Huanjing bunao - Knowledge

1951:

years and protract one's longevity. But the great essential here is making the semen return to nourish the brain , a method which the adepts have handed down from mouth to mouth, never committing it to writing. If a man does not understand this art he may take the most famous (macrobiotic) medicines, but he will never attain longevity or immortality. Besides, the union of Yin and Yang in sexual life should not be wholly given up, for if a man does not have intercourse he will contract the diseases of obstruction and blockage by his slothful sitting, and end by those which arise from celibate depression and pent-up resentment—what good will that do for his longevity? On the other hand, over-indulgence diminishes the lifespan, and it is only by managing copulations so that the seminal dispersals are moderated, that damage can be avoided. Without the (right) oral instructions hardly a man in ten thousand will fail to injure and destroy himself in practising this art. The disciples of the Mysterious Girl and the Immaculate Girl, with the Venerable , and , all had a rough acquaintance with it, but in the end they never committed to paper the most important part of it. Those bent upon immortality, however, assiduously seek this out. As for myself, I had instruction from my teacher , and I record it here for the benefit of future believers in the Tao, not retailing my own ideas. At the same time I must truthfully say that I feel I have not yet mastered everything that could be got from his instruction. (Lastly), some Taoists with a smattering of knowledge teach and follow the sexual techniques in order to pattern themselves on the holy immortals, without doing anything about the preparation of the great medicine of the Golden Elixir. Oh what a height of folly is this! (8, Needham and Lu 1983: 200-201)

4299:(1452 – 1519) shows two duct systems entering the penis, one with several branches from the lower spinal cord fusing to form a duct that goes directly through to the tip of the penis, the other system going from the testes with a duct sweeping backwards to circle the bladder before returning to enter the penis (Noble 2014: 393). In the bottom left sketches, note the two channels in the penis, one for urine and one for semen, rather than a single urethra. Leonardo "labeled the spinal cord 'generative power', reflecting the Platonic view (which he later abandoned) that semen derives from the spinal marrow" (Pevsner 2002: 219). Leonardo da Vinci corrected his anatomical mistakes in a lesser-known second (probably after 1508) drawing accurately based on dissection (Noble 2014: 395). 3624: 37: 3922: 3383: 946: 2123:"In the middle of the Cinnabar Field, the Essence and the Breath are very subtle." It is in fact necessary to "make the Essence come back", —that is, to make the Essence mingled with the Breath circulate through the body to guide it from the Lower Cinnabar Field to the Upper Cinnabar Field so that it "restores the brain", . To be capable of this the Adept must first develop his Essence. The Immortal explains in fairly coarse terms how to go about this so as to arouse and agitate the Essence under the influence of the 1248:

for cultivating it. First, relax the limbs, straighten the spine, and flex the buttocks; second, spread the thighs, move the Yin , and contract the anus; third, draw the eyelashes together, do not listen, and suck in the vapor to fill the womb ; fourth, contain the five tastes and drink that wellspring blossom an internally produced fluid; fifth, the mass of essence all ascends, suck in the great illumination. After reaching the fifth, stop. Essence and spirit grow daily more blissful.” (Harper 1998: 449, 465-467)

1179:

without emission, skin and hide glow; at the fourth arrival without emission, spine and upper side suffer no injury; at the fifth arrival without emission, buttock and ham can be squared; at the sixth arrival without emission, the hundred vessels pass clear through; at the seventh arrival without emission, your entire life is without calamity; at the eighth arrival without emission, you can have a lengthy longevity; at the ninth arrival without emission, you penetrate spirit illumination. (Harper 1998: 444, 458)

954: 4601: 4214: 2294:(1046 BCE – 256 BCE), when the discovery was made that if pressure was applied at "the right point in the perineal region the urethra could be occluded, so that at the moment of orgasm the semen instead of being ejaculated could be made to pass into the body." The fact that it passed into the bladder and was later urinated always escaped the notice of the Daoists, and "over more than two thousand years a great structure of theory grew up" concerning how the precious secretion of 544:) translates as: (1) "essence; purest, most highly concentrated element (< finest bleached rice). pith, marrow, gist", (2) "germinal essence, life-germ contained in the Dao. the energy that nourishes the human body and is esp. attached to sexuality (semen, menstrual fluid); seminal; vital; seed(ling)", (3) "quintessence; purest, finest, most characteristic, very best of. concentrate(d), condensed, consolidated. subtle; delicate, fine." (Kroll 2015: 216). Although 4383: 719: 1649: 2872:(The couple) should be free from the effects of wine or repletion of food, and they should be clean of body, for otherwise illness and disease will afflict them. First by means of meditation they must have put away all worldly thoughts, then only may men and women practise the Tao of life eternal. This procedure is absolutely secret, and may be transmitted only to sages; for in it men and women together lay hold of the 1069:’s round egg arouses that crowing cock . The crowing cock has an essence. If you are truly able to ingest this, the jade whip is reborn. Best is engaging the member. Block that jade hole . When brimming then have intercourse, and bid farewell with round eggs. If the member is not engaged, conserve it with roasted-wheat meal. If truly able to ingest this, you can raise the dead . (Harper 1998: 443, 456-458) 1152:

The procedure for living long is to carefully employ the jade closure. When at the right times the jade closure enfolds, spirit illumination arrives and accumulates. Accumulating, it invariably manifests radiance. When the jade closure firms the essence, this invariably ensures that the jade wellspring is not upset. Then the hundred ailments do not occur; thus you can live long. (Harper 1998: 444, 458)

1645:, Comprehensive Mirror of Immortals Who Embodied the Way Through the Ages), notes he chose to omit the tradition that "Some say that Sire Rong Cheng obtained the art of 'riding the woman,' by which one firmly grasps in order not to leak out the semen cause it to return and so nourish the brain" because it probably resulted as "an erroneous divergence by later generations." (Campany 2002: 534–535) 812:"preserved, conserved") Is a practice aimed at delaying or preventing orgasm or ejaculation. This can be achieved by stopping intercourse before reaching orgasm. Alternatively, it can be done by contracting the perineum or applying pressure to it with the fingers (the latter method not being recommended for health reasons), which can cause a retrograde ejaculation. 715:(腦) consistently has nineteen "brain" translations and one "brain (marrow)". Overall, there is notable diversity among these translations of the phrase, only two (Harper 1998 and Despeux 2008) are identical "returning the essence to replenish the brain"; and some translators revised their earlier versions, such as (Harper 1987, 1998) and (Needham 1956, 1983). 3011:(Essential Prescriptions Worth a Thousand) (chapter 83). This text includes the ejaculation control techniques found in earlier sources, but also adds several new elements. First, it introduces the discovery that "frequent sex with occasional ejaculation is less depleting than occasional sex with habitual ejaculation", which supports the theory that frequent 1442:

and let it subside when angered is “accumulating vapor.” When nearly finished, to not let the inner spine move, to suck in the vapor press it down, and to still the body while waiting for it is “awaiting fullness.” To wash it after finishing and let go of it after becoming angered is “securing against upset.” (Harper 1998: 493, 500)

2093:

prosperity; the interior of the Square Inch , close it carefully and store up (its contents): when the Essence and the Spirit come back and turn around, the old man comes back to the prime of life; squeezing the Dark Door they all flow out below; nourish your Jade Tree so that it will be strong. (tr. Maspero 1981: 524-526)

3748:

become immortals; this is truly what may be called a marvel of the Tao. The manuals of the immortals say: 'One Yin and one Yang constitute the Tao; the three primary (vitalities) and the union of the two components; that is the '. When the flow goes up against the stream to nourish the brain, this is called 'making the

2276:, however, will not be able to issue forth and instead will travel from the "jade stalk" upward and enter the brain. This method has been transmitted among the immortals who are sworn to secrecy by blood pact. They dared not communicate it carelessly for fear of bringing misfortune on themselves. (Wile 1992: 101) 471:, from where it is expelled along with urine. Anatomically speaking, circulating seminal fluid or "seminal essence" throughout the body is impossible. While this ancient Chinese practice has historical and sexological significance, its physiological effects do not align with the traditional beliefs surrounding it. 3186:

being elevated against the current, both the man and the woman can become immortals and obtain the Tao. … Thus all the old Taoist traditions say that if (the semen is) ejaculated it leads to other men, that is to say, a child is born, but if it is retained it leads to the man himself, that is to say,

1318:

When the signs are complete, ascend. Jab upward but do not penetrate inside, thereby bringing the vapor . When the vapor arrives penetrate deeply inside and thrust it upward, thereby dispensing the heat. Then once again bring it back down. Do not let the vapor spill out, lest the woman become greatly

4254:

dialog considered the brain and spinal marrow as a special form of bone marrow in which "God implanted his divine seed" (Noble 2014: 399). The marrow supposedly passes down the spine and communicates its "universal seed stuff" to the genitalia for procreative purposes. "And the marrow inasmuch as it

1935:

Man's death ensues from losses, old age, illnesses, poisons, miasmas, and chills. Today, men do calisthenics and breathing exercises, revert their sperm to repair the brain, follow dietary rules, regulate their activity and rest, take medicines, give thought to their inner gods to maintain their own

1178:

In the way of coitus with Yin , stay the heart, settle and secure it; and the form and vapor secure one another. Thus it is said: at the first arrival without emission, ears and eyes are perceptive and bright; at the second arrival without emission, the voice’s vapor rises high; at the third arrival

1151:

and take the essence. Attend to that conjoining of vapor , and lightly move her form. When able to move her form and bring forth the five tones , then absorb her essence. Those who are empty can be made brimming full; the vigorous can be made to flourish lastingly; the aged can be made to live long.

474:

On the other hand, in some more in-depth interpretations of Taoism, the idea that "the seed would travel up the spine" is to be understood allegorically. Sexual energy is transformed into a more subtle circulating form (from jing to chi). Chi, or vital energy, is then increased through abstinence or

3135:

One should not dare to be the host, but rather play the part of the guest. We can borrow from the Taoist manuals in speaking of these affairs. He who first lifts up the cup (at a party) is the host, he who responds is the guest. The host first pours out benefits for others, but the guests are those

2211:

of mounting women is first to engage in slow foreplay so as to harmonize your spirits and arouse her desire, to and only after a long time to unite. Penetrate when soft and quickly withdraw when hard, making the intervals between advancing and withdrawing relaxed and slow. Furthermore. do not throw

2129:

Breath, but without expending it, which would be a cause of weakening and would diminish the term of life, for "at all times when the Essence is small, one is sick, and when it is exhausted, one dies." Essence accumulates in the Lower Cinnabar Field; when it is strong enough, it blends with Breath.

1950:

On the technology of sex at least ten authors have written, some explaining how it can replenish and restore injuries and losses, others telling how to cure many diseases by its aid, others again describing the gathering of the Yin force to benefit the Yang, others showing how it can increase one's

1603:

The Venerable Rong Cheng was good at the affairs of 'restoring' and 'conducting' . He could gather the from the 'Mysterious Feminine'. The essential point of this art is to guard the life-force and to nourish the by (relying on) the 'Valley Spirit that never dies' . When this is done white hairs

1545:

The Dao teaches people to congeal their essences and form spirits . Today, there are in the world false practitioners who craftily proclaim the Dao, teaching by means of texts attributed to the Yellow Thearch, the Dark Maiden, Gongzi, and Rongcheng. They say that during intercourse with a woman one

1441:

While having intercourse, to relax the spine, suck in the anus, and press it down is “gathering vapor.” While having intercourse, to not hurry and not be hasty, and to exit and enter with harmonious control is “harmonizing the fluid.” When getting out of bed, to have the other person make it erect

531:

of: (1) "turn round, come round; go back, come back, return to previous location or to original condition; (re)cycle, revert", (2) "send back, send in return; answer. give back, remit; redeem; recompense; restore. rebound against one, come round again (whence it began)." (Kroll 2015: 170; note, all

2055:

It is inadmissible that man should sit and bring illness and anxieties upon himself by not engaging in sexual intercourse. But then again, if he wishes to indulge his lusts and cannot moderate his dispersals, he hacks away at his very life. Those knowing how to operate the sexual recipes can check

2011:

seeds among Daoist transcendence drugs. "Seal with clay in a new jar for twenty days or more, until the skin has fallen off Then wash the seeds, and they will be like soybeans. Taken daily, they will be especially good for repairing the brain. If one takes them for a long time, one's hair will not

1405:

O be careful indeed! The matter of spirit illumination lies in what is enclosed . Vigilantly control the jade closure , and spirit illumination will arrive. As a rule, to cultivate the body the task lies in accumulating essence. When essence reaches fullness, it invariably is lost; when essence is

1247:

Your lordship must prize that which is born together with the body and yet grows old ahead of the body . The weak, it makes them strong; the short, it makes them tall; the poor, it guarantees them abundant provisions. The regimen involves both emptying and filling, and there is a precise procedure

1366:

In the evening the man’s essence flourishes; in the morning the woman’s essence accumulates. By nurturing the woman’s essence with my essence, muscles and vessels both move; skin, vapor, and blood are all activated. Thus, you are able to open blockage and penetrate obstruction. The central cavity

4434:

That Yogin who practices Vajrolī, he proves to be the receptacle of all psychic powers. Should he attain (that), Yoga-siddhi is on the palm of his hand. He will know what has transpired and what is yet to take place. Khe-carī will also surely be in his reach. discharged by her.] (Ayyangar 1938:

2269:

is greatly aroused and on the point of emission. and then, using the two middle fingers of the left hand, press just between the scrotum and anus. Press down with considerable force and expel a long breath while gnashing the teeth several tens of times, but without holding the breath. Then allow

3747:

flow and circulate incessantly without hindrance or obstruction. As the proverb says: 'Running water doesn't rot, and a door often used is not eaten by woodworms.' Those who understand the mystery within the mystery know that a man and a woman can together restore (their vitality), and both can

2092:

The Mysterious Chest of the Breath Tube is the receptacle which receives the Essence; Take care to hold onto your Essence firmly and restrain yourself. Please yourself by exhaling and inhaling in the Hut ; if you protect and keep (Essence and Breath) complete and firm, your body will receive

1278:

Grip the hands , and emerge at the Yang side of the wrists; Stroke the elbow chambers; Press the side of the underarms; Ascend the stove trivet ; Press the neck zone; Stroke the receiving canister ; Cover the encircling ring ; Descend the broken basin ; Cross the sweet-liquor ford ; Skim the

1258:

as "brain", "stimulate the penis ... contract the anus ... absorb the to fill the brain ... all the will rise upward" (1992: 58). However, based upon similar textual usages, Harper translates it as "womb", hypothetically meaning "a 'womb-like organ' where men as well as women store vapor and

2814:

sword tip" moves deep and shallow like an infant sucking the breast. Then one closes the eyes and turns one's thoughts inward. As the tongue is pressed against the lower palate, arch the back, stretch out the head, dilate the nostrils, hunch the shoulders, close the mouth and inhale, and the

4480:

also records a marvelous side-effect of practicing semen retention, "Avoiding intercourse with women, he should earnestly betake himself to the practice of Yoga. On account of the retention of semen there will be generated an agreeable smell in the body of the Yogin." (Ayyangar 1938: 311).

1546:

should not release the semen, but through meditation return its essence to the brain to fortify it . Since their spirits and their hearts are not unified, they lose that which they seek to preserve. Though they control their delight, they may not treasure it for long. (Bokenkamp 1997: 43)

4417:

For him (whose tongue enters) the hole (of the cranium), moving upwards beyond the uvula, whose semen does not waste away, even when he is in the embrace of a beautiful woman, as long as the semen remains firmly held in the body, so long, where is the fear of death for him? As long as the

4753:

is not merely to prevent the emission of gross semen already formed but to prevent its formation as gross seed, and its absorption in the general system" (Woodroffe 1919: 199). Along with Chinese Daoists, the Sakta adept considered the semen his most precious possession. The 15th century

1874:

is emitted the whole body feels weary. One suffers buzzing in the ears and drowsiness in the eyes; the throat is parched and the joints heavy. Although there is brief pleasure, in the end there is discomfort. If, however, one engages in sex without emission, then the strength of our

4469:

comes death, and by its retention, life." Thus we seem here to be in the presence of a veritable seminal aspiration, the muscles of the abdomen creating a partial vacuum in the bladder and so permitting the absorption of part at least of the vaginal contents (Needham and Lu 1983:

1993:

Those who take elixirs / And guard the primal unity / Will come to a stop from living / No sooner than Heaven itself; / Making the sperm return, / Breathing like babe in womb, / They will lengthen their days in peace / And blessing, world without end. (3, Needham and Lu 1983:

2061:

If a man in the vigor of youth learns how to revert his years , repairs his brain with his sperm , and gathers mucus from his nose, he will live not less than three hundred years without taking any medicines, but this will not bring him geniehood . (13, Ware 1966: 223).

2212:

yourself into it as from a great height, for this overturns the Five Viscera and injures the collateral meridians, leading to a hundred ailments. But if one can have intercourse without ejaculating and engage several tens of times in one day and night without losing

2222:

Maspero says this "elementary exercise" is sufficient for an adept who only wants to prolong life, but "making the Essence return to restore the brain" is necessary if one wants to achieve spiritual transcendence (1981: 522). The ensuing passage quotes an anonymous

4625:, in such a manner that the semen goes its way backwards, not flowing downwards but ascending upwards, until it reaches the top of the head, hence to vanish into the uncreated source of the Whole" (Tucci 1949: 242). In order to overcome the sexual dualism of the 1881:

will be more than sufficient and our bodies at ease. One's hearing will he acute and vision clear. Although exercising self-control and calming the passion, love actually increases, and one remains unsatiated. How can this be considered unpleasurable? (Wile 1992:

3017:

intensifies sexual power. Second, it presents meditative visualizations and yogic postures for precoital preparation and postcoital absorption, for instance, "Imagine a red color within the navel the size of a hen's egg" for deep penetration without arousing the

4418:

Khe-carī-mudrā is firmly adhered to, so long the semen does not flow out. Even if it should flow and reach the region of the genitals, it goes upwards, being forcibly held up by the power of the Yoni-mudrā (sanctified by the Vajroli). (Ayyangar 1938: 164-165).

3192: 4511:

proposed a historical thesis that sexual mysticism or sexual yoga originated in China, rather than India as commonly assumed (1971: 339-359). The 1973 discovery of the 2nd-century BCE Mawangdui medical manuscripts (above) strengthened the probability that

1604:

become black again, and teeth that have dropped out are replaced by new ones. The art of commerce with women is to close the hands tightly and to refrain from ejaculation, causing the sperm to return and nourish the brain. (Needham and Lu 1983: 198).

412:, "semen; essence of life") supposedly allows it to rise through the spine to nourish the brain and enhance overall well-being. Daoist adepts have been exploring various methods to avoid ejaculation for more than two thousand years. These range from 1406:

deficient, it must be replenished. As for the time to replenish a loss, do it when essence is deficient. To do it, conjoin in a sitting position; tailbone, buttocks, nose, and mouth each participate at the proper time . (Harper 1998: 491, 498)

2218:, all illnesses will be greatly improved and one's lifespan will daily increase. Even greater benefits are reaped by frequently changing female partners. To change partners more than ten times in one night is especially good. (Wile 1992: 101) 1021:

within the body, stimulating the penis, contracting the anus, and controlled stages of intercourse with ejaculation, all of which were believed to increase longevity and spiritual enlightenment. In the Mawangdui medical manuscripts, Chinese

4760:

says: "He who knows Yoga should preserve his semen. For the expenditure of the latter tends to death, but there is life for him who preserves it" (Woodroffe 1919: 189). Van Gulik concludes that, "Since sexual mysticism based on the

1279:

Spurting Sea ; Ascend Constancy Mountain ; Enter the dark gate ; Ride the coital muscle ; Suck the essence and spirit upward. Then you can have lasting vision and exist in unison with heaven and earth. (Harper 1998: 473, 477, 479).

3120:

The Yang enchymoma can make one ascend (into the heavens); the Yin enchymoma can confer longevity. The Yang enchymoma is a 'returning' (i.e., regenerative) medicine, the Yin enchymoma is the (regenerative) technique of making the

1313:

spirit" should be understood as "essentially sexual energy." (1992: 78, 223). This context continues with the "signs of the five desires" (e.g., the second is "the nipples harden and her nose sweats—slowly embrace") and says,

3989:

is concentrated in the spine. One may then ejaculate once in half a month. When one reaches sixty-four years of age, the period of one's potency is finished and the cycle of hexagrams complete. The vitality is weak and the

2541:

is accomplished by "nine shallow and one deep" strokes. Position your mouth opposite the enemy's mouth and exhale through the mouth. Now inhale, subtly drawing in the two primary vitalities, swallow them and direct the

2528:

to supplement your own. The process of "reestablishment by nine" means practicing the inner breath nine times . "Pressing the one" refers to applying pressure with the left hand beneath the private parts to return the

3964:

A boy reaches puberty at sixteen, but his vitality is not yet sufficient and his mind not yet stable. He therefore must observe abstinence. When he reaches the age of twenty, his vitality is becoming stronger, and the

4765:

flourished in China since the beginning of our era, whereas it was unknown in India, it seems obvious that this particular feature of the Vajrayana was imported into India from China, probably via Assam" (1971: 351).

2280:

Citing this early description of the urethral pressure method, Pfister says a few people consider it "a beginner’s practice, which should, after some training, be replaced by the free-handed procedure" (2022: 344).

4813:. If it passes through the other two nerves, the result will be either the procreation of children, or mere waste of energy. It is only the middle nerve which is the source of perpetual enjoyment." (Bose 1930: 71). 1259:

essence", and disputes the "brain" interpretation because "filling the womb" occurs in the third of five stages, whereas "replenishing the brain" is regularly the final stage in sexual cultivation (1998: 465–467).

3960:, Wondrous Discourse of Sunü) presents a new theory with a parabolic curve of sexual vitality, peaking at middle age, which separates the concept of sexual energy from simple ejaculatory potency (Wile 1992: 48). 3570:

becomes aroused. By doing this several tens of times in the morning and in the evening, one may increase the lifespan. Man and woman should both calm their minds and maintain their concentration. (Wile 1992: 121)

2688:

for achieving clear vision is to wait for the impulse to ejaculate and then raise the head, hold the breath, and expel the air with a loud sound, gazing to the left and right. Contract the abdomen and return the

2797:

Daoist canon. One passage lists a number of standard techniques for ejaculation control, mentioning neither squeezing the penis base nor pressing the perineum, and concludes, "the jing will rise of itself."

2902:

will coagulate harmoniously, and whether one is old or young one will revert to the state of youth. The man guards (controls) his reins (i.e., his libido), keeping firm grasp of his semen and refining its

1748:

Therefore (if you insist on refraining from women) you should regularly exercise it (the Jade Stalk) by masturbation. If you can erect it (in orgasm) and yet have no ejaculation, that is called 'making the

2750:

to unite harmoniously, then it may be transformed into a male child. If she is not having intercourse for the sake of offspring, she can divert the fluids to flow back into the hundred vessels . By using

475:

coitus reservatus. In Taoist sexuality or sexology manuals, this process is regularly described as follows: jing (the seed, raw and dense) is transformed into chi (vital energy, subtle and circulating).

4612:

or Tantric Buddhism introduced "a highly specialized sexual mysticism, based on the principle that complete unity with the deity and supreme bliss could be achieved by a meditative process based on the

1710:

If the "jade stalk" does not stir, it dies in its lair. So you must engage frequently in intercourse as a way of exercising the body . To be aroused but not ejaculate is what is called "returning the

1015:, "returning the semen/essence to replenish the brain") techniques, three sexual cultivation bamboo-slip manuscripts mention aspects later associated with essence retention, accumulating and enclosing 592:) has equivalents of: (1) "mend or patch clothing", (2) "repair, restore; remedy, redress; improve, ameliorate", (3) "add to, supplement; supplete, supply (a deficiency); replenish." (Kroll 2015: 29). 4255:

is animate and has been granted an outlet from the passage of egress for drink has endowed that part with a love for generating by implanting therein a lively desire for emission" (Noble 2014: 400).

3034:

When one feels the impulse to ejaculate, close the mouth and open the eyes wide, hold the breath and clench the fists. Move the hands to the left and right, up and down. Contract the nose and take in

4805:

channel. A man and woman follow a series of postures and recitations that should result in "the passing of seminal fluid through the middle nerve, which will then go upwards towards the region of

1580:), one of the semi-legendary founding fathers of Chinese sexology: "One should firmly hold with the hand, not ejaculate, and let the essence revert to replenish the brain." (Despeux 2008: 515). 4749:("celibacy"). According to Hindu concepts, a subtle form of semen exists throughout the entire body, and can be transformed into a gross form in the sexual organs (van Gulik 1971: 345). "To be 5050:

Pfister, Rodo (2022), "The sexual body techniques of early and medieval China – underlying emic theories and basic methods of a non-reproductive sexual scenario for non-same-sex partners", in

760:"interrupted, cut short"), commonly known as the "withdrawal method" or "pulling out," is an ancient contraceptive method consisting in removing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation. 3888:, "seven reversions"). It says, "if the juices are abundant they can generate saliva, if the saliva is abundant it can change into blood, if the blood is abundant it can be transmuted the 2944:

of her two breasts descend into her reins, and then also rise up from there (along the spinal column) to reach the brain. This is called 'transforming (life) into the primary (vitalities;

838:, numerous intromissions with a succession of partners occurring for every one ejaculation." (Needham and Ling 1956: 149). Subsequently, Needham reconsidered the problems of nomenclature. 1347:, "forceful; parch") meaning that when intercourse is excessive, "the penis must still block the vaginal opening in order to seal the sexually generated essence inside" (1998: 481, 501). 1422:, "jade closure"), "The matter of achieving spiritual illumination consists of locking. If one carefully holds the "jade" in check, spiritual illumination will he achieved." (1992: 80). 3512:

and slow the breath. Close the eyes. lie on the back and circulate your internal energy. When the body returns to normal, one may have intercourse with another woman. (Wile 1992: 120)

3291:

By the end of the Tang dynasty, many Chinese sex manuals were no longer extant, and only known by titles listed in bibliographies. Fortuitously, the Japanese physician Tamba Yasuyori (

562:

as always referring only to the material secretion itself" (Needham and Lu 1983: 66). The "making the semen return upwards to nourish the brain" technique was another instance of the

3532:

loss. When emission does occur, one should circulate energy internally to supplement the loss in that area. Otherwise, the blood vessels and brain daily will suffer more harm. When

4148:, "tiger water") on the left, a symbol of yin energy within the yang side of the body (Little 2000: 348–349). This illustration shows twenty-four "vertebra", some labeled with the 2373:("return the sperm/essence to nourish the brain") vocabulary. This text uses "jing" and "qi" more or less interchangeably, the "woman's sexual energy" in one instance being called 920: 4407:

posture "when the tongue enters the cavern of the cranium, moving contrawise (backward). The eye-glance penetrating between the eyebrows" and how it allows one to accomplish

2628:

so strong that you will be able to overcome all your enemies. Old men will feel like twenty and young men will feel their strength increased a hundredfold. (Wile 1992: 102)

1765:

Second, the legendary ruler asks Sunu about how to regain strength when he cannot get an erection, and she recommends first harmonizing with his partner, then gathering her

4723:, along which the adept's unejaculated "translated semen" ascends until it reaches the brain. There the final union with the deity is visualized as the embrace of the god 968:

The archeological discovery and analysis of medical manuscripts in the 1970s revealed that the origins of Chinese sexual cultivation techniques dated back to at least the

2082:

Inner Scripture) is "filled with cryptic expressions and divine names" designed to exclude uninformed readers, and is addressed to learned Daoists already familiar with

4621:, "the disciple, through the sexual act, reproduces the creative moment. But the act must not be performed down to its natural consequences; it should be controlled by 4034:

arousal have reached their peaks or not. Energetically withdrawing and inserting, one realizes the marvel of "adding charcoal." This secures and strengthens one's own "

3623: 3234:

technique of "Returning the essence to replenish the brain" evolved from sexual yoga to cosmic meditation. This method originally consisted of controlling the flow of

711:(補) is given as five each for "repair", "replenish", and "nourish"; and one each for "strengthen", "fortify", "supplement", "restore", and untranslated (Rocha 2022). 1425:

Another context, described as the "free-handed method" (Pfister 2022: 343), refers to anal constriction during sexual coitus, but does not specify pressing on the

4535:

terminology is used in the following descriptions of Hindu and Buddhist adepts visualizing semen moving up the spinal cord into the brain. Within the human body,

3658: 2349:

but twice a month, or twenty-four times in one year, will all gain long life, and at 100 or 200 years will be full of color and without illness. (Wile 1992: 101)

2337:

is overly aroused, then quickly lift the head, open the eyes wide and gaze to the left and right, up and down. Contract the lower parts, hold the breath and the

1239:, "womb; placenta"). The context describes an ancient method for "coitus with Yin to become strong" and "sucking in heaven's essence to achieve longevity." King 36: 3176:

with the heel rather than the hand", and quotes an old Daoist saying that: "Who wishes life unending to attain, Must raise the essence to restore the brain ."

2909:, (till eventually) they ascend along the spinal column to the brain going against the (normal) current. This is called 'regenerating the primary (vitalities; 3735:) is (the main factor of) life and death; life and death depend on the art of the bedchamber. One must follow the method of the Tao of retention, so that the 2821:

will rise of itself . The degree of control is always dependent on the individual. One should only ejaculate two or three times in ten. (Wile 1992: 111-112)

2119:

is "sperm in men; menstrual blood in women"; this text uses it to mean "some sort of sublimation dematerialized and capable of blending with the Breath".

1744:") as "masturbation", despite correctly translating it more than ten times elsewhere in the book as "gymnastic techniques" and "massage" (Wile 1992: 59). 3536:

attack them they take ill. This is because common people do not understand the necessity of supplementing what is lost in ejaculation. (Wile 1992: 120)

2763:, the hundred ailments disappear, one's color becomes radiant and the flesh fine. One can enjoy long life and be forever like a youth. (Wile 1992: 103) 3488:

principle. Those who desire to have intercourse with women should first become aroused and cause to rise up strong. Slowly engage her and absorb her

4262:(c. 460- c. 370 BCE) said, "The greater quantity of the material of generation, it is believed on the authority of Galen, is drawn from the brain." ( 1936:

integrity, undergo prohibitions, wear amulets and seals from their belts, and keep at a distance all who might harm their lives. (5, Ware 1966: 103)

878:

retrograde ejaculation "'re-routing' of the secretion into the bladder". (Needham and Lu 1983: 199). Authors inconsistently use these terms for both

2674:; breath"). This context claims the health benefits of avoiding ejaculation include achieving clear vision, preventing deafness, and regulating the 1864:, "The pleasure of intercourse lies in ejaculation. Now if a man locks himself and refrains from emission, where is the pleasure?", and he answers: 4686:

supplying a shortcut to complete enlightenment was an entirely new element, in that form unknown in pre-Vajrayana Buddhism" (van Gulik 1971: 343).

3971:

is concentrated in the intestines and stomach. One may then ejaculate once in thirty days. At thirty, the vitality is strong and abundant, and the

3564:

to be aroused. Imagine something red in color and the size of an egg in the middle of the navel. Then slowly move in and out, withdrawing when the

4002:

after sixty, then those who are vigorous may still ejaculate. When one reaches seventy, one must not let the emotions run wild. (Wile 1992: 131).

3526:

Some are shocked into insanity or experience "emaciation-thirst" disease . Some lose their minds or suffer malignant sores. This is the result of

3046:

point with the two middle fingers of the left hand. Exhale a long breath and at the same time gnash the teeth a thousand times. In this way the

5031:

Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 5: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Physiological Alchemy

3921: 3558:

The classics on immortality state that the tao of man and woman achieving immortality together is to use deep penetration without allowing the

1034:"vapor", and is not equivalent to "semen". In fact, no word for "semen" occurs although it is implicit in several passages (Harper 1998: 152). 5103:

Umekawa, Sumiyo and David Dear (2018), "The Relationship between Chinese Erotic Art and the Art of the Bedchamber: A Preliminary Survey", in

2984:; and that male and female sexual energy usually are treated in separate passages in the texts and never explicitly linked" (Wile 1992: 48). 3476:

through leakage and for his urine to be turbid. It may even lead to the illness of copulation with ghosts. Also, by seeking to prevent the

2808:, ejaculating at the same time. The man should withdraw to a shallow depth and play between the "zither strings" and "wheat teeth ." The " 2300:

essence was conveyed up into the head and ultimately to the center of the body for the preparation of the internal elixir (1983: 197–198).

2610:

and cultivating life must not limit themselves to just one woman. You should get three or nine or eleven; the more the better. Absorb her

1004:

each transcribed two different texts bound separately and rolled together in a single bundle. Although none of them directly refer to the

4642:("enlightenment-mind; thought of awakening") while having intercourse with a female partner, acquiring her female energy stimulates his 3410:, Cessation of Leaking) illustration loosely showing the kidneys , seminal glands, and urethra, along with the vertebral axis up which 3460:

exercise to "circulate energy internally", and an early description of cloudy urine from retrograde ejaculation (Pfister 2022: 345).

2522:; is to treasure the semen . If one can cherish it, one's life may be preserved. Whenever you ejaculate you must absorb the woman's 1921:(Master Who Embraces Simplicity) provides early information about "returning the essence to replenish the brain" and related terms. 1274:, Conjoining/Uniting Yin and Yang; a standard term for sexual intercourse) manuscript begins with a jargonized method for doing it, 3500:

and after a moment you will become strong. When strong, employ it, being certain to move slowly and in a relaxed manner. When your

3382: 3546:

is the first to describe a path of mutual immortality for both sexes through a combination of deep penetration, low arousal, and

1224: 4484:

It is likely that the method of perineal pressure to avoid ejaculation was also used in India. For instance, the c. 320-390 CE

4372:

is said to "accomplish the simultaneous immobilization of breath, thought and semen, obstructing the throat with the tongue in

1977:, "return the essence and breathe like an embryo") in the Rejoinder to Popular Conceptions chapter, which quotes a poem from a 1904: 3983:

is concentrated in the lower back and one may ejaculate once in seven days. At fifty, the vitality begins to decline, and the

4487: 528: 355: 262: 202: 81: 3276:

took on a different meaning that refers to the repeated cycling of the essence in the first stage of the practice, called

2878:

of life, cherishing and nourishing respectively the seminal essence and the blood. It is not a heterodox thing. In it the

566:

on "reversion, restoration, regeneration, counter-current motion. and cyclical transformation" (Needham and Lu 1983: 31).

363: 95: 4149: 3533: 436: 3452:. It presents some new themes, such as postejaculatory remediation, advising to supplement leaked semen by engaging in 1706:

First, the Yellow Emperor asks Sunu about the results of refraining from intercourse for a long time, and she answers.

5158: 2098: 1968: 1741: 1144: 695:(精) is rendered as seven "essence", four "semen", three "seminal essence" and one " essence", three "sperm", and two " 417: 395: 459:

was considered the reservoir for semen, bone marrow, brain matter, and other bodily fluids. However, in actual fact,

4244:, some physicians and philosophers believed that semen originated in the brain and moved through the spinal marrow. 1289:

parallel above saying the "mass of essence all ascends". In contrast with this "essence and spirit" translation for

4976:

Harper, Donald (1987), "The Sexual Arts of Ancient China as Described in a Manuscript of The Second Century B.C.",

4190: 4168: 4152: 3926: 3068: 5110:

Wang Yishan (2022), "Sexing the Chinese medical body: pre-modern Chinese medicine through the lens of gender", in

4904: 4306:, the Chinese technique of "returning the seminal essence to replenish the brain" has parallels in two associated 1761:

return is of great restorative benefit, fully displaying the Tao of the life(-force). (Needham and Lu 1983: 201).

5168: 4225:

Although the Daoist practice of "returning the seminal essence to replenish the brain" may seem to be a uniquely

4117: 452: 4682:(van Gulik 1971: 342). Although Vajrayana incorporated older Buddhist and Hindu thought, the "conception of the 4463:

or semen emitted), and "having done so by a pumping process, the yogin must conserve it, for by the loss of the

1703:

from a woman's mouth and returning it into his brain, and details the pleasures of refraining from ejaculation.

1697:, "returning the essence") as "to be aroused but not ejaculate", describes a man gathering and transforming the 850:

because that term is reserved for "the contraceptive method of sudden withdrawal and external ejaculation," nor

4971:

Sexual Life in Ancient China; a Preliminary Survey of Chinese Sex and Society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D.

4822: 2056:

ejaculation, thereby repairing the brain ; revert their sperm to the Vermilion Intestine . (6, Ware 1966: 122)

945: 322: 4028:

cooperate generously. First examine her state of emotional excitement and then observe whether the stages of

856:

because that usually means "allowing the state of excitation to fade without a withdrawal". He suggested two

4941:

To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents

4513: 3247: 1127:) is a standard term for "concentrating vapor and essence inside the body by 'enclosing' them" (1998: 457). 1001: 890: 399: 381: 4230: 3777: 2343:

will naturally be stilled. Do not carelessly transmit this to others. Those who succeed in shedding their

722: 512: 464: 4854:, sexual intercourse within Tantric sex, or alternatively to the specific lack of sexual fluids generated 3470:

by repression is a practice difficult to maintain and easy to lose. Furthermore, it causes a man to lose

5036:

Noble, Denis, Dario DiFrancesco, and Diego Zancani (2014), "Leonardo Da Vinci and the Origin of Semen",

4844: 4834: 4396: 1900: 1552: 1058: 969: 953: 738: 4931: 3297:, 912–995) compiled and published many fragments of early Chinese medical writings in his 984 Japanese 4358:

breath retention practice of rolling the tip of the tongue backwards and upwards until it touches the

3900:

is abundant it can (be sent up to) nourish the brain, if the brain is nourished it can strengthen the

3540:

Unlike earlier texts recommending the sexist concept of male release and absorption from females, the

5153: 5143: 4828: 4756: 4425: 995: 985: 4990:

Judy, Ron S. (2015), "The Semen in the Subject: Deferral of Enjoyment and the Postmodernist Taoist

4600: 4281: 4213: 3314: 604:) translates into English as: "the brain. one's head, noggin: also, top part." (Kroll 2015: 320). 4345: 1821:

energy from its center at the base of the body up the back to the brain", and reads the character

4770: 4249: 3257: 2853:, "wheat teeth"), between which is the optimum depth for ejaculation (Wile 1992: 236, 243, 255). 2409:) refers to both" male and female sexual essences" (Wile 1992: 48). In the following examples of 1928: 1498:'s Way of Lovemaking) in 26 chapters, along with several other lost texts on sexual cultivation. 751: 385: 5119:

Art of the Bedchamber: The Chinese Sexual Yoga Classics, Including Women's Solo Meditation Texts

4785:, or seminal essence, return") that is "too close to be accidental" (1956: 428). This method of 1787:

The woman manifests "five colors" by which to assess her satisfaction. Gather her overflowing

1199:("returning the essence to replenish the brain"), depending upon whether the unusual character 5148: 4296: 4218: 3207: 3187:

an (immortal) body is born—that is the meaning of it. (Needham and Lu 1983: 208-209; cf. 159)

1593:) says he was an expert on the sexual techniques of Rong Cheng, and the commentary quotes the 1065:

When coitus with Yin is expected to be frequent, follow it with flying creatures. The spring

793: 421: 413: 377: 4646:, which blends with his activated but unejaculated semen into a new, powerful essence called 4524:(Wile 1992: 157). Van Gulik gives Buddhist and Hindu examples of spiritual semen retention. 2290:"making the semen return to nourish the brain" originated at some very early time during the 4508: 4136:, "dragon fire") on the right, a symbol of yang energy within the yin side of the body, and 4101: 3708: 3288:, "celestial circuit; continuously circular movement of the universe") (Despeux 2008: 515). 2079: 1049:, Ten Questions) manuscript consists of ten dialogues between legendary sages including the 765: 484: 118: 4382: 3040:. Also constrict the anus, suck in the abdomen, and lie on the back. Now quickly press the 2825:

Chinese sex manuals variously list terms for vaginal depths, beginning with the shallowest

2548:

with the mind down to the abdomen, thereby giving strength to the penis . (Wile 1992: 104)

1174:, "arrival; 'coming'", i.e., "thrusting the penis inside the vagina") without ejaculation. 718: 5163: 5127:

The serpent power: being the Ṣaṭ-cakra-nirūpana and Pādukā-pañcaka: two works on Laya-yoga

4884: 4089: 4012:

explains self-cultivation through absorbing a partner's energy and supplementing oneself:

3940: 3929: 3630: 3006: 1722:

is returned to benefit the body , then the tao of life has been realized. (Wile 1992: 85)

1624: 957: 907: 734: 2802:

Whenever one desires to ejaculate, one must await the woman's orgasm and then bestow the

992:

tomb dated 168 BCE (see Harper 1998 for details). Five were written on silk, such as the

784:"repository, treasure") is a widespread birth-control method consisting of squeezing the 139: 4831:, the practice of refraining from sexual experiences in order to increase erotic arousal 3589:

to nourish the brain, one will never grow old ." (Wile 1992: 126); suggesting that this

1799:

will be returned and transformed in your own body , filling the brain . (Wile 1992: 86)

1648: 757: 4863: 4710: 4647: 4618: 4456: 4241: 3148:

is strengthened and one's emotions concentrated. This is because the absorption of the

2241:, where the diverted "jing" seems to be ordinary semen and not supernatrural "jingqi" ( 1896: 1495: 1383:, Discussion of the Culminant Way in Under-Heaven) bamboo document says that enclosing 1050: 916: 817: 391: 181: 174: 4449:

the yogin should ejaculate, but after having done so he should positively regain this

5137: 4321: 4303: 4292:

and thereafter Hippocrates maintain it comes from the whole body." (Noble 2014: 397)

3642: 3154:

of union assists one's own (primary) Yang—in that case what is there to worry about?

2327:, without mention of "returning" it to the brain or "absorbing" it from the partner. 1892: 1672: 1565: 1459: 4498:("returning the semen: rerouting the semen"), which is closely analogous to Chinese 4205:, Yin Meeting) halfway between the scrotum and the anus (Needham and Lu 1983: 231). 1541:, "think, think of") denoting "contemplate, meditate" on essence rather than semen. 984:

Seven previously unknown medical and sexological manuscripts, along with the famous

781: 691:(還) is usually translated as "return", except for three "revert" and one "conduct". 4858: 4363: 3690: 3613: 3445: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3319:(General Treatise on the Etiology and Symptomology of Diseases). Chapter 28 of the 3105: 3099: 3052:

will ascend to nourish the brain , causing one to gain longevity. (Wile 1992: 116)

2969: 2838: 2356: 2291: 2153: 1608:

Although Needham and Lu claim the last sentence was "expurgated" from the original

1447: 1184: 563: 125: 5125: 4719:("coiled snake"), which after arousal creates a new, asexual nerve channel called 4379:, secreting copious saliva, and never emitting semen" (Needham and Lu 1983: 274). 4058:

of her nostrils to fortify your spine marrow . Swallow her saliva to nourish your

3780:

for the Regeneration of the Primary , from the Western Sacred Mountain) lists the

3359:, Shadow of the Double Plum Tree Anthology), which outraged many Chinese readers. 3191: 2920:)'. The woman guards (controls) her heart (i.e., her emotions) and 'nourishes her 1620:

reference belongs to the commentary and not the original text (Harper 1998: 467).

809: 5091:

The Taoist canon: a historical companion to the Daozang, Vol. 2 The Modern Period

4676:

and reaches the crown chakra, whereupon the practitioner can purportedly achieve

2235:, Scripture on Transcendence/Immortality") that gives details of how to practice 1927:

occurs in two chapters. "The Ultimate System" lists it among common practices to

788:

at the base of the penis before ejaculation, resulting in retrograde ejaculation.

660:"conducting the seminal essence to repair the brain" (Baldrian-Hussein 2004: 808) 5043:

Pevsner, Johnathan (2002), "Leonardo da Vinci’s Contributions to Neuroscience",

4872: 4794: 4745: 4558: 4544: 4521: 4359: 4259: 4234: 4226: 3311:, Formulas of the Heart of Medicine), which was partly based on the 7th century 2965: 1664: 1571: 1510: 1478: 1066: 1054: 973: 799: 633:"making the semen return upwards to nourish the brain" (Needham and Lu 1983: 30) 195: 5064:

Rocha, L. A. (2022), "The question of sex and modernity in China, part 1: from

2972:(618-907) dynasty sex manuals, the "return," "circulation," or "rising" of the 2195:, Essentials of the Jade Chamber) quotes the Han Daoist transcendent Liu Jing ( 2152:, "breath holding"). In Daoist physiology, the spinal cord, was likened to the 678:"to revert the essence and to replenish the brain (marrow)" (Pfister 2022: 344) 4806: 4638: 4386: 4311: 4289: 4285: 3449: 3300: 3000: 1061:. One passage exemplifies Chinese euphemisms referring to sexual terminology. 898: 857: 771: 742: 4862:, a yogic supported shoulder stand believed to reverse the downflow loss of ( 636:"returning the seminal essence and replenishing the brain" (Harper 1987: 549) 4715: 4622: 4609: 4577: 4571: 4315: 4040:

coffers." Enjoying scented kisses and pressing closely together, absorb her

3578: 2622:" Your skin will become glossy, your body light. your eyes bright, and your 1652: 1518: 153: 1000:(Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments), and the other two manuscripts written on 630:"making the essence return (so as) to repair the brain" (Maspero 1981: 495) 5024:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 2, History of Scientific Thought

4082:

and blood, preserves the complexion, and prevents aging. (Wile 1992: 133)

3142:

is dispersed and one's emotions are exhausted. But if one receives, one's

2594:, the "vast spring"), which may mean "female genitalia" (Wile 1992: 251). 2180:) "making the Yellow River flow backwards") (Needham and Ling 1956: 150). 398:

while avoiding orgasm. According to this practice, retaining unejaculated

4927:, with a contribution by Peter Nickerson, University of California Press. 4850: 4788: 4732: 4694: 4528: 4373: 4353: 3344: 3170:, "riding the wine-pot") technique of "applying the perineal pressure in 3102:, Presented to the Court by Liu Shou), which is contained in the c. 1029 2446: 2331:

If one desires to derive benefit from mounting women, but finds that the

2078:, Jade Manual of the External Radiance of the Yellow Courts; compare the 1523:

9) that condemns the practice (Harper 1998: 467). At this early stage of

1471: 1240: 961: 494: 425: 160: 47: 5038:

Notes & Records, The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science

2012:

turn white, and one will enjoy Fullness of Life." (Ware 1966: 190–191).

639:"making the seminal essence return to nourish the brain" (Ruan 1991: 96) 4728: 4678: 4333: 4076:

point and permeate the four limbs. As it overflows, it strengthens the

3549: 2792: 2786: 2675: 2008: 1916: 1910: 1861: 1028:"essence" consistently names an internal material similar in nature to 785: 672:"returning the sperm to nourish the brain" (Umekawa and Dear 2018: 216) 663:"return of the sperm in order to repair the brain" (Schipper 2004: 786) 468: 456: 429: 3432:, Dangers and Benefits of Intercourse with Women) is chapter 6 of the 3262:("longevity practices") (Despeux 2008: 514). During the Tang dynasty, 2461:, lit. "seminal/essential fluid"), which Wile translates as "semen", " 2433:

and restore the fluid ", "mounting the 'vast spring and returning the

624:"making the semen return to strengthen the brain" (van Gulik 1961: 78) 4713:. The dormant female energy in the yogi's body is called technically 4697:

also practiced sexual mysticism. The process of merging the separate

4690: 4553: 4543:("life force, vital principle") energies are thought to flow through 4307: 4295:

Based upon contemporary medical resources, the anatomical drawing by

4121: 3977:

is in the thighs. One may ejaculate once in five days. At forty, the

3730: 3652: 3455: 3265: 3213: 1729: 1658: 976:(202 BCE-220 CE), as previously believed (Needham and Lu 1983: 199). 894: 225: 53: 4332:

preserving his semen after ejaculation by drawing it up through his

4310:(lit. "seal; mystery; gesture")—symbolic body postures practiced in 4985:

Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts

3707:, The Ranks of Spirits and Substances, a Dongzhen Scripture of the 3516:

Another passage describes some more serious consequences of losing

2978:

takes place "naturally as a result of simultaneous stimulation and

675:"reverting the essence to replenish the brain" (Pregadio 2022: 438) 651:"to return of the essence to repair the brain" (Schipper 1993: 242) 4888:, a yogic shoulder stand believed to reverse the downflow loss of 4724: 4599: 4589:

is associated with female, ova, moon, etc.; and the right channel

4538: 4381: 4376: 4245: 4212: 3920: 3622: 3444:, "On Nourishing Inner Nature and Extending Life"), attributed to 3381: 3190: 1647: 1367:

receives the transmission and is filled. (Harper 1998: 476, 484).

1140: 1091:("semen; life essence") in an enigmatic corporal space called the 952: 944: 717: 666:"returning the essence to replenish the brain" (Despeux 2008: 515) 285: 239: 4825:, maintaining long-lasting sexual arousal without reaching climax 2868:, Biography of Lord Pei, the Realized Person of Pure Refinement) 2367:, Secrets of the Jade Chamber) expands the semantic range of the 1998:

Compare "Revert your sperm, breathe like fetus" (Ware 1966: 54).

657:"returning the essence to replenish the brain" (Harper 1998: 151) 654:"return essence to the brain to fortify it" (Bokenkamp 1997: 87) 186: 4532: 4189:, Long and Strong) halfway between the coccyx and the anus, and 2896:

and the fluids will circulate like clouds, the pure wine of the

376:'returning the semen/essence to replenish the brain' or 299: 4284:

opine, is discharged by the brain and the spinal marrow, while

866:

for "seminal retention and withdrawal after female orgasm" and

3635:

illustration of Washing the Heart/Mind and Storing Inwardly (

2263:

to nourish the brain" is to wait during intercourse until the

669:"returning the semen to supplement the brain" (Judy 2015: 135) 5019:, tr. by Frank A. Kierman, University of Massachusetts Press. 4876:, a yogic headstand believed to reverse the downflow loss of 3337:, Art of the Bedchamber) contains several texts, such as the 2616:

secretions by mounting the "vast spring" and "returning the

4229:

mystery, there are historical counterparts in the fields of

3741:

can be changed into something wonderful; one must make this

3131:

There is an analogy between party etiquette and having sex.

926: 4769:

Finally, Joseph Needham says a sexual ritual of the Hindu

3996:

secretions exhausted. If one can preserve one's remaining

3030:

from "above", meaning the woman's breath (Wile 1992: 48).

681:"return the essence to nourish the brain" (Wang 2022: 359) 627:"reverting the sperm to repair the brain" (Ware 1966: 140) 5057:

Pregadio, Fabrizio (2022), "Time in Chinese alchemy", in

4652:("drop; dot") or "translated semen" (tr. van Gulik). The 4636:

channels, a male Vajrayana practitioner meditates on the

4094:

compendium of Inner Alchemy pictures an adept practicing

3083:, Yin Meeting) acupoint at the perineum (Wile1992: 263). 3024:. Third, the text emphasizes the importance of absorbing 2695:

so that it enters the hundred vessels . (Wile 1992: 104)

1550:

Based upon a misquotation in the transmitted 5th century

621:

return to restore the brain" (Needham and Wang 1956: 150)

207: 165: 5114:, ed. by Vivienne Lo and Michael Stanley-Baker, 356-367. 5072:, ed. by Vivienne Lo and Michael Stanley-Baker, 381-388. 5061:, ed. by Vivienne Lo and Michael Stanley-Baker, 427-443. 5054:, ed. by Vivienne Lo and Michael Stanley-Baker, 337-355. 5003:

A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese

2007:

Genie's Pharmacopoeia chapter lists brain-supplementing

4743:("one who can make semen flow upward "), a practice of 4581:("thousand-petalled" "crown chakra"). The left channel 4100:. The "Illustration of Reverse Illumination" shows the 3925:"Illustration of Reverse Illumination", showing spinal 3228:

Concurrent with historical developments of Daoism, the

2088:

techniques (Maspero 1981: 488, 523). For illustration,

1940:

The "Resolving Hesitations" chapter praises the secret

1458:

Prior to the Mawangdui discoveries, scholars relied on

4807: 4795: 4786: 4664:, and opens up a new, asexual energy channel known as 4545: 4536: 4493: 4485: 4475: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4440: 4423: 4408: 4402: 4394: 4367: 4351: 4343: 4337: 4327: 4319: 3326: 3320: 3298: 3254:(lit. "bedchamber arts", "lovemaking techniques") and 2999:, Health Benefits of the Bedchamber) was preserved in 327: 5086:, tr. Karen C. Duval, University of California Press. 4780: 4774: 4499: 4389:

used in Yoga practice to promote a calm state of mind

4217:

Drawing of a Hemisected Man and Woman Having Coitus,

4194: 4178: 4172: 4156: 4137: 4125: 4105: 4095: 4087: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4007: 3997: 3991: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3949: 3938: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3765: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3722: 3712: 3696: 3688: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3650: 3643: 3628: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3590: 3584: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3547: 3541: 3527: 3517: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3453: 3433: 3421: 3411: 3399: 3387: 3348: 3338: 3312: 3277: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3235: 3229: 3219: 3211: 3195: 3181: 3159: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3122: 3111: 3103: 3087: 3072: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3025: 3019: 3004: 2988: 2973: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2921: 2910: 2904: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2857: 2842: 2826: 2816: 2809: 2803: 2790: 2774: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2739: 2729: 2723: 2711: 2699: 2690: 2683: 2669: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2583: 2577: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2495: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2450: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2368: 2354: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2322: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2285: 2271: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2236: 2224: 2213: 2206: 2184: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2141: 2135: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2100: 2083: 2067: 2040: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2002: 1978: 1962: 1956: 1941: 1922: 1914: 1876: 1869: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1816: 1804: 1794: 1788: 1772: 1766: 1756: 1750: 1727: 1717: 1711: 1698: 1686: 1673: 1656: 1634: 1615: 1609: 1594: 1563: 1557: 1530: 1524: 1516: 1508: 1502: 1483: 1469: 1463: 1426: 1411: 1390: 1384: 1372: 1357: 1351: 1336: 1324: 1308: 1302: 1290: 1284: 1263: 1253: 1228: 1212: 1200: 1194: 1188: 1163: 1157: 1128: 1116: 1104: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1038: 1029: 1023: 1016: 1005: 993: 924: 910: 901: 839: 821: 729: 643: 616: 593: 581: 569: 557: 551: 545: 533: 516: 500: 488: 440: 400: 347: 144: 130: 59: 51: 41: 22: 5089:

Schipper, Kristofer and Franciscus Verellen (2004),

5077:

Sex in China: Studies in Sexology in Chinese Culture

4955:"returning the essence to replenish the brain"," in 2773:, Master of the Cavern of Mystery), named after the 1323:

In the last sentence, Harper reads the manuscriptal

960:

banner found draped over the coffin in the grave of

684:"returning the semen to the brain" (Rocha 2022: 384) 607:

There is no standard English translation of Chinese

267: 4705:channels, under the stimulus of real or visualized 2604:of uniting yin and yang for the purpose of gaining 2156:in its "downward-radiating trophic influence", the 1946:

practice, which had always been orally transmitted.

321: 316: 298: 284: 279: 261: 256: 238: 224: 219: 201: 194: 180: 173: 159: 152: 138: 124: 117: 112: 94: 80: 75: 21: 2890:. If one practises it according to the rules, the 3367:Sex manuals continued to be published during the 3098:, Confidential Oral Instructions of the Adept of 1462:of Chinese classics to understand the origins of 1115:, "spiritual illumination") occurs. Harper notes 4735:, a practitioner who has mastered the spiritual 2938:, i.e., refraining from orgasm), but making the 1815:, "return") denotes the "process of raising the 1335:, "peg; tally") as a graphic loan character for 860:for accurately translating the Chinese methods; 826:. Initially, he held that the technique was not 390:("nourishing life") method aimed at maintaining 5012:, with Shawn Eichman, Art Institute of Chicago. 4155:for fourteen of the twenty-eight points of the 3067:, "screen shade") is an alternate name for the 2535:and restore the fluid . "Absorbing the woman's 2445:". Another comparable illustration of semantic 1685:, The Classic of the Pure/Plain Woman) defines 3332: 3306: 3292: 2427:" to the brain, the text mentions "return the 2247:, "sexual energy; vitality") (Wile 1992: 48). 304: 290: 4950: 4915: 4551:("tubes, channels, nerves") that connect the 4200: 4184: 4162: 4143: 4131: 4111: 3955: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3847: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3771: 3702: 3636: 3596: 3439: 3427: 3405: 3393: 3354: 3283: 3241: 3201: 3165: 3093: 3078: 3062: 2994: 2950: 2927: 2915: 2863: 2848: 2832: 2780: 2768: 2717: 2705: 2663: 2589: 2571: 2489: 2456: 2404: 2392: 2380: 2362: 2316: 2242: 2230: 2196: 2190: 2175: 2147: 2073: 2046: 2034: 1984: 1972: 1855: 1840: 1833:, "dirty; defile") following as a variant of 1828: 1810: 1778: 1735: 1692: 1680: 1640: 1628: 1588: 1575: 1536: 1489: 1446:Washing the penis is intended to bring about 1432: 1417: 1396: 1378: 1342: 1330: 1296: 1269: 1234: 1218: 1206: 1169: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1098: 1044: 1010: 932: 599: 587: 580:) compounds two comparatively simpler words. 575: 539: 532:definitions condensed to relevant meanings). 522: 506: 446: 407: 100: 86: 65: 8: 5107:, ed. by Vivienne Lo et al., Brill, 215-226. 4959:, ed. Fabrizio Pregadio, Routledge, 514–515. 4793:("Tantric sexual intercourse") involves the 4569:goes along the spinal cord and connects the 4016:"Heaven and earth combine prosperously" and 2738:If a woman knows the way of cultivating her 244: 230: 4275: 4269: 4263: 3912:is copious it can complete and perfect the 3677:, and the spinal channel through which the 3171: 3012: 2979: 1570:("Biographies of Exemplary Transcendents") 873: 867: 861: 851: 845: 833: 827: 803: 791: 775: 763: 749: 371: 4597:is associated with male, semen, sun, etc. 3607:"old one, or wise one" author rather than 3136:who receive. If one gives like this one's 2926:,' not allowing the refined fire to move ( 2039:, "Yin elixir; sperm") in two contexts of 1655:silk manuscript depicting the practice of 1556:, several authorities have contended that 1211:) should be read as a copyist's error for 1085:below describe accumulating and enclosing 424:to manual techniques such as pressing the 313: 253: 109: 50:to prevent ejaculation and conserve one's 35: 5029:Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-Djen (1983), 3649:reaction-vessel in the abdomen where the 3482:from becoming excited, they weaken their 3246:, "seminal essence"), and was related to 3089:Wangwu Zhenren Liu Shou yi zhenren koujue 2785:, "Mystery Grotto"), which is one of the 2767:The pre-Tang c. 5th century Dong Xuanzi ( 2251:The classics on immortality say that the 1562:was first recorded in the 2nd century CE 4933:The Post-caitanya Sahajia Cult Of Bengal 4773:tradition has an equivalence to Chinese 3876:, "juices of organs")—necessary for the 1793:and take the liquid from her mouth. The 972:(c. 475–221 BCE), rather than the early 832:as van Gulik "inadvertently" said, but " 4964:Erotic Colour Prints of the Ming Period 3218:energy cultivation technique involving 2884:is gathered up in order to benefit the 2722:, "hundred vessels") occurs in another 2321:, "stop; suppress; still") ejaculating 1895:" (222-589) collectively refers to the 1193:contains the earliest documentation of 556:, "it would be a great mistake to read 5112:Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine 5070:Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine 5059:Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine 5052:Routledge Handbook of Chinese Medicine 5022:Needham, Joseph and Wang Ling (1956), 4617:" (van Gulik 1971: 341). According to 1476:bibliographical section of the 111 CE 886:"copulation followed by ejaculation". 46:technique of pressing the heel on the 18: 3158:The text then goes on to explain the 2564:" occurs after absorbing the woman's 1671:The reconstructed 2nd or 3rd century 882:"copulation without ejaculation" and 648:to nourish the brain" (Wile 1992: 50) 467:, which redirects the semen into the 7: 5130:, reprint Dover Publications (1974). 4557:("wheel") energy centers. There are 3683:rises up. (Needham and Lu 1984: 125) 3127:return . (Needham and Lu 1983: 204) 2955:)'. (Needham and Lu 1983: 205-206). 2113:Essence. While the basic meaning of 1410:Compare Wile's above translation of 1389:("essence") can result in achieving 728:Scholars have discussed the Chinese 4911:Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2004), " 4672:rises up this channel, through the 4274:). This refers to the Pseudo-Galen 4124:—which are respectively labeled as 3918:." (tr. Needham and Lu 1983: 151). 3398:, Scripture of Wisdom and Destiny) 3270:(Inner Alchemy) became popular and 1851:to fortify the brain" (1992: 234). 1301:), Wile translates "By sucking her 889:Note that in quotations below, the 5100:, vol. 1, La Libreria dello Stato. 4978:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 3767:Xiyue Dou xiansheng xiuzhen zhinan 2734:is simply translated as "fluids". 1783:), and returning it to the brain. 1633:, fl. 1294–1307), compiler of the 1501:The earliest known attestation of 774:"Saxon, West Germanic tribes") or 737:and related Western techniques in 14: 4943:, University of California Press. 4709:with a female partner, is called 4656:breaks through the separation of 3554:visualizations (Wile 1992: 48). 3003:'s 652 classic medical reference 2710:, "pulse; artery; vein") in this 2385:) and in another similar context 1845:, "brain"), that is, "return the 4430:describes both mudras together. 3575:Lastly, this text misquotes the 3506:becomes aroused, stop. Lock the 1989:, Scripture on Transcendence): 989: 988:, were excavated in 1973 from a 745:(meaning "sexual intercourse"). 550:means "semen" in the expression 515:two semantically complex words. 16:Retrograde ejaculation in Daoism 5121:, State University of New York. 5082:Schipper, Kristofer M. (1993), 4969:van Gulik, Robert Hans (1961), 4962:van Gulik, Robert Hans (1951), 4902:Ayyangar, TR Srinivasa (1938), 4604:Early Bindu Model of Hatha Yoga 4120:)—distinct from the anatomical 3760:) . (Needham and Lu 1983: 124) 2598:Those who seek to practice the 1905:Southern and Northern Dynasties 611:, and here are twenty samples: 208: 187: 166: 5093:, University of Chicago Press. 4923:Bokenkamp, Stephen R. (1997), 4731:(van Gulik 1971: 343-344). In 4507:The Dutch diplomat and author 4488:Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika 3363:Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties 2582:secretions") and mounting the 1139:, "hold the breath closed in; 367: 359: 328: 268: 145: 131: 101: 87: 1: 5033:, Cambridge University Press. 5026:, Cambridge University Press. 4939:Campany, Robert Ford (2002), 4930:Bose, Manindra Mohan (1930), 4920:", in Schipper 2004: 807–808. 4565:. The most important central 3347:republished them in his 1907 2859:Qingling zhenren Peijun zhuan 1636:Lishi zhenxian tidao tongjian 1587:biography of Ling Shouguang ( 1162:passage lists nine stages of 1143:") is a related word used in 844:should neither be translated 5010:Taoism and the Arts of China 4946:Despeux, Catherine (2008), " 4504:(Needham and Lu 1983: 275). 4393:The circa 100 BCE to 300 CE 4336:from the vagina of a female 3711:Heavens), which paraphrases 2201:) about sexual intercourse. 2134:There is a parallel between 2107:is completed by that of the 1319:parched. (Harper 1998: 474) 820:refined his translations of 5068:to sexual cultivation", in 5017:Taoism and Chinese Religion 4808: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4546: 4537: 4500: 4494: 4486: 4476: 4465: 4458: 4451: 4441: 4424: 4409: 4403: 4395: 4368: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4328: 4320: 4280:, "The semen, as Plato and 4209:Cross-cultural counterparts 4195: 4179: 4173: 4157: 4150:traditional Chinese medical 4138: 4126: 4106: 4096: 4088: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4008: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3950: 3939: 3933: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3792:, "seven precious things")— 3782: 3766: 3756: 3750: 3743: 3737: 3729: 3723: 3713: 3697: 3689: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3644: 3629: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3548: 3542: 3528: 3518: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3454: 3434: 3422: 3416:ascends (Needham 1983: 253) 3412: 3400: 3388: 3349: 3339: 3327: 3321: 3313: 3299: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3256: 3249: 3236: 3230: 3220: 3212: 3196: 3182: 3160: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3123: 3112: 3104: 3088: 3073: 3057: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3026: 3020: 3005: 2989: 2974: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2922: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2858: 2843: 2827: 2817: 2810: 2804: 2791: 2775: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2730: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2691: 2684: 2670: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2584: 2578: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2544: 2537: 2531: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2496: 2494:, "restore the fluid") and 2484: 2478: 2472: 2467:secretions", and "fluids". 2463: 2451: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2399: 2387: 2375: 2369: 2355: 2353:The pre-Sui c. 4th century 2345: 2339: 2333: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2286: 2284:Needham and Lu reason that 2272: 2270:yourself to ejaculate. The 2265: 2259: 2253: 2237: 2225: 2214: 2207: 2185: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2142: 2136: 2125: 2115: 2109: 2101: 2084: 2068: 2041: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2003: 1979: 1969:Taixi (embryonic breathing) 1963: 1957: 1942: 1923: 1915: 1877: 1870: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1817: 1805: 1795: 1789: 1773: 1767: 1757: 1751: 1740:, "exercise; calisthenics; 1728: 1718: 1712: 1699: 1687: 1674: 1663:, excavated from a 168 BCE 1657: 1635: 1616: 1610: 1595: 1564: 1558: 1531: 1525: 1517: 1509: 1503: 1484: 1470: 1464: 1427: 1412: 1391: 1385: 1373: 1358: 1352: 1337: 1325: 1309: 1303: 1291: 1285: 1264: 1254: 1229: 1213: 1201: 1195: 1189: 1164: 1158: 1129: 1117: 1105: 1093: 1087: 1081: 1075: 1039: 1030: 1024: 1017: 1006: 994: 925: 911: 902: 840: 822: 730: 644: 617: 594: 582: 570: 558: 552: 546: 534: 517: 501: 489: 441: 437:traditional Chinese medical 401: 348: 60: 52: 42: 23: 5185: 5105:Imagining Chinese Medicine 4957:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4913:Zhenxian bizhuan huohou fa 4668:("the cleansed one"). The 4104:, which is flanked by the 3894:(seminal essence), if the 2500:is translated as "semen". 2140:("essence returning") and 1854:Third, the goddess Cainü ( 1803:The translator notes that 1529:practice, note the use of 1401:, "spirit illumination"). 1307:spirit upward" and notes " 1183:Some Mawangdui manuscript 949:Mawangdui Han Bamboo Slips 937:, "breath; vital force"). 707:(精液) mean "semen; sperm". 4951: 4936:, University of Calcutta. 4916: 4201: 4185: 4163: 4144: 4132: 4112: 3956: 3884: 3872: 3860: 3848: 3836: 3828:, "vessels and nerves"), 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3772: 3703: 3641:). Note the metaphorical 3637: 3597: 3440: 3428: 3406: 3394: 3355: 3350:Shuangmei jing’an congshu 3333: 3307: 3293: 3284: 3242: 3202: 3166: 3094: 3079: 3063: 2995: 2951: 2928: 2916: 2864: 2849: 2833: 2781: 2769: 2718: 2706: 2664: 2590: 2572: 2490: 2457: 2405: 2393: 2381: 2363: 2317: 2243: 2231: 2197: 2191: 2176: 2148: 2074: 2047: 2035: 1985: 1973: 1856: 1841: 1829: 1811: 1779: 1736: 1693: 1681: 1641: 1629: 1627:hagiographer Zhao Daoyi ( 1589: 1576: 1537: 1507:is the c. 2nd century CE 1490: 1433: 1418: 1397: 1379: 1343: 1331: 1297: 1270: 1235: 1219: 1207: 1170: 1135: 1123: 1111: 1103:, "jade closure"), where 1099: 1045: 1011: 980:Mawangdui excavated texts 933: 699:"—in Chinese usage, both 600: 588: 576: 540: 523: 507: 447: 408: 339: 312: 305: 291: 252: 245: 231: 108: 66: 34: 30: 5124:Woodroffe, John (1919), 5096:Tucci, Giuseppe (1949), 5008:Little, Stephen (2000), 4823:Edging (sexual practice) 4693:Tantra schools of Hindu 4522:Tantric sexual practices 4520:, were the precursor of 4362:and reaches towards the 3110:Daoist Canon, refers to 2069:Huangting waijing yujing 1755:return', and making the 964:(d. 168 BC) at Mawangdui 82:Traditional Chinese 70:, Drawings of Exercises) 5098:Tibetan Painted Scrolls 5045:Trends in Neurosciences 5015:Maspero, Henri (1981), 5005:(rev. ed.), E.J. Brill. 5001:Kroll, Paul W. (2017), 4983:Harper, Donald (1998), 4925:Early Daoist Scriptures 4575:("base chakra") to the 4514:Daoist sexual practices 3764:The early 13th-century 2159:Huangting Wajing Yujing 2066:The 2nd or 3rd century 2015:Besides the usual word 1860:, Selected Woman) asks 1771:, transforming it into 1356:passage differentiates 1002:bamboo and wooden slips 891:romanization of Chinese 529:translation equivalents 209:*S-ɢʷentseŋ cə-pˁaʔnˁuʔ 96:Simplified Chinese 5117:Wile, Douglas (1992), 5075:Ruan, Fang Fu (1991), 4605: 4495:maithunasya parāvṛttau 4472: 4437: 4420: 4413:(Ayyangar 1938: 164). 4390: 4326:is practice of a male 4276: 4270: 4264: 4231:Ancient Greek medicine 4222: 4086:The 1615 Ming dynasty 4084: 4004: 3945: 3762: 3698:Shangjing dongzhen pin 3684: 3583:: "If one returns the 3573: 3538: 3514: 3417: 3225: 3189: 3172: 3156: 3129: 3054: 3013: 2980: 2957: 2823: 2765: 2697: 2630: 2550: 2351: 2278: 2220: 2132: 2095: 2064: 2058: 1996: 1953: 1938: 1884: 1801: 1763: 1726:Needham mistranslates 1724: 1668: 1606: 1548: 1444: 1408: 1369: 1321: 1281: 1250: 1225:graphic loan character 1181: 1154: 1071: 965: 950: 874: 868: 862: 852: 846: 834: 828: 804: 802:"reserved, saved") or 792: 776: 764: 750: 739:Latin biological terms 725: 723:Retrograde ejaculation 465:retrograde ejaculation 382:Daoist sexual practice 4845:Alice Bunker Stockham 4603: 4447: 4432: 4415: 4397:Dhyanabindu Upanishad 4385: 4258:Regarding the semen, 4216: 4014: 3962: 3924: 3719: 3626: 3601:) may literally mean 3556: 3524: 3462: 3385: 3343:. The Chinese editor 3194: 3178: 3133: 3118: 3116:in several passages. 3032: 2960:Sui to Tang dynasties 2870: 2800: 2736: 2680: 2638:expands the standard 2596: 2502: 2415:passages, instead of 2329: 2249: 2203: 2162:allusively described 2130:(Maspero 1981: 345). 2121: 2090: 2080:Shangqing revelations 2059: 2053: 1991: 1948: 1933: 1891:The historical term " 1866: 1785: 1746: 1708: 1651: 1601: 1585:Book of the Later Han 1553:Book of the Later Han 1543: 1439: 1437:, "usurp; perineum") 1403: 1364: 1316: 1276: 1245: 1176: 1149: 1147:(Maspero 1981: 342). 1063: 970:Warring States period 956: 948: 921:transcription systems 893:is standardized into 721: 416:approaches involving 4966:, privately printed. 4908:, The Adyar Library. 4829:Erotic sexual denial 4757:Hatha Yoga Pradipika 4739:technique is called 4477:Yogatattva Upanishad 4426:Yogatattva Upanishad 4277:Definitiones Medicae 2744:and causing the two 2051:, "brain mending"). 1468:. For instance, the 1450:(Harper 1998: 501). 1362:essences by gender. 986:Mawangdui Silk Texts 263:Revised Romanization 203:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 4905:The Yoga Upanishads 4177:acupoints are GV-1 4046:to supplement your 3522:"seminal essence". 3435:Yangxing yanming lu 3315:Zhubing yuanhou lun 2856:The c. 5th century 2837:, "zither strings; 2439:", and "return the 2183:The c. 4th century 2099:circulation of the 1574:of Rong Chenggong ( 1145:embryonic breathing 356:traditional Chinese 188:Zjwentsjeng puXnawX 58:("vitality"), 1875 5159:Sexuality in China 4771:Vaishnava Sahajiya 4606: 4391: 4223: 3946: 3927:acupuncture points 3685: 3620:text (1992: 265). 3418: 3226: 3173:coitus thesauratus 2257:of "returning the 2027:synonymously uses 1742:breath circulation 1669: 1485:Rong Cheng yin dao 1374:Tianxia zhidao tan 1082:Tianxia zhidao tan 966: 951: 869:coitus thesauratus 863:coitus conservatus 847:coitus interruptus 829:coitus interruptus 805:coitus conservatus 777:coitus thesauratus 752:Coitus interruptus 726: 364:simplified Chinese 4841:coitus reservatus 4763:coitus reservatus 4737:coitus reservatus 4707:coitus reservatus 4684:coitus reservatus 4615:coitus reservatus 4527:Some specialized 4297:Leonardo da Vinci 4219:Leonardo da Vinci 4191:Conception vessel 4070:to penetrate the 3948:The Ming c. 1500 3864:, "saliva"), and 3657:adept cultivates 3534:wind and dampness 3375:(1271–1368), and 3208:Microcosmic orbit 3069:Conception vessel 3014:coitus reservatus 2482:" is paired with 2309:describes how to 1187:suggest that the 996:Wushi'er Bingfang 923:are converted to 853:coitus reservatus 835:coitus reservatus 794:Coitus reservatus 428:or squeezing the 378:coitus reservatus 374: 343: 342: 335: 334: 275: 274: 215: 214: 146:Huan-ching pu-nao 119:Standard Mandarin 5176: 5169:Taoist practices 4954: 4953: 4919: 4918: 4811: 4799: 4792: 4784: 4778: 4691:Saikva and Sakta 4608:First, esoteric 4549: 4542: 4509:Robert van Gulik 4503: 4497: 4491: 4479: 4468: 4461: 4454: 4444: 4429: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4371: 4357: 4349: 4341: 4331: 4325: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4176: 4169:Governing Vessel 4166: 4165: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4102:vertebral column 4099: 4093: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4064:. Cause the hot 4063: 4057: 4051: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4011: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3944: 3936: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3785: 3776:, Teacher Dou's 3775: 3774: 3769: 3759: 3753: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3716: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3694: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3569: 3563: 3553: 3545: 3531: 3521: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3494:. Circulate the 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3459: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3391: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3310: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3295: 3287: 3286: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3261: 3252: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3223: 3217: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3185: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3126: 3115: 3109: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2983: 2977: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2820: 2813: 2807: 2796: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2762: 2756: 2749: 2743: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2694: 2687: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2547: 2540: 2534: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2289: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2217: 2210: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2168:with the phrase 2167: 2161: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2139: 2128: 2118: 2112: 2104: 2087: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2006: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1945: 1926: 1920: 1880: 1873: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1808: 1798: 1792: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1760: 1754: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1721: 1715: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1662: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1619: 1613: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1561: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1522: 1514: 1506: 1493: 1492: 1487: 1475: 1467: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1361: 1355: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1257: 1252:Wile translates 1238: 1237: 1232: 1223:, "brain") or a 1222: 1221: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1192: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1161: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1027: 1020: 1014: 1013: 1009: 999: 936: 935: 930: 914: 905: 897:, for instance, 877: 875:coitus saxonicus 871: 865: 855: 849: 843: 837: 831: 825: 807: 797: 779: 769: 766:Coitus saxonicus 755: 733: 647: 620: 603: 602: 597: 591: 590: 585: 579: 578: 573: 561: 555: 549: 543: 542: 537: 526: 525: 520: 510: 509: 504: 492: 450: 449: 444: 411: 410: 404: 394:for an extended 375: 372: 369: 361: 351: 331: 330: 314: 308: 307: 294: 293: 271: 270: 254: 248: 247: 234: 233: 211: 210: 190: 189: 169: 168: 167:Waanzing bouinou 148: 147: 134: 133: 110: 104: 103: 90: 89: 69: 68: 63: 57: 45: 39: 26: 19: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5134: 5133: 5084:The Taoist Body 4996:The Comparatist 4899: 4885:Viparita Karani 4819: 4211: 4171:. The relevant 4090:Xingming guizhi 3941:Xingming guizhi 3930:associated with 3709:Supreme Clarity 3631:Xingming guizhi 3365: 3007:Qianjin yaofang 2962: 2935:lian huo butong 2558:"returning the 2421:"returning the 2021:("sperm"), the 1903:(265–420), and 1889: 1625:Quanzhen School 1515:commentary (to 1456: 1156:The subsequent 982: 943: 908:Simplified Wade 816:The sinologist 735:sexual practice 642:"returning the 564:Daoist emphasis 481: 463:often leads to 269:hwanjeong bonoe 71: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5122: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5073: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4988: 4987:, Kegan Paul. 4981: 4980:47.2: 539-593. 4974: 4967: 4960: 4948:Huanjing bunao 4944: 4937: 4928: 4921: 4909: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4855: 4847: 4832: 4826: 4818: 4815: 4776:huanjing bunao 4711:Kundalini yoga 4619:Giuseppe Tucci 4518:huanjing bunao 4492:uses the term 4422:The c. 150 CE 4401:describes the 4248:'s c. 360 BCE 4242:Ancient Greece 4221:, c. 1480-1490 4210: 4207: 4174:huanjing bunao 4153:acupoint names 4097:huanjing bunao 4052:. Draw in the 3934:huanjing bunao 3714:huanjing bunao 3377:Ming dynasties 3364: 3361: 3231:huanjing bunao 2990:Fangzhong buyi 2968:(561-618) and 2961: 2958: 2787:Three Grottoes 2728:passage where 2397:). Elsewhere, 2370:huanjing bunao 2287:huanjing bunao 2238:huanjing bunao 2171:Huang He niliu 2085:huanjing bunao 1964:huanjing taixi 1943:huanjing bunao 1924:Huanjing bujao 1899:(220–280 CE), 1897:Three Kingdoms 1888: 1885: 1617:huanjing bunao 1559:huanjing bunao 1504:huanjing bunao 1465:huanjing bunao 1460:received texts 1455: 1454:Received texts 1452: 1196:huanjing bunao 1051:Yellow Emperor 1007:huanjing bunao 981: 978: 942: 939: 884:coitus pluvius 841:Huanjing bunao 823:huanjing bunao 818:Joseph Needham 814: 813: 789: 761: 731:huanjing bunao 686: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 658: 655: 652: 649: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 609:huanjing bunao 553:huanjing bunao 527:) has English 493:comprises two 490:huánjīng bǔnǎo 480: 477: 461:huanjing bunao 418:breath-control 349:Huanjing bunao 341: 340: 337: 336: 333: 332: 325: 319: 318: 317:Transcriptions 310: 309: 302: 296: 295: 288: 282: 281: 277: 276: 273: 272: 265: 259: 258: 257:Transcriptions 250: 249: 242: 236: 235: 228: 222: 221: 217: 216: 213: 212: 205: 199: 198: 192: 191: 184: 182:Middle Chinese 178: 177: 175:Middle Chinese 171: 170: 163: 157: 156: 154:Yue: Cantonese 150: 149: 142: 136: 135: 132:Huánjīng bǔnǎo 128: 122: 121: 115: 114: 113:Transcriptions 106: 105: 98: 92: 91: 84: 78: 77: 73: 72: 43:Huanjing bunao 40: 32: 31: 28: 27: 24:Huanjing bunao 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5181: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5088: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4949: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4839:, a term for 4838: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4783: 4779:("making the 4777: 4772: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4758: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4548: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4443: 4442:vajroli-mudra 4439:And with the 4436: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4411: 4410:vajroli mudra 4405: 4404:khecarī mudrā 4399: 4398: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4370: 4369:Khecarī mudrā 4365: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4348: 4347: 4346:Khecarī mudrā 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4322:Vajroli mudra 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4304:Ancient India 4300: 4298: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4192: 4181: 4175: 4170: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4140: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4118:"TCM kidneys" 4108: 4103: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3906:, and if the 3904: 3898: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3779: 3778:South-Pointer 3768: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3436: 3424: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3379:(1368–1644). 3378: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3360: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3303: 3302: 3289: 3280: 3274: 3273:huijing benao 3268: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3238: 3232: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3174: 3162: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3117: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3002: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2956: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2924: 2913: 2907: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2869: 2860: 2854: 2845: 2840: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2788: 2777: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2742: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2714: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2672: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2629: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2595: 2586: 2580: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2539: 2533: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2465: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2371: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2328: 2325: 2313: 2307: 2306:Yufang zhiyao 2301: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2248: 2239: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2187: 2186:Yufang zhiyao 2181: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2144: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2081: 2070: 2063: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2005: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1981: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1952: 1947: 1944: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:Six Dynasties 1887:Six dynasties 1886: 1883: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1863: 1852: 1849: 1837: 1825: 1819: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1745: 1743: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1689: 1678: 1676: 1666: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1637: 1626: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1611:Liexian zhuan 1605: 1600: 1597: 1596:Liexian zhuan 1586: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1567: 1566:Liexian zhuan 1560: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1526:huanjng bunao 1521: 1520: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1499: 1497: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1429: 1423: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1393: 1387: 1375: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1354: 1350:A subsequent 1348: 1339: 1327: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1293: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1266: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1231: 1226: 1215: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1186: 1185:paleographers 1180: 1175: 1166: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1131: 1119: 1107: 1095: 1089: 1083: 1077: 1070: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1041: 1035: 1032: 1026: 1019: 1008: 1003: 998: 997: 991: 987: 979: 977: 975: 971: 963: 959: 955: 947: 940: 938: 929: 928: 922: 919:), and other 918: 913: 909: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 880:coitus siccus 876: 870: 864: 859: 854: 848: 842: 836: 830: 824: 819: 811: 806: 801: 796: 795: 790: 787: 783: 778: 773: 768: 767: 762: 759: 754: 753: 748: 747: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 724: 720: 716: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 646: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 614: 613: 612: 610: 605: 596: 584: 572: 567: 565: 560: 554: 548: 536: 530: 519: 514: 503: 498: 496: 491: 486: 478: 476: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 443: 438: 433: 431: 427: 423: 422:visualization 419: 415: 405: 403: 397: 396:plateau phase 393: 389: 388: 383: 379: 365: 357: 353: 352: 350: 338: 326: 324: 320: 315: 311: 303: 301: 297: 289: 287: 283: 280:Japanese name 278: 266: 264: 260: 255: 251: 243: 241: 237: 229: 227: 223: 218: 206: 204: 200: 197: 193: 185: 183: 179: 176: 172: 164: 162: 158: 155: 151: 143: 141: 137: 129: 127: 123: 120: 116: 111: 107: 99: 97: 93: 85: 83: 79: 74: 62: 56: 55: 49: 44: 38: 33: 29: 25: 20: 5126: 5118: 5111: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5051: 5047:25: 217–220. 5044: 5040:68: 391–402. 5037: 5030: 5023: 5016: 5009: 5002: 4998:39: 135-152. 4995: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4947: 4940: 4932: 4924: 4912: 4903: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4868:) life-force 4864: 4859:Sarvangasana 4857: 4849: 4840: 4835: 4802: 4768: 4762: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4727:and goddess 4720: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4637: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4614: 4607: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4552: 4526: 4517: 4516:, including 4506: 4483: 4473: 4448: 4438: 4433: 4421: 4416: 4392: 4364:nasal cavity 4301: 4294: 4257: 4250: 4239: 4224: 4085: 4015: 4009:Sunü miaolun 4005: 3963: 3951:Sunü miaolun 3947: 3852:, "blood"), 3763: 3721:The primary 3720: 3691:Yunji Qiqian 3687:The c. 1029 3686: 3574: 3557: 3539: 3525: 3515: 3464:To lock the 3463: 3446:Tao Hongjing 3420:The c. 1020 3419: 3389:Huiming jing 3371:(960-1279), 3366: 3290: 3250:fangzhongshu 3227: 3197:Xiaozhoutian 3179: 3157: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3106:Yunji Qiqian 3100:Mount Wangwu 3085: 3055: 3033: 2986: 2963: 2871: 2855: 2839:Labia minora 2824: 2801: 2766: 2737: 2725:Yufang mijue 2698: 2681: 2676:Five Viscera 2644:"return the 2635:Yufang mijue 2631: 2597: 2551: 2503: 2476:"return the 2469: 2449:is the word 2412:Yufang mijue 2357:Yufang mijue 2352: 2330: 2302: 2292:Zhou dynasty 2283: 2279: 2250: 2221: 2204: 2182: 2154:Yellow River 2133: 2122: 2096: 2091: 2065: 2060: 2054: 2014: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1929:nourish life 1909: 1890: 1867: 1853: 1802: 1786: 1764: 1747: 1725: 1716:." When the 1709: 1705: 1670: 1622: 1607: 1602: 1584: 1582: 1551: 1549: 1544: 1500: 1477: 1457: 1448:detumescence 1445: 1440: 1424: 1409: 1404: 1370: 1365: 1349: 1322: 1317: 1283:Compare the 1282: 1277: 1262:Second, the 1261: 1251: 1246: 1182: 1177: 1155: 1150: 1072: 1064: 1036: 983: 967: 888: 883: 879: 815: 727: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687: 615:"making the 608: 606: 568: 499: 483:The present 482: 473: 460: 457:organ system 439:theory, the 434: 386: 346: 345: 344: 323:Romanization 126:Hanyu Pinyin 76:Chinese name 5154:Sexual acts 5144:Sex manuals 5079:, Springer. 4992:Ars Erotica 4873:Shirshasana 4751:urdhvaretas 4746:Brahmacarya 4741:urdhvaretas 4559:three main 4360:soft palate 4260:Hippocrates 4235:Tantric sex 4227:Orientalist 3695:quotes the 3325:, Japanese 3224:circulation 3095:王屋真人劉守依真人口訣 3086:The c. 785 2757:to nourish 2632:Third, the 1907:(420–589). 1901:Jin Dynasty 1665:Western Han 1572:hagiography 1479:Book of Han 1371:Third, the 1037:First, the 990:Western Han 974:Han 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