192:. These spectral lines serve as a proxy for the temperature of the star, an early form of spectral classification. The apparent magnitude of stars in the same cluster is equivalent to their absolute magnitude and so this early diagram was effectively a plot of luminosity against temperature. The same type of diagram is still used today as a means of showing the stars in clusters without having to initially know their distance and luminosity. Hertzsprung had already been working with this type of diagram, but his first publications showing it were not until 1911. This was also the form of the diagram using apparent magnitudes of a cluster of stars all at the same distance.
328:
3248:
3162:
491:
243:) of the stars. This type of diagram is what is often called an observational Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, or specifically a color–magnitude diagram (CMD), and it is often used by observers. In cases where the stars are known to be at identical distances such as within a star cluster, a color–magnitude diagram is often used to describe the stars of the cluster with a plot in which the vertical axis is the
3212:
417:
3236:
436:
3200:
522:. This mechanism resulted in an age for the Sun of only tens of millions of years, creating a conflict over the age of the Solar System between astronomers, and biologists and geologists who had evidence that the Earth was far older than that. This conflict was only resolved in the 1930s when nuclear fusion was identified as the source of stellar energy.
3224:
38:
3173:
1250:
Tremblay, Pier-Emmanuel; Fontaine, Gilles; Fusillo, Nicola Pietro
Gentile; Dunlap, Bart H.; Gänsicke, Boris T.; Hollands, Mark A.; Hermes, J. J.; Marsh, Thomas R.; Cukanovaite, Elena; Cunningham, Tim (January 2019). "Core crystallization and pile-up in the cooling sequence of evolving white dwarfs".
566:
of energy in stellar interiors. Eddington predicted that dwarf stars remain in an essentially static position on the main sequence for most of their lives. In the 1930s and 1940s, with an understanding of hydrogen fusion, came an evidence-backed theory of evolution to red giants following which were
579:
and classical mechanical models of stellar processes enable the
Hertzsprung–Russell diagram to be annotated with known conventional paths known as stellar sequences—there continue to be added rarer and more anomalous examples as more stars are analysed and mathematical models considered.
386:
is from Earth. This can be done by comparing the apparent magnitudes of the stars in the cluster to the absolute magnitudes of stars with known distances (or of model stars). The observed group is then shifted in the vertical direction, until the two main sequences overlap. The difference in
518:, the main suggestion being that stars collapsed from red giants to dwarf stars, then moving down along the line of the main sequence in the course of their lifetimes. Stars were thought therefore to radiate energy by converting gravitational energy into radiation through the
286:
Although the two types of diagrams are similar, astronomers make a sharp distinction between the two. The reason for this distinction is that the exact transformation from one to the other is not trivial. To go between effective temperature and color requires a
545:
and correctly proposed that the star's source of power was the combination of hydrogen into helium, liberating enormous energy. This was a particularly remarkable intuitive leap, since at that time the source of a star's energy was still unknown,
282:
instead. A peculiar characteristic of this form of the H–R diagram is that the temperatures are plotted from high temperature to low temperature, which aids in comparing this form of the H–R diagram with the observational form.
315:, both in the color (reddening) and in the apparent magnitude (where the effect is called "extinction"). Color distortion (including reddening) and extinction (obscuration) are also apparent in stars having significant
223:
is not very well defined. All forms share the same general layout: stars of greater luminosity are toward the top of the diagram, and stars with higher surface temperature are toward the left side of the diagram.
49:
of nearby stars. Stars tend to fall only into certain regions of the diagram. The most prominent is the diagonal, going from the upper-left (hot and bright) to the lower-right (cooler and less bright), called the
886:
Hertzsprung, E., 1911, Uber die
Verwendung Photographischer Effektiver Wellenlaengen zur Bestimmung von Farbenaequivalenten, Publikationen des Astrophysikalischen Observatoriums zu Potsdam, 22. Bd., 1. Stuck =
467:
the diagram shows several features. Two main concentrations appear in this diagram following the cooling sequence of white dwarfs that are explained with the atmospheric composition of white dwarfs, especially
319:. The ideal of direct comparison of theoretical predictions of stellar evolution to observations thus has additional uncertainties incurred in the conversions between theoretical quantities and observations.
255:) by Hertzsprung and Rosenberg produced the first CMDs, a few years before Russell's influential synthesis of the diagram collecting data for all stars for which absolute magnitudes could be determined.
476:
dominated atmospheres of white dwarfs. A third concentration is explained with core crystallization of the white dwarfs interior. This releases energy and delays the cooling of white dwarfs.
1167:
Collaboration, Gaia; Babusiaux, C.; van
Leeuwen, F.; Barstow, M. A.; Jordi, C.; Vallenari, A.; Bossini, D.; Bressan, A.; Cantat-Gaudin, T.; van Leeuwen, M.; Brown, A. G. A. (August 2018).
953:
The quantities that are easiest to measure... are color and magnitude, so most observers ... refer to the diagram as a 'Color–Magnitude diagram' or 'CMD' rather than an HR diagram.
829:
195:
Russell's early (1913) versions of the diagram included Maury's giant stars identified by
Hertzsprung, those nearby stars with parallaxes measured at the time, stars from the
1022:
Müller, Oliver; Rejkuba, Marina; Jerjen, Helmut (July 2018). "Tip of the Red Giant Branch
Distances to the Dwarf Galaxies Dw1335-29 and Dw1340-30 in the Centaurus Group".
3268:
359:
located in the region between A5 and G0 spectral type and between +1 and −3 absolute magnitudes (i.e., between the top of the main sequence and the giants in the
3013:
247:
of the stars. For cluster members, by assumption there is a single additive constant difference between their apparent and absolute magnitudes, called the
459:
showed several features in the diagram that were either not known or that were suspected to exist. It found a gap in the main sequence that appears for
674:
A.C. Maury; E.C. Pickering (1897). "Spectra of bright stars photographed with the 11-inch Draper
Telescope as part of the Henry Draper Memorial".
307:, which may or may not come from the same source as the color–temperature relation. One also needs to know the distance to the observed objects (
170:
than the others of the same spectral classification. He took this as an indication of greater luminosity for the narrow-line stars, and computed
3045:
1608:
1524:
1650:
596:
3020:
2339:
790:
Vandenberg, D. A.; Brogaard, K.; Leaman, R.; Casagrande, L. (2013). "The Ages of 95 Globular
Clusters as Determined Using an Improved
1226:
344:
571:
is used to describe the creation of elements during the evolution and explosion of a pre-supernova star, a concept put forth by
2646:
1075:
519:
3278:
3025:
2662:
1681:
3072:
2939:
1416:
Hoyle, F. (1954). "On
Nuclear Reactions Occurring in Very Hot Stars. I. the Synthesis of Elements from Carbon to Nickel".
3190:
3055:
3006:
2981:
2274:
2359:
890:
Hertzsprung, E. (1911). "On the Use of
Photographic Effective Wavelengths for the Determination of Color Equivalents".
3288:
2996:
2976:
647:
235:
that reflects the stellar surface temperature. Modern observational versions of the chart replace spectral type by a
151:
3273:
3060:
2991:
2961:
526:
181:
published a diagram plotting the apparent magnitude of stars in the Pleiades cluster against the strengths of the
3067:
2944:
2921:
2503:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
568:
944:. John A. Dutton e-Education Institute: College of Earth and Mineral Sciences: The Pennsylvania State University
2210:
2084:
1719:
2737:
2406:
653:
231:
on the vertical axis. The spectral type is not a numerical quantity, but the sequence of spectral types is a
2986:
2536:
2446:
2388:
2314:
1885:
1811:
590:
485:
1761:
3147:
3127:
2899:
2894:
2687:
2636:
2441:
2431:
2104:
1902:
1870:
1744:
641:
593: – Stars powered by fusion of hydrogen and helium in shell with an inactive core of carbon and oxygen
403:. Not only the turn-off in the main sequence can be used, but also the tip of the red giant branch stars.
400:
392:
312:
155:
123:
3001:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2884:
2672:
1838:
793:
463:
and that is explained with the transition from a partly convective core to a fully convective core. For
396:
304:
259:
208:
196:
178:
127:
2119:
1639:
a Bag of Stellar Tracks and Isochrones, simulations with FRANEC code by Teramo Astronomical Observatory
541:
he explained the physics of how stars fit on the diagram. The paper anticipated the later discovery of
909:
Russell, Henry Norris (1914). "Relations Between the Spectra and Other Characteristics of the Stars".
3142:
3040:
3030:
2879:
2847:
2641:
2436:
2421:
1734:
1557:
1477:
1425:
1388:
1333:
1270:
1190:
1123:
1041:
986:
918:
850:
764:
722:
683:
300:
135:
1981:
355:
in the core and hydrogen burning in a shell surrounding the core). Another prominent feature is the
150:
In the nineteenth century large-scale photographic spectroscopic surveys of stars were performed at
3240:
2742:
2602:
2585:
2256:
2158:
831:
Method Along with Color-Magnitude Diagram Constraints, and Their Implications for Broader Issues".
558:), had not yet been discovered. Eddington managed to sidestep this problem by concentrating on the
154:, producing spectral classifications for tens of thousands of stars, culminating ultimately in the
42:
31:
3228:
3216:
3137:
3098:
3050:
3035:
2949:
2889:
2812:
2722:
2692:
2682:
2626:
2548:
2239:
1875:
1674:
1573:
1547:
1535:
1495:
1467:
1349:
1302:
1260:
1180:
1149:
1113:
1057:
1031:
866:
840:
316:
244:
232:
228:
115:
75:
1600:
251:, for all of that cluster of stars. Early studies of nearby open clusters (like the Hyades and
1516:
490:
343:. During the stage of their lives in which stars are found on the main sequence line, they are
3283:
3088:
2573:
2513:
2486:
2466:
2266:
2050:
2038:
1865:
1845:
1799:
1781:
1749:
1604:
1520:
1357:
1294:
1286:
1227:"ESA Science & Technology - Gaia reveals how Sun-like stars turn solid after their demise"
1208:
1141:
1004:
937:
635:
629:
563:
515:
456:
442:
427:
368:
364:
360:
348:
332:
292:
288:
271:
267:
139:
131:
1647:
3204:
2916:
2869:
2819:
2807:
2785:
2780:
2707:
2667:
2614:
2396:
2319:
2294:
2188:
2109:
1833:
1794:
1565:
1508:
1485:
1433:
1396:
1341:
1278:
1198:
1194:
1131:
1049:
1045:
994:
858:
772:
730:
576:
530:
499:
445:. The dark line likely represents the transition from partly convective to fully convective
388:
372:
296:
262:
of the star on one axis and the luminosity of the star on the other, almost invariably in a
248:
171:
46:
1648:
Who first published a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram? Hertzsprung or Russell? Answer: neither!
327:
278:, but this term is hardly ever used; when the distinction is made, this form is called the
3103:
2906:
2775:
2619:
2590:
2531:
2526:
2401:
2129:
2094:
2028:
1974:
1969:
1914:
1724:
1654:
599: – Chart depicting the relationship between brightness and mass of large star systems
534:
356:
211:
could be used to derive distances and thereby obtain absolute magnitudes for those stars.
227:
The original diagram displayed the spectral type of stars on the horizontal axis and the
1561:
1481:
1429:
1392:
1337:
1274:
1127:
990:
922:
854:
768:
726:
687:
3252:
3165:
2931:
2770:
2597:
2568:
2543:
2476:
2165:
2033:
1919:
1821:
1711:
1701:
1593:
638: – Curve on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram representing stars of a particular age
559:
547:
542:
274:
produce plots that match those from observations. This type of diagram could be called
182:
862:
567:
speculated cases of explosion and implosion of the remnants to white dwarfs. The term
27:
Scatter plot of stars showing the relationship of luminosity to stellar classification
3262:
3117:
2911:
2874:
2842:
2717:
2426:
2249:
2220:
2198:
1816:
1789:
1766:
1667:
1509:
1490:
1455:
1153:
870:
602:
507:
352:
340:
204:
167:
163:
159:
83:
51:
1577:
1499:
1306:
1061:
514:
Contemplation of the diagram led astronomers to speculate that it might demonstrate
3247:
3177:
2852:
2802:
2797:
2697:
2580:
2563:
2521:
2481:
2416:
2299:
2244:
2225:
2205:
2183:
2175:
2018:
2011:
1850:
1771:
1754:
617:
608:
495:
423:
379:
263:
220:
200:
166:. Hertzsprung noted that stars described with narrow lines tended to have smaller
107:
1624:
1203:
1168:
1053:
367:
stars can be found in the left of this gap on a section of the diagram called the
3093:
2792:
2765:
2757:
2747:
2727:
2702:
2631:
2553:
2309:
2284:
2279:
2193:
2153:
2114:
2079:
2062:
2057:
1729:
1345:
611: – path taken by pre-main-sequence stars in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
555:
464:
236:
189:
174:
for several groups of these, allowing him to estimate their absolute magnitude.
79:
63:
55:
41:
An observational Hertzsprung–Russell diagram with 22,000 stars plotted from the
1642:
1136:
1101:
1100:
Jao, Wei-Chun; Henry, Todd J.; Gies, Douglas R.; Hambly, Nigel C. (July 2018).
2677:
2374:
2347:
2324:
2304:
2289:
2141:
2045:
2023:
2001:
1996:
1860:
1282:
572:
119:
67:
1290:
1212:
1145:
1008:
776:
734:
339:
Most of the stars occupy the region in the diagram along the line called the
2864:
2712:
2496:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2411:
2364:
2354:
2148:
2124:
2099:
2006:
1957:
1890:
1880:
1855:
1828:
1804:
1739:
1401:
1376:
623:
460:
446:
378:
The H-R diagram can be used by scientists to roughly measure how far away a
240:
1361:
1298:
416:
17:
550:
had not been proven to exist, and even that stars are largely composed of
387:
magnitude that was bridged in order to match the two groups is called the
2857:
2558:
2232:
1991:
1964:
1630:
1552:
1472:
551:
469:
252:
186:
59:
1627:
animation of a Hertzsprung–Russell diagram created from real Hubble data
753:"Über den Zusammenhang von Helligkeit und Spektraltypus in den Plejaden"
435:
3132:
2607:
2369:
2136:
2089:
2072:
2067:
1986:
503:
291:, and constructing that is difficult; it is known to be a function of
37:
3122:
3110:
2329:
2215:
473:
383:
1636:
1353:
1321:
752:
702:
525:
Following Russell's presentation of the diagram to a meeting of the
239:(in diagrams made in the middle of the 20th Century, most often the
219:
There are several forms of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, and the
3172:
1569:
1437:
1265:
1185:
1118:
1036:
999:
966:
1102:"A Gap in the Lower Main Sequence Revealed by Gaia Data Release 2"
845:
489:
326:
138:
in 1913, and represented a major step towards an understanding of
36:
1169:"Gaia Data Release 2. Observational Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams"
2491:
2471:
1690:
111:
1663:
1456:"Accurate fundamental parameters for lower main-sequence stars"
2837:
71:
644: – Classification of stars based on spectral properties
375:
also fall on the instability strip, at higher luminosities.
1633:
an interactive Hertzsprung–Russell diagram as a Java applet
1454:
Casagrande, L.; Portinari, L.; Flynn, C. (November 2006).
533:
was inspired to use it as a basis for developing ideas on
347:
in their cores. The next concentration of stars is on the
1076:"Mind the Gap: Gaia Mission Reveals the Insides of Stars"
303:
to apparent or absolute visual magnitude, one requires a
1659:
892:
Publications of the Astrophysical Observatory in Potsdam
656: – Astronomical diagram graphing two colour indices
162:
included divisions of the stars by the width of their
3188:
1599:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p.
1515:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p.
942:
ASTRO 801: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe
796:
711:
nach der Spektralklassifikation von Antonia C. Maury"
650: – Primary distance indicator used in astronomy
613:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
605: – Luminosity–temperature relationship in stars
3081:
2930:
2828:
2756:
2655:
2512:
2387:
2265:
2174:
1901:
1780:
1710:
1534:Sekiguchi, Maki; Fukugita, Masataka (August 2000).
967:"Standard globular cluster giant branches in the (M
391:and is a direct measure for the distance (ignoring
130:. The diagram was created independently in 1911 by
1592:
823:
1643:Leos Ondra: The first Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
1381:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
965:Da Costa, G. S.; Armandroff, T. E. (July 1990).
626: – Clustering of stars in astronomy diagram
1536:"A Study of the B-V Color-Temperature Relation"
74:is found on the main sequence at luminosity 1 (
58:are found, and above the main sequence are the
1675:
882:
880:
8:
114:showing the relationship between the stars'
1377:"On the radiative equilibrium of the stars"
746:
744:
311:, the distance modulus) and the effects of
1907:
1682:
1668:
1660:
480:Role in the development of stellar physics
299:. When converting luminosity or absolute
295:and can be affected by other factors like
1551:
1489:
1471:
1400:
1264:
1202:
1184:
1135:
1117:
1035:
998:
844:
812:
804:
795:
422:Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing only
1322:"The Internal Constitution of the Stars"
3195:
666:
280:theoretical Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
539:The Internal Constitution of the Stars
407:The diagram seen by ESA's Gaia mission
258:Another form of the diagram plots the
676:Annals of Harvard College Observatory
620: – Diagram of stars in astronomy
30:"H-R" redirects here. For other, see
7:
703:"Über die Sterne der Unterabteilung
3269:Hertzsprung–Russell classifications
824:{\displaystyle \Delta V_{TO}^{HB}}
797:
25:
938:"The Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram"
632: – Construct in astrophysics
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3198:
3171:
3161:
3160:
1511:The Cambridge History of Science
1491:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10999.x
1418:Astrophysical Journal Supplement
434:
415:
575:in 1954. The pure mathematical
441:Part of the diagram from ESA's
266:. Theoretical calculations of
158:. In one segment of this work
597:Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
395:). This technique is known as
335:and its components highlighted
276:temperature-luminosity diagram
1:
3073:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1320:Eddington, A. S. (Oct 1920).
1106:Astrophysical Journal Letters
260:effective surface temperature
54:. In the lower-left is where
1173:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1024:Astronomy & Astrophysics
406:
2733:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
1346:10.1126/science.52.1341.233
1204:10.1051/0004-6361/201832843
1054:10.1051/0004-6361/201732455
936:Palma, Christopher (2016).
863:10.1088/0004-637X/775/2/134
648:Tip of the red-giant branch
152:Harvard College Observatory
92:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
3305:
2647:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
1595:Observational Astrophysics
701:Hertzprung, Ejnar (1908).
527:Royal Astronomical Society
520:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
510:turn-off at different ages
483:
289:color–temperature relation
82:0.66 (temperature 5780 K,
29:
3156:
1910:
1697:
1375:Eddington, A. S. (1916).
1283:10.1038/s41586-018-0791-x
833:The Astrophysical Journal
757:Astronomische Nachrichten
715:Astronomische Nachrichten
569:supernova nucleosynthesis
229:absolute visual magnitude
3026:With multiple exoplanets
1540:The Astronomical Journal
1137:10.3847/2041-8213/aacdf6
777:10.1002/asna.19101860503
751:Rosenberg, Hans (1910).
735:10.1002/asna.19081792402
313:interstellar obscuration
1812:Asymptotic giant branch
1195:2018A&A...616A..10G
1046:2018A&A...615A..96M
591:Asymptotic giant branch
537:. In 1926, in his book
486:Stellar nucleosynthesis
331:An HR diagram with the
124:stellar classifications
3148:Tidal disruption event
2637:Circumstellar envelope
1871:Luminous blue variable
1591:Smith, Robert (1995).
1326:The Scientific Monthly
825:
642:Stellar classification
511:
401:spectroscopic parallax
336:
156:Henry Draper Catalogue
128:effective temperatures
87:
3279:Concepts in astronomy
2673:Effective temperature
1402:10.1093/mnras/77.1.16
826:
493:
426:with data from ESA's
397:main sequence fitting
330:
305:bolometric correction
209:moving cluster method
179:Hans Oswald Rosenberg
146:Historical background
40:
3143:Planet-hosting stars
3021:With resolved images
2992:Historical brightest
2922:Photometric-standard
2848:Solar radio emission
2642:Eddington luminosity
2422:Triple-alpha process
2360:Thorne–Żytkow object
1735:Young stellar object
1507:Porter, Roy (2003).
979:Astronomical Journal
794:
548:thermonuclear energy
494:HR diagrams for two
301:bolometric magnitude
136:Henry Norris Russell
2967:Highest temperature
2738:Color–color diagram
2603:Protoplanetary disk
2407:Proton–proton chain
2085:Chemically peculiar
1562:2000AJ....120.1072S
1482:2006MNRAS.373...13C
1430:1954ApJS....1..121H
1393:1916MNRAS..77...16E
1338:1920SciMo..11..297E
1275:2019Natur.565..202T
1128:2018ApJ...861L..11J
1080:Sky & Telescope
991:1990AJ....100..162D
923:1914PA.....22..275R
855:2013ApJ...775..134V
820:
769:1910AN....186...71R
727:1909AN....179..373H
688:1897AnHar..28....1M
654:Color–color diagram
564:radiative transport
293:stellar composition
116:absolute magnitudes
45:and 1,000 from the
43:Hipparcos Catalogue
32:HR (disambiguation)
3289:1910 introductions
2972:Lowest temperature
2723:Photometric system
2693:Absolute magnitude
2627:Circumstellar dust
2240:Stellar black hole
1876:Stellar population
1762:Herbig–Haro object
1653:2021-05-15 at the
821:
800:
512:
337:
317:circumstellar dust
272:evolution of stars
245:apparent magnitude
172:secular parallaxes
88:
76:absolute magnitude
3274:Stellar evolution
3186:
3185:
3089:Substellar object
3068:Planetary nebulae
2487:Luminous red nova
2397:Deuterium burning
2383:
2382:
1866:Instability strip
1846:Wolf-Rayet nebula
1800:Horizontal branch
1745:Pre-main-sequence
1610:978-0-521-27834-8
1526:978-0-521-57243-9
1259:(7738): 202–205.
911:Popular Astronomy
636:Stellar isochrone
630:Stellar birthline
577:quantum mechanics
516:stellar evolution
399:and is a type of
373:Cepheid variables
369:instability strip
365:RR Lyrae variable
361:horizontal branch
349:horizontal branch
333:instability strip
268:stellar structure
140:stellar evolution
132:Ejnar Hertzsprung
16:(Redirected from
3296:
3251:
3250:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3194:
3178:Stars portal
3176:
3175:
3164:
3163:
2820:Planetary system
2743:Strömgren sphere
2615:Asteroseismology
2336:Black hole star
1908:
1834:Planetary nebula
1795:Red-giant branch
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1614:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1555:
1553:astro-ph/9904299
1546:(2): 1072–1084.
1530:
1514:
1503:
1493:
1475:
1473:astro-ph/0608504
1442:
1441:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1268:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1188:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1121:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1039:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1002:
962:
956:
955:
950:
949:
933:
927:
926:
906:
900:
899:
884:
875:
874:
848:
830:
828:
827:
822:
819:
811:
787:
781:
780:
748:
739:
738:
698:
692:
691:
671:
614:
531:Arthur Eddington
438:
419:
389:distance modulus
297:stellar rotation
249:distance modulus
233:monotonic series
215:Forms of diagram
207:, for which the
94:(abbreviated as
47:Gliese Catalogue
21:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3189:
3187:
3182:
3170:
3152:
3077:
3046:Milky Way novae
2982:Smallest volume
2926:
2907:Radial velocity
2830:
2824:
2776:Common envelope
2752:
2651:
2620:Helioseismology
2591:Bipolar outflow
2532:Microturbulence
2527:Convection zone
2508:
2402:Lithium burning
2389:Nucleosynthesis
2379:
2261:
2170:
1897:
1776:
1725:Molecular cloud
1706:
1693:
1688:
1655:Wayback Machine
1621:
1611:
1590:
1582:
1580:
1533:
1527:
1506:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1021:
1020:
1016:
974:
970:
964:
963:
959:
947:
945:
935:
934:
930:
908:
907:
903:
889:
888:
885:
878:
792:
791:
789:
788:
784:
750:
749:
742:
721:(24): 373–380.
700:
699:
695:
673:
672:
668:
664:
659:
612:
586:
535:stellar physics
488:
482:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
439:
431:
430:
420:
409:
357:Hertzsprung gap
345:fusing hydrogen
325:
217:
203:), and several
148:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3302:
3300:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3168:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2977:Largest volume
2974:
2969:
2964:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2762:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Magnetic field
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2598:Accretion disk
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:Alfvén surface
2571:
2569:Stellar corona
2566:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2544:Radiation zone
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2166:Blue straggler
2163:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:Main sequence
1922:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1903:Classification
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1839:Protoplanetary
1831:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1619:External links
1617:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1588:
1570:10.1086/301490
1531:
1525:
1504:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:10.1086/190005
1408:
1367:
1332:(4): 297–303.
1312:
1242:
1218:
1159:
1092:
1067:
1014:
1000:10.1086/115500
972:
968:
957:
928:
901:
876:
818:
815:
810:
807:
803:
799:
782:
740:
693:
665:
663:
660:
658:
657:
651:
645:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
606:
600:
594:
587:
585:
582:
560:thermodynamics
543:nuclear fusion
506:, showing the
481:
478:
440:
433:
432:
421:
414:
413:
412:
411:
410:
408:
405:
324:
323:Interpretation
321:
216:
213:
183:calcium K line
168:proper motions
164:spectral lines
147:
144:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3301:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3192:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Intergalactic
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Galactic year
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:Most luminous
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:Proper motion
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2875:Constellation
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2843:Solar eclipse
2841:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:Earth-centric
2827:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Alpha process
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:Helium planet
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2189:Parker's star
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:Lambda Boötis
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:Superluminous
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1790:Main sequence
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Hayashi track
1765:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1625:Omega Cen H-R
1623:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
961:
958:
954:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
905:
902:
897:
893:
883:
881:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
847:
842:
838:
834:
816:
813:
808:
805:
801:
786:
783:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
747:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
710:
706:
697:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
667:
661:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
610:
607:
604:
603:Hayashi track
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
583:
581:
578:
574:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
509:
508:main-sequence
505:
501:
497:
496:open clusters
492:
487:
479:
477:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
448:
444:
437:
429:
425:
418:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:helium fusion
350:
346:
342:
341:main sequence
334:
329:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
225:
222:
214:
212:
210:
206:
205:moving groups
202:
198:
193:
191:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:Antonia Maury
157:
153:
145:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
85:
84:spectral type
81:
78:4.8) and B−V
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:main sequence
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
3241:Solar System
3041:White dwarfs
3031:Brown dwarfs
3014:Most distant
2962:Most massive
2940:Proper names
2900:Photographic
2853:Solar System
2831:observations
2758:Star systems
2732:
2581:Stellar wind
2564:Chromosphere
2537:Oscillations
2417:Helium flash
2267:Hypothetical
2245:X-ray binary
2184:Compact star
2019:Bright giant
1772:Henyey track
1750:Herbig Ae/Be
1594:
1581:. Retrieved
1543:
1539:
1510:
1466:(1): 13–44.
1463:
1459:
1448:Bibliography
1421:
1417:
1411:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1329:
1325:
1315:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:
1221:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1109:
1105:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1082:. 2018-08-06
1079:
1070:
1027:
1023:
1017:
982:
978:
960:
952:
946:. Retrieved
941:
931:
914:
910:
904:
895:
891:
836:
832:
785:
763:(5): 71–78.
760:
756:
718:
714:
708:
704:
696:
679:
675:
669:
618:Hess diagram
609:Henyey track
538:
524:
513:
465:white dwarfs
457:Gaia mission
454:
428:Gaia mission
424:white dwarfs
380:star cluster
377:
338:
308:
285:
279:
275:
264:log-log plot
257:
226:
221:nomenclature
218:
201:open cluster
194:
190:Balmer lines
176:
149:
120:luminosities
108:scatter plot
103:
99:
95:
91:
89:
56:white dwarfs
3229:Outer space
3217:Spaceflight
3094:Brown dwarf
2870:Circumpolar
2748:Kraft break
2728:Color index
2703:Metallicity
2663:Designation
2632:Cosmic dust
2554:Photosphere
2320:Dark-energy
2295:Electroweak
2280:Black dwarf
2211:Radio-quiet
2194:White dwarf
2080:White dwarf
1730:Bok globule
1231:sci.esa.int
985:: 162–181.
917:: 275–294.
556:metallicity
237:color index
96:H–R diagram
80:color index
68:supergiants
18:H-R diagram
3263:Categories
3056:Candidates
3051:Supernovae
3036:Red dwarfs
2895:Extinction
2683:Kinematics
2678:Luminosity
2656:Properties
2549:Atmosphere
2447:Si burning
2437:Ne burning
2375:White hole
2348:Quasi-star
2275:Blue dwarf
2130:Technetium
2046:Hypergiant
2024:Supergiant
1583:2008-09-14
1266:1908.00370
1236:2020-02-19
1186:1804.09378
1119:1806.07792
1112:(1): L11.
1086:2020-02-19
1037:1803.02406
948:2017-01-29
839:(2): 134.
662:References
573:Fred Hoyle
484:See also:
447:red dwarfs
393:extinction
199:(a nearby
122:and their
100:HR diagram
3205:Astronomy
2987:Brightest
2885:Magnitude
2865:Pole star
2786:Symbiotic
2781:Eclipsing
2713:Starlight
2514:Structure
2504:Supernova
2497:Micronova
2492:Recurrent
2477:Symbiotic
2462:p-process
2457:r-process
2452:s-process
2442:O burning
2432:C burning
2412:CNO cycle
2355:Gravastar
1891:Hypernova
1881:Supernova
1856:Dredge-up
1829:Blue loop
1822:super-AGB
1805:Red clump
1782:Evolution
1740:Protostar
1720:Accretion
1712:Formation
1387:: 16–35.
1291:0028-0836
1213:0004-6361
1154:119331483
1146:0004-637X
1009:0004-6256
871:117065283
846:1308.2257
798:Δ
682:: 1–128.
624:Red clump
529:in 1912,
241:B-V color
60:subgiants
3284:Diagrams
3166:Category
3061:Remnants
2957:Extremes
2917:Parallax
2890:Apparent
2880:Asterism
2858:Sunlight
2808:Globular
2793:Multiple
2718:Variable
2708:Rotation
2668:Dynamics
2559:Starspot
2233:Magnetar
2176:Remnants
1992:Subgiant
1965:Subdwarf
1817:post-AGB
1651:Archived
1578:14679334
1500:16400466
1362:17747682
1307:58004893
1299:30626942
1062:67754889
975:) plane"
584:See also
552:hydrogen
470:hydrogen
461:M-dwarfs
270:and the
253:Pleiades
187:hydrogen
185:and two
177:In 1910
3253:Science
3191:Portals
3133:Gravity
3082:Related
3002:Nearest
2950:Chinese
2798:Cluster
2771:Contact
2608:Proplyd
2482:Remnant
2370:Blitzar
2344:Hawking
2300:Strange
2250:Burster
2206:Neutron
2159:Extreme
2110:He-weak
1755:T Tauri
1631:JavaHRD
1558:Bibcode
1478:Bibcode
1426:Bibcode
1424:: 121.
1389:Bibcode
1334:Bibcode
1271:Bibcode
1191:Bibcode
1179:: A10.
1124:Bibcode
1042:Bibcode
1030:. A96.
987:Bibcode
919:Bibcode
851:Bibcode
765:Bibcode
723:Bibcode
684:Bibcode
504:NGC 188
472:versus
134:and by
106:) is a
3123:Galaxy
3111:Planet
3099:Desert
3007:bright
2945:Arabic
2766:Binary
2586:Bubble
2310:Planck
2285:Exotic
2221:Binary
2216:Pulsar
2154:Helium
2115:Barium
2058:Carbon
2051:Yellow
2039:Yellow
2012:Yellow
1851:PG1159
1607:
1576:
1523:
1498:
1360:
1352:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1253:Nature
1211:
1152:
1144:
1060:
1007:
971:,(V–I)
869:
474:helium
455:ESA's
384:galaxy
197:Hyades
70:. The
64:giants
3128:Guest
2932:Lists
2813:Super
2467:Fusor
2340:Black
2325:Quark
2305:Preon
2290:Boson
2226:X-ray
2142:Shell
2095:Ap/Bp
1997:Giant
1915:Early
1861:OH/IR
1691:Stars
1637:BaSTI
1574:S2CID
1548:arXiv
1496:S2CID
1468:arXiv
1460:MNRAS
1350:JSTOR
1303:S2CID
1261:arXiv
1181:arXiv
1150:S2CID
1114:arXiv
1058:S2CID
1032:arXiv
898:(63).
894:. 1.
887:Nr.63
867:S2CID
841:arXiv
554:(see
112:stars
86:G2V).
2803:Open
2698:Mass
2522:Core
2472:Nova
2365:Iron
2315:Dark
2125:Lead
2105:HgMn
2100:CEMP
2029:Blue
2002:Blue
1920:Late
1702:List
1605:ISBN
1521:ISBN
1358:PMID
1354:6491
1295:PMID
1287:ISSN
1209:ISSN
1142:ISSN
1005:ISSN
707:und
502:and
443:Gaia
309:i.e.
90:The
66:and
3104:Sub
2838:Sun
2257:SGR
2034:Red
2007:Red
1601:236
1566:doi
1544:120
1517:518
1486:doi
1464:373
1434:doi
1397:doi
1342:doi
1279:doi
1257:565
1199:doi
1177:616
1132:doi
1110:861
1050:doi
1028:615
995:doi
983:100
859:doi
837:775
773:doi
761:186
731:doi
719:179
562:of
500:M67
382:or
363:).
126:or
118:or
110:of
104:HRD
102:or
72:Sun
3265::
2137:Be
2090:Am
2073:CH
2068:CN
1987:OB
1982:WR
1603:.
1572:.
1564:.
1556:.
1542:.
1538:.
1519:.
1494:.
1484:.
1476:.
1462:.
1458:.
1432:.
1420:.
1395:.
1385:77
1383:.
1379:.
1356:.
1348:.
1340:.
1330:11
1328:.
1324:.
1301:.
1293:.
1285:.
1277:.
1269:.
1255:.
1229:.
1207:.
1197:.
1189:.
1175:.
1171:.
1148:.
1140:.
1130:.
1122:.
1108:.
1104:.
1078:.
1056:.
1048:.
1040:.
1026:.
1003:.
993:.
981:.
977:.
951:.
940:.
915:22
913:.
896:22
879:^
865:.
857:.
849:.
835:.
771:.
759:.
755:.
743:^
729:.
717:.
713:.
709:ac
680:28
678:.
498:,
371:.
142:.
98:,
62:,
3193::
2330:Q
2149:B
2063:S
1975:B
1970:O
1958:M
1953:K
1948:G
1943:F
1938:A
1933:B
1928:O
1683:e
1676:t
1669:v
1613:.
1586:.
1568::
1560::
1550::
1529:.
1502:.
1488::
1480::
1470::
1440:.
1436::
1428::
1422:1
1405:.
1399::
1391::
1364:.
1344::
1336::
1309:.
1281::
1273::
1263::
1239:.
1215:.
1201::
1193::
1183::
1156:.
1134::
1126::
1116::
1089:.
1064:.
1052::
1044::
1034::
1011:.
997::
989::
973:O
969:I
925:.
921::
873:.
861::
853::
843::
817:B
814:H
809:O
806:T
802:V
779:.
775::
767::
737:.
733::
725::
705:c
690:.
686::
351:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
