926:
crisis of 1880, and he even took to task the German officers that Li employed in the 1880s for knowing too little of night fighting and the advantages of prone firing. At times Chou clearly misunderstood the point of foreign advice--for example, when he characterized Gordon's advocacy of mobile, guerrilla-like tactics as laughable. Yet his charge that Gordon underestimated the importance of sophisticated technology seems fair enough. Chou, like Li, had a sustained interest in applied sciences (especially medicine) and modern means of communication, including the telegraph and railway. At least by contemporary
Chinese standards, the battalions under Chou's command constituted a first-rate force. Japanese, German, British and American accounts of his troops are basically favorable. Yet several times during the early 1880s Chou himself remarked that the force had declined, that after 20 years it had lost its sharpness and acquired a 'twilight air'. The problem lay not so much in equipment as in the yung-ying system for the selection and promotion of officers. The experienced officers, Chou complained, lacked vigour, while the new ones lacked knowledge. Although Chou repeatedly admonished his battalion and company officers to participate in drill as strenuously as their troops, the officers continued to resist such involvement. It was, they felt, degrading. Chou's own writings as well as independent foreign observations note this crucial
735:
throughout all the empire totaled more than 300,000 men, They included the remnants of the old Hunan Army (Hsiang-chün) founded by Tseng Kuo-fan, the resuscitated Hunan Army (usually called Ch'u-chün) under Tso Tsung-t'ang, and the Anhwei Army (Huai-chün) coordinated by Li Hung-chang. There were also smaller forces of a similar nature in Honan (Yü-chün), Shantung, (Tung-chün), Yunnan (Tien-chün) and
Szechwan (Ch'uan-chün). These forces were distinguished generally by their greater use of Western weapons and they were more costly to maintain. More fundamentally they capitalized for military purposes on the particularistic loyalties of the traditional society. Both the strength and the weakness of the yung-ying were to be found in the close personal bonds that were formed between the higher and lower officers and between officers and men. In this respect they differed from the traditional Ch'ing imperial armies--both the banner forces and the Green Standard Army.
265:
1000:
provide them with the same kind of drill and instruction as were available to his own men. He also secured the appointment of Anhwei Army commanders as high officers of the province's Green
Standard system, in each case with Peking's approval. Ch'ung-hou's foreign arms and cannon corps, which Li inherited, was given retraining. Li refortified Taku and built a strategic walled city fronting the river ten miles form the estuary. He also expanded the Tientsin Arsenal, having been allocated funds for the purpose from the Tientsin maritime customs.107
815:
Anhwei Army, with usually more than 10,000 men under him. Like Li, Chou placed great emphasis on modern weapons. Quite knowledgeable about them, he repeatedly recommended that Li purchase Krupp cannon, Remington, Snyder and other modern rifles, Gatling guns and the like. His petitions to Li and instructions to his own troops indicate his awareness of the need not only to acquire and to keep in good condition new
Western weapons, but also to provide systematic training in their use.
1183:
the officers of the Hunan Army were scholars, The proportion dropped sharply for commissions given after this date. . . Holders of official titles and degrees accounted for only 12 per cent of the military command of the Huai Army, and at most a third of the core of the Huai clique, that is the top commanders of the eleven army corps.
1072:
By 1871, the Anhwei Army numbered nearly 45,000 troops, of which 13,500 were stationed in Chihli. The rest were located, as directed by the throne, in Shansi (3,000), Hupei (3,500), Kiangsu (4,500) and Shensi (20,000). In subsequent years, Li's troops continued to serve as the major defence force not
814:
Li seems to have left the training of the Anhwei Army troops to two or three high commanders (t'ung-ling) in Chihli, among whom Chou Sheng-ch'uan (1833-85) was the most energetic and conscientious. A veteran of the
Taiping and Nien wars, Chou in the 1870s commanded the best-equipped detachment of the
962:
In 1853 Tseng Kuo-fan introduced special training for the non-commissioned officers of his new Hunan Army, emphasizing endurance and discipline. This was later imitated by the Anhwei Army. The technical training of the officer corps along western lines was begun in 1852 at
Shanghai and Ningpo, where
925:
Although Chou did not want to employ
Western instructors for his force, he often solicited foreign advice. Yet he reacted defensively, at times defiantly, to foreign criticism. He was skeptical, for example, of much of Gordon's military advice when the Victorian hero returned to China during the Ili
616:
By 1865 over 4,000 troops were using foreign rifles and in 1866-67 an additional 31 infantry and 16 cavalry battalions were raised in 1867 7 of the new infantry battalions were converted into cavalry battalions and by 1868 at the conclusion of the campaign there were 17,400 men in cavalry battalions
517:
Above the Ying level organisation was not standardised with the detachment commander being able to command only a few ying and up to 70 ying at one time. However, even the figures on the table above only list the authorised standardised unit, those on special assignment or not yet formalised are not
353:
The Huai army in 1862 was organised in a standardised manner, the principal unit was the Ying comparable to a battalion consisting of 504 men divided into 4 shao (company) of equal size with a front, rear, left and right company. The Shao were further subdivided into 8 platoons each possessing 12-14
240:
ordered his student Li
Hongzhang to bring some of the Xiang Army back to Anhui, Li's homeland, for military service and to organize an independent force under Li Hongzhang's command. Their total strength was 25,000 soldiers, including some Taiping soldiers in Anqing who had surrendered. Li combined
1182:
the cases of Hunan particularly illustrates this widespread militarization of the scholar class. . .Such was also the case of Liu Ming-ch'uan who rose form smuggling salt to leading an army in Anhwei, and finally to the governorship of the province of Taiwan (see chapter 4). . . Until 1856 most of
888:
Unlike some other yung-ying commanders, Chou was also convinced of the advantages of
Western-style instruction and drill. He not only produced manuals, but often personally supervised the drill of his troops and continually exhorted his battalion and company officers to take part in it, too. Money
612:
Facing the more mobile mounted force of the Nian rebels the Huai army began to introduce cavalry to its organisation with each cavalry ying containing 250 mounted soldiers, 225 foot soldiers 25 sergeants and 11 officers for 511 men with 81 labourers for a total of 592 men with the armed contingent
851:
Chou lauded the paternalism and interpersonal rapport that characterized the Anhwei Army--in fact, he had staffed his detachment with many of his own relatives. Although he himself greatly admired the skill and knowledge of foreign-educated officers such as Ch'a Lien-piao, Chou seldom recommended
1073:
only in Chihli, but also in several other provinces, in each case under the control of the top official of the province. During the Sino-French War on 1884-5, the Anhwei Army fought in both
Tongking and Taiwan, and in the conflict with Japan in 1894-5, Li's troops saw action on every major front.
999:
Soon after arriving in Chihli in 1870, Li began to integrate Chihli's Western-trained military forces into his own military organization, hopeful of putting these local resources to more effective use. He began with the 6,000 or so Green Standard lien-chün troops of the province, attempting to
734:
By the end of the Nien War in 1868, a new kind of military force had emerged as the Ch'ing dynasty's chief bulwark of security. Often referred to by historians as regional armies, these forces were generally described at the time as yung-ying (lit. "brave battalions"). In the 1860s such forces
294:
for not considering the use of them extensively in war. Li Hongzhang's German instructor officers were criticized by Zhou over their lack of knowledge of prone firing and fighting at night time. Westerners and Japanese praised his troops, and they were considered "first-rate". Zhou said that a
256:. Unlike the Manchu Eight Banners or the Green Standard Army, officers in these regional armies were not rotated; they chose the soldiers under their command and formed paternalistic relationships with them. These armies were equipped with modern weapons.
1740:
1145:
In early August, forces directed by Liu Ming-ch'uan, the famous Anhwei Army commander, repulsed an assault by Admiral Lespès aimed at the Keelung forts on Taiwan, and in October the French suffered another serious setback near
286:
Western military drill was implemented by Zhou, officers being encouraged to participate. Rewards and punishments were implemented for respectively good and bad marksmanship, with "badges of merit" and money given out.
344:
Most of the Huai army officers did not hold official degrees and titles, since after the modernization introduced into the Chinese military, more common people rather than scholars began to enlist in military service.
1804:
865:
1109:
Only on Taiwan were Chinese forces able to hold their own man-for-man against the French, thanks largely to the astute preparations by Liu Ming-ch'uan and the tactical ability of a few Anhwei Army officers.
307:
Units of the Anhui Army served against the French in Tonkin and Formosa during the Sino-French War. Although they were occasionally victorious, they lost most of the battles in which they were engaged.
279:. He encouraged the purchase of modern, foreign weapons to Li Hongzhang. The Anhwei Army's paternalism and the relationships between soldiers and officers was praised by Gen. Zhou, who also practiced
1638:
2399:
2699:
2360:
1036:
During the Sino-French War on 1884-1885, the Anhwei Army fought in both Tongking and Taiwan, and in the conflict with Japan in 1894-5, Li's troops saw action on every major front.
1733:
2404:
711:
2240:
778:
Ch'a Lien-piao, one of several Anhwei Army officers whom Li had sent to Germany for training during the 1870s, received Chou's special praise for expertise in Western drill.
518:
included within the army structure and due to corruption and combat as well as general attrition it is highly likely that most Ying were understrength to varying degrees.
2079:
1049:
1013:
1819:
1435:
2694:
2224:
2195:
1814:
1270:
902:
617:
with a mounted contingent of 7,000 the addition of these new battalions including their auxiliaries would have meant the Huai expanded to over 100,000 troops.
1896:
264:
1122:
1884:
1869:
613:
divided into 5 companies. Additionally, more Huai army troops were modernised by the adoption of firearms and the army was increased in size overall.
1571:
341:
When the French attempted to seize Taiwan's Keelung forts, and attack near Tamsui, they were beaten back by the Anhwei soldiers under General Liu.
828:
2607:
1946:
1086:
976:
2704:
2638:
1879:
1159:
1496:
2679:
2108:
1859:
1772:
1511:
1777:
1681:
963:
a few company commanders and their men were trained in the use of Western equipment and tactics by French and English military advisers.
2684:
2674:
2324:
1693:
1566:
1390:
755:
2613:
2454:
2329:
1686:
1263:
1169:
1132:
1096:
1059:
1023:
986:
949:
912:
875:
838:
801:
765:
721:
2424:
1164:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 540.
1127:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 251.
1091:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
1054:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
1018:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
981:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
944:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 541.
907:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 245.
870:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 245.
833:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 246.
796:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 244.
760:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 245.
716:. Vol. 11, Part 2 of The Cambridge History of China Series (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
2541:
1784:
1471:
1357:
1506:
1445:
1405:
2689:
2125:
1991:
1759:
1415:
272:
Officers from the Anhwei Army such as Ch'a Lien-piao (Zha Lianbiao) also studied Western military drill overseas in Germany.
1606:
1546:
200:
army, based on personal rather than institutional loyalties. It was armed with a mixture of traditional and modern weapons.
2559:
2334:
2190:
1874:
1864:
1849:
1844:
1676:
1626:
1380:
939:
889:
rewards and 'badges of merit' (kung-p'ai) were recommended for superior marksmanship ; poor performance was punished.
290:
Zhou was extremely interested in modern technology such as medicine, telegraphs and railways, criticizing British advisor
2318:
2096:
1963:
1829:
1723:
1333:
1323:
1256:
248:
Li Hongzhang was in overall command of the Huai Army, which was part of the new series of regional armies known as the
2235:
2218:
1728:
1703:
1666:
1576:
1536:
1288:
791:
2709:
2618:
2064:
1526:
1313:
338:'s leadership over the Anhwei Army enabled the Chinese to match up against the French forces in combat on Taiwan.
2628:
2347:
2276:
2069:
1601:
1395:
242:
2549:
2369:
2103:
2074:
1824:
2145:
1611:
1596:
1430:
1328:
328:
118:
2526:
2414:
2295:
2120:
1338:
2419:
1481:
1385:
2600:
2459:
2086:
2048:
1936:
1916:
1834:
1633:
1616:
1450:
1243:
291:
275:
Gen. Zhou Shengchuan was the t'ung-ling/tongling (commander) of one of the Anhui Army's best units in
2531:
2498:
2464:
2409:
2289:
2271:
1981:
1911:
1718:
1501:
304:
gave high ranking officerships in the Green Standard Army of Zhihli to officers from the Anhui Army.
685:
2584:
2434:
2374:
2306:
1986:
1839:
1794:
1541:
1420:
1400:
1308:
241:
these forces into one army, and after three months of training they fought their first battle, the
189:
64:
2669:
2469:
2180:
2175:
2001:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1745:
1591:
1410:
656:
651:
2479:
2474:
2449:
2394:
2389:
2312:
2260:
2165:
1996:
1901:
1799:
1698:
1661:
1586:
1516:
1486:
1440:
1165:
1128:
1092:
1055:
1019:
982:
945:
908:
871:
834:
797:
761:
717:
177:
110:
72:
2633:
2516:
2439:
2379:
2185:
1906:
1767:
1713:
1556:
1521:
1425:
1350:
1318:
747:
295:'"twilight air" had settled upon the force after two decades, and its performance declined.
151:
68:
2648:
2594:
2444:
2429:
2253:
1708:
1671:
1621:
1581:
1531:
1476:
1345:
751:
114:
80:
188:
province. It helped to restore the stability of the Qing dynasty. Unlike the traditional
2511:
2384:
2150:
2113:
1561:
1551:
1491:
680:
311:
Anhui Army troops were stationed in various provinces all across China such as Zhihli,
253:
84:
2663:
2623:
2589:
2554:
2170:
2160:
1976:
1367:
646:
636:
335:
193:
852:
them for the Green Standard titles and offices so coveted by the yung-ying officers.
2643:
2340:
2282:
1971:
1953:
1809:
1279:
641:
631:
301:
221:
201:
173:
135:
60:
2579:
2300:
2021:
2016:
690:
675:
237:
209:
2247:
2091:
2041:
2011:
1854:
213:
205:
169:
40:
2026:
298:
Non Commissioned officers in the Anhwei Army were given "special training".
249:
1158:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
1121:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
1085:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
1048:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
1012:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
975:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
938:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
901:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
864:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
827:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
790:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
710:
John King Fairbank; Kwang-Ching Liu; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
354:
men grouped according to the weapons used as well as a cook and sergeant.
2521:
2266:
2213:
2155:
2031:
2006:
280:
217:
2506:
324:
320:
197:
50:
1248:
312:
276:
233:
159:
76:
327:
by the government, around 45,000 in total. They also fought in the
2230:
1789:
316:
263:
185:
1889:
1252:
2400:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
102:
Mixture of traditional and modern (19th century) weapons
208:, created the Huai Army in October 1861. It succeeded
2572:
2540:
2497:
2490:
2405:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2359:
2204:
2136:
2057:
1962:
1758:
1649:
1459:
1366:
1296:
1287:
129:
124:
106:
98:
90:
56:
46:
36:
28:
18:
2700:Military units and formations of the Qing dynasty
1234:. Washington University Press. pp. 123–124.
196:forces of the Qing, the Huai Army was largely a
224:, which were created in the late 19th century.
1805:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
1219:. Washington University Press. pp. 98–99.
1204:. Washington University Press. pp. 42–45.
2225:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2196:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1264:
660:
8:
216:. The Huai Army itself was succeeded by the
2494:
1293:
1271:
1257:
1249:
1885:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1734:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
754:; Denis Crispin Twitchett, eds. (1980).
520:
356:
2341:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
702:
172:, was a military force allied with the
268:Uniform of a division of the Huai Army
15:
2639:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
1880:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1195:
1193:
1191:
7:
2695:Military history of the Qing dynasty
1860:Ministry of Posts and Communications
2608:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2325:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1694:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1687:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1567:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1391:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
400:Assistant commander 5 guards cook
252:, introduced into China after the
14:
2614:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2455:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2330:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1482:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2425:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1741:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1497:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
180:in 1862. It was also called the
1472:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1358:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1232:Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army
1217:Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army
1202:Li Hung-chang and the Huai Army
2126:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1416:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
164:
1:
2560:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2335:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2191:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
1875:Provincial military commander
1865:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
1850:Imperial Household Department
1677:Preparative Constitutionalism
1381:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2705:1862 establishments in China
2319:Researches on Manchu Origins
1724:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1334:Transition from Ming to Qing
1324:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
522:Huai army organisation 1865
375:2nd 4th 6th and 8th platoon
358:Huai army Ying organisation
2680:Military history of Jiangsu
2219:Changzhou School of Thought
1729:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1704:Railway Protection Movement
1682:1909 Parliamentary election
1667:British expedition to Tibet
1577:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1537:Self-Strengthening Movement
1512:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2726:
2619:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1507:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1446:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1436:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1406:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
2685:Military history of Henan
2675:Military history of Anhui
2629:Names of the Qing dynasty
2277:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
1607:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1602:Gongche Shangshu movement
1547:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1396:Chinese Rites controversy
1230:Spector, Stanley (1964).
1215:Spector, Stanley (1964).
1200:Spector, Stanley (1864).
661:
243:Battle of Shanghai (1861)
155:
23:
2550:Great Qing Treasure Note
2370:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2080:Administrative divisions
1897:Administrative divisions
1825:Flag of the Qing dynasty
184:because it was based in
2146:Chengde Mountain Resort
1947:Three Eastern Provinces
1597:First Sino-Japanese War
1572:Northern Chinese Famine
1431:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1329:Qing invasion of Joseon
446:2nd 4th and 6th platoon
329:First Sino-Japanese War
119:First Sino-Japanese War
2527:Great Qing Copper Coin
2415:Convention of Tientsin
2348:Annotated Bibliography
2296:Qing official headwear
1339:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1161:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
1124:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
1088:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
1051:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
1015:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
978:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
941:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
904:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
867:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
830:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
793:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
757:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
713:Late Ch'ing, 1800-1911
269:
176:raised to contain the
2690:19th century in China
2601:Draft History of Qing
2460:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2241:performance criticism
1845:Imperial Commissioner
1835:Great Qing Legal Code
1634:Eight-Nation Alliance
1617:Third plague pandemic
1527:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1451:White Lotus Rebellion
1244:Draft History of Qing
530:Number of Battalions
267:
204:, a commander in the
2532:Great Qing Gold Coin
2465:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2410:Convention of Peking
2290:Pentaglot Dictionary
2272:Literary inquisition
1982:Ever Victorious Army
1815:Deliberative Council
1719:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1672:1905 Batang uprising
1612:Hundred Days' Reform
1502:Small Swords Society
434:Battalion commander
418:1 cook 10 soldiers
395:4 Regular companies
381:3rd and 7th platoon
369:1st and 5th Platoon
2585:Anti-Qing sentiment
2435:Treaty of the Bogue
2375:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2307:Complete Tang Poems
1987:Green Standard Army
1870:Provincial governor
1840:Imperial Clan Court
1820:Diplomatic missions
1795:Consultative Bureau
1542:Tongzhi Restoration
1421:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1401:Ten Great Campaigns
1309:Jurchen unification
523:
438:1st and 3rd platoon
412:1 cook 10 soldiers
406:1 cook 12 soldiers
359:
190:Green Standard Army
65:Hand-to-hand combat
2470:Treaty of Tientsin
2181:Western Qing tombs
2176:Eastern Qing tombs
2002:Peking Field Force
1746:Manchu Restoration
1639:Declaration of war
1592:Jindandao incident
1411:Lhasa riot of 1750
748:John King Fairbank
582:Associated armies
521:
449:(sword and spear)
398:Company commander
377:(sword and spear)
357:
270:
232:Before recovering
2710:Taiping Rebellion
2657:
2656:
2568:
2567:
2480:Treaty of Whampoa
2475:Treaty of Wanghia
2450:Treaty of Nanking
2420:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2395:Chefoo Convention
2390:Burlingame Treaty
2261:Kangxi Dictionary
2166:Old Summer Palace
1997:Firearm Battalion
1800:Cup of Solid Gold
1754:
1753:
1699:Manchurian plague
1662:Late Qing reforms
1653:(1901–1912)
1587:Sikkim expedition
1517:Panthay Rebellion
1487:Taiping Rebellion
1463:(1801–1900)
1441:Sino-Nepalese War
1386:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1372:(1683–1799)
1300:(1616–1683)
670:Secondary leaders
605:
604:
515:
514:
497:1 Labour company
486:1 cook 10 guards
480:1 cook 10 guards
474:1 cook 10 guards
178:Taiping Rebellion
168:), named for the
141:
140:
111:Taiping Rebellion
73:Guerrilla warfare
2717:
2634:New Qing History
2517:Qianlong Tongbao
2495:
2440:Treaty of Canton
2380:Unequal treaties
2186:Fuling Mausoleum
1785:Advisory Council
1714:Wuchang Uprising
1654:
1557:Tianjin Massacre
1522:Second Opium War
1464:
1426:Sino-Burmese War
1373:
1351:Battle of Penghu
1319:Seven Grievances
1301:
1294:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1250:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1197:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1009:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
972:
966:
965:
959:
958:
935:
929:
928:
922:
921:
898:
892:
891:
885:
884:
861:
855:
854:
848:
847:
824:
818:
817:
811:
810:
787:
781:
780:
775:
774:
744:
738:
737:
731:
730:
707:
664:
663:
524:
360:
166:
157:
69:Force protection
16:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2649:Willow Palisade
2595:Chuang Guandong
2564:
2536:
2486:
2445:Treaty of Kulja
2430:Treaty of Aigun
2363:
2355:
2254:History of Ming
2206:
2200:
2138:
2132:
2058:Special regions
2053:
1992:Imperial Guards
1958:
1750:
1709:1911 Revolution
1655:
1652:
1645:
1622:Boxer Rebellion
1582:Sino-French War
1532:Amur Annexation
1477:First Opium War
1465:
1462:
1455:
1374:
1371:
1362:
1346:Great Clearance
1302:
1299:
1283:
1277:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1006:
993:
991:
989:
974:
973:
969:
956:
954:
952:
937:
936:
932:
919:
917:
915:
900:
899:
895:
882:
880:
878:
863:
862:
858:
845:
843:
841:
826:
825:
821:
808:
806:
804:
789:
788:
784:
772:
770:
768:
752:Kwang-Ching Liu
746:
745:
741:
728:
726:
724:
709:
708:
704:
699:
672:
628:
623:
610:
598:104 battalions
351:
262:
230:
144:
131:
115:Sino-French War
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
12:
11:
5:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Kangxi Tongbao
2509:
2503:
2501:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Boxer Protocol
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2151:Forbidden City
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:General of Ili
2111:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2097:List of ambans
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:Margary Affair
1559:
1554:
1552:Mudan incident
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:Nian Rebellion
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1222:
1207:
1187:
1170:
1150:
1133:
1113:
1097:
1077:
1060:
1040:
1024:
1004:
987:
967:
950:
930:
913:
893:
876:
856:
839:
819:
802:
782:
766:
739:
722:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
688:
686:Zhang Shushang
683:
681:Zhang Shusheng
678:
671:
668:
667:
666:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
627:
624:
622:
619:
609:
606:
603:
602:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
557:
556:
553:
552:84 battalions
550:
546:
545:
542:
539:
535:
534:
531:
528:
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
494:
493:
490:
488:
482:
476:
470:
468:
464:
463:
461:
459:
451:
443:
435:
432:
426:
425:
422:
420:
414:
408:
402:
396:
392:
391:
388:
385:
379:
373:
367:
366:Command staff
364:
350:
347:
292:Charles Gordon
261:
258:
254:Nian Rebellion
236:in late 1861,
229:
226:
142:
139:
138:
133:
127:
126:
122:
121:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
85:Reconnaissance
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2722:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Manchu people
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Canton System
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Hubu Guanpiao
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:Society &
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:Summer Palace
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Mukden Palace
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:Palaces &
2135:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Eight Banners
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Grand Council
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1650:20th century
1648:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1460:19th century
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1171:0-521-22029-7
1167:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1134:0-521-22029-7
1130:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:0-521-22029-7
1094:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1063:
1061:0-521-22029-7
1057:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:0-521-22029-7
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1001:
990:
988:0-521-22029-7
984:
980:
979:
971:
968:
964:
953:
951:0-521-22029-7
947:
943:
942:
934:
931:
927:
916:
914:0-521-22029-7
910:
906:
905:
897:
894:
890:
879:
877:0-521-22029-7
873:
869:
868:
860:
857:
853:
842:
840:0-521-22029-7
836:
832:
831:
823:
820:
816:
805:
803:0-521-22029-7
799:
795:
794:
786:
783:
779:
769:
767:0-521-22029-7
763:
759:
758:
753:
749:
743:
740:
736:
725:
723:0-521-22029-7
719:
715:
714:
706:
703:
696:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
669:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:Liu Mingchuan
645:
643:
640:
638:
637:Liu Bingzhang
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
608:Nian Campaign
607:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
585:8 battalions
584:
581:
580:
576:
574:7 battalions
573:
570:
569:
565:
563:6 battalions
562:
559:
558:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:7 battalions
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
525:
519:
510:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
489:
487:
483:
481:
477:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
462:
460:
458:
457:(small arms)
455:
452:
450:
447:
444:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
430:Guard Company
428:
427:
423:
421:
419:
415:
413:
409:
407:
403:
401:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
384:
383:(small arms)
380:
378:
374:
372:
368:
365:
362:
361:
355:
348:
346:
342:
339:
337:
336:Liu Mingchuan
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
296:
293:
288:
284:
283:in his unit.
282:
278:
273:
266:
259:
257:
255:
251:
246:
244:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:Eight Banners
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
161:
153:
149:
143:Military unit
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2644:Treaty ports
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2573:Other topics
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2283:Peiwen Yunfu
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1972:Beiyang Army
1954:Zongli Yamen
1810:Da-Qing Bank
1627:Red Lanterns
1280:Qing dynasty
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1175:. Retrieved
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642:Cheng Xuechi
632:Li Hongzhang
626:Main leaders
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349:Organisation
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302:Li Hongzhang
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222:Beiyang Army
202:Li Hongzhang
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174:Qing dynasty
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147:
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136:Li Hongzhang
61:Close combat
2580:Aisin Gioro
2542:Paper money
2301:Qing poetry
2022:Wuwei Corps
2017:Shuishiying
1778:Family tree
691:Pan Dingxin
676:Yuan Shikai
657:Yuan Jiasan
652:Guo Songlin
484:1 sergeant
478:1 sergeant
472:1 sergeant
454:5th platoon
416:1 sergeant
410:1 sergeant
404:1 sergeant
238:Zeng Guofan
210:Zeng Guofan
107:Engagements
91:Nickname(s)
2664:Categories
2248:Four Wangs
2139:mausoleums
2092:Golden Urn
2065:Inner Asia
2042:Xiang Army
2012:Hushenying
1937:Liangguang
1917:Liangjiang
1855:Lifan Yuan
1760:Government
1177:2012-01-18
1140:2012-01-18
1104:2012-01-18
1067:2012-01-18
1031:2012-01-18
994:2012-01-18
957:2012-01-18
920:2012-01-18
883:2012-01-18
846:2012-01-18
809:2012-01-18
773:2012-01-18
729:2012-01-18
697:References
527:Unit type
467:1 company
387:Labourers
363:Companies
214:Xiang Army
206:Xiang Army
182:Anhui Army
170:Huai River
132:commanders
125:Commanders
94:Anhui Army
41:Great Qing
2670:Huai Army
2070:Manchuria
2037:Huai Army
2027:Yong Ying
1912:Shaan-Gan
1368:High Qing
1314:Later Jin
549:Infantry
533:Strength
250:Yong Ying
148:Huai Army
99:Equipment
32:1862–1894
19:Huai Army
2522:Hongqian
2491:Currency
2361:Treaties
2267:Kaozheng
2214:Booi Aha
2156:Hetu Ala
2109:Timeline
2104:Xinjiang
2075:Mongolia
2032:Chu Army
2007:New Army
1964:Military
1902:Viceroys
621:Officers
371:(rifle)
334:General
281:nepotism
228:Founding
220:and the
218:New Army
165:Huái jūn
2507:Zhiqian
2499:Coinage
2236:Economy
2207:culture
1942:Yun-Gui
1932:Min-Zhe
1927:Sichuan
1922:Huguang
1768:Emperor
1289:History
1146:Tamsui.
601:75,240
560:cannon
555:57,450
441:cannon
325:Shaanxi
321:Jiangsu
260:History
198:militia
152:Chinese
130:Notable
81:Raiding
51:Militia
37:Country
2121:Taiwan
1297:Early
1282:topics
1168:
1131:
1095:
1058:
1022:
985:
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911:
874:
837:
800:
764:
720:
588:4,000
577:4,795
571:water
566:4,110
544:4,795
538:Guard
390:Total
323:, and
313:Shanxi
277:Zhihli
234:Anqing
162::
160:pinyin
154::
77:HUMINT
29:Active
2313:Queue
2231:Dibao
2087:Tibet
1907:Zhili
1790:Amban
594:Total
317:Hubei
186:Anhui
2049:Navy
1890:Ejen
1773:List
1166:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1093:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1020:ISBN
983:ISBN
946:ISBN
909:ISBN
872:ISBN
835:ISBN
798:ISBN
762:ISBN
718:ISBN
511:180
508:180
424:108
146:The
57:Role
47:Type
662:袁甲三
492:72
212:’s
192:or
2666::
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158:;
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