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While virtually all of the pre-existing native forest below altitudes of several thousand feet was removed by sugarcane cultivation, several remnants of native forest can be found. Where the terrain of gulches such as Laupāhoehoe, Ka'awali'i, and Maulua was too steep for cultivation, for example, the
297:
to
Francis S. Morgan in 1984 who operated the property for ten years. The Hamakua Sugar Company had its final harvest in 1994. After years of high unemployment, the economy shifted to small diversified farms. Crops include
271:. The Hāmākua Mill Company, Honokaʻa Sugar, Kaiwiki Sugar, Kukaiau Plantation Company, Laupāhoehoe Sugar, Paʻauhau Sugar Plantation and Pacific Sugar Mill were eventually consolidated into the Hāmākua Sugar Company.
387:(Route 19, known as the Māmalahoa Highway) to shorten the driving time. In many places the older highway (Old Māmalahoa Highway) follows a more scenic, but twisted route that resembles the more well-known
349:. Although the project encountered some local opposition, other members of the community welcomed the diversification of the economy. A comprehensive management plan was produced with local input.
1473:
330:, which has preserved a small stand of native trees and their understory compatriots. Other protected areas include the Hamakua, Hauola, Manowaialee, and Mauna Kea State Forest Reserves,
160:
produces steep erosional valleys and cliffs, showing evidence of frequent landslides. The lush vegetation and lack of sandy beaches contrasts sharply with other regions of the island.
293:
Sugar plantations declined and were consolidated in the latter half of the 20th century. About 10% of the population was lost each decade following 1970. The company was sold by
1194:
1577:
314:, and other tropical fruits. Irrigation canals known as the Upper Hamakua Ditch and Lower Hamakua Ditch (not to be confused with the project of a similar name on
574:
278:
in the early part of the 20th century. From 1910 to 1949, there were 112 confirmed cases of the disease, of which 109 were fatal. The Board of Health of the
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1498:
383:
damaged the railroad so much it abandoned its tracks. Several years later the state of Hawaii acquired the right-of-way, and by 1960 realigned the
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331:
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226:
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153:
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425:(Route 200) travels from Hilo through the inland part of the district, providing access to the high plateau between
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252:
149:
452:
Although there are no separately incorporated cities in the state of Hawaii, communities in the district include:
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980:
556:(born November 3, 1952), is an American actress, comedian, writer, television producer and director.
1945:
1920:
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to the United States. The first mill processed the crop planted in 1876. Early investors included
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547:
216:
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27:
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which were operating along the Hāmākua Coast through most of the 20th century. The demand for
192:
1170:
1950:
1898:
1843:
1833:
1743:
1698:
1648:
1308:"Register of the Mauna Kea Sugar Company (Onomea Sugar Company) Papaikou, Hawaii, 1885-1947"
877:
753:
384:
1980:
1965:
1955:
1940:
1930:
1893:
1868:
1858:
1818:
1803:
1753:
1713:
1663:
1628:
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479:
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260:
78:
32:
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disease in the region up until 1957. It is unclear why plague eventually left the area.
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1758:
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1738:
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1703:
1363:
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on the high grasslands of Mauna Kea in 1847. Over the years (especially under manager
2080:
1848:
1828:
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553:
137:
102:
1446:
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2013:
2008:
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1114:
1017:
843:
403:
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230:
145:
52:
48:
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1333:
1088:"Taking responsibility for Mauna Kea: Why we need a Comprehensive Management Plan"
802:
433:, and roads to the astronomical observatories on the summit of Mauna Kea] and the
357:
776:
2018:
1602:
422:
399:
361:
220:
56:
933:
U.S. Geological Survey
Geographic Names Information System: Lower Hamakua Ditch
922:
U.S. Geological Survey
Geographic Names Information System: Upper Hamakua Ditch
326:
original forest remains largely intact. There are also protected areas such as
474:
248:
157:
1087:
944:
U.S. Geological Survey
Geographic Names Information System: Old Hamakua Ditch
123:
110:
17:
961:
692:
U.S. Geological Survey
Geographic Names Information System: Hāmākua District
524:
430:
426:
241:
176:
175:. The district stretches south through the central plateau to the summit of
172:
673:. University of Hawaii School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology
371:
was extended to connect the Hāmākua sugarcane plantations to the harbor at
163:
1122:
282:, in combined efforts with the local sugar plantations, engaged in a vast
1995:
867:"Plague in paradise: a study of plague on Hawaiian sugarcane plantations"
372:
287:
148:
and Waipiʻo, although the modern Hāmākua zoning district begins north of
731:
144:. The term Hāmākua Coast is used loosely to describe the region between
376:
101:
Hāmākua's coast is approximately 50 miles (80 km) long, along the
440:
high on Mauna Loa. The US military conducts live-fire training at the
171:
The dominating geographic feature in Hāmākua is the volcanic mountain
1039:
881:
311:
303:
256:
86:
1169:
Laboratory, US Department of
Commerce, NOAA, Earth System Research.
338:, all on Mauna Kea, and the Mauna Loa Forest Preserve on Mauna Loa.
179:. Hāmākua was one of the six traditional districts of the island in
286:
extermination campaign. Despite these efforts, plague remained an
895:
Robert C. Schmitt (1998). "Population". In Juvik and Juvik (ed.).
454:
356:
307:
206:
162:
89:. It is also the name given for the coastline in the region, the "
26:
1016:. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources. Archived from
1908:
1391:"Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema, a 'Soldier of Orange,' Is Dead at 90"
1312:
Plantation
Archives of the Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Association
1286:
Plantation
Archives of the Hawaiian Sugar Plantation Association
434:
392:
315:
1559:
283:
237:) it was expanded to encompass much of the mountain's slopes.
398:
Popular recreation sites along the Māmalahoa
Highway include
1907:
1208:
156:. The rainfall due to the prevailing northeasterly tropical
544:(1833–1894) French royal physician in the Kingdom of Hawaii
196:
1171:"ESRL Global Monitoring Division - Mauna Loa Observatory"
965:. Vol. 10, no. 1. Photographs by Peter French.
1338:
Hawaiian Sugar
Planters' Association Plantation Archives
807:
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association Plantation Archives
778:
Loyal to the Land: The Legendary Parker Ranch 750-1950
639:(1998). "Coastal Hazards". In Juvik and Juvik (ed.).
322:) had been built in 1910, and were repaired in 2001.
1066:"Mauna Kea selected by Thirty Meter Telescope board"
199:, Hāmākua is known for its "steep mountain trails."
1994:
1919:
1619:
550:(born May 19, 1946), first native Hawaiian governor
1368:Center for Labor Education & Research web site
987:. Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources
584:. Hawaii County. October 29, 2009. Archived from
505:(1837–1898), sugar planter, sheriff, and marshal
1518:Sugar town: Hawaii's plantation days remembered
1364:"Biographies of Hawai'i Labor History Figures"
1236:, Eighth Edition (University of Hawai'i Press)
511:(1842–1910), founded Paʻauhau Sugar Plantation
274:The Hāmākua district was an endemic region of
187:). To the north beyond Waipiʻo Valley is the
1571:
8:
1586:Islands, municipalities, and communities of
1193:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
901:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 186.
781:. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press.
575:"Hamakua District Zone Map Section 25-8-15"
1578:
1564:
1556:
1334:"Paauhau Sugar Plantation Company History"
1276:
1274:
1272:
645:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 81.
223:, and the place of several other legends.
1040:"Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge"
711:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library
219:, Mauna Kea was the home of snow goddess
1912:Map of Hawaii highlighting Hawaii County
523:(1858–1950), English planter introduced
240:Many small communities sprang up around
77:is a district on the northeast coast of
1538:Hawaii: Perspectives on Hamakua History
1044:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
833:"The Lyman Museum Research Collections"
566:
332:Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
1497:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1490:
1251:Honoka'a Business Association web site
1186:
1004:
1002:
538:(born January 29, 1953), state senator
35:: from northernmost, clockwise; North
1149:Hawaii Visitors and Convention Bureau
1111:"Transportation and the 1946 Tsunami"
167:Hamakua Coast north of Honoka'a town.
7:
1370:. University of Hawai‘i - West O‘ahu
955:Rose Kahele (February–March 2007).
499:(1863–1937), Scottish sugar planter
2087:Districts of Hawaii County, Hawaii
345:was selected as the site of a new
25:
1416:"Getting to Know Dwight Takamine"
1389:Dennis Hevesi (October 8, 2007).
532:(1917–2007), Dutch spy and author
408:Hawaii Tropical Botanical Garden
1516:Yasushi Kurisu (June 2, 1995).
803:"Honokaa Sugar Company History"
617:. Hawaii Island Visitors Bureau
1234:Map of Hawai'i, the Big Island
981:"Kalopa State Recreation Area"
671:Coastal Geology Group web site
1:
1342:University of Hawaii at Mānoa
1232:James A. Bier, Cartographer,
811:University of Hawaii at Mānoa
2097:Landforms of Hawaii (island)
2092:Geography of Hawaii (island)
1445:Mike Gordon (July 2, 2006).
1282:"Pacific Sugar Mill History"
1090:. Office of Hawaiian Affairs
1010:"Big Island Forest Reserves"
865:Kevin Bailey (Spring 2006).
730:Hui Mālama i ke Ala ʻŪlili.
517:(1891–1969), labor organizer
328:Kalōpā State Recreation Area
1145:"Hamakua Heritage Corridor"
838:Lyman House Memorial Museum
381:Aleutian Islands earthquake
369:Hawaii Consolidated Railway
211:Cliffs on the Hāmākua Coast
2113:
1535:P. Quentin Tomich (1966).
1420:official campaign web site
542:Georges Phillipe Trousseau
253:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
197:Hui Mālama i ke Ala ʻŪlili
2052:
1905:
1600:
703:Lloyd J. Soehren (2004).
336:Mauna Kea Ice Age Reserve
191:, with the older volcano
1520:. Watermark Publishing.
876:. University of Oregon.
530:Erik Hazelhoff Roelfzema
503:Edward Griffin Hitchcock
295:Theo H. Davies & Co.
269:Theophilus Harris Davies
235:Alfred Wellington Carter
1042:. official web site of
709:on Hawaiian place names
637:Charles H. Fletcher III
459:Main street of Honokaʻa
442:Pohakuloa Training Area
412:World Botanical Gardens
1913:
1854:Royal Hawaiian Estates
1684:Hawaiian Paradise Park
1314:. University of Hawaii
1288:. University of Hawaii
1119:Pacific Tsunami Museum
985:official park web site
842:. 2008. Archived from
521:William Herbert Purvis
460:
375:. On April 1, 1946, a
364:
347:Thirty Meter Telescope
212:
168:
124:19.99333°N 155.24028°W
81:, administered by the
71:
1911:
1879:Waikoloa Beach Resort
1589:Hawaii County, Hawaii
775:Billy Bergin (2004).
497:David McHattie Forbes
458:
360:
343:Mauna Kea Observatory
320:Henry Perrine Baldwin
210:
166:
43:(highlighted), North
30:
2065:United States portal
957:"Grow With the Flow"
667:"Hawaii's coastline"
509:Rufus Anderson Lyman
140:and the uninhabited
129:19.99333; -155.24028
79:Hawaiʻi's Big Island
1874:Volcano Golf Course
1814:Orchidlands Estates
1679:Hawaiian Ocean View
1452:Honolulu Advertiser
1109:Ian Birnie (2007).
1064:T. Ilihia Gionson.
1020:on February 6, 2010
846:on December 6, 2008
756:. Na Maka o ka Aina
705:"lookup of Hamakua"
416:Kolekole Beach Park
280:Territory of Hawaii
120: /
1914:
1541:. Quentin Tomich.
754:"Mountain Deities"
611:"Hamakua District"
548:John D. Waihee III
461:
365:
227:John Palmer Parker
217:Hawaiian mythology
213:
169:
72:
2074:
2073:
1794:Mauna Loa Estates
1709:Honaunau-Napoopoo
1644:Discovery Harbour
1548:978-0-615-25676-4
1527:978-0-9705787-1-6
1257:on March 11, 2011
1247:"A Brief History"
1213:official web site
1175:www.esrl.noaa.gov
1014:official web site
967:Hawaiian Airlines
908:978-0-8248-2125-8
788:978-0-8248-2692-5
652:978-0-8248-2125-8
615:official web site
582:official web site
491:Notable residents
444:along this road.
83:County of Hawaiʻi
16:(Redirected from
2104:
2066:
2059:
1910:
1884:Waikoloa Village
1809:Nanawale Estates
1674:Hawaiian Beaches
1612:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1531:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1476:. Archived from
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1426:on July 10, 2011
1422:. Archived from
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1406:
1405:
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1401:
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1380:
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1319:
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1253:. Archived from
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1121:. Archived from
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734:. Noʻeau Peralto
727:
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607:
601:
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596:
591:on July 19, 2011
590:
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385:Hawaii Belt Road
229:established the
195:. According to
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134:
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118:
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85:in the state of
21:
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2077:
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2075:
2070:
2064:
2057:
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1990:
1922:
1915:
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1789:Leilani Estates
1724:Kahaluu-Keauhou
1615:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
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1549:
1534:
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1510:Further reading
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1474:"Archived copy"
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1125:on July 7, 2010
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898:Atlas of Hawaii
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642:Atlas of Hawaii
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251:rose after the
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193:Kohala mountain
189:Kohala district
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353:Transportation
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300:macadamia nuts
276:bubonic plague
204:
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142:Waimanu Valley
138:Waipiʻo Valley
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1447:"John Waihee"
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31:Districts of
29:
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18:Hāmākua Coast
2029:South Kohala
2024:North Kohala
2003:
1864:Tiki Gardens
1639:Captain Cook
1608:
1537:
1517:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1468:
1456:. Retrieved
1450:
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1424:the original
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1139:
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1123:the original
1115:Hilo, Hawaii
1104:
1094:September 6,
1092:. Retrieved
1086:Richard Ha.
1081:
1071:September 6,
1069:. Retrieved
1059:
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1034:
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614:
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586:the original
581:
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451:
420:
404:Umauma Falls
397:
389:Road to Hana
366:
341:In 2009 the
340:
324:
292:
273:
239:
231:Parker Ranch
225:
214:
184:
170:
152:and west of
136:, ending at
100:
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74:
73:
67:, and South
40:
1923:communities
1784:Laupāhoehoe
1729:Kailua-Kona
1659:Fern Forest
1634:Black Sands
1604:County seat
448:Communities
438:observatory
423:Saddle Road
400:Akaka Falls
362:Akaka Falls
245:plantations
158:trade winds
150:Laupāhoehoe
127: /
115:155°14′25″W
97:Description
2081:Categories
2039:South Kona
2034:North Kona
2014:South Hilo
2009:North Hilo
1779:Kurtistown
1774:Kukuihaele
1769:Kealakekua
1654:Fern Acres
1484:2011-03-02
1180:2017-05-22
732:"About Us"
561:References
475:Kukuihaele
249:sugar cane
183:(known as
112:19°59′36″N
1996:Districts
1986:Pāpaʻaloa
1734:Kaiminani
962:Hana Hou!
882:1794/7694
525:Macadamia
485:Pāpaʻaloa
431:Mauna Kea
427:Mauna Loa
242:sugarcane
177:Mauna Loa
173:Mauna Kea
1976:'Ō'ōkala
1951:Kawaihae
1946:Hōnaunau
1899:Waiohinu
1844:Pepeekeo
1834:Papaikou
1744:Kalapana
1699:Holualoa
1649:Eden Roc
1493:cite web
1189:cite web
840:web site
738:June 14,
480:Paʻauilo
470:Honokaʻa
373:Hilo Bay
288:enzootic
255:reduced
221:Poliʻahu
154:ʻŌʻōkala
63:, North
59:, South
47:, South
2004:Hamakua
1981:Paauhau
1966:Milolii
1956:Keauhou
1941:Hakalau
1931:Ahualoa
1894:Wainaku
1869:Volcano
1859:Seaview
1819:Paauilo
1804:Naalehu
1754:Kamaili
1714:Honokaa
1664:Halaula
1629:Ainaloa
465:Āhualoa
377:tsunami
257:tariffs
203:History
105:around
87:Hawaiʻi
75:Hāmākua
41:Hāmākua
1971:Nīnole
1961:Keokea
1936:Hāʻena
1889:Waimea
1839:Paukaa
1824:Pahala
1759:Kapaau
1749:Kaloko
1739:Kalaoa
1719:Honomu
1704:Honalo
1545:
1524:
905:
785:
649:
334:, and
312:coffee
304:papaya
267:, and
69:Kohala
37:Kohala
1849:Puako
1829:Pahoa
1764:Keaau
870:(PDF)
589:(PDF)
578:(PDF)
414:and
308:mango
2044:Puna
2019:Ka'u
1694:Hilo
1689:Hawi
1621:CDPs
1611:Hilo
1543:ISBN
1522:ISBN
1499:link
1460:2010
1432:2010
1402:2010
1376:2010
1350:2010
1320:2010
1294:2010
1263:2010
1220:2010
1195:link
1156:2010
1131:2010
1096:2010
1073:2010
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993:2010
903:ISBN
852:2010
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783:ISBN
762:2010
740:2013
717:2010
679:2010
647:ISBN
623:2010
597:2010
435:NOAA
429:and
421:The
393:Maui
367:The
316:Maui
185:moku
146:Hilo
65:Kona
61:Kona
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