1483:
1519:
1535:
1279:
1137:
1499:
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729:, he said that if the feudal lords use the Yi ritual, then they should be called Yi. If they use Chinese rituals, then they should be called Chinese." Han Yu went on to lament that the Chinese of his time might all become Yi because the Tang court wanted to put Yi laws above the teachings of the former kings, creating the possibility that although insiders could lose their culture, outsiders could similarly gain insider culture.
1447:
1431:
586:. Due to multiple attempts on his life, he soon became apprehensive of the non-Han tribes and ordered the Han people to slaughter the Jie people and other barbarians, identifying them by their high noses and full beards. Around 200,000 people were killed, with the Jie soon disappearing from history, but a large number of victims were also mistakenly-identified Han Chinese people. After Ran Min founded his state of
8172:
7188:
977:, whom Zeng accused of ten major crimes, took this event as an opportunity to educate the Qing's Chinese subjects. In a series of discussions with Zeng Jing, the emperor proclaimed that Chinese were not inherently superior to the barbarians. To justify his statements, he declared that King Wen, the sage king and the founder of the Zhou dynasty, was of Western Yi origin, but this did not hurt his greatness.
1306:
714:), which is often cited as expressing the sentiments of the "non-xenophobic" Chinese position on the Hua–Yi distinction. In the essay, Chen wrote: "If one speaks in terms of geography, then there are Hua and Yi. But if one speaks in terms of education, then there can be no such difference. For the distinction between Hua and Yi rests in the heart and is determined by their different inclinations."
1168:
377:) he said, "If a gentleman-scholar dwells in their midst, what baseness can there be among them?" An alternate translation of the philosopher's Analect 9.14 is, "Someone said: 'They are vulgar. What can you do about them?' The Master said: 'A gentleman used to live there. How could they be vulgar?'" In both translations, the author is shown to believe in the superiority of the
141:
8182:
3714:
993:), which the Yongzheng Emperor published and distributed throughout the empire in 1730, was "to undermine the credibility of the hua/yi distinction." However, due to the fact that this tract also helped to expose many unsavoury aspects of court life and political intrigues in the imperial government, Yongzheng's successor the
5944:
3652:
899:
Although the Ming referred to the preceding Yuan as the "wild Yuan" (胡元), they also accepted the Yuan before them as a legitimate dynasty. The Hongwu
Emperor indicated on another occasion that he was happy to be born in the Yuan period and that the Yuan did legitimately receive the Mandate of Heaven
331:
Although China had been trading goods to and from
Europeans for centuries, it was not until the arrival of the industrialised European trade and colonialism in the 19th and 20th centuries that exposed Chinese civilisation to technological developments that had long outdated China's. As such, Chinese
1016:
However, the Qing adopted
Confucian philosophy and Han Chinese institutions to show that the Manchu rulers had received the Mandate of Heaven, while at the same time trying to retain their own indigenous culture. Due to the Manchus' adoption of Han Chinese culture, most Han Chinese (though not all)
895:
and issued a long manifesto, in which he labeled the Yuan as barbarians who had usurped the
Chinese throne, and who had inflicted atrocities such as rape and murder. He lists incidents where the Mongols massacred men in entire villages and appropriated the women. Zhu's northern military expedition
1362:
This sentiment was in large part due to the fact that the
Jurchens were descended from the Mohe people, who were once subjects of Goguryeo and Balhae. In addition, the Jurchens were widely recognised as "barbarians", as Jurchen tribes have been raiding and pillaging the northern border regions of
208:
claimed that
Chinese texts tended to overstate the distinction between the Chinese and their northern neighbours, ignoring many intergroup similarities. Nicola di Cosmo doubted the existence of a strong demarcation between the "Zhou Universe" and "a discrete, 'barbarian', non-Zhou universe" and
1401:) of the last Ming emperor. In private they referred to the Manchu emperors of Qing China as the "barbarian ruler" and Qing ambassadors as "barbarian ambassadors". These feelings could not be expressed as the "barbarians" held great power over Korea following their successful invasion in the
787:(whom the Song largely succeeded and who largely continued the rule of the Tang) were not barbarian or "Yi" but Chinese or "Hua" and that the Song had only descended from ruling groups that were Hua. Secondly, the Song asserted that the Liao and Western Xia, and later the
5238:
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551:
dynasties, adopted the
Chinese ruling systems and customs, with the former initially claiming to be a continuation of the Han dynasty. On the other hand, some of the barbarian states also established separate governing bodies for the "Han" and "Hu".
1642:, Emperor Minh Mạng implemented an acculturation integration policy directed at these peoples. He declared, "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs."
118:. The Hua–Yi distinction was not unique to China, but was also applied by various Vietnamese, Japanese, and Koreans regimes, all of whom considered themselves at one point in history to be legitimate successors to the Chinese civilization and the "
807:. However, the Yuan dynasty adopted a different approach to quelling the conflict. The Yuan asserted that the Song, Liao and Jin were all legitimate; therefore all three dynasties were given their own history, as recognition of their legitimacy.
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1482:
5272:
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period (770–256 BCE), when adherence to Zhou rituals became increasingly recognised as a "barometer of civilisation"; a meter for sophistication and cultural refinement. It is widely agreed by historians that the distinction between the
1649:
ordered traditional wrapped-skirt and cross-collar clothing which is very popular in
Sinosphere to be replaced by Qing and Ming-style clothing although isolated hamlets in northern Vietnam continued to wear skirts until the 1920s. The
530:
and other ethnic Han appealed to entrenched beliefs in the Hua–Yi distinction when calling for resistance to the Five
Barbarians and the Yi they represented. The Jin was eventually driven out of the north and relocated south of the
542:
Meanwhile, the "Five
Barbarians", who founded several of the Sixteen Kingdoms in northern China and Sichuan, often had to cooperate with the local Han people to consolidate their rules. The first two of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the
351:. Confucius argued that a state founded on the relatively cruel social codes of conquest and warlordism was barbaric in contrast to one founded on the principles of stately righteousness. In Analect 3.5, Confucius said, "The
332:
society was forced to undergo a modification of its traditional views of its relationships with "barbarians", and in particular could no longer regard everyone other than Chinese as objectively inferior uncultured barbarians.
1033:, "seed", "species", "race") started to dominate the intellectual scene" in the late 19th-century Qing dynasty and completed the "transition from cultural exclusiveness to racial exclusiveness in modern China" in the 1920s.
472:
apart, and there were a thousand years between them. Yet when they had their way in the Central Kingdoms, their actions matched like the two halves of a tally. The standards of the two sages, one earlier and one later, were
6830:
1100:, another title for the Chinese emperor (日出處天子致書日沒處天子無恙云云; "The Son of Heaven of where the sun rises is writing to the Son of Heaven of where the sun sets"). It was taken as an insult by the Chinese emperor of the time,
6870:
984:
also borrowed from Han Yu, indicating that Yi can become Hua and vice versa. In addition, according to Yongzheng, both Hua and Yi were now a part of the same family under the Qing. One of the goals of the tract
640:
deposed the Xianbei ruler of Northern Zhou and restored Han rule over North China. This event marked the end of all power that the Xianbei and other non-Han groups had over China, and racial tension subsided.
5260:
1136:
2090:
2088:
1468:
was heavily influenced by Chinese culture, taking language, architecture, and court practices from China. It also paid annual tribute to first the Ming and later Qing courts from 1374 until 1874.
7520:
5025:
904:, generally supported the idea that while the Chinese and the non-Chinese are different, they are actually equal. Liu was therefore arguing against the idea that Hua was and is superior to Yi.
6789:
1036:
Following the overthrow of the Qing, Sun Yat-sen allegedly went to the grave of Zhu Yuanzhang and told him that the Huaxia had been restored and the barbarians overthrown. However, after the
624:
on his people. The Xianbei language was outlawed and Xianbei people began to adopt surnames of the Han ethnicity; for example, the ruling clan of the Northern Wei originally bore the surname
700:
and several similar incidences of what they believed as incorrect racial privileging. Such was the discourse that Tang intellectual Chen An wrote an essay defending the governor's decision;
7748:
7515:
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6046:
5571:
7730:
3630:
957:, refused to serve the new dynasty because he claimed that upholding the difference between Huaxia and the Yi was more important than respecting the righteous bond between minister (
736:(755–763), which propelled the Tang into decline. An intellectual movement "to return to the pure... sources of orthodox thought and morality", including many of the concepts of the
7525:
5489:
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946:
was viewed as a symbolic gesture of servitude by many ethnic Han, who thought that changing their dress to the same as Yi would be contrary to the spirit of the Hua-Yi distinction.
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began to take territories inhabited by large numbers of Chinese and asserted that they too were Chinese and successors to the Tang, and posed legitimacy issues for Song rule.
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6514:
597:
Ran Min continues to be a controversial figure. He is considered by some to be a hero, whereas others believe he bore extreme prejudice arising from the Hua–Yi distinction.
6024:
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6304:
1498:
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7505:
7162:
791:, were barbarian states despite their control of large areas of traditional Han territory because they had not inherited any mandate from a legitimate, "Hua" dynasty.
189:
was "more political than cultural or ethnic". Lothar von Falkenhausen argues that the perceived contrast between "Chinese" and "Barbarians" was accentuated during the
102:
is usually translated as "barbarian", other translations of this term in English include "foreigners", "ordinary others", "wild tribes" and "uncivilized tribes". The
213:
popularised this concept, writing of the "chasm that had 'always' existed between China – the Hua-Hsia people – and the various alien groups inhabiting the north."
7660:
7341:
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4297:
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1359:; "Little China"). As the Joseon supported the Ming, they were reported to have extended a friendliness to the Ming that they did not display to the Qing dynasty.
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3606:[The 'Hua-Yi distinction' and scholar-officials' view of Hua and Yi in the late Tang and Five Dynasties: their recognition of the Shatuo regime].
2994:
Haboush, JaHyun Kim (2005). "Contesting Chinese Time, Nationalizing Temporal Space: Temporal Inscription in Late Choson Korea". In Struve, Lynn A. (ed.).
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to rule. Areas outside Sinocentric influence and the divine rule of the Emperor were considered to consist of uncivilised lands inhabited by barbarians.
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As the Ming dynasty fell, Korea was worried about its own security. This was due to previous instances in which Ming China aided Korea such as in the
8152:
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6438:
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1690:
1054:
The PRC did not abide by the concept of the Hua-Yi distinction and recognised the Liao, Jin, Yuan, and Qing as legitimate dynasties. Initially, the
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In response to rising concerns from citizenry and claims from Yi states such as the Western Xia, Song scholars stipulated that groups like the
267:
and other Asian countries. Although Han Chinese superiority had only been sporadically reinforced by displays of Chinese military power, their
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of Japan stated its perspective of being independent and equal to China in a diplomatic letter by referring to the Japanese ruler as the
486:
wars, the Jin allowed millions of "barbarian" people to reside in Jin territory. Many officials opposed this decision in the name of the
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as "barbarians", as he believed the workings of a civilised state should be founded on ethical conduct, which he said must stem from
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Vietnam and the Chinese Model: A Comparative Study of Vietnamese and Chinese Government in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
2405:
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3685:[The conflict between the Hua-Yi conception and the Divine-Land conception: on China-Japan relations in the early Ming].
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1373:. Long after the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the Joseon ruling elite and even the Joseon government continued to use the
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1813:, p. 286. Li explains that "Rong" meant something like "warlike foreigners" and "Yi" was close to "foreign conquerables".
1110:
was introduced into Japan about at the same time as Buddhism, but it was not encouraged to be spread as much as Buddhism was.
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50:
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Falkenhausen, Lothar von (1999). "The Waning of the Bronze Age: Material Culture and Social Developments, 770–481 B.C.". In
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1366:
Because Korea had been closely tied to Han Chinese, "barbarianism ruling China" became a major issue for discussion there.
582:. In 349 CE, after his promise to be made Crown Prince was reneged, Shi Min seized control of the emperor and the capital,
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Korean Goryeo and Joseon kingdoms for centuries. This sentiment did not disappear even after Qing completed sinicisation.
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322:(551–479 BCE) was prompted to formulate principles for relationships with the barbarians, briefly recorded in two of his
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3243:(2005). "Beasts or humans: Pre-Imperial origins of Sino-Barbarian Dichotomy". In Amitai, Reuven; Biran, Michal (eds.).
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Towards the end of the Ming dynasty, Ming loyalists invoked the Hua-Yi distinction to urge the Chinese to resist the
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During the Qing, the Qing destroyed writings that criticised the Liao, Jin and Yuan using the Hua–Yi distinction.
1004:) recalled the tracts and had them burned for the fear that it would undermine the legitimacy of the Qing empire.
760:, for three short-lived dynasties while the south was ruled by ethnic Han. Their legitimacy was recognised by the
756:
The "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" was a period in which the north of China was ruled by a non-Han people, the
692:
This cosmopolitan policy caused controversy among the literati, many of whom questioned the recommendation of the
590:
in 350, he attempted to win back the support of the tribes, but in 352, his regime was toppled by the Xianbei-led
527:
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Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China
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Zhu Yuanzhang and Early Ming Legislation: The Reordering of Chinese Society Following the Era of Mongol Rule
1412:
Over time the Qing government exerted more power over Joseon Korea. This would eventually turn Korea into a
1406:
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1182:
1071:
741:
454:
believed that Confucian practices were universal and timeless, and thus, followed by both Hua and Yi people.
248:
119:
6453:
2369:
439:, leading to the creation of the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou would later contribute as much as the Shang to the
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3601:"'Hua-Yi zhi bian' yu Tangmo Wudai shiren de Hua-Yi guan – shiren qunti dui Shatuo zhengquan de rentong"
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1233:
823:("assorted categories"): a term for non-Chinese and non-Mongol foreigners who occupied the second slate;
300:
217:
7707:
6638:
5686:
4716:
2529:
465:
was a Western barbarian; he was born in Ch'i Chou and died in Pi Ying. Their native places were over a
1541:
1525:
896:
had been a success; Beijing was captured in the same year and China was again governed by ethnic Han.
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Arguments that excoriated the Tang's lax attitude towards foreigners were strengthened by the Yi-led
697:
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and other major Tang cities for business or study. These people brought their religions and customs:
167:
6089:
5951:
1552:
Vietnamese dynasties competed for primacy, adopting the same descriptive term, "Central State" (中國;
574:
ethnicity, who had a practice of heavily adopting people into their family. One of these people was
340:
Confucius lived during a time of war between Chinese states. He regarded people who did not respect
88:, which they contrasted with the surrounding regions home to outsiders, conventionally known as the
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2016:
quote "孟子曰：「舜生於諸馮，遷於負夏，卒於鳴條，東夷之人也。文王生於岐周，卒於畢郢，西夷之人也。地之相去也，千有餘里；世之相後也，千有餘歲。得志行乎中國，若合符節。先聖後聖，其揆一也。」"
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Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA
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225:
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1942:
1040:
revolution, Sun also advocated that all ethnic groups in China were part of the Chinese family.
810:
Despite this, the Yuan racially segregated their people; dividing society into four categories:
578:(later named Ran Min), a Han Chinese who was the adoptive grandson of Later Zhao's third ruler,
2937:
Dikötter, Frank (1990). "Group Definition and the Idea of 'Race' in Modern China (1793-1949)".
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and were viewed as barbaric by the dominant Han population, although they did not last long in
369:, notes that when Confucius was threatening to take residence among the nine barbarian states (
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Southern Vietnam Under the Reign of Minh Mạng (1820-1841): Central Policies and Local Response
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was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao.
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barbarian tribes with rulers are not as viable as the various Chinese states without them."
272:
159:
740:, also targeted "foreign" religions, as exemplified by Han Yu's diatribe against Buddhism.
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2526:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries"
1949:
1705:
1382:
1340:
432:
152:
135:
89:
5651:
2621:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History
923:
slaves, Chinese soldiers took Hmong women as wives and colonised the southern provinces.
829:(漢人): a term for the Han Chinese, Jurchens, and Khitan under the rule of the Jin dynasty;
799:
Concerns over legitimacy were not limited to the Song alone: states rose up again in the
772:
The Song dynasty saw both an economic boom and invasion by alien states. States like the
6101:
4709:
942:'s order that all subjects shave their forehead and braid the rest of their hair into a
7622:
7429:
7041:
6669:
6665:
6316:
5934:
5891:
5873:
5713:
5554:
5184:
5018:
4806:
4794:
4480:
4365:
4041:
4026:
4016:
3918:
3820:
3511:
3156:
3077:
Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC
1658:, which were close fitting and compact, were added to this Chinese style in the 1920s.
1465:
1413:
1114:
1049:
950:
666:
483:
2391:
1639:
1580:
8201:
8011:
7963:
7405:
7031:
5194:
4518:
4499:
4443:
4397:
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4229:
4224:
4101:
4094:
3760:
3732:
3516:
3357:
2781:
2138:
1763:, pp. 10–11 Liu believes the Chinese in early China did not originally think of
1685:
1655:
1097:
927:
888:
436:
427:
390:
276:
240:(221 BCE–206 CE) further contributed to the divide with its creation of a persistent
5441:
2413:
1619:
1453:
836:
In addition, the Yuan also divided society into 10 castes, based on "desirability":
6129:
5776:
5598:
5297:
4746:
4704:
4633:
4370:
4255:
4209:
4197:
4140:
4106:
3765:
2868:
1635:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1107:
954:
939:
912:
892:
876:
800:
773:
761:
650:
621:
609:
458:
318:. It was in an attempt of how best to deal with this problem that the philosopher,
315:
268:
190:
171:
163:
144:
131:
115:
31:
3583:
3375:
3367:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC
3222:
2998:. Association for Asian Studies and University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 115–41.
2950:
953:(1629–1683), who lived through the transition between the Ming and the Manchu-led
110:
distinction asserted Chinese superiority, but implied that outsiders could become
17:
3547:
3491:
3470:
3336:
3315:
3294:
3273:
3244:
3192:
3136:
3115:
3075:
3051:
3030:
2974:
2917:
2896:
2872:
2806:
2785:
2771:
2712:
2685:
2328:
1081:
In ancient times Japan seems to have had a vassal relationship with China. In 57
8130:
7909:
6412:
6397:
6079:
6054:
6030:
5400:
5388:
5310:
4886:
4699:
4503:
4239:
4187:
4162:
4145:
4084:
3452:
3317:
The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands
2851:
1785:
1584:
1437:
1167:
1010:
916:
826:
804:
777:
674:
654:
523:
518:
409:
406:
372:
310:
tribes from the north, west and even south. These people were being labelled as
294:
282:
241:
237:
221:
3574:[The evolution of Tan Sitong's thinking on the 'Hua-Yi distinction'].
3032:
The Analects of Confucius: A Literal Translation with an Introduction and Notes
1145:, who first stated Japanese independence and equal status to China. Drawing by
1013:
also used the Hua–Yi distinction to justify the overthrow of the Qing dynasty.
973:, influenced by Lü's works, called for the overthrow of the Manchu regime. The
314:
by the Chinese who believed themselves to be more refined and who had begun to
7968:
7871:
6975:
6784:
6618:
6188:
4850:
4438:
4192:
4150:
4136:
4004:
3989:
3680:"Hua-Yi sixiang he Shenguo sixiang de chongtu: lun Zhong-Ri guanxi de fazhan"
3254:
3240:
2919:
Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History
2645:
Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006).
1711:
1700:
1067:
591:
583:
571:
567:
3626:
3615:
Bulletin of the Yantai Normal Academy (Philosophy and Social Science edition)
3138:
Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921-1945
2839:
1661:
Up to 1812, the 1644 Ming Datong calendar was used by the Nguyễn in Vietnam.
653:, various ethnic groups including Koreans, Indians and Tibetans journeyed to
7248:
6895:
6361:
6019:
5896:
5726:
5209:
4540:
4219:
4214:
4177:
4172:
4036:
3979:
3964:
3833:
3448:
3162:
3021:
3013:
2847:
1670:
901:
548:
466:
319:
210:
82:. They defined themselves as part of cultural and political region known as
35:
1777:
832:
Southerner (南人): a term for Han Chinese under the rule of the Song dynasty.
3752:
2687:
Searching for Vietnam: Selected Writings on Vietnamese Culture and Society
7570:
7292:
6313:
4234:
4182:
2773:
The dao of Muhammad: a cultural history of Muslims in late imperial China
1623:
1604:
1565:
1557:
658:
544:
366:
324:
264:
1085:
sent an imperial seal which mentions "King of Japan" (漢委奴國王) and in 239
306:
Throughout history, Chinese frontiers had been periodically attacked by
7931:
7412:
7302:
4021:
3999:
3949:
3853:
2996:
Time, Temporality, and Imperial Transition: East Asia from Ming to Qing
2828:"The Rise of East Asia and the Withering Away of the Interstate System"
1086:
872:
814:
693:
613:
587:
575:
561:
539:, who were all Han Chinese, portrayed the non-Han rulers as barbaric.
532:
490:
distinction, claiming that if the barbarians did not identify with the
451:
260:
140:
3736:
3396:
Minority Rules: The Miao and the Feminine in China's Cultural Politics
2452:. ido.3mt.com.cn. 2009-01-24. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18
435:"led the lords of the western barbarians" on a journey to conquer the
400:
64:
61:
58:
55:
4454:
4031:
3944:
3215:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644
2013:
1651:
1332:
920:
784:
757:
718:
579:
491:
352:
186:
182:
148:
94:
84:
69:
696:
governor for the participation of Arab-born Li Yan-sheng in the 847
3246:
Mongols, Turks, and Others: Eurasian Nomads and the Sedentary World
3173:
Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu
2235:[On Liu Ji's Mentality as a Dweller of Subjugated Empire].
5089:
4986:
3969:
1392:
1350:
1285:
662:
625:
413:) and does not attempt to marginalise them. This implies that the
356:
307:
256:
252:
139:
3789:
2741:
London: The Selden Map and the Making of a Global City, 1549-1689
228:, leading to the first of the distinctions between the 'refined'
181:), the contrast between the 'Chinese' Zhou and the 'non-Chinese'
3974:
1627:
820:
744:
passed decrees in line with these views, especially restricting
8109:
8054:
7686:
7213:
6286:
6275:
4918:
4661:
4425:
4064:
3898:
3793:
2333:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 146–149.
450:
that needed to be overcome to 'purify' China. Zhou philosopher
1161:
3275:
Crimson Rain: Seven Centuries of Violence in a Chinese County
2105:
2103:
1062:
Conceptualisation of the Hua–Yi distinction in the Sinosphere
748:
and Buddhism, but this policy was relaxed by his successors.
612:(a state that controlled the north of China), who was of the
482:
In order to alleviate the shortages of labour caused by the
3775:
Guoji zhengzhi xin yinsu yu Mingchao houqi Hua-Yi zhi bian'
2898:
The Origins of Statecraft in China: The Western Chou Empire
220:
brought the first unified Chinese state—established by the
900:
to rule over China. In addition, one of his key advisors,
3665:[The Hua-Yi distinction and cultural centrism].
2231:
Zhou Songfang (周松芳) (2005). "Lun Liu Ji de Yimin Xintai"
2063:
2061:
1984:
1982:
1613:
the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders
1089:
sent a seal for "pro-Wei King of Japan" (親魏倭王) to Japan.
1556:), while the Chinese were "outsiders". For example, the
1104:, since Heaven is only supposed to have one eldest Son.
555:
316:
build cities and live an urban life based on agriculture
7731:
Professionalization and institutionalization of history
2874:
The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics
2314:, p. 84. Lü's original sentence was 「華夷之分，大於君臣之義。」
1113:
Some Japanese philosophers, like the neo-Confucianists
3608:
Yantai shifan xueyuan xuebao (Zhexue shehui kexue ban)
2787:
The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation
1615:") when differentiating between Khmer and Vietnamese.
8023:
Heroic theory of invention and scientific development
2546:
The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History
1311:
Joseon official dress inherited from the Ming dynasty
6871:
Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe
2976:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
1645:
Clothing was also affected by Nguyễn policies. Lord
226:
forcibly standardized the traditional Chinese script
162:
was composed of a group of states that arose in the
7999:
7803:
7762:
7538:
7489:
7224:
7150:
7114:
7008:
6962:
6926:
6856:
6808:
6770:
6730:
6689:
6606:
6437:
6428:
6347:
6247:
6209:
6145:
6112:
6003:
5927:
5884:
5825:
5790:
5762:
5697:
5624:
5530:
5458:
5172:
5101:
5034:
4996:
4929:
4847:
4739:
4672:
4471:
4248:
4115:
4077:
3937:
3911:
3194:
A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts
2808:
Global Communication Without Universal Civilization
526:that occurred at the start of the 4th century, the
224:in 221 BCE—who established the imperial system and
6831:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
3515:
2273:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
1952:City University of New York. Retrieved 11 Jan 2009
911:, Ming forces engaged in massive slaughter of the
446:Not all Zhou regarded the Hua–Yi distinction as a
3582:]. Vol. 2005, no. 8. Archived from
3569:"Tan Sitong 'Hua-Yi zhi bian' sixiang de yanjin"
3422:] (in Vietnamese). Nhã Nam Publishing House.
3370:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 450–544.
3207:"The Ch'eng-hua and Hung-chih reigns, 1465–1505"
2714:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads
2469:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
817:: the ruling group and hence, the most important
4298:Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought
1943:"The Disposition of Error (c. 5th Century BCE)"
1595:(漢人), while they referred to ethnic Chinese as
1583:claimed the legacy of Confucianism and China's
1017:accepted the Manchus as the legitimate rulers.
456:
2495:
1122:
7879:Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church
7749:Western European colonialism and colonization
6298:
3805:
3689:. Beijing Tushuguan Chubanshe. Archived from
1882:
1587:for Vietnam. Vietnamese called themselves as
1058:condemned all Chinese dynasties as "feudal."
494:, they would conspire to destroy the empire.
370:
292:
280:
8:
3099:. Inner Mongolian People's publishing corp.
2744:. University of Chicago Press. p. 188.
2549:. University of Hawai`i Press. p. 115.
1930:
1822:
1396:
1386:
1354:
1344:
1121:claimed that Japan was the "Central State" (
3724:" 夷夏之辨與佛教 . Retrieved on January 16, 2009.
3217:. Cambridge University Press. p. 380.
2365:
1196:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
8106:
8051:
7759:
7683:
7486:
7221:
7210:
6805:
6686:
6434:
6305:
6291:
6283:
6272:
6206:
5455:
5031:
4926:
4915:
4844:
4669:
4658:
4468:
4422:
4074:
4061:
3908:
3895:
3812:
3798:
3790:
3673:(2). Central University of Hong Kong: 23–.
271:treated these countries as vassals of the
6934:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2311:
2276:. Columbia University Press. p. 43.
2003:
1572:(高蛮), the country of "upper barbarians".
1260:Learn how and when to remove this message
78:), referred to by some historians as the
8153:Historical geographic information system
2671:
2507:
2353:
1870:
1858:
1748:
1691:List of recipients of tribute from China
919:; after castrating Hmong boys to use as
556:Ran Min's order to kill the "barbarians"
3053:Okinawa:The History of an Island People
2857:Annotated Records of the Three Kingdoms
2434:
2299:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2170:
2109:
2094:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2040:
2028:
1988:
1894:
1846:
1834:
1760:
1729:
1478:
1426:
1299:Korean court dress resembles Ming hanfu
1274:
1132:
628:but it was abandoned in favor of Yuan.
7793:English historical school of economics
5845:Historical Series of the Bank of Italy
3737:"Talk about 'Barbarians' in Antiquity"
2717:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 285.
2690:. Kyoto University Press. p. 64.
2462:
2259:
2158:
2121:
1918:
1681:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
417:distinction was not universally held.
394:character dictionary (121 CE) defines
7989:Revisionist school of Islamic studies
7828:Historical reliability of the Gospels
3720:Liu Lifu 刘立夫 and Heng Yu 恆毓 (2000). "
3639:Jindai sixiangshi shang de minzuzhuyi
3399:. Duke University Press. p. 61.
2963:The Discourse of Race in Modern China
1973:
1961:
1736:
1371:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)
7:
8181:
5806:More Irish than the Irish themselves
3651:(6). Retrieved on January 16, 2009.
3552:. Sinica Leidensia, vol. 34. Brill.
2601:
2585:
2569:
2483:
2263:
2255:
1906:
1798:
1194:adding citations to reliable sources
6876:Functionalism–intentionalism debate
1676:Foreign relations of imperial China
1630:kingdoms and various tribes on the
1284:Korean ritual dress resembles Ming
7889:Hermeneutics of Vatican Council II
5833:Fourth Italian War of Independence
2381:
1810:
1029:says the Chinese "idea of 'race' (
915:and other native ethnic groups in
404:) or "people of eastern regions" (
365:, a fifth-century tract defending
232:and the increasingly marginalised
116:adopting their culture and customs
25:
8213:Historical controversies in China
3518:A History of Chinese Civilization
3165:. Middlesex: Penguin Books. 1970.
2832:Journal of World-Systems Research
2776:. Harvard University Asia Center.
2524:Danny Wong Tze Ken (March 2004).
1696:List of tributary states of China
1043:
431:record that the founder of Zhou,
8238:History of China–Korea relations
8180:
8171:
8170:
7187:
7186:
7028:Palestinian expulsion and flight
5540:5000-year civilization assertion
5116:Nadir of American race relations
2135:""孔子之作春秋也，诸侯用夷礼，则夷之；进于中国，则中国之.""
1533:
1517:
1512:) wearing Vietnamese court dress
1497:
1481:
1445:
1429:
1304:
1292:
1277:
1166:
1135:
287:), who was in possession of the
166:valley. According to historian
8017:Protestant Ethic and Capitalism
6891:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
6826:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising
6633:Causes of the Armenian genocide
4942:Pyramid construction techniques
4509:Comparative historical research
4127:Library and information science
3430:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty
3176:. University of Hawai`i Press.
2901:. University of Chicago Press.
2624:. Berghahn Books. p. 209.
2242:. No. 4. pp. 112–117.
1564:as a name for Vietnam in 1805.
1488:Le period northern Vietnamese (
999:
752:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
514:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
504:Uprising of the Five Barbarians
209:claimed that Chinese historian
8029:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7979:Religionsgeschichtliche Schule
7788:Historical school of economics
7725:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
7163:Gunpowder and gun transmission
7037:Zionism as settler colonialism
6042:Limpieza de sangre controversy
5009:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis
3603:"华夷之辨"与唐末五代士人的华夷观–士人群体对沙陀政权的认同
3522:. Cambridge University Press.
3427:Tsai, Shih-shan Henry (1996).
3320:. Cambridge University Press.
3080:. Cambridge University Press.
2922:. Cambridge University Press.
1397:
1387:
1355:
1345:
710:
705:
616:people attempted to eliminate
74:
54:
1:
7838:Opposition to Papal supremacy
5026:Indigenous population history
3376:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.009
3278:. Stanford University Press.
3223:10.1017/CHOL9780521243322.008
3197:. East India Company's Press.
3141:. Stanford University Press.
3097:5000 years of Chinese history
2951:10.1080/01419870.1990.9993681
2738:Batchelor, Robert K. (2014).
2410:Korea in the Eye of the Tiger
2270:Bowman, John Stewart (2000).
1335:began to refer to itself as "
1127:; Chūgoku) instead of China.
247:The Han Chinese civilisation
175:
7754:Desacralization of knowledge
6025:Carlism in the Francoist era
5993:Holodomor in modern politics
3707:Ditu shang de 'Tianxia guan'
3475:. Harvard Univ Asia Center.
3469:Woodside, Alexander (1971).
3120:. Harvard University Press.
2965:. Stanford University Press.
2770:Benite, Zvi Ben-Dor (2005).
2711:Anthony Reid (2 June 2015).
2406:"Ch 12 – Japanese Invasions"
1416:to limit foreign influence.
1403:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
871:The Yuan rulers were ethnic
725:, "When Confucius wrote the
717:A prominent Tang Confucian,
689:), all of which flourished.
570:was founded the Shi clan of
202:emerged during that period.
8146:Historiographic metafiction
8056:Organizations, publications
7845:Proto-orthodox Christianity
6795:German resistance to Nazism
6651:Persian famine of 1917–1919
6061:Islamic revolution of Spain
5988:Holodomor genocide question
5864:Revisionism of Risorgimento
5858:Rerum italicarum scriptores
5839:Historiae Patriae Monumenta
5606:Self-Strengthening Movement
4756:decolonization of knowledge
3705:Huang Shijian 黄时鉴 (2008). "
3035:. Oxford University Press.
2863:. Taipei: Dingwen Printing.
1620:Vietnam conquered territory
1603:(唐人). For example, Emperor
1456:wearing Chinese court dress
1440:wearing Chinese court dress
620:from his state by imposing
8269:
7943:Wissenschaft des Judentums
7920:Criticism of Protestantism
6800:Nazi foreign policy debate
6231:Second colonial occupation
5978:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
5616:Tibetan sovereignty debate
5160:Progressive-era historians
4595:Nationalization of history
4546:Historical-critical method
3773:Pang Naiming 庞乃明 (2008). "
3678:He Yingying (何英莺) (2003).
3659:Guan Jiayue (關嘉耀) (2003).
3580:Culture and History Vision
3546:Farmer, Edward L. (1995).
3433:. SUNY Press. p. 16.
3249:. Brill. pp. 59–102.
2838:(15): 1–35. Archived from
2826:Arrighi, Giovanni (1996).
2784:; Rosemont, Henry (1999).
2651:. Routledge. p. 474.
1492:) clothing in 17th century
1065:
1047:
1044:People's Republic of China
559:
501:
242:Han ethnocultural identity
129:
27:Historical Chinese concept
8165:
8116:
8105:
8061:
8050:
7693:
7682:
7220:
7209:
7181:
6948:Second Sino-Japanese War
6323:
6282:
6271:
5753:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
4925:
4914:
4668:
4657:
4434:
4421:
4073:
4060:
3907:
3894:
3827:
3722:Yi-Xia zhi bian yu Fojiao
3637:Geng Yunzhi 耿云志 (2006). "
3490:Wook, Choi Byung (2004).
3272:Rowe, William T. (2007).
3255:10.1163/9789047406334_009
3209:. In Mote, Frederick W.;
3191:Morrison, Robert (1823).
3095:Li Bo; Zheng Yin (2001).
2973:; Walthall, Anne (2013).
2939:Ethnic and Racial Studies
2916:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2002).
2327:; Goldman, Merle (1998).
1883:Ebrey & Walthall 2013
1778:"Shangshu, Tribute of Yu"
1123:
990:
962:
958:
803:, as its rulers were non-
517:
405:
399:
381:culture over that of the
371:
342:the traditional value of
293:
281:
122:" in imitation of China.
34:, the inhabitants of the
7703:Crisis of historiography
6866:Auschwitz bombing debate
6552:Indian Rebellion of 1857
6403:Late Bronze Age collapse
6337:List of military museums
5940:Pre-Revolutionary Russia
5912:Polish People's Republic
5747:Sybel-Ficker controversy
5111:African-American history
5084:Colonial Spanish America
4873:Second Thirty Years' War
3741:Philosophy East and West
3686:
3682:华夷思想和神国思想的冲突一一论明初中日关系的发展
3681:
3666:
3661:
3610:
3602:
3599:Fan Wenli (樊文礼) (2004).
3575:
3570:
3456:
3293:Shelach, Gideon (1999).
3170:Mair, Victor H. (1998).
3029:Huang, Chichung (1997).
2859:
2448:
2239:
2232:
1931:Ames & Rosemont 1999
738:Classical Prose Movement
636:In 581, the Sui emperor
535:. The historians of the
363:The Disposition of Error
80:Sino–barbarian dichotomy
8248:China–Vietnam relations
6816:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
6675:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
6226:Porter–MacKenzie debate
5983:Causes of the Holodomor
5520:Problem of two emperors
5468:Catilinarian conspiracy
4695:Historical significance
4556:Indiscipline of history
4531:Historical anthropology
3769:(subscription required)
3567:Luo Xiang (罗骧) (2005).
3420:A Thousand Years Ao Hat
3414:Trần Quang Đức (2013).
3393:Schein, Louisa (2000).
2971:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley
2893:Creel, Herrlee Glessner
2684:A. Terry Rambo (2005).
2543:Norman G. Owen (2005).
1407:Qing invasion of Joseon
1087:Emperor Ming of Cao Wei
1072:Little China (ideology)
742:Emperor Wenzong of Tang
7910:Protestant Reformation
7884:Second Vatican Council
7862:Succession to Muhammad
7857:Criticism of the Quran
7608:Religious perspectives
7342:Klemens von Metternich
6939:"Battle for Australia"
6821:Soviet offensive plans
6790:Broad vs. narrow front
6629:Late Ottoman genocides
5562:Century of humiliation
5343:Goguryeo controversies
5321:2,500-year celebration
4979:Double genocide theory
4766:Historical negationism
4590:Ancestral civilisation
4578:Historical materialism
4536:Historical determinism
4486:History of mentalities
3764: – via
3464:]. Zhonghua Shuju.
3362:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
3338:The New Chinese Empire
3335:Terrill, Ross (2003).
3114:Liu, Lydia He (2004).
2877:. Simon and Schuster.
2618:A. Dirk Moses (2008).
2449:朝鲜皇室的"反清复明"计划：为报援朝抗日之恩
2404:Caraway, Bill (1996).
1083:Emperor Guangwu of Han
864:Confucian scholars (儒)
702:The Heart of Being Hua
475:
398:as "level; peaceful" (
216:The conclusion of the
156:
8243:China–Japan relations
8034:Torsion mangonel myth
7937:Modern Jewish history
7932:Jesuit historiography
7925:Protestant work ethic
7905:Hesychast controversy
7770:Industrial Revolution
7720:Library of Alexandria
7638:The Lord of the Rings
7288:Constantine the Great
7168:Torsion mangonel myth
7100:Sri Lankan Civil War
6179:Storm over the gentry
6080:Colonies or Provinces
5611:Sprouts of capitalism
4685:Historic preservation
4680:Change and continuity
3777:" 国际政治新因素与明朝后期华夷之辨 .
3753:10.1353/pew.2012.0063
3496:. SEAP Publications.
3314:Shin, Leo K. (2006).
3135:Liu Xiaoyuan (2004).
3056:. Tuttle Publishing.
3050:Kerr, George (2000).
2302:, pp. 1018–1032.
1767:as a derogatory term.
1568:was regularly called
1506:Nguyễn Phúc Miên Thẩm
879:(from 1271 to 1368).
721:, wrote in his essay
698:imperial examinations
218:Warring States period
143:
8121:Commemorative plaque
7337:Juan Manuel de Rosas
6785:"Blitzkrieg" concept
6656:Powder keg of Europe
6531:Franco-Prussian War
6201:Winter of Discontent
6184:Suffragette Campaign
5851:Italiani brava gente
5817:Revolutionary period
5639:Frankish Interregnum
5572:"Chineseness" debate
5505:Byzantine succession
5490:Fall of Western Rome
5431:Executed Renaissance
4920:By country or region
4864:Age of Enlightenment
4838:Vaticinium ex eventu
4785:Modernisation theory
4619:Quantitative history
3995:Historical documents
3117:The Clash of Empires
2979:. Cengage Learning.
2805:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
2790:. Ballantine Books.
2330:China: A New History
1528:wearing casual dress
1331:in 1644, the Korean
1209:"Hua–Yi distinction"
1190:improve this section
967:Imperial examination
601:Northern Wei dynasty
251:neighbouring states
40:distinction between
7950:Schools of thought
7915:Proto-Protestantism
7784:School of Thoughts
7666:William Shakespeare
7651:Robert Falcon Scott
7556:Friedrich Nietzsche
7394:Cult of personality
7379:Neville Chamberlain
7239:Alexander the Great
7121:Russo-Georgian War
7094:Sovereignty dispute
7073:Iranian Revolution
6903:"Polish death camp"
6880:In relation to the
6589:Myth of English aid
6580:War of the Pacific
6357:Albigensian Crusade
5782:Indigenous Aryanism
5478:Constantinian shift
5014:Residential schools
4771:Historian's fallacy
4690:Historic recurrence
4188:Numismatics (Money)
3960:Archaeological site
3884:theories of history
3709:" 地图上的"天下观" . From
2871:(6 November 2007).
2496:Trần Quang Đức 2013
2325:Fairbank, John King
2300:Li & Zheng 2001
2221:, pp. 920–924.
2219:Li & Zheng 2001
2209:, pp. 920–927.
2207:Li & Zheng 2001
2197:, pp. 920–921.
2195:Li & Zheng 2001
2185:, pp. 823–826.
2183:Li & Zheng 2001
2173:, pp. 778–788.
2171:Li & Zheng 2001
2161:, pp. 294–295.
2112:, pp. 679–687.
2110:Li & Zheng 2001
2095:Li & Zheng 2001
2082:, pp. 456–458.
2080:Li & Zheng 2001
2068:Li & Zheng 2001
2055:, pp. 393–401.
2053:Li & Zheng 2001
2043:, pp. 387–389.
2041:Li & Zheng 2001
2029:Li & Zheng 2001
1989:Li & Zheng 2001
1751:, pp. 586–587.
1102:Emperor Yang of Sui
965:). In 1728, failed
843:Minor officials (吏)
734:An Lushan Rebellion
683:Syriac Christianity
179: 1041–771 BCE
8228:Culture of Vietnam
8141:Historical realism
8136:Historical fiction
8081:History institutes
8071:Historical society
8066:Heritage registers
7954:Biblical criticism
7867:Islamic golden age
7818:Early Christianity
7698:Bears in antiquity
7586:Medieval Christian
7384:Pedro II of Brazil
7332:José de San Martín
7136:Syrian revolution
7048:Malayan Emergency
7023:1948 Palestine war
6756:Spanish Civil War
6706:War guilt question
6515:American Civil War
6495:Invasion of Russia
6471:New Russian School
6255:Colonial Australia
5971:October Revolution
5734:Strukturgeschichte
5670:Location of Alésia
5589:Hua–Yi distinction
5510:Moscow, third Rome
5126:Reconstruction era
4947:Black Egypt Thesis
4869:European Civil War
4825:Translatio imperii
4780:Invented tradition
3901:Historical sources
3726:Google translation
3715:Google translation
3653:Google translation
3611:烟台师范学院学报 (哲学社会科学版)
3203:Mote, Frederick W.
2437:, pp. 131–32.
1948:2011-04-21 at the
1837:, pp. 222–23.
849:Taoist priests (道)
846:Buddhist monks (僧)
840:High officials (官)
592:Former Yan dynasty
568:Later Zhao dynasty
537:Southern dynasties
522:) and ravaging of
269:Sinocentric system
157:
126:Historical context
92:(literally, "four
18:Hua-Yi Distinction
8195:
8194:
8161:
8160:
8101:
8100:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8041:
7959:Catholic theology
7813:Avestan geography
7678:
7677:
7674:
7673:
7661:Søren Kierkegaard
7534:
7533:
7445:Warren G. Harding
7205:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7004:
7003:
6882:Armenian genocide
6745:Polish–Soviet War
6740:Burning of Smyrna
6726:
6725:
6716:Reichstag inquiry
6639:Patriotic consent
6510:
6509:
6485:War in the Vendée
6449:French Revolution
6431:century conflicts
6420:Peloponnesian War
6381:Eighty Years' War
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6172:Westminster Stone
5869:Southern question
5708:Alltagsgeschichte
5658:Legendary Saracen
5360:Early settlements
5168:
5167:
5148:Political history
5133:Consensus history
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4892:Continuity thesis
4831:Translatio studii
4717:Theory of history
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4607:Subaltern Studies
4492:Nouvelle histoire
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4329:Medieval churches
4316:Geistesgeschichte
4260:Paleoanthropology
4168:Encyclopaedistics
4056:
4055:
4052:
4051:
3924:Secondary sources
3529:978-0-521-49781-7
3503:978-0-87727-138-3
3482:978-0-674-93721-5
3440:978-0-7914-2687-6
3385:978-0-521-47030-8
3348:978-0-86840-758-6
3327:978-0-521-85354-5
3306:978-0-306-46090-6
3285:978-0-8047-5496-5
3264:978-90-04-14096-7
3232:978-0-521-24332-2
3183:978-0-8248-2038-1
3148:978-0-8047-4960-2
3127:978-0-674-01307-0
3087:978-1-139-45688-3
3063:978-1-4629-0184-5
3042:978-0-19-506157-4
3005:978-0-8248-2827-1
2986:978-1-133-60647-5
2929:978-1-139-43165-1
2908:978-0-226-12044-7
2884:978-1-4165-5263-5
2818:978-2-88155-004-1
2797:978-0-345-43407-4
2724:978-0-631-17961-0
2697:978-1-920901-05-9
2658:978-1-134-23881-1
2631:978-1-84545-452-4
2556:978-0-8248-2890-5
2340:978-0-674-11673-3
2283:978-0-231-11004-4
1823:Falkenhausen 1999
1654:was created when
1647:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát
1632:Central Highlands
1581:Minh Mạng Emperor
1524:Tây Sơn Mandarin
1375:Chongzhen Emperor
1270:
1269:
1262:
1244:
1038:Republic of China
1021:Republic of China
982:Yongzheng Emperor
975:Yongzheng Emperor
961:) and sovereign (
746:Iranian religions
289:Mandate of Heaven
16:(Redirected from
8260:
8233:Confucian ethics
8223:Culture of Korea
8218:Culture of Japan
8184:
8183:
8174:
8173:
8126:Documentary film
8107:
8086:History journals
8052:
8025:
7897:
7833:Primacy of Peter
7780:Great Depression
7760:
7733:
7711:
7684:
7632:J. R. R. Tolkien
7487:
7482:
7470:
7458:
7440:Ulysses S. Grant
7435:Thomas Jefferson
7426:
7402:
7365:
7328:
7316:
7284:
7272:
7264:Chiang Ching-kuo
7254:Cato the Younger
7244:Amin al-Husseini
7222:
7211:
7190:
7189:
7173:War and genocide
6997:
6983:Résistancialisme
6970:Battle of France
6952:Nanjing Massacre
6806:
6687:
6683:
6647:
6597:
6479:
6462:
6435:
6362:Catharism debate
6348:pre-18th century
6330:Military history
6307:
6300:
6293:
6284:
6277:By war, conflict
6273:
6221:Cambridge School
6207:
6105:
6093:
6069:
6050:
5960:
5948:
5920:
5742:
5720:Historikerstreit
5690:
5678:
5666:
5647:
5633:Cordon sanitaire
5579:New Qing History
5567:Conquest dynasty
5558:
5473:Christianization
5456:
5375:
5288:
5276:
5264:
5242:
5230:
5222:Byzantine Empire
5077:Iquicha Royalism
5066:
5032:
4955:
4927:
4916:
4859:Age of Discovery
4848:Periodization of
4845:
4819:Transhistoricity
4814:Thirty-year rule
4725:
4713:
4670:
4659:
4639:Great Man theory
4602:People's history
4564:
4469:
4461:Three-age system
4423:
4123:Archival science
4075:
4062:
3929:Tertiary sources
3909:
3896:
3845:by area of study
3814:
3807:
3800:
3791:
3770:
3763:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3674:
3641:" 近代思想史上的民族主义 .
3634:
3631:(2004)03-0028-05
3595:
3593:
3591:
3563:
3533:
3521:
3507:
3486:
3465:
3444:
3423:
3410:
3389:
3352:
3331:
3310:
3289:
3268:
3236:
3211:Twitchett, Denis
3198:
3187:
3166:
3161:. Translated by
3152:
3131:
3110:
3091:
3067:
3046:
3025:
2990:
2966:
2954:
2933:
2912:
2888:
2864:
2843:
2822:
2801:
2777:
2756:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2583:
2577:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2528:. Archived from
2521:
2515:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2416:on April 3, 2009
2412:. Archived from
2401:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2366:Chen and Pei 429
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2137:. Archived from
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1784:. Translated by
1774:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1558:Gia Long Emperor
1537:
1521:
1510:Tùng Thiện Vương
1501:
1485:
1449:
1433:
1405:in 1627 and the
1400:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1308:
1296:
1281:
1265:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1202:
1170:
1162:
1139:
1126:
1125:
1119:Aizawa Seishisai
1092:However, in 607
1003:
1002: 1736–1796
1001:
995:Qianlong Emperor
992:
964:
960:
712:
707:
521:
508:Sixteen Kingdoms
498:Sixteen Kingdoms
448:cultural barrier
412:
403:
376:
375:
298:
297:
286:
285:
273:emperor of China
180:
177:
76:
67:
38:began to make a
30:During the late
21:
8268:
8267:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8208:Chinese culture
8198:
8197:
8196:
8191:
8190:
8157:
8112:
8097:
8057:
8038:
8021:
8004:
7995:
7891:
7799:
7775:Great Recession
7758:
7729:
7705:
7689:
7670:
7561:H. P. Lovecraft
7530:
7492:
7485:
7476:
7464:
7452:
7420:
7396:
7369:Muammar Gaddafi
7359:
7347:Leonid Brezhnev
7322:
7310:
7293:Gregory Palamas
7278:
7276:Chiang Kai Shek
7266:
7226:
7216:
7197:
7196:
7177:
7158:Conflict thesis
7146:
7110:
7000:
6991:
6958:
6922:
6852:
6804:
6766:
6732:Interwar period
6722:
6692:
6685:
6677:
6661:Schlieffen Plan
6641:
6602:
6591:
6506:
6473:
6456:
6441:
6430:
6424:
6408:Dorian invasion
6393:Fall of Babylon
6349:
6343:
6342:
6319:
6311:
6278:
6259:
6235:
6212:
6205:
6167:Kingdom of Alba
6148:
6141:
6108:
6099:
6087:
6085:Spanish decline
6063:
6044:
5999:
5954:
5942:
5923:
5914:
5880:
5821:
5786:
5772:Greater Magadha
5758:
5736:
5693:
5684:
5672:
5660:
5641:
5620:
5594:Four Barbarians
5552:
5526:
5454:
5411:Götaland theory
5379:Lusotropicalism
5369:
5350:North Macedonia
5282:
5270:
5258:
5236:
5224:
5164:
5143:Frontier thesis
5138:Cyclical theory
5121:Neoabolitionism
5097:
5060:
5030:
4992:
4969:Greater Morocco
4949:
4921:
4898:
4849:
4843:
4735:
4719:
4707:
4664:
4645:
4558:
4473:
4467:
4449:Historical eras
4430:
4409:
4244:
4141:Writing systems
4111:
4069:
4067:Fields of study
4048:
4042:Service records
4027:Religious texts
3933:
3919:Primary sources
3903:
3890:
3889:
3823:
3818:
3788:
3768:
3731:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3612:
3604:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3545:
3541:
3539:Further reading
3536:
3530:
3512:Gernet, Jacques
3510:
3504:
3489:
3483:
3468:
3458:
3447:
3441:
3426:
3413:
3407:
3392:
3386:
3355:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3299:. Springer US.
3292:
3286:
3271:
3265:
3239:
3233:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3169:
3155:
3149:
3134:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3094:
3088:
3070:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3028:
3006:
2993:
2987:
2969:
2959:Dikötter, Frank
2957:
2936:
2930:
2915:
2909:
2891:
2885:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2825:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2584:
2580:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2506:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2380:
2376:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2269:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2124:, pp. 1–3.
2120:
2116:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2019:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1950:Wayback Machine
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1706:Tributary state
1667:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:in casual dress
1538:
1529:
1522:
1513:
1502:
1493:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1422:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1203:
1201:
1187:
1171:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1140:
1079:
1074:
1066:Main articles:
1064:
1056:Communist Party
1052:
1046:
1023:
998:
936:
909:Miao Rebellions
891:proclaimed the
885:
797:
770:
754:
647:
634:
606:Emperor Xiaowen
603:
564:
558:
510:
502:Main articles:
500:
480:
433:King Wu of Zhou
423:
338:
178:
153:Four Barbarians
147:cosmography of
138:
136:Four Barbarians
128:
90:Four Barbarians
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8266:
8264:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8210:
8200:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8178:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8143:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8117:
8114:
8113:
8110:
8103:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8093:
8083:
8078:
8068:
8062:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8048:
8047:
8044:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8019:
8014:
8008:
8006:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7934:
7929:
7928:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7907:
7902:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7849:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7830:
7825:
7815:
7809:
7807:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7766:
7764:
7757:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7739:
7734:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7700:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7687:
7680:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7629:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7605:
7600:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7551:Charles Darwin
7548:
7542:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7521:United Kingdom
7518:
7513:
7511:Modern Germany
7508:
7503:
7497:
7495:
7484:
7483:
7471:
7459:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7430:Thomas Aquinas
7427:
7415:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7317:
7305:
7300:
7298:Horatio Nelson
7295:
7290:
7285:
7273:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7230:
7228:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7130:Responsibility
7127:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7086:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7061:
7056:
7055:
7054:
7046:
7045:
7044:
7042:New Historians
7039:
7034:
7020:
7014:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6986:
6979:
6972:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6954:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6930:
6928:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6908:Responsibility
6905:
6900:
6899:
6898:
6888:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6803:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6742:
6736:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6703:
6697:
6695:
6684:
6672:
6666:Spirit of 1914
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6636:
6626:
6623:Fischer thesis
6612:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6586:
6578:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6564:Paraguayan War
6561:
6560:
6559:
6549:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6490:Napoleonic era
6487:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6468:
6463:
6454:Pre-revolution
6445:
6443:
6439:Coalition Wars
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6410:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6353:
6351:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6317:historiography
6312:
6310:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6287:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6135:Decline thesis
6132:
6125:Ottoman Empire
6122:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6094:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6051:
6039:
6034:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6007:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5975:
5974:
5973:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5952:Skeptic School
5937:
5935:Anti-Normanism
5931:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5892:Golden Liberty
5888:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5874:Neo-Bourbonism
5866:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5802:
5796:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5749:
5744:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5714:Borussian myth
5711:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5655:
5648:
5636:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5596:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5564:
5559:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5450:
5445:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5352:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5330:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5277:
5265:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5185:Dealbanisation
5176:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5055:
5049:May Revolution
5040:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5019:Staples thesis
5016:
5011:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4944:
4935:
4933:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4912:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4884:
4875:
4866:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4851:modern history
4842:
4841:
4834:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4795:Paradigm shift
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4565:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4488:
4481:Annales school
4477:
4475:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4451:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:Constitutional
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4280:
4267:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Postage stamps
4217:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4134:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4017:Oral tradition
4014:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3821:Historiography
3819:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3794:
3787:
3786:
3771:
3747:(4): 580–601,
3733:Nylan, Michael
3729:
3718:
3711:Zhongguo cehui
3703:
3675:
3656:
3635:
3596:
3571:谭嗣同"华夷之辨"思想的演进
3564:
3558:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3508:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3466:
3445:
3439:
3424:
3416:Ngàn Năm Aó Mũ
3411:
3405:
3390:
3384:
3358:Loewe, Michael
3353:
3347:
3341:. UNSW Press.
3332:
3326:
3311:
3305:
3290:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3237:
3231:
3199:
3188:
3182:
3167:
3153:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3111:
3105:
3092:
3086:
3068:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3026:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2967:
2955:
2945:(3): 420–432.
2934:
2928:
2913:
2907:
2889:
2883:
2865:
2844:
2842:on 2009-02-17.
2823:
2817:
2802:
2796:
2782:Ames, Roger T.
2778:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2751:978-0226080796
2750:
2730:
2723:
2703:
2696:
2676:
2674:, p. 134.
2664:
2657:
2637:
2630:
2610:
2594:
2578:
2562:
2555:
2535:
2532:on 2004-06-17.
2516:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2439:
2427:
2396:
2374:
2358:
2356:, p. 420.
2346:
2339:
2316:
2312:Liu, L.H. 2004
2304:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2267:
2262:, p. 61;
2258:, p. 16;
2252:
2245:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2126:
2114:
2099:
2084:
2072:
2070:, p. 401.
2057:
2045:
2033:
2031:, p. 381.
2021:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2004:Lau tran. 1970
2000:
1993:
1991:, p. 116.
1978:
1966:
1954:
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1861:, p. 103.
1851:
1849:, p. 222.
1839:
1827:
1825:, p. 544.
1815:
1803:
1791:
1769:
1753:
1741:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1609:Hán di hữu hạn
1575:In the 1800s,
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1514:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:Ryukyu Kingdom
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:hermit kingdom
1333:Joseon dynasty
1323:succeeded the
1314:
1313:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1283:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1174:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1143:Prince Shōtoku
1141:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1094:Prince Shōtoku
1078:
1075:
1063:
1060:
1050:Han chauvinism
1045:
1042:
1027:Frank Dikötter
1022:
1019:
935:
932:
884:
881:
869:
868:
865:
862:
861:Courtesans (妓)
859:
856:
853:
852:Physicians (医)
850:
847:
844:
841:
834:
833:
830:
824:
818:
796:
793:
769:
766:
753:
750:
708:; pinyin:
704:(Chinese:
667:Zoroastrianism
646:
643:
633:
630:
602:
599:
560:Main article:
557:
554:
499:
496:
484:Three Kingdoms
479:
476:
422:
419:
388:The prominent
337:
334:
206:Gideon Shelach
127:
124:
36:Central Plains
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8265:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8203:
8187:
8179:
8177:
8169:
8168:
8164:
8154:
8151:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8118:
8115:
8108:
8104:
8092:
8089:
8088:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8076:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8053:
8049:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8012:Merton thesis
8010:
8009:
8007:
8002:
7998:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7964:Panbabylonism
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7945:
7944:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7906:
7903:
7895:
7890:
7887:
7886:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7877:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7843:
7839:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7709:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7692:
7685:
7681:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7537:
7527:
7526:United States
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7488:
7480:
7475:
7472:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7406:Bolivarianism
7404:
7400:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7390:
7389:Simon Bolivar
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7363:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7326:
7321:
7320:Joseph Stalin
7318:
7314:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7282:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7223:
7219:
7212:
7208:
7193:
7185:
7184:
7180:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7149:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:Post-Cold War
7113:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:Falklands War
7087:
7085:
7084:Iran–Iraq War
7082:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7049:
7047:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7032:Ongoing Nakba
7029:
7026:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7007:
6995:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6984:
6980:
6978:
6977:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6963:Western Front
6961:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6945:
6944:Bengal famine
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6894:
6893:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6858:The Holocaust
6855:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:Eastern Front
6807:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6688:
6681:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6645:
6640:
6637:
6634:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6609:
6605:
6595:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6540:Paris Commune
6538:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6525:Turning point
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6460:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6433:
6429:18th and 19th
6427:
6421:
6418:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6374:Islamic views
6372:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6359:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6308:
6303:
6301:
6296:
6294:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6270:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6144:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6103:
6098:
6097:Ser de España
6095:
6091:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6067:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5964:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5918:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5889:
5887:
5883:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5769:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5688:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5515:Ottoman claim
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5495:Prosopography
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5448:Trưng sisters
5446:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5373:
5368:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5286:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5195:Habsburg myth
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5103:United States
5100:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5064:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5036:Latin America
5033:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4913:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4656:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4629:Transnational
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4519:Decoloniality
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:Historiometry
4498:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4470:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4444:Periodization
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4230:Sigillography
4228:
4226:
4225:Prosopography
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4102:Local history
4100:
4096:
4095:Human history
4093:
4092:
4091:
4090:World history
4088:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3784:
3780:
3779:Qiushi xuekan
3776:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3693:on 2005-03-21
3692:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3662:「華夷之辨」與文化中心主義
3657:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3644:Shixue yuekan
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3586:on 2021-03-12
3585:
3581:
3573:
3565:
3561:
3559:90-04-10391-0
3555:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3531:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3406:0-8223-2444-X
3402:
3398:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3106:7-204-04420-7
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2869:Chin, Annping
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:. INU PRESS.
2810:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2672:Woodside 1971
2668:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:Woodside 1971
2504:
2501:
2498:, p. 25.
2497:
2492:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2354:Dikötter 1994
2350:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2268:
2266:, p. 380
2265:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2238:
2237:Xueshu Yanjiu
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2141:on 2018-07-12
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:, p. 128
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1976:, p. 59.
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:Di Cosmo 2002
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:Di Cosmo 2002
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:Morrison 1823
1745:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Greater China
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
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1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:Nguyễn rulers
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1543:
1542:Trần Anh Tông
1536:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1455:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1253:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1211: –
1210:
1206:
1205:Find sources:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1175:This section
1173:
1169:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1147:Kikuchi Yōsai
1144:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1098:Son of Heaven
1095:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
996:
988:
987:Dayi juemi lu
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
933:
931:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
897:
894:
890:
889:Zhu Yuanzhang
882:
880:
878:
874:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
838:
837:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
812:
811:
808:
806:
802:
794:
792:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
767:
765:
763:
759:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
639:
631:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
600:
598:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
553:
550:
546:
540:
538:
534:
533:Yangtze River
529:
525:
520:
515:
509:
505:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
477:
474:
471:
470:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
444:
443:distinction.
442:
438:
437:Shang dynasty
434:
430:
429:
428:Bamboo Annals
420:
418:
416:
411:
408:
402:
397:
393:
392:
391:Shuowen Jiezi
386:
384:
380:
374:
368:
364:
360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
335:
333:
329:
327:
326:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
296:
290:
284:
278:
277:Son of Heaven
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
207:
203:
201:
197:
192:
188:
184:
173:
170:, during the
169:
165:
161:
160:Ancient China
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
133:
125:
123:
121:
120:Central State
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:"). Although
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
75:huáyí zhībiàn
71:
66:
63:
60:
57:
52:
48:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
7941:
7743:The Simpsons
7741:
7688:Other topics
7636:
7613:Christianity
7603:Resurrection
7234:Adolf Hitler
7063:Six-Day War
7059:Algerian War
7030: /
6989:Vichy France
6981:
6974:
6884: /
6772:World War II
6668: /
6335:
6328:
6130:Ghaza thesis
6053:
6029:
6015:White legend
6013: /
6011:Black legend
5966:Soviet Union
5856:
5849:
5837:
5800:Great Famine
5777:Indocentrism
5751:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5706:
5652:Grand Siècle
5650:
5631:
5599:Sinocentrism
5588:
5460:Ancient Rome
5440:
5298:Aryan Kartli
5296:
5088:
5051: /
4985:
4882:19th century
4880: /
4871: /
4836:
4829:
4828: /
4823:
4799:
4773: /
4747:Black legend
4705:Historiology
4502: /
4490:
4453:
4391:Quantitative
4314:
4310:Intellectual
4276: /
4272: /
4258: /
4256:Anthropology
4210:Phaleristics
4203:preservation
4198:Oral history
4139: /
4125: /
4107:Microhistory
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3852:
3843: /
3839:
3832:
3782:
3778:
3766:Project MUSE
3744:
3740:
3710:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3670:
3648:
3643:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3588:. Retrieved
3584:the original
3579:
3548:
3517:
3492:
3471:
3461:
3453:
3429:
3419:
3415:
3395:
3366:
3337:
3316:
3295:
3274:
3245:
3214:
3193:
3172:
3157:
3137:
3116:
3096:
3076:
3052:
3031:
2995:
2975:
2962:
2942:
2938:
2918:
2897:
2873:
2856:
2840:the original
2835:
2831:
2807:
2786:
2772:
2740:
2733:
2713:
2706:
2686:
2679:
2667:
2647:
2640:
2620:
2613:
2597:
2581:
2565:
2545:
2538:
2530:the original
2519:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2454:. Retrieved
2442:
2435:Haboush 2005
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2414:the original
2409:
2399:
2382:
2377:
2361:
2349:
2329:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2272:
2248:
2236:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2154:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2129:
2117:
2075:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2009:
1996:
1969:
1957:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1895:Arrighi 1996
1890:
1878:
1873:, p. 2.
1866:
1854:
1847:Shelach 1999
1842:
1835:Shelach 1999
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1786:Legge, James
1781:
1772:
1764:
1761:Liu, X. 2004
1756:
1744:
1732:
1710:
1660:
1644:
1634:such as the
1617:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1579:such as the
1574:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1551:
1509:
1463:
1411:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1336:
1329:China proper
1325:Ming dynasty
1321:Qing dynasty
1318:
1256:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1188:Please help
1176:
1149:(1781–1878).
1112:
1108:Confucianism
1106:
1091:
1080:
1053:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1015:
1009:
1006:
986:
979:
955:Qing dynasty
948:
940:Qing dynasty
937:
934:Qing dynasty
925:
906:
898:
893:Ming dynasty
886:
883:Ming dynasty
877:China proper
870:
855:Peasants (農)
835:
809:
801:Yuan dynasty
798:
795:Yuan dynasty
782:
774:Liao dynasty
771:
768:Song dynasty
762:Song dynasty
755:
731:
726:
722:
716:
709:
701:
691:
686:
678:
670:
651:Tang dynasty
648:
645:Tang dynasty
635:
622:Sinicisation
617:
610:Northern Wei
604:
596:
565:
541:
511:
487:
481:
468:
457:
445:
440:
426:
424:
421:Zhou dynasty
414:
395:
389:
387:
382:
378:
362:
361:
348:
343:
339:
330:
323:
311:
305:
301:divine right
246:
233:
229:
215:
204:
199:
195:
191:Eastern Zhou
172:Zhou dynasty
164:Yellow River
158:
145:Zhou dynasty
132:Sinocentrism
111:
107:
103:
99:
93:
83:
79:
73:
45:
41:
39:
32:Zhou dynasty
29:
8131:Hagiography
7892: [
7852:Early Islam
7706: [
7598:Historicity
7576:Historicity
7566:Jane Austen
7546:The Beatles
7516:Netherlands
7477: [
7474:Zhuge Liang
7465: [
7453: [
7450:Yuan Shikai
7421: [
7418:Sun Yat Tse
7397: [
7360: [
7323: [
7311: [
7308:Jiang Zemin
7279: [
7267: [
7259:Che Guevara
6992: [
6927:Pacific War
6711:Article 231
6701:Reparations
6678: [
6642: [
6619:Color books
6608:World War I
6592: [
6569:War of 1812
6474: [
6457: [
6442:(1792–1815)
6413:Sea Peoples
6398:Gallic Wars
6100: [
6088: [
6075:Revisionist
6064: [
6055:Reconquista
6045: [
6037:Inquisition
6031:Convivencia
5955: [
5943: [
5915: [
5812:Revisionism
5737: [
5685: [
5673: [
5661: [
5642: [
5584:Golden ages
5553: [
5550:Wunu School
5545:Archaeology
5418:Switzerland
5401:Kosovo Myth
5389:Great Union
5370: [
5355:Philippines
5338:Nationalist
5311:Ages of Man
5283: [
5271: [
5259: [
5237: [
5225: [
5061: [
5058:Revisionist
4950: [
4887:Renaissance
4752:Coloniality
4720: [
4708: [
4700:Historicity
4624:Revisionist
4614:Pop history
4585:Nationalist
4559: [
4504:Cliometrics
4472:Approaches,
4428:Methodology
4324:Linguistics
4274:Environment
4240:Vexillology
4163:Diplomatics
4146:Chorography
4085:Big History
4037:War diaries
4010:Illuminated
4005:Manuscripts
3990:Hieroglyphs
3870:historicity
3697:February 9,
3590:January 16,
3462:Book of Sui
3241:Pines, Yuri
2852:Pei Songzhi
2420:January 12,
2260:Schein 2000
2159:Gernet 1996
2122:Benite 2005
2014:"Li Lou II"
1919:Ankerl 2000
1585:Han dynasty
1395::
1385::
1353::
1343::
1115:Yamaga Sokō
1011:Sun Yat-sen
951:Lü Liuliang
917:South China
907:During the
867:Beggars (丐)
858:Hunters (獵)
778:Western Xia
675:Manichaeism
649:During the
632:Sui dynasty
528:Jin dynasty
524:North China
512:During the
478:Jin dynasty
238:Han dynasty
222:Qin dynasty
8253:Barbarians
8202:Categories
8186:Multimedia
8005:Technology
7969:Urreligion
7872:Kharijites
7823:Background
7491:Historical
7462:Zhou Enlai
7357:Mao Zedong
7352:Louis Riel
7125:Background
6976:Guilty Men
6918:Uniqueness
6841:Background
6836:Winter War
6760:Background
6693:Versailles
6547:Great Game
6194:Ricardians
6189:Tudor myth
5907:Partitions
5500:Succession
4790:Narratives
4775:Presentism
4731:Philosophy
4551:Humanistic
4439:Case study
4371:Indigenous
4349:Diplomatic
4293:Capitalism
4193:Onomastics
4151:Chronology
3980:Facsimiles
3965:Chronicles
3863:historians
3834:Historians
2604:, p.
2588:, p.
2572:, p.
2510:, p.
2456:2009-01-25
2145:2013-03-14
1974:Creel 1983
1962:Huang 1997
1737:Pines 2005
1719:References
1712:Pax Sinica
1701:Suzerainty
1601:Đường nhân
1597:Thanh nhân
1562:Trung Quốc
1554:Trung Quốc
1526:Ngô Văn Sở
1490:Đàng Ngoài
1319:After the
1220:newspapers
1068:Sinosphere
1048:See also:
1025:Historian
969:candidate
930:invaders.
473:identical.
312:barbarians
249:influenced
130:See also:
7974:Perennial
7763:Economics
7715:Feudalism
7501:Australia
7249:Aurangzeb
7225:Political
7215:By person
6896:Pius Wars
6691:Treaty of
6350:conflicts
6157:Poor Laws
6020:Hispanism
5897:Sarmatism
5727:Sonderweg
5485:Expansion
5210:Litvinism
5044:Argentina
4878:Long 18th
4761:Dark Ages
4541:Historism
4339:Political
4278:Geography
4215:Philology
4178:Genealogy
4173:Epigraphy
4116:By source
3955:Artifacts
3761:170489808
3627:1003-5117
3451:(1934) .
3449:Wei Zheng
3022:11450447M
2850:(1977) .
2848:Chen Shou
2602:Wook 2004
2586:Wook 2004
2570:Wook 2004
2484:Kerr 2000
2465:cite news
2264:Mote 1988
2256:Tsai 1996
1907:Chin 2007
1799:Mair 1998
1782:ctext.org
1724:Citations
1671:Barbarian
1622:from the
1591:(漢民) and
1409:of 1637.
1337:Sojunghwa
1250:July 2024
1177:does not
971:Zeng Jing
887:In 1368,
638:Yang Jian
549:Cheng-Han
467:thousand
320:Confucius
211:Sima Qian
8176:Category
8091:template
7805:Religion
7656:Socrates
7571:Muhammed
7493:rankings
7374:Napoleon
7192:Category
7010:Cold War
6913:Slovakia
6500:Waterloo
6369:Crusades
6314:Military
6162:Scotland
6120:Kemalist
5442:Nam tiến
5437:Vietnam
5427:Ukraine
5385:Romania
5367:Portugal
5293:Georgia
5268:Medieval
5217:Bulgaria
5206:Belarus
5191:Austria
4997:Americas
4965:Morocco
4961:Ethiopia
4740:Specific
4663:Concepts
4568:Leninist
4526:Feminist
4514:Critical
4361:Feminism
4334:Military
4288:Business
4283:Economic
4265:Cultural
4249:By topic
4235:Toponymy
4183:Heraldry
4131:template
4078:By scale
4000:Logbooks
3985:Features
3950:Archives
3735:(2012),
3687:日本思想研究論叢
3514:(1996).
3364:(eds.).
3213:(eds.).
3205:(1988).
3163:Lau, D.C
3074:(2006).
3014:56108664
2961:(1994).
2895:(1983).
2392:alt link
2233:論劉基的遺民心態
1946:Archived
1665:See also
1638:and the
1611:(漢夷有限, "
1605:Gia Long
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1438:Shō Shin
1379:era name
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723:Yuan Dao
687:Jingjiao
679:Monijiao
671:Xianjiao
659:Buddhism
655:Chang'an
545:Han-Zhao
463:King Wen
367:Buddhism
325:Analects
265:Thailand
198:and the
151:and the
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7618:Judaism
7581:Judaism
7413:Saladin
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7227:leaders
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7067:Origins
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6520:Origins
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5256:Ancient
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5180:Albania
5173:Eurasia
4975:Rwanda
4673:General
4573:Marxist
4474:schools
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4270:Ecology
4032:Scrolls
3970:Codices
3938:Sources
3877:history
3854:History
3617:].
3158:Mencius
3072:Li Feng
2854:(ed.).
2763:Sources
2388:vol. 81
2370:vol. 30
2010:Mencius
1811:Li 2006
1589:Hán dân
1570:Cao Man
1504:Prince
1472:Vietnam
1454:Shō Kyō
1452:Prince
1234:scholar
1198:removed
1183:sources
873:Mongols
815:Mongols
727:Chunqiu
711:Huá xīn
694:Kaifeng
614:Xianbei
588:Ran Wei
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452:Mencius
308:nomadic
299:), the
275:, "the
261:Vietnam
168:Li Feng
51:Chinese
7737:Salons
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7506:Canada
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6750:Causes
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6557:Causes
6535:Causes
6466:Causes
6213:Empire
6147:United
6113:Turkey
5928:Russia
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5885:Poland
5625:France
5423:Taiwan
5396:Serbia
5202:Balhae
5053:Causes
5004:Canada
4938:Egypt
4931:Africa
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4376:Labour
4366:Gender
4356:Social
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3647:史学月刊
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3667:新亞生活
3649:2006
3623:ISSN
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