland breakwater", "T-head groyne", or "T-shaped groyne".
254:
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is an artificial offshore structure built parallel to the shore -- similar to naturally formed
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181:, some of them built by the Egyptian overlords and some possibly the work of local Nubians.
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1008:. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts and Green. pp. 44, 59, 67, 77, 80, 96.
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Groynes in coastal engineering : data on performance of existing groyne systems
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A large number of groynes were found along a 1,000-kilometre stretch of the river
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31:
1005:
Calendar of State Papers, Domestic series, of the reign of
Elizabeth, 1581–1590
959:, June 21, 2023. For original scientific article published on 27 May 2023, see
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2011:
1930:
1860:
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69:. It is usually made out of wood, concrete, or stone. In the ocean, groynes
934:
200:'s seafront and coastline was built, which had been heavily damaged in the
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Ancient
Egyptian hydraulic engineering shown in walls along Nile - study
65:) or a river bank, interrupting water flow and limiting the movement of
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2224:
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1945:
1940:
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1835:
1755:
1471:
1361:
856:
657:
641:
610:
483:
97:
86:
17:
1186:
River training techniques : fundamentals, design and applications
1054:
History of
Brighthelmston or, Brighton as I view it and others knew it
3210:
2623:
2375:
2370:
1905:
1885:
1840:
1825:
1683:
1466:
1411:
1262:
1200:
Nearshore hydrodynamics and the behaviour of groynes on sandy beaches
661:
487:
102:
42:
1596:
1076:. Bristol, Buffalo, Toronto: Channel View Publications. p. 74.
37:
1057:. Brighton: Printed by E. Lewis, "Observer" office. pp. 73–77.
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1978:
1880:
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1122:
Construction
Industry Research and Information Association (1990)
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1865:
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1600:
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300:(last groyne on the downdrift side of the beach or coastline).
126:
1870:
1673:
1030:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 55–86.
445:
Submerged groin (US spelling), Hunting Island, South
Carolina
1143:
Manual on the use of timber in coastal and river engineering
740:(centre left of image), protects the mouth of New Zealand's
27:
Structure extending into a body of water to alter water flow
1184:
Przedwojski, B., BĹ‚aĹĽejewski, R and
Pilarczyk, K.W. (1995)
1158:
Coastal defences : processes, problems and solutions
92:
All of a groyne may be underwater, in which case it is a
30:
For the city in Spain formerly known as The Groyne, see
1027:
Power, Knowledge, and
Expertise in Elizabethan England
403:
or groins; there is a navigation channel between them.
1074:
Resorts and Ports: European
Seaside Towns Since 1700
992:
Subscription or UK public library membership needed.
537:
Groynes can be attracting, deflecting or repelling.
3512:
3486:
3448:
3400:
3339:
3234:
3106:
3003:
2798:
2484:
2328:
2295:
2100:
2060:
1977:
1634:
1548:
1505:
1352:
1300:
1251:
The Effect of
Groynes on Rivers - Literature review
457:, England, with a groyne showing in the background.
973:
815:, to prevent coastal erosion and creation of beach
426:: they cause autonomous degradation of the river.
81:where this is the dominant process and facilitate
3420:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
1146:, HR Wallingford, London : Thomas Telford,
395:Aerial photograph of the Lumberville Dam on the
3410:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
519:) are constructed using rock, gravel, gabions.
61:built perpendicularly from an ocean shore (in
2462:
1612:
1278:
1202:, PhD thesis, Imperial College London, 277 p.
470:it does not act as the breakwater), T-head (
429:They are also used around bridges to prevent
8:
1072:. In Borsay, Peter; Walton, John K. (eds.).
1070:"Three Views of Brighton as Port and Resort"
927:"Groyne | Meaning of Groyne by Lexico"
235:Beach evolution and sedimentation accretion
196:In 1713 the first wooden groyne to protect
135:
2469:
2455:
2447:
1619:
1605:
1597:
1285:
1271:
1263:
849:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
982:. Oxford University Press. December 2021
948:
946:
944:
918:
640:Groynes off the Ennore Expressway near
564:
478:By cross-section based on material used
2741:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
1244:Channel Coastal Observatory - Groynes
1209:Morphodynamics of rivers with groynes
422:. Groynes have a major impact on the
304:Headland groyne / Headland breakwater
96:. They are often used in tandem with
7:
3688:
482:Wooden groynes, sheetpile groynes,
161:, between the first and the fourth
3568:National Oceanographic Data Center
2995:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
2883:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
2315:Integrated coastal zone management
1325:Integrated coastal zone management
1212:(Thesis). Delft University Press.
1172:The principles of coast protection
1170:Hoyle, J.W. and King, J.T. (1971)
931:Lexico Dictionaries | English
808:Integrated coastal zone management
193:, by one Fernando Poyntz in 1582.
25:
3415:Global Sea Level Observing System
1140:Crossman, M. and Simm, J. (2004)
505:are large rocks, bamboo or timber
453:A "Keep off the groynes" sign in
399:. Some water is pouring over the
89:, which in turn aids navigation.
3698:
3687:
3678:
3677:
2873:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
2789:
2778:
2431:
2430:
1968:
1961:
1343:
1174:, Lyndhurst : the authors,
725:
709:
693:
669:
649:
633:
617:
602:
579:
567:
3603:Ocean thermal energy conversion
3326:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
1051:Erredge, John Ackerson (1862).
2413:Region of freshwater influence
1226:Delft Hydraulics Select Series
533:By their effect on stream flow
1:
2175:Large-scale coastal behaviour
2007:Beaches in estuaries and bays
819:Coastal and oceanic landforms
574:Groynes on the Rhine, Germany
524:By whether they are submerged
185:16th- to 19th-century England
2863:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
2833:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
2589:Luke's variational principle
1188:, Rotterdam : Balkema,
700:A groyne at Cortez Beach on
609:Groyne on the east coast of
1581:Modern recession of beaches
1160:, London : Routledge,
1002:Lemon, Robert, ed. (1865).
824:Coastal development hazards
791:Modern recession of beaches
781:Beach erosion and accretion
3752:
2928:Ocean dynamical thermostat
2776:
1239:Groynes in the Netherlands
628:, British Columbia, Canada
384:
340:
288:
268:
238:
211:
29:
3673:
3463:Ocean acoustic tomography
3276:Mohorovičić discontinuity
2868:General circulation model
2504:Benjamin–Feir instability
2426:
1959:
1341:
1249:Yossef, M. F. M. (2002).
486:groynes, rubble mound or
3593:Ocean surface topography
2968:Thermohaline circulation
2958:Subsurface ocean current
2898:Hydrothermal circulation
2731:Wave–current interaction
2509:Boussinesq approximation
2120:Coastal biogeomorphology
1566:Geotechnical engineering
1253:(Report). Delft Cluster.
283:Terminal groyne syndrome
3630:Sea surface temperature
3613:Outline of oceanography
2808:Atmospheric circulation
2746:shallow water equations
2736:Waves and shallow water
2629:Significant wave height
1535:Sand dune stabilization
1206:Yossef, M.F.M. (2005).
1130:, London : CIRIA,
1126:, CIRIA technical note
899:Sand dune stabilization
894:Coastal sediment supply
465:By their planview shape
153:Ancient Egypt and Nubia
127:
3625:Sea surface microlayer
2990:Wind generated current
2017:Coastal morphodynamics
1224:Also published in the
844:Coastal morphodynamics
458:
446:
404:
364:
271:Coastal morphodynamics
231:
177:, in areas of ancient
136:
46:
3726:Hydraulic engineering
3458:Deep scattering layer
3440:World Geodetic System
2948:Princeton Ocean Model
2828:Coriolis–Stokes force
2478:Physical oceanography
2408:Physical oceanography
1024:Ash, Eric H. (2004).
937:on February 22, 2020.
889:Deposition (sediment)
452:
444:
394:
358:
225:
40:
3731:Coastal construction
3478:Underwater acoustics
3038:Perigean spring tide
2903:Langmuir circulation
2614:Rossby-gravity waves
2237:Submergent coastline
2190:Marine transgression
2145:Discordant coastline
2130:Concordant coastline
1487:Van der Meer formula
1198:Walker, D.J. (1987)
1156:French, P.W. (2001)
257:in the direction of
122:is derived from the
3640:Science On a Sphere
3246:Convergent boundary
2918:Modular Ocean Model
2878:Geostrophic current
2594:Mild-slope equation
2341:Coastal engineering
1576:Longshore transport
1392:Cliff stabilization
1315:Coastal engineering
1258:Coastal Wiki portal
1068:Gray, Fred (2011).
839:Coastal engineering
720:, Sydney, Australia
704:, Florida at sunset
517:rock armour groynes
509:impermeable groynes
347:Coastal engineering
202:Great storm of 1703
63:coastal engineering
59:hydraulic structure
3296:Seafloor spreading
3286:Outer trench swell
3251:Divergent boundary
3151:Continental margin
3136:Carbonate platform
3033:Lunitidal interval
2310:Coastal management
2150:Emergent coastline
1821:Intertidal wetland
1724:Continental margin
1586:Stream restoration
1437:Honeycomb sea wall
1320:Coastal management
1294:Coastal management
957:The Jerusalem Post
955:, Aaron Reich for
813:Coastal management
732:A 1200-metre-long
548:Deflecting groynes
542:Attracting groynes
459:
447:
405:
365:
343:Coastal management
337:Coastal management
255:sediment transport
232:
47:
45:, Catalonia, Spain
3713:
3712:
3705:Oceans portal
3665:World Ocean Atlas
3655:Underwater glider
3598:Ocean temperature
3261:Hydrothermal vent
3226:Submarine volcano
3161:Continental shelf
3141:Coastal geography
3131:Bathymetric chart
3013:Amphidromic point
2701:Wave nonlinearity
2559:Infragravity wave
2444:
2443:
2272:Wave-cut platform
2185:Marine regression
1729:Continental shelf
1719:Coastal waterfall
1628:Coastal geography
1594:
1593:
1530:Living shorelines
1525:Dynamic revetment
1515:Beach nourishment
1442:Hudson's equation
877:Wave-cut platform
834:Coastal geography
786:Beach nourishment
702:Anna Maria Island
554:Repelling groynes
503:Permeable groynes
414:, wing dykes, or
173:), but mainly in
83:beach nourishment
16:(Redirected from
3743:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3620:Pelagic sediment
3558:Marine pollution
3352:Deep ocean water
3221:Submarine canyon
3156:Continental rise
3048:Rule of twelfths
2963:Sverdrup balance
2893:Humboldt Current
2818:Boundary current
2793:
2782:
2599:Radiation stress
2569:Iribarren number
2544:Equatorial waves
2499:Ballantine scale
2494:Airy wave theory
2471:
2464:
2457:
2448:
2434:
2433:
2195:Raised shoreline
2170:Ingression coast
2165:Graded shoreline
2140:Cuspate foreland
1972:
1965:
1916:Submarine canyon
1776:Freshwater marsh
1621:
1614:
1607:
1598:
1571:Land reclamation
1540:Soft engineering
1507:Soft engineering
1432:Hard engineering
1354:Hard engineering
1347:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1264:
1254:
1223:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1021:
1015:
1009:
999:
993:
991:
989:
987:
977:
970:
964:
950:
939:
938:
933:. Archived from
923:
759:Training (civil)
729:
713:
697:
673:
653:
637:
621:
606:
583:
571:
424:river morphology
381:River management
351:Hard engineering
228:Sea Bright Beach
139:
130:
94:submerged groyne
21:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3736:Coastal erosion
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3697:
3669:
3508:
3482:
3444:
3425:Sea-level curve
3396:
3335:
3321:Transform fault
3271:Mid-ocean ridge
3237:
3230:
3196:Oceanic plateau
3102:
3088:Tidal resonance
3058:Theory of tides
2999:
2908:Longshore drift
2858:Ekman transport
2794:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2774:
2726:Wave turbulence
2659:Trochoidal wave
2584:Longshore drift
2480:
2475:
2445:
2440:
2422:
2398:Intertidal zone
2324:
2291:
2180:Longshore drift
2125:Coastal erosion
2096:
2056:
1992:Beach evolution
1973:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1644:Anchialine pool
1630:
1625:
1595:
1590:
1561:Coastal erosion
1556:Beach evolution
1544:
1501:
1377:Artificial reef
1348:
1339:
1330:Managed retreat
1296:
1291:
1248:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1001:
1000:
996:
985:
983:
972:
971:
967:
951:
942:
925:
924:
920:
915:
910:
884:Longshore drift
829:Coastal erosion
751:
744:
730:
721:
714:
705:
698:
689:
676:Groynes on the
674:
665:
656:Groynes on the
654:
645:
638:
629:
622:
613:
607:
598:
586:Groynes in the
584:
575:
572:
563:
535:
526:
496:
494:By permeability
480:
472:headland groyne
467:
439:
389:
383:
359:Wooden groyne,
353:
339:
334:
318:barrier islands
306:
298:terminal groyne
293:
291:longshore drift
285:
273:
267:
259:longshore drift
251:beach evolution
247:
245:longshore drift
241:Beach evolution
239:Main articles:
237:
226:Rock groyne at
220:
218:longshore drift
214:Beach evolution
210:
187:
155:
150:
116:
111:
79:longshore drift
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3749:
3747:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3685:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3645:Stratification
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3535:Color of water
3532:
3530:Benthic lander
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3435:Sea level rise
3432:
3430:Sea level drop
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Marine geology
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3242:
3240:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3206:Passive margin
3203:
3201:Oceanic trench
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2933:Ocean dynamics
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2823:Coriolis force
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:Stokes problem
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Kinematic wave
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Brackish marsh
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Barrier island
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1549:Related topics
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1520:Beach drainage
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1233:External links
1231:
1230:
1229:
1218:
1203:
1196:
1182:
1168:
1154:
1138:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1060:
1043:
1036:
1016:
994:
965:
940:
917:
916:
914:
911:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
854:
853:
852:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
805:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
778:
777:
776:
771:
769:Drop structure
766:
761:
752:
750:
747:
746:
745:
731:
724:
722:
715:
708:
706:
699:
692:
690:
675:
668:
666:
655:
648:
646:
639:
632:
630:
626:Crescent Beach
623:
616:
614:
608:
601:
599:
590:, part of the
585:
578:
576:
573:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
551:
545:
534:
531:
525:
522:
521:
520:
506:
495:
492:
490:groynes, etc.
479:
476:
466:
463:
438:
435:
397:Delaware River
385:Main article:
382:
379:
338:
335:
333:
330:
305:
302:
284:
281:
266:
263:
236:
233:
209:
206:
186:
183:
154:
151:
149:
146:
115:
112:
110:
107:
71:create beaches
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3748:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:Marine energy
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Acidification
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:SOFAR channel
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:Oceanic crust
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3256:Fracture zone
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Oceanic basin
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Abyssal plain
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3028:Internal tide
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Ocean current
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2781:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Wave shoaling
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Ursell number
2679:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Internal wave
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Breaking wave
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Littoral zone
2401:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2336:Bulkhead line
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Wave shoaling
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:Surge channel
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Cliffed coast
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Shingle beach
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
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1714:Coastal plain
1712:
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1482:Training wall
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1232:
1228:(No. 7/2005).
1227:
1221:
1219:90-407-2607-8
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1197:
1195:
1194:90-5410-196-2
1191:
1187:
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1181:
1180:0-903015-00-5
1177:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:0-415-19844-5
1163:
1159:
1155:
1153:
1152:0-7277-3283-8
1149:
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1139:
1137:
1136:0-86017-314-3
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1096:Yossef (2005)
1093:
1090:
1085:
1083:9781845411978
1079:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:Thomas Digges
1007:
1006:
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995:
981:
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757:
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748:
743:
742:Otago Harbour
739:
735:
728:
723:
719:
712:
707:
703:
696:
691:
687:
686:Malabar Coast
683:
679:
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631:
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518:
514:
513:solid groynes
510:
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477:
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464:
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417:
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409:
408:River groynes
402:
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362:
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331:
329:
327:
325:
319:
315:
314:
308:
303:
301:
299:
292:
287:
282:
280:
278:
277:groyne fields
272:
265:Groyne fields
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
246:
242:
234:
230:, New Jersey.
229:
224:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
199:
194:
192:
191:Dover harbour
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
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147:
145:
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138:
134:
129:
125:
121:
113:
108:
106:
104:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:beach erosion
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:) is a rigid
56:
53:(in the U.S.
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3660:Water column
3608:Oceanography
3583:Observations
3578:Explorations
3548:Marginal sea
3541:
3499:OSTM/Jason-2
3331:Volcanic arc
3306:Slab suction
3023:Head of tide
2913:Loop Current
2853:Ekman spiral
2639:Stokes drift
2549:Gravity wave
2524:Cnoidal wave
2267:Volcanic arc
2155:Feeder bluff
2062:River mouths
2027:Raised beach
2022:Pocket beach
1950:
1921:Tidal island
1911:Strand plain
1856:Natural arch
1416:
1225:
1208:
1199:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1141:
1127:
1123:
1106:
1105:Przedwojski
1101:
1092:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1046:
1026:
1019:
1004:
997:
984:. Retrieved
979:
975:"groyne, n."
968:
935:the original
930:
921:
872:Natural arch
801:Strand plain
796:Raised beach
718:Silver Beach
553:
547:
541:
536:
527:
516:
512:
508:
502:
497:
481:
468:
460:
431:bridge scour
428:
411:
407:
406:
374:
366:
321:
311:
309:
307:
297:
294:
286:
276:
274:
248:
195:
188:
156:
119:
117:
93:
91:
54:
50:
48:
3650:Thermocline
3367:Mesopelagic
3340:Ocean zones
3311:Slab window
3176:Hydrography
3116:Abyssal fan
3083:Tidal range
3073:Tidal power
3068:Tidal force
2953:Rip current
2888:Gulf Stream
2848:Ekman layer
2838:Downwelling
2813:Baroclinity
2800:Circulation
2696:Wave height
2686:Wave action
2669:megatsunami
2649:Stokes wave
2609:Rossby wave
2574:Kelvin wave
2554:Green's law
2418:River plume
2232:Steep coast
2205:Rocky shore
2200:Rip current
2080:River delta
2052:Wash margin
2047:Storm beach
2037:Shell beach
2002:Beach wrack
1997:Beach ridge
1987:Beach cusps
1936:Tied island
1926:Tidal marsh
1649:Archipelago
986:18 February
678:Arabian Sea
596:Netherlands
87:ice-jamming
41:Groynes in
3720:Categories
3588:Reanalysis
3487:Satellites
3468:Sofar bomb
3316:Subduction
3291:Ridge push
3186:Ocean bank
3166:Contourite
3093:Tide gauge
3078:Tidal race
3063:Tidal bore
3053:Slack tide
3018:Earth tide
2938:Ocean gyre
2758:Wind setup
2753:Wind fetch
2716:Wave setup
2711:Wave radar
2706:Wave power
2604:Rogue wave
2534:Dispersion
2346:Grain size
2320:Submersion
2297:Management
2282:Wind fetch
2242:Surf break
2160:Flat coast
2090:regressive
1876:Salt marsh
1734:Coral reef
1402:Flood wall
1387:Breakwater
1335:Submersion
1302:Management
1037:0801879922
980:OED Online
913:References
904:Submersion
862:Bioerosion
764:Breakwater
716:Groyne at
624:Groyne in
412:spur dykes
341:See also:
313:breakwater
289:See also:
269:See also:
212:See also:
133:Late Latin
124:Old French
109:Background
77:caused by
73:, prevent
3450:Acoustics
3402:Sea level
3301:Slab pull
3238:tectonics
3146:Cold seep
3108:Landforms
2985:Whirlpool
2980:Upwelling
2763:Wind wave
2691:Wave base
2619:Sea state
2539:Edge wave
2529:Cross sea
2305:Accretion
2287:Wind wave
2247:Surf zone
2102:Processes
2075:Mouth bar
2032:Recession
2012:Beachrock
1931:Tide pool
1861:Peninsula
1749:cliff-top
1636:Landforms
1462:Revetment
1407:Floodgate
1382:Breachway
1367:Accropode
1310:Accretion
682:Pozhikara
416:wing dams
401:wing dams
370:permeable
361:Mundesley
208:Mechanics
118:The term
114:Etymology
3683:Category
3635:Seawater
3362:Littoral
3357:Deep sea
3216:Seamount
3098:Tideline
3043:Rip tide
2973:shutdown
2943:Overflow
2676:Undertow
2519:Clapotis
2436:Category
2262:Undertow
2215:Sea foam
2210:Sea cave
2110:Blowhole
1952:Windwatt
1811:Headland
1659:Avulsion
1477:Tetrapod
867:Blowhole
755:Similar
749:See also
738:Aramoana
688:of India
664:, Poland
455:Brighton
420:meanders
387:Wing dam
375:flanking
324:headland
198:Brighton
163:cataract
98:seawalls
67:sediment
32:A Coruña
3693:Commons
3563:Mooring
3513:Related
3504:Jason-3
3494:Jason-1
3377:Pelagic
3372:Oceanic
3347:Benthic
2664:Tsunami
2634:Soliton
2386:shingle
2366:granule
2351:boulder
2329:Related
2225:peresyp
2135:Current
2070:Debouch
1979:Beaches
1946:Waituna
1941:Tombolo
1851:Mudflat
1846:Machair
1836:Isthmus
1756:Estuary
1699:Channel
1472:Seawall
1362:A-Jacks
857:Erosion
684:on the
658:Vistula
644:, India
642:Chennai
611:England
594:in the
561:Gallery
484:sandbag
326:groyne"
148:History
137:grunium
131:, from
105:, etc.
18:Groynes
3382:Photic
3211:Seabed
2624:Seiche
2376:pebble
2371:gravel
2361:cobble
1906:Strait
1886:Skerry
1841:Lagoon
1826:Island
1781:Fundus
1684:Bodden
1467:Riprap
1417:Groyne
1412:Gabion
1216:
1192:
1178:
1164:
1150:
1134:
1109:(1995)
1107:et al.
1080:
1034:
851:(CERF)
662:Warsaw
488:gabion
349:, and
128:groign
120:groyne
103:gabion
51:groyne
43:Sitges
3573:Ocean
3542:Alvin
3392:Swash
3236:Plate
3181:Knoll
3171:Guyot
3126:Atoll
3005:Tides
2768:model
2654:Swell
2486:Waves
2257:Swash
2220:Shoal
1901:Stack
1891:Sound
1881:Shoal
1831:Islet
1816:Inlet
1806:Hapua
1771:Fjord
1766:Fjard
1761:Firth
1709:Coast
1704:Cliff
1679:Bight
1654:Atoll
1497:Xbloc
1492:Wharf
1447:KOLOS
1427:Levee
1422:Jetty
1397:Dolos
1372:Akmon
1117:Notes
774:Jetty
592:Rhine
437:Types
332:Usage
179:Nubia
175:Sudan
171:Aswan
167:Egypt
142:snout
55:groin
3540:DSV
3525:Argo
3387:Surf
2843:Eddy
2391:silt
2381:sand
2356:clay
2085:mega
1896:Spit
1866:Reef
1796:Gulf
1744:Dune
1739:Cove
1694:Cape
1664:Ayre
1457:Pier
1452:Mole
1214:ISBN
1190:ISBN
1176:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1148:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1078:ISBN
1032:ISBN
988:2022
961:here
734:mole
588:Waal
368:too
363:, UK
243:and
216:and
159:Nile
1871:Ria
1801:Gut
1791:Geo
1786:Gat
1674:Bay
1128:135
736:at
680:at
515:or
144:".
140:, "
3722::
978:.
943:^
929:.
660:,
433:.
377:.
345:,
310:A
279:.
49:A
2470:e
2463:t
2456:v
1620:e
1613:t
1606:v
1286:e
1279:t
1272:v
1222:.
1086:.
1040:.
1014:.
990:.
963:.
511:(
410:(
322:"
169:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
