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330:, an architect. Cleveland's and Copeland's design of Central Park was not unlike that of Olmsted and Vaux's. "In a pamphlet accompanying his design Cleveland wrote, 'The tract of land selected for the Central Park comprises such an extensive area and such variety of surface as to afford opportunity for the construction of a work which shall surpass everything of its kind in the world ...'. Cleveland, like Olmsted, prescribed broad lawns, undulating surfaces, clothed with the rich verdure, dotted here and there with graceful trees and bounded by projecting capes and islands of wood ...'" (Oxford). Later in 1857, Cleveland designed Eastwood Cemetery (1872) in
450:. In his book, Cleveland wrote critically of cemetery layouts. He wrote, "without the least regard to topographical features, or the opportunities for tasteful effects which the natural position may afford." In his 1880s design for the grounds of the Jekyll Island Club, Cleveland promised Club owners a "style of severe simplicity," but this simplicity would be "the result of careful study" aimed at turning the Club grounds into "a Natural Paradise." With this goal in mind, Cleveland laid out lots and roads so as not to disturb "the favored haunts of deer and wild fowl" and stressing the preservation of native vegetation.
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503:. These grand parkways would increase property values, connect larger parks, drive up the desire for private development, and hopefully increase general revenues in the city over time. This vision was expanded by subsequent park commissioners and superintendents to encircle a series of lakes, now known as the Chain of Lakes, and to follow Minnehaha Creek to
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sought
Cleveland's advice in designing a large park in the center of the city. Cleveland stated that the center of any large park system, including the one intended for this city, should include a “great central park” that blocked the sights and sounds of the city. Cleveland advised that the park
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is timeless, and the
Minneapolis Grand Rounds are known today as one of the best urban park systems in the world. Plans for a similar system in St. Paul, would have connected it to the Minneapolis system, but they were never completed, with the exception of the parkways along the Mississippi River.
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The term “Landscape
Architecture” is objectionable, as being only figuratively expressive of the art it is used to designate. I make use of it, under protest, as the readiest means of making myself understood, in the absence of a more appropriate term. If the art is ever developed to the extent I
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came about, natural opposition was to be expected from the public. He knew this because he understood that the general populace saw outdoor city projects as a source of needless taxation for them, and that they did not believe that they could benefit from a public park in the same capacity as the
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Imagine this metropolitan area had it not been for the
Minneapolis Board of Park Commissioners and landscape architect Horace Cleveland. Their vision 100 years ago helped create a network of scenic drives, parks and river boulevards along the lakes and rivers in Minneapolis and St. Paul, now
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around them and to be ever mindful of how future generations would make use of them. It is evident that Horace
Cleveland contributed much to the future of landscape architecture and to the pursuit for a more naturalistic landscape concept.
507:. The result of Cleveland's vision is the famous “Grand Rounds,” an interconnected series of parkways, and parks, centered on the Mississippi River. The official title “Grand Rounds,” came much later, but Cleveland's vision for the scenic
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1873: Cleveland receives honorary professorship title. Although he never attended any university, his own educational and professional knowledge led to his being addressed as “Professor H. Cleveland.” Cleveland publishes
660:, Cleveland established a park system that embodied his philosophy of open spaces, naturalistic design, and the importance of preserving these public spaces for future generations. In the words of Cleveland himself: “
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believe to be within its legitimate limits, it will achieve for itself a name worthy of its position. Until it does so, it is idle to attempt to exalt it in the world’s estimation, by giving it a high-sounding title.
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Cleveland's designs in the mid-to-late 19th century shaped the future of all park systems for
Minneapolis and St. Paul. Metropolitan Council Chair Peter Bell reflected on the contributions of Horace Cleveland:
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They will have wealth enough to purchase all that money can buy, but all their wealth cannot purchase a lost opportunity, or restore natural features of grandeur and beauty, which would then possess priceless
334:, with his son. Cleveland and Copeland parted ways during the Civil War when Copeland joined the war. After the war Copeland started his own practice which continued to grow till his death in 1872.
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involved not just “decorating” the landscape, but that it was a landscape architect's duty to design parks, residential and commercial landscapes always with careful consideration to the
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Board of Park
Commissioners to create a series of parks and interconnected parkways to connect and preserve existing natural features in and near the city. The parkways along the
242:(1746–1827). The school emphasized frequent excursions for direct observation and study of nature through drawing and map-making. The family was socially linked to philosopher
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field, one must "Look forward a century, to the time when the city has a population of a million, and think what will be their wants." Essentially, he believed that a good
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1886: Designed a landscape plan for the Jekyll Island Club, on Jekyll Island, Georgia. A winter resort for northeastern millionaires designed to stress natural simplicity.
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commissioners purchase a lot no less than 50 acres (200,000 m) in size, and that it should be situated many miles away from the heavily populated city districts.
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in the here and now, and that landscape architects should speak openly against the destruction of natural landscapes, to make sure that they would be available for
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Cleveland was a believer of using the existing topography and existing plants to keep his designs as natural as possible. In 1881 Cleveland wrote a book entitled
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469:. This book is known as one of the first definitive attempts to describe on a broader scope the profession of landscape architecture. In its preface he wrote:
353:(1869). In 1872, Cleveland was retained by the city of Chicago to rebuild South Park, originally designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, after the
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Daniel Joseph
Nadenicek, "Emerson's Aesthetic and Natural Design: A Theoretical Foundation for the Work of Horace William Shaler Cleveland", in
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Cleveland moved to
Chicago in 1869 and opened his own landscaping firm. Throughout his career he designed major parks and private landscapes in
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wealthy. Eliminating this belief and creating parks that were meant to be enjoyed by all became one of
Cleveland's most important endeavors.
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Wilson,Leslie Perrin. Page last updated 10/21/2007. "H.W.S. Cleveland, designer of Concord's Sleepy Hollow." Retrieved 10/29/2007 from <
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In addition, he believed that designs for public projects should not be limited by the financial or physical means of the designer or the
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gorge were his main interest, but his plan also showed parkway boulevards across town and around one of the lakes in South Minneapolis,
311:(1855). The town report in Concord shows they were paid $ 75 for their work on the cemetery. Cleveland also assisted in the design of
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273:. While in Illinois, Cleveland studied civil engineering. A few years later, in the late 1830s, Cleveland returned to Massachusetts.
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would make open spaces like parks all the more valuable and desirable, Cleveland wrote that, to be successful in the
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Horace William Shaler Cleveland was born to Richard Jeffry Cleveland and Dorcas Cleveland on December 16, 1814, in
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Oxford University Press. Page last updated 2007. "Horace William Shaler Cleveland." Retrieved 10/29/2007 from <
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Oxford University Press. Page last updated 2007. "Horace William Shaler Cleveland." Retrieved 10/29/2007 from <
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in New York. They lost the competition to another duo, landscape architect Fredrick Law Olmsted and his partner,
269:. Horace returned to the United States in the 1830s. During this time he was employed as a railroad surveyor in
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Directions: Look ahead 50 years when planning for parks—‘Have faith in the future greatness of your city.’
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070928094332/http://www.metrocouncil.org/directions/parks/parksplanning2.htm
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https://web.archive.org/web/20050301040555/http://www.angelfire.com/mn/thursdaynighthikes/stppks.html
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https://web.archive.org/web/20150214064938/http://www.minneapolisparks.org/grandrounds/inf_about.htm
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From 1878 until his death in 1900, Horace Cleveland not only completely revised the park systems of
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Observations on the Creation and Development of Como Park and the St. Paul, Minnesota Park System.
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In 2017, the City of St. Paul began a several year project to complete its Grand Rounds system.
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to numerous projects, completing his last major project, landscaping for the campus at the
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1898: Cleveland presents a paper on "The Influence of Parks on the Character of Children."
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1854: Cleveland partners with Robert Morris Copeland. Cleveland and Copeland design
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Cleveland's most important social movement could arguably be his contribution to the
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features around him and shunning unnecessary decoration. Believing that a growing
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school organized by his parents in accordance with the theories of Swiss educator
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In 1854, at the age of 40, Cleveland returned to Massachusetts to establish the
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In 1857 Cleveland and Copeland entered a competition to be the designers for
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Regents of the University of Minnesota. Page last updated 07/25/2006.
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Official Web Site of the City of Omaha. Page last updated 04/07/2006.
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1890s: Designed the landscaping for the Fergus Falls State Hospital in
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park systems. In lending his unique touch to these parks and scenic
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Cleveland, Richard Jeffry; Cleveland, Horace William Shaler (1886).
902:, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
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Nature and Ideology: Natural Garden Design in the Twentieth Century
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Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture
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and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center in
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recognized as one of the best urban park systems in the world.”
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In 1841 Cleveland left Massachusetts to purchase a farm on the
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http://www.answers.com/topic/horace-william-shaler-cleveland
457:. He theorized that, when the proposition of a new park or
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Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West
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Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West
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Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West
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Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West
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Landscape Architecture As Applied to the Wants of the West
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Landscape Architecture as Applied to the Wants of the West
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Directions: Look ahead 50 years when planning for parks.
665:” In this way, Cleveland inspired future generations of
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should look to the future in order to design sustainable
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In the late 1820s Richard Cleveland moved his family to
234:. Horace was later educated at the Lancaster School, a
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University of Minnesota: Sustainable Campus Initiative
299:. Their first job was the design of the State Farm at
170:(December 16, 1814 – December 5, 1900) was an American
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The Fergus Falls State Hospital's exterior, circa 1915
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Dwight. D. Eisenhower Veterans Affairs Medical Center
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University of Minnesota Sustainable Campus Initiative
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http://www.ci.omaha.ne.us/parks/parks/elmwoodpark.htm
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to think before tearing down the natural landscape.
809:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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582:A Few Words on the Arrangement of Rural Cemeteries
448:A Few Words on the Arrangement of Rural Cemeteries
265:, where Horace's father served as Vice-Consul in
515:In 1889, the park commissioners for the city of
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966:http://www.answers.com/topic/horace-cleveland
254:, and one of Emerson's cousins. As a result,
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909:Information Center: About the Grand Rounds.
258:strongly influenced Cleveland's upbringing.
1036:"Have Faith in the Greatness of Your City."
1012:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
907:Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. N.d.
587:1886: Created the Blackstone Boulevard in
392:, in 1892. He died on December 5, 1900, in
178:design can be seen in projects such as the
949:Omaha Parks and Recreation: Elmwood Park.
765:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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357:. Cleveland wrote his landscaping guide,
295:landscape practice in Boston with partner
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869:Learn how and when to remove this message
724:Cleveland, Horace William Shaler (1873).
699:Cleveland, Horace William Shaler (1864).
491:In the 1880s, Cleveland was hired by the
984:http://sci.cfans.umn.edu/SaritaThen.html
640:Social movements and influence over time
27:American landscape architect (1814–1900)
565:. Designed the Cleveland Arboretums in
891:. Chicago. Jansen, McClurg & Co.
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616:1892: Landscaped the campus for the
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807:adding citations to reliable sources
648:A path on Minneapolis's Grand Rounds
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196:boulevard system in Omaha, Nebraska
1058:Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway
917:Martin, Lawrence A. 07/21/2001.
561:/New England Botanical Gardens in
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632:that still guides the city today.
937:Metropolitan Council. 9/7/04.
927:Metropolitan Council. 9/8/04.
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887:Cleveland, Horace W.S. 1873.
794:needs additional citations for
752:Voyages of a Merchant Navigator
523:Other major projects included:
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133:Omaha Park and Boulevard System
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672:In addition, he stated that
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419:by nature, respecting the
301:Westborough, Massachusetts
240:Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi
533:Gloucester, Massachusetts
408:The cover of Cleveland's
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1015:. New York: D. Appleton.
1006:"Cleveland, Aaron"
951:Retrieved 10/25/06 from
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911:Retrieved 10/25/06 from
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479:Major landscape projects
465:In 1873 Cleveland wrote
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248:Elizabeth Palmer Peabody
232:Lancaster, Massachusetts
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618:University of Minnesota
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390:University of Minnesota
363:William Rainey Marshall
351:Highland Park, Illinois
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540:Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
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611:Leavenworth, Kansas
597:Swan Point Cemetery
559:Roger Williams Park
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394:Hinsdale, Illinois
367:Saint Anthony Park
355:great Chicago fire
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349:. This included
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252:Horatio Greenough
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678:environment
654:Minneapolis
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378:Minneapolis
343:Minneapolis
184:Minneapolis
1119:Categories
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1001:Fiske, J.
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236:Unitarian
1066:Archived
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956:Archived
382:St. Paul
339:Illinois
271:Illinois
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775:Notes
622:parks
517:Omaha
509:byway
822:news
767:link
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717:link
624:and
380:and
263:Cuba
226:Life
64:Died
49:Born
1029:at
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