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increasing. The German breeding population increased from 700 pairs in 1978 to more than 10,000 pairs in 2017, which is still a fraction of the size of the numbers that once bred in the country. After having disappeared as a breeding bird decades earlier, the species began breeding again in France in 2000 and in 2017 there were more than 20 pairs. In
Denmark, the common crane returned as a breeder in 1953, about a century after it had disappeared. Numbers remained extremely low, less than 5 pairs, until the 1990s when a rapid increase began; in 2022 there were at least 750 pairs in Denmark. In the Netherlands, the species disappeared as a breeding bird centuries ago, but it returned in 2001 and by 2020 there were about 40 pairs in the country. The common crane returned to the Czech Republic as a breeder in 1981 and by 2004 it had increased to 35 pairs. In 2009, the species again began to breed in Slovakia, and in Austria it returned as a breeding bird in 2018 after having disappeared in 1885. Although large numbers winter in Spain, the last breeding in the country had been in 1954. In 2017, a pair that had been released after being rehabilitated bred in Spain. It was extirpated as a breeder from Italy around 1920 and Hungary by 1952, and it also used to breed in the
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rituals of the species are enacted by every pair each spring. The dancing of common cranes has complex, social meanings and may occur at almost any time of year. Dancing may include bobs, bows, pirouettes, and stops, as in various crane species. Aggressive displays may include ruffled wing feathers, throwing vegetation in the air and pointing the bare red patch on their heads at each other. Courtship displays begin with a male following the female in a stately, march-like walk. The unison call, consists of the female holding her head up and gradually lowering down as she calls out. The female calls out a high note and then the male follows with a longer scream in a similar posture. Copulation consists of a similar, dramatic display.
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Young chicks use their wings to stabilise them while running, while by 9 weeks of age they can fly short distances. The adult birds go through their postbreeding moult while caring for their young, rendering them flightless for about 5 to 6 weeks around the time the young also can't fly yet. According to figures of cranes wintering in Spain, around 48% birds have surviving young by the time they winter and around 18% are leading two young by winter. By the next breeding season, the previous years young often flock together. The age of sexual maturity in wild birds has been estimated at variously from 3 to 6 years of age.
805:
519:) and many thousand cranes can be seen in one day in the Autumn. Some birds winter elsewhere in southern Europe, including Portugal and France. During mild winters, some may stay near their breeding locations year-round, even in northwestern Europe. Common cranes that breed in far eastern Europe, including European Russia, winter in the river valleys of Sudan, Ethiopia, Tunisia and Eritrea with smaller numbers in Turkey, northern Israel, Iraq and parts of Iran. The third major wintering region, primarily used by those breeding in central Russia, is in the northern half of the
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the species are not stable social units but rather groups that ensure greater safety in numbers and collectively draw each other's attention to ideal foraging and roosting sites. Possibly due to a longer molt, younger and non-breeding cranes are usually the earliest fall migrants and may band together at that time of year. During these migratory flights, common cranes have been known to fly at altitudes of up to 33,000 ft (10,000 m), one of the highest of any species of bird, second only to the
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apparently in order to blend into their nesting environment. The nest is either in or very near shallow water, often with dense shore vegetation nearby, and may be used over several years. The size and placement of the nest varies considerably over the range, with Arctic birds building relatively small nests. In Sweden, an average nest is around 90 cm (35 in) across.
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1169:, and it features heavily in the god's iconography. In Indian states of Rajsthan and Gujarat this crane is described in lots of folk songs. For example: a newly married woman (whose husband has gone to a far away place for earning) will sing a song to crane to take a message to her husband and request to tell him to come home early.
478:). The juvenile has yellowish-brown tips to its body feathers and lacks the drooping wing feathers and the bright neck pattern of the adult, and has a fully feathered crown. Every two years, before migration, the adult common crane undergoes a complete moult, remaining flightless for six weeks, until the new feathers grow.
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The common crane is a fairly social bird while not breeding. Flocks of up to 400 birds may be seen flying together during migration. Staging sites, where migrating birds gather to rest and feed in the middle of their migration, may witness thousands of cranes gathering at once. However, the flocks of
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Common cranes may either forage on land or in shallow water, probing around with their bills for any edible organism. Although crops may locally be damaged by the species, they mostly consume waste grain in winter from previously harvested fields and so actually benefit farmers by cleaning fields for
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The common crane is a large, stately bird and a medium-sized crane. It is 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long with a 180–240 cm (71–94 in) wingspan. The body weight can range from 3 to 6.1 kg (6.6 to 13.4 lb), with the nominate subspecies averaging around 5.4 kg (12 lb)
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New hatchlings are generally quite helpless but are able to crawl away from danger within a few hours, can swim soon after hatching and can run with their parents at 24 hours old. Chicks respond to danger by freezing, using their camouflaged brownish down to defend them beyond their fierce parents.
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In winter, this species moves to flooded areas, shallow sheltered bays, and swampy meadows. During the flightless moulting period there is a need for shallow waters or high reed cover for concealment. Later, after the migration period, the birds winter regularly in open country, often on cultivated
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Cranes use a kleptoparasitic strategy to recover from temporary reductions in feeding rate, particularly when the rate is below the threshold of intake necessary for survival. Accumulated intake of common cranes during daytime at a site of stopover and wintering shows a typical anti-sigmoid shape,
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The clutch of the common crane usually contains two eggs, with seldom one laid and, even more rarely, 3 or 4. If a clutch is lost early in incubation, the cranes may be able to lay another one within a couple of weeks. The incubation period is around 30 days and is done primarily by the female but
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to
Siberia. By far the largest breeding populations can be found in Russia, Finland and Sweden. It is a rare breeder in southern and western Europe, with larger numbers breeding in the central and eastern parts of the continent. It has reappeared in several western European countries where it had
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and common cranes that breed in Europe predominantly winter in
Portugal, Spain and northern Africa. Autumn migration is from August to October in the breeding areas, but from late October to early December at the wintering sites. Spring migration starts in February at wintering sites up to early
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This species usually lays eggs in May, though seldom will do so earlier or later. Like most cranes, this species displays indefinite monogamous pair bonds. If one mate dies, a crane may attempt to court a new mate the following year. Although a pair may be together for many years, the courtship
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and even semi-desert, so long as water is near. Primarily, the largest number of common cranes are found breeding in wooded swamps, bogs and wetlands and seem to require quiet, peaceful environs with minimal human interference. They occur at low density as breeders even where common, typically
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In the early 20th century, it was considered rare in Poland, but gradually began to increase and this has accelerated since the 1980s. In 2010-2012, the Polish population was estimated to number 20-22,000 pairs. Norway had 3-5,000 pairs in 2015 and
Estonia had 5,800 pairs in 1999, with both
856:(12 years, N=7 cranes) were published with captive cranes. Common cranes living in the wild must show shorter lives. Successful breeders, the best subjects in the population, are guessed to live on average 12 years. Unsuccessful breeding cranes, therefore, may have shorter lives. Elementary
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The nesting territory of common cranes is variable and is based on the local habitat. It can range in size from variously 2 to 500 ha (4.9 to 1,235.5 acres). In common with sandhill cranes (and no other crane species), common cranes "paint" their bodies with mud or decaying vegetation,
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957:) may also be attacked at the nest, indicating the high aggressiveness of the birds while nesting. The determined attack of a parent crane often assures safety from predators including large mammals such as foxes, but occasional losses to predation are inevitable. The
343:), it is one of only four crane species not currently classified as threatened with extinction or conservation dependent on the species level. Despite the species' large numbers, local extinctions and extirpations have taken place in part of its range, and an ongoing
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for the first time in over 400 years. In 2021, the
British population had increased to 72 pairs. In the Republic of Ireland, several visiting flocks were observed in the 2000s and in 2021 a pair managed to breed for the first time on the island in 300 years.
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are blackish with a bare red crown and a white streak extending from behind the eyes to the upper back. The overall colour is darkest on the back and rump and palest on the breast and wings. The primaries, the tips of secondaries, the
571:, breeders are usually found in small, swampy openings amongst pine forests, while in Germany, marshy wetlands are used. Breeding habitat used in Russia are similar, though they can be found nesting in less likely habitat such as
462:, the tip of the tail, and the edges of upper tail coverts are all black and the greater coverts droop into explosive plumes. This combination of colouration ultimately distinguishes it from similar species in Asia, like the
925:) are a potential predatory threat to common cranes of all ages. The crane has been known to counterattack eagles both on the land and in mid-flight, using their bill as a weapon and kicking with their feet. Mammals such as
2406:
Horváth, M., Solti, B., Fatér, I., Juhász, T., HaraSztHy, L., Szitta, T. & Pásztory-Kovács, S. (2018). Temporal changes in the diet composition of the
Eastern Imperial Eagle in Hungary. Ornis Hungarica, 26(1),
523:, including Pakistan. Minimal wintering also occurs in Burma, Vietnam and Thailand. Lastly, the easternmost breeders winter in eastern China, where they are often the most common crane. Migrating flocks fly in a
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It has a loud trumpeting call, given in flight and display. The call is piercing and can be heard from a considerable distance. It has a dancing display, leaping with wings uplifted, described in detail below.
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It is a rare visitor to Japan and Korea, mostly blown over from the
Chinese wintering population, and is a rare vagrant to western North America, where birds are occasionally seen with flocks of migrating
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use in the following year. As with other cranes, all foraging (as well as drinking and roosting) is done in small groups, which may variously consist of pairs, family groups or winter flocks.
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Animal foods become more important during the summer breeding season and may be the primary food source at that time of year, especially while regurgitating to young. Their animal foods are
868:) (LEB = 7 years). Reports of tagged common cranes have increased rapidly in the last decades. Therefore, longevity and life expectancy at birth of wild common cranes will be updated.
860:
with the Euring database reports a life expectancy at birth (LEB) of c. 5 years. This LEB of 5 years was similar to that estimated for other crane species, as for example the
Florida
2095:. Conference organized by Syndicat Mixte de Gestion des Milieux Naturels – Réserve Nationale de Faune Sauvage d’Arjuzanx (editor: Patrick Dulau), 3rd December 2018, Arjuzanx, France.
2051:. Conference organized by Syndicat Mixte de Gestion des Milieux Naturels – Réserve Nationale de Faune Sauvage d’Arjuzanx (editor: Patrick Dulau), 3rd December 2018, Arjuzanx, France.
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1026:. A total of 93 birds were released between 2010 and 2014 as part of the reintroduction effort, and there are now 180 resident birds in the UK. In 2016, a wild crane was born in
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been extirpated as a breeding bird decades or even centuries ago, including the United
Kingdom and, since 2021, the Republic of Ireland. In Russia, it breeds as far east at the
1239:
2739:
Mingozzi, T.; et al. (2013). "Autumn migration of Common Cranes Grus grus through the
Italian Peninsula: new vs. historical flyways and their meteorological correlate".
804:
1143:, despite being extinct for over 200 years, the common crane plays a very important part in Irish culture and folklore and so thus recent efforts to encourage it back to
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In 2015, the global population was estimated to be about 500,000 individuals. The vast majority of pairs nest in Russia, Finland (30-40,000 pairs in 2009) and Sweden (
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1308:
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414:
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Leito, A.; Truu, J.; Leivits, A.; Ojaste, I. (2003). "Changes in distribution and numbers of the breeding population of the Crane Grus grus in Estonia".
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2346:. Finnish Academy of Sciences, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo: 283–286.
1939:
Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A.; Bautista, L.M. (1994). "Carrying capacity of staging areas and facultative migration extension in common cranes".
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1993:
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In the United Kingdom, the common crane became extirpated in the 17th century, but a small and increasing population now breeds again in the
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Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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Kondělka, D.; Petro, R. (2008). "Prvé známé případy prokázaného hnízdění jeřába popelavého (Grus grus) na Moravě a ve Slezsku".
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965:) is locally a successful predator of common cranes' eggs, trickily using distraction displays to steal them. Other species of
364:
218:
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2934:
2774:
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Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1995). "A field test of ideal free distribution in flock-feeding common cranes".
1066:, and collision with utility lines are still potential problems. Further threats may include persecution due to crop damage,
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2201:
2085:
567:, it breeds in treeless moors, on bogs, or on dwarf heather habitats, usually where small lakes or pools are also found. In
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515:. Important staging areas occur anywhere from Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany to China (with a large one around the
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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés
2312:
Moll, K.H. (1963). "Kranichbeobachtungen aus dem Müritzgebiet" [Crane observations from the Müritz region].
2117:. The Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia), and American Ornithologist's Union (Washington, D.C.). p. 24.
2047:
Wessling, B. (2021). "Individual recognition of cranes, monitoring and vocal communication analysis by sonagraphy".
1007:, but in several European countries this trend has been reversed and overall the European population is increasing.
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March, but from March through May at the breeding areas. Migration phenology of common cranes is changing due to
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Stanbury, Andrew, and Norman Sills. "Common crane habitats in Britain." British Wildlife 23.6 (2012): 381.
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499:. In Asia, the breeding range of the common crane extends as far south as northern China, Turkey and the
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979:) also taking some small chicks. Common cranes may loosely associate with any other crane in the genus
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forest and mixed forests, from an elevation of sea-level to 2,200 m (7,200 ft). In northern
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1062:. Although it has adapted to human settlement in many areas, nest disturbance, continuing changes in
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2262:"Factors influencing daily food intake patterns in birds: a case study with wintering common cranes"
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2086:"What do we know about survival of Common cranes? An elementary introduction with EURING databank"
2018:"On longevity and relative viability in mammals and birds; with a note on the theory of longevity"
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1786:"Shifts in crane migration phenology associated with climate change in southwestern Europe"
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30,000 pairs in 2012). On the fringes of its range, it has often become rare or even been
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1952:
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occasionally by both sexes. If humans approach the nest both parents may engage in a
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1626:"Sexual size dimorphism in the Common Crane, a monogamous, plumage-monomorphic bird"
1543:
1528:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. pp. 141–142.
446:
Males are slightly heavier and larger than females, with weight showing the largest
311:. A medium-sized species, it is the only crane commonly found in Europe besides the
3486:
3326:
3249:
3200:
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3038:
2985:
1863:"A 20-year study of wintering common crane fluctuations using time series analysis"
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1070:, egg collection, and hunting. The common crane is one of the species to which the
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1548:(in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 374–375.
1523:
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2017:
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The main threat to the species and the primary reason for its decline comes from
327:) that only are regular in the far eastern part of the continent. Along with the
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migration through Gallocanta, Spain. II. Timing and pattern of daily departures"
1384:
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524:
516:
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Orellana, J.M.; Bautista, L.M.; Merchán, D.; Causapé, J.; Alonso, J.C. (2020).
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migration through Gallocanta, Spain. I. Daily variations in migration volume"
3533:
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1914:
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934:
926:
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701:
693:
681:
662:
548:
396:
114:
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1015:; significant numbers still pass through these countries during migration.
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2238:
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450:, followed by wing, central toe, and head length in adults and juveniles.
3829:
3361:
3355:
2992:
2559:"Ocena liczebności populacji ptaków lęgowych w Polsce w latach 2008–2012"
2384:
Avilés, J.M.; Sánchez, J.M.; Medina, F.J. (1998). "Response of the crane
1162:, Germany, is dedicated to art and folklore related to the common crane.
1063:
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134:
17:
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431:) averaging 4.6 kg (10 lb). Among standard measurements, the
3717:
1072:
Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds
736:(S, K, A) produces the trumpeting calls of the crane. L on the left -
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1335:
848:
This species could live up to 30 or 40 years of age. But the data on
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689:
669:
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568:
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336:
124:
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Muñoz-Pulido, R.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1993). "Common Crane (
2172:
1960:
1881:
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2333:"Diet and breeding success of the Golden Eagle in Finland 1958–82"
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2187:"Top 10 Highest Flying Birds In The World - The Mysterious World"
2164:
1492:"Common cranes 'here to stay' after recolonising eastern England"
395:
is the Latin word for a "crane". The species is considered to be
2830:
Cranes and Agriculture: A Global Guide for Sharing the Landscape
1122:
1095:
1075:
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709:
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ranging from 1 to 5 pairs per 100 km (39 sq mi).
304:
144:
3336:
3011:
2938:
2823:"A review of the crane-agriculture conflict at Gallocanta Lake"
1758:
Alonso, J.A.; Alonso, J.C.; Cantos, F.; Bautista, L.M. (1990).
1732:
Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A.; Cantos, F.; Bautista, L.M. (1990).
1043:
885:
with greatest increases of intake after dawn and before dusk.
829:
638:
1719:
IUCN SSC Crane Specialist Group – Crane Conservation Strategy
605:, as are all cranes. It largely eats plant matter, including
2718:"Primera reproducción de grulla común -Grus grus- en España"
1680:"More crane chicks born in Ireland after 300-year absence"
1599:"Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin"
893:
There are few natural predators of adult cranes, although
2388:
to potential predators in traditional wintering areas".
949:) are attacked at the nest, Herbivorous mammals such as
2625:"Danmarks bestand af traner på vej mod 1.000 ynglepar"
633:. They also commonly eat, when available, pond-weeds,
3310:
2873:
del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1996).
2486:
Valkama, J.; Vepsäläinen, V.; Lehikoinen, A. (2011).
2331:
Sulkava, S.; Huhtala, K.; Rajala, P. (January 1984).
2130:"iCORA: Internetbased Crane Observation Ring Archive"
453:
This species is slate-grey overall. The forehead and
2093:
Proceedings of the European Crane Conference 9:76-80
2049:
Proceedings of the European Crane Conference 9:65-68
559:
In Europe, the common crane predominantly breeds in
3819:
3345:
3198:
3143:
3120:
3111:
3071:
3062:
2821:Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A.; Bautista, L.M. (2018).
2202:"Foraging site displacement in common crane flocks"
2200:Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1998).
2113:". In Poole, A.; Stettenheim, P.; Gill, F. (eds.).
1861:Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1992).
1850:. University of Nebraska Lincoln. pp. 226–237.
1624:Alonso, J.C.; Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.A. (2019).
435:is 50.7–60.8 cm (20.0–23.9 in) long, the
2456:Leito, A.; Ojaste, I.; Truu, J.; Palo, A. (2005).
1674:
1672:
1670:
359:of the common crane was by the Swedish naturalist
1445:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692146A86219168.en
555:. Wetlands are preferred habitats for the cranes.
490:The common crane breeds in Europe and across the
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
2022:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1165:The common crane is the sacred bird of the god
836:)) are physically attacked almost immediately.
439:is 20.1–25.2 cm (7.9–9.9 in) and the
3023:
2462:in Estonia: an analysis of nest record cards"
1210:Large flock of cranes near Bobrowniki, Poland
8:
2797:"Where are we at? | The Great Crane Project"
2489:Suomen 3. lintuatlaksen (2006-2010) tulokset
1562:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
661:. Notably amongst the berries consumed, the
27:Species of bird also known as Eurasian crane
2696:"Bild der Woche: Naturspektakel Kranichzug"
2536:Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
2458:"Nest site selection of the Eurasian Crane
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
3333:
3117:
3068:
3030:
3016:
3008:
2972:
2106:Tacha, T.C.; Nesbitt, S.A.; Vohs (1992). "
1114:A common crane in the coat of arms in the
1022:and a reintroduction began in 2010 in the
227:
59:
40:
31:
2914:"Hephaistos (Sacred Birds & Animals)"
2288:
2228:
1889:
1443:
1245:Family group - adults and immatures - at
2958:Observing cranes without disturbing them
1982:Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002).
1085:
3317:
1985:International Wildlife Encyclopedia Set
1403:
1176:
971:may also cause some loss of eggs, with
755:
665:, is possibly named after the species.
443:is 9.5–11.6 cm (3.7–4.6 in).
1844:(1983). "Eurasian Crane (Grus grus)".
1710:Prange, H.; Ilyaschenko, E.I. (2019).
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
828:but known ground predators (including
2501:Finland's Ministry of the Environment
2260:Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C. (2013).
2084:Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C. (2021).
1988:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 585–.
1605:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
3876:C65938BF-5AAF-4628-8F34-D797FF8971D3
3591:5beb0608-ac84-4229-a2d6-606482a846d6
2437:. Encyclopedia of Life. 16 July 2012
1811:"Flere traner overvintrer i Danmark"
1565:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
387:was erected by the French zoologist
3899:IUCN Red List least concern species
1431:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1147:are received with much enthusiasm.
347:is underway in the United Kingdom.
3299:15 living species in four genera (
2876:Handbook of the Birds of the World
2586:. Artsdatabanken. 24 November 2021
2584:"Trane Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758)"
2115:The Birds of North America. No. 31
2034:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01942.x
1870:The Journal of Wildlife Management
983:in migration or winter as well as
814:, showing developing adult plumage
25:
2497:Finnish Museum of Natural History
3320:
2998:Audio recordings of Common crane
2720:. GrusExtremadura. 9 August 2017
1603:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
1343:
1323:
1307:
1284:
1261:
1238:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
803:
787:
775:
770:pair showing the mating behavior
758:
584:-like areas, for example on the
101:
2801:www.thegreatcraneproject.org.uk
1420:BirdLife International (2016).
1330:A large gathering of cranes at
2939:International Crane Foundation
2854:. BirdLife International. 2015
2698:. WWF Austria. 9 November 2022
2063:"EURING Bird Ringing Databank"
1913:Harper, Douglas (4 May 2018).
1813:. netnatur.dk. 11 January 2020
1793:Avian Conservation and Ecology
236:The range of the common crane
1:
2629:Danish Ornithological Society
2557:Chodkiewicz, T.; et al.
1000:
2982:at VIREO (Drexel University)
580:lands and sometimes also in
427:and the eastern subspecies (
335:), demoiselle crane and the
3929:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1919:Online Etymology Dictionary
995:Population and conservation
985:greater white-fronted geese
307:of the family Gruidae, the
241: Extant (non-breeding)
3945:
2980:Common crane photo gallery
2655:Vogelbescherming Nederland
2361:) killed by golden eagle (
1941:Journal of Applied Ecology
1559:Jobling, James A. (2010).
3297:
2986:Interactive range map of
2532:"Storfågelkunskap: Trana"
2340:Annales Zoologici Fennici
2145:Journal of Animal Ecology
1540:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
1393:(migration stopover site)
1387:(migration stopover site)
1381:(migration stopover site)
1314:A small flock flies over
1134:National Museum in Cracow
1132:: "Departure of Cranes" (
1104:National Museum in Cracow
889:Interspecies interactions
879:Ruppell's Griffin Vulture
325:Leucogeranus leucogeranus
265:
258:
235:
226:
203:
196:
98:Scientific classification
96:
79:
57:
48:
39:
34:
3627:eurasian-crane-grus-grus
2950:Internet Bird Collection
2777:. Norfolk Wildlife Trust
2753:10.3161/000164513X678810
2281:10.1525/cond.2013.120080
1597:, eds. (December 2023).
1438:: e.T22692146A86219168.
1293:Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
1270:Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
1247:Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
1224:Khijadiya Bird Sanctuary
1090:"Departure of Cranes" -
389:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
3924:Birds described in 1758
2314:Beiträge zur Vogelkunde
2016:Mitchell, P.C. (1911).
911:eastern imperial eagles
253: Extant (breeding)
247: Extant (resident)
2945:"Eurasian crane media"
2221:10.1006/anbe.1998.0882
1160:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1118:
1107:
1052:agricultural expansion
834:Canis lupus familiaris
749:
556:
448:sexual size dimorphism
423:
345:reintroduction project
3919:Birds of North Africa
3752:Paleobiology Database
2065:. EURING. 16 May 2017
1113:
1089:
732:(TR) penetrating the
727:
546:
417:
299:), also known as the
3586:Fauna Europaea (new)
2844:"Species factsheet:
1467:"Appendices | CITES"
1354:depicts two cranes (
1222:Adults in flight at
1116:Tervola municipality
899:Haliaeetus albicilla
601:The common crane is
3242:or Eurasian crane (
3084:Black crowned crane
2157:1995JAnEc..64..747B
2128:Nowald, G. (2021).
1953:1994JApEc..31..212A
1847:Cranes of the World
1721:. pp. 397–424.
1682:. BBC. 11 July 2022
1068:pesticide poisoning
826:distraction display
744:, L on the right -
521:Indian subcontinent
472:black-necked cranes
333:Antigone canadensis
272:Linnaeus, 1758
51:Conservation status
3260:Black-necked crane
3094:Grey crowned crane
2993:IUCN Red List maps
2741:Acta Ornithologica
2435:www.eol.org eol.or
1645:10.51812/of.133960
1593:; Donsker, David;
1379:Lake Der-Chantecoq
1198:Juvenile in flight
1119:
1108:
895:white-tailed eagle
750:
557:
424:
357:formal description
341:Antigone rubicunda
3886:
3885:
3739:Open Tree of Life
3339:Taxon identifiers
3308:
3307:
3293:
3292:
3220:Red-crowned crane
3165:White-naped crane
3107:
3106:
2538:. 28 January 2022
2510:978-952-10-6918-5
2363:Aquila chrysaetos
1995:978-0-7614-7266-7
1595:Rasmussen, Pamela
1576:978-1-4081-2501-4
1374:Cranes in Britain
1042:, as a result of
923:Aquila chrysaetos
858:survival analysis
765:
586:Iberian Peninsula
547:Common cranes in
506:The species is a
497:Chukchi Peninsula
415:
287:
286:
281:
91:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3936:
3909:Birds of Eurasia
3879:
3878:
3866:
3865:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3707:
3695:
3694:
3692:NHMSYS0000530386
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3642:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3581:
3580:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3541:
3529:
3528:
3516:
3515:
3503:
3502:
3490:
3489:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3427:
3418:
3417:
3415:99B8841E764117B1
3405:
3404:
3392:
3391:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3366:
3365:
3364:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3280:Demoiselle crane
3118:
3114:(typical cranes)
3069:
3065:(crowned cranes)
3032:
3025:
3018:
3009:
2976:
2971:
2954:
2922:
2921:
2912:Atsma, Aaron J.
2909:
2903:
2902:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2852:www.birdlife.org
2840:
2834:
2833:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2657:. 20 August 2022
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2631:. 20 August 2022
2621:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2554:
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2381:
2375:
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2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2215:(5): 1237–1243.
2209:Animal Behaviour
2206:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2189:. 31 March 2015.
2183:
2177:
2176:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1915:"Cranberry (n.)"
1910:
1904:
1903:
1893:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:"Eurasian Crane"
1707:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1676:
1665:
1664:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
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1587:
1581:
1580:
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1549:
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1479:
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1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1417:
1347:
1327:
1311:
1288:
1265:
1242:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1126:Józef Chełmoński
1100:Józef Chełmoński
1002:
903:Bonelli's eagles
807:
791:
779:
767:
766:
728:The long coiled
561:boreal and taiga
416:
403:are recognised.
313:demoiselle crane
279:
273:
252:
246:
240:
231:
209:
106:
105:
85:
68:
63:
62:
44:
32:
21:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3914:Birds of Russia
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3869:
3861:
3856:
3848:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3713:Observation.org
3711:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3646:
3638:
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3597:
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3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3457:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3421:
3413:
3408:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3341:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3304:
3301:List of species
3289:
3194:
3139:
3134:L. leucogeranus
3113:
3103:
3072:
3064:
3058:
3036:
2962:
2943:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2879:. Vol. 3.
2872:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2711:
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2699:
2694:
2693:
2689:
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2674:
2670:
2660:
2658:
2649:
2648:
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2634:
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2623:
2622:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2111:Grus canadensis
2105:
2104:
2100:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1961:10.2307/2404537
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1882:10.2307/3808873
1865:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1840:
1839:
1826:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1766:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1400:
1370:
1363:
1348:
1339:
1328:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1289:
1280:
1266:
1257:
1243:
1234:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1199:
1196:
1187:
1186:Adult in flight
1184:
1175:
1084:
1024:Somerset levels
997:
907:Aquila fasciata
891:
874:
862:sandhill cranes
854:life expectancy
852:(43 years) and
846:
815:
808:
799:
792:
783:
780:
771:
768:
759:
722:
599:
594:
541:
533:sandhill cranes
501:Caucasus region
488:
411:
409:
370:Systema Naturae
363:in 1758 in the
353:
271:
254:
250:
248:
244:
242:
238:
222:
211:
205:
192:
100:
92:
75:
64:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3800:
3787:
3774:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3722:
3709:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3644:
3631:
3618:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3573:Fauna Europaea
3569:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3455:
3442:
3429:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3382:
3367:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3277:
3267:
3264:G. nigricollis
3257:
3247:
3237:
3230:Whooping crane
3227:
3217:
3214:G. carunculata
3206:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3182:
3172:
3162:
3155:Sandhill crane
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3130:Siberian crane
3126:
3124:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3080:
3078:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2995:
2983:
2977:
2960:
2955:
2941:
2935:Eurasian Crane
2930:
2929:External links
2927:
2924:
2923:
2904:
2897:
2865:
2835:
2813:
2788:
2775:"Common crane"
2766:
2747:(2): 165–177.
2731:
2709:
2687:
2668:
2642:
2616:
2597:
2575:
2566:Ornis Polonica
2549:
2523:
2509:
2478:
2448:
2418:
2409:
2399:
2376:
2349:
2323:
2304:
2252:
2192:
2178:
2151:(6): 747–757.
2135:
2120:
2108:Sandhill Crane
2098:
2076:
2054:
2039:
2028:(2): 425–548.
2008:
1994:
1974:
1947:(2): 212–222.
1931:
1905:
1876:(3): 563–572.
1853:
1824:
1802:
1776:
1760:"Spring crane
1750:
1734:"Spring crane
1724:
1693:
1666:
1639:(4): 194–204.
1616:
1582:
1575:
1551:
1531:
1511:
1500:. 17 July 2018
1483:
1458:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:Lake Hornborga
1388:
1382:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1349:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1244:
1237:
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1221:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1152:Kranich Museum
1083:
1080:
1046:construction,
1020:Norfolk Broads
996:
993:
955:Cervus elaphus
915:Aquila heliaca
890:
887:
873:
870:
845:
842:
817:
816:
809:
802:
800:
793:
786:
784:
781:
774:
772:
769:
757:
721:
718:
598:
595:
593:
590:
540:
537:
513:climate change
487:
484:
476:G. nigricollis
441:exposed culmen
429:G. g. lilfordi
418:Common crane (
408:
405:
380:. The current
352:
349:
329:sandhill crane
321:Siberian crane
301:Eurasian crane
285:
284:
283:
282:
274:
263:
262:
256:
255:
249:
243:
237:
233:
232:
224:
223:
212:
201:
200:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
80:
77:
76:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3941:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3318:
3314:
3302:
3296:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3224:G. japonensis
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3210:Wattled crane
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:A. canadensis
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2918:www.theoi.com
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2898:84-87334-20-2
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:Lynx Edicions
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2847:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2607:Ornis Fennica
2601:
2598:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2550:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2469:Ornis Fennica
2463:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2436:
2432:
2431:Common Crane"
2430:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:(in German).
2315:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2102:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1842:Johnsgard, P.
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:Ornis Fennica
1627:
1620:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1006:
994:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:common ravens
970:
969:
964:
963:Corvus corone
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Vulpes vulpes
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:golden eagles
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
888:
886:
882:
880:
871:
869:
867:
866:G. canadensis
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
841:
837:
835:
831:
830:domestic dogs
827:
821:
813:
806:
801:
797:
794:Chick on the
790:
785:
778:
773:
756:
754:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:, especially
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:heath berries
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:
591:
589:
587:
583:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
550:
545:
538:
536:
534:
528:
526:
525:"V" formation
522:
518:
514:
509:
504:
502:
498:
493:
485:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
421:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:
379:
376:
375:binomial name
372:
371:
366:
365:tenth edition
362:
361:Carl Linnaeus
358:
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
278:
275:
270:
267:
266:
264:
261:
257:
234:
230:
225:
220:
216:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
83:
78:
72:
67:
66:Least Concern
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Common crane
33:
30:
19:
3904:Grus (genus)
3820:
3614:common-crane
3346:
3283:
3274:G. paradisea
3273:
3263:
3253:
3250:Hooded crane
3243:
3240:Common crane
3239:
3234:G. americana
3233:
3223:
3213:
3199:
3189:A. rubicunda
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3144:
3133:
3122:Leucogeranus
3121:
3098:B. regulorum
3097:
3087:
3073:
3063:Balearicinae
2987:
2967:
2948:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2851:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:. Retrieved
2769:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2712:
2700:. Retrieved
2690:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2659:. Retrieved
2651:"Kraanvogel"
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2619:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2578:
2569:
2565:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2488:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2459:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2434:
2428:
2421:
2412:
2402:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2339:
2326:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2212:
2208:
2195:
2181:
2165:10.2307/5853
2148:
2144:
2138:
2123:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2042:
2025:
2021:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1984:
1977:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1846:
1815:. Retrieved
1805:
1796:
1792:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1684:. Retrieved
1653:10261/196174
1636:
1632:
1619:
1607:. Retrieved
1602:
1585:
1561:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1520:Linnaeus, C.
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1497:The Guardian
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1470:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1435:
1429:
1423:
1291:Immature at
1164:
1149:
1138:
1120:
1071:
1048:urbanisation
1036:habitat loss
1033:
1017:
1009:
998:
980:
977:Corvus corax
976:
966:
962:
959:carrion crow
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
906:
898:
892:
883:
875:
865:
847:
838:
833:
822:
818:
810:Juvenile in
751:
714:
708:, and small
667:
657:and pods of
600:
578:
558:
529:
505:
489:
486:Distribution
480:
475:
467:
452:
445:
428:
425:
419:
392:
384:
377:
368:
354:
340:
332:
324:
316:
300:
295:
294:
291:common crane
290:
288:
280:Portis, 1884
276:
268:
206:
204:
189:G. grus
188:
187:
175:
29:
3635:iNaturalist
3371:Wikispecies
3179:A. antigone
3175:Sarus crane
3088:B. pavonina
2964:"Grus grus"
2781:19 December
2475:(2): 44–54.
2441:19 December
2290:10261/77900
2275:: 330–339.
2230:10261/46357
2001:19 December
1891:10261/43950
1591:Gill, Frank
1451:19 February
1385:Hula Valley
1332:Hula Valley
1078:) applies.
1040:degradation
796:Tidan River
782:Egg on nest
676:, and also
674:dragonflies
517:Caspian Sea
407:Description
84:Appendix II
3893:Categories
3821:Ardea grus
3804:Xeno-canto
3270:Blue crane
3254:G. monacha
3047:Gruiformes
3002:Xeno-canto
2887:. p.
2832:: 272–279.
2806:6 February
2724:16 January
2702:17 January
2661:16 January
2635:16 January
2613:: 159–171.
2590:16 January
2572:: 149–189.
2542:16 January
2516:16 January
2396:: 202–203.
2390:Vogelwarte
2367:Vogelwarte
2320:: 221–253.
1924:26 January
1817:16 January
1773:: 379–386.
1747:: 365–378.
1686:16 January
1476:14 January
1398:References
1268:Adults at
1167:Hephaestus
1156:Hessenburg
1128:painted a
1005:extirpated
989:bean geese
931:Sus scrofa
702:amphibians
694:millipedes
682:earthworms
655:cedar nuts
603:omnivorous
492:Palearctic
468:G. monacha
433:wing chord
401:subspecies
378:Ardea grus
373:under the
355:The first
319:) and the
317:Grus virgo
277:Grus turfa
269:Ardea grus
155:Gruiformes
3836:Q28146596
3809:Grus-grus
3500:grus-grus
3402:Grus_grus
3377:Grus grus
3347:Grus grus
3075:Balearica
2988:Grus grus
2881:Barcelona
2846:Grus grus
2460:Grus grus
2429:Grus grus
2386:Grus grus
2359:Grus grus
1762:Grus grus
1736:Grus grus
1661:208369252
1471:cites.org
1424:Grus grus
1352:sculpture
943:red foxes
939:Gulo gulo
935:wolverine
927:wild boar
872:Sociality
850:longevity
844:Longevity
663:cranberry
592:Behaviour
549:Osmussaar
420:Grus grus
397:monotypic
391:in 1760.
296:Grus grus
207:Grus grus
183:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
18:Grus grus
3830:Wikidata
3765:Species+
3679:22692146
3653:10192860
3526:45510673
3438:22692146
3433:BirdLife
3422:BioLib:
3356:Wikidata
3284:G. virgo
3169:A. vipio
3146:Antigone
2761:55629395
2684:: 67–68.
2373:: 78–79.
2299:86505359
2247:23926741
1542:(1760).
1522:(1758).
1504:25 April
1368:See also
1064:land use
1060:wetlands
1056:drainage
951:red deer
798:, Sweden
720:Breeding
698:woodlice
643:potatoes
611:rhizomes
351:Taxonomy
260:Synonyms
215:Linnaeus
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
3871:ZooBank
3863:1037311
3850:4408489
3796:1037310
3731:1037310
3604:2474950
3474:bob4330
3410:Avibase
3244:G. grus
3112:Gruinae
3055:Gruidae
3049:·
2968:Avibase
2937:at the
2239:9819341
2153:Bibcode
2069:19 June
1969:2404537
1949:Bibcode
1900:3808873
1609:19 July
1360:Croatia
1297:Gujarat
1274:Gujarat
1251:Gujarat
1228:Gujarat
1173:Gallery
1145:Ireland
1141:Ireland
1130:picture
1092:picture
1082:Culture
1013:Balkans
740:, LA -
734:sternum
730:trachea
706:rodents
690:spiders
670:insects
659:peanuts
582:savanna
553:Estonia
539:Habitat
508:migrant
367:of his
303:, is a
171:Genus:
165:Gruidae
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
69: (
3757:105610
3744:589064
3666:176183
3611:GNAB:
3560:EURING
3539:GRUSGR
3513:comcra
3461:comcra
3390:comcra
3313:Portal
3185:Brolga
3051:family
3039:Cranes
2895:
2858:15 May
2759:
2678:Sylvia
2507:
2297:
2269:Condor
2245:
2237:
2171:
1992:
1967:
1898:
1659:
1573:
1356:bronze
1336:Israel
1054:, and
968:Corvus
941:) and
917:) and
812:Norway
746:tongue
742:larynx
678:snails
651:acorns
647:olives
627:fruits
623:leaves
615:tubers
573:steppe
569:Sweden
565:climes
470:) and
464:hooded
437:tarsus
337:brolga
309:cranes
251:
245:
239:
3858:WoRMS
3791:WoRMS
3770:10083
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