1490:
2914:
205:
1160:. This is a mechanism that illustrates whether the subjects are the same for multiple verbs within a sentence. The marker "-k" states that the subject-references are identical, and the marker "-m" is used when the first and second subjects are different for two verbs. The following sentences are examples of each, with the markers bolded for illustrative purposes:
916:
Morphologically, Hualapai-Havasupai is classified by WALS as weakly suffixing. There are different affixes for nouns, verbs, and particles in
Hualapai-Havasupai, and there exist suffixes that can change nouns to verbs and vice versa. The affixes that exist—apart from word roots—are generally short in
874:
Short vowels may sometimes be reduced to or dropped completely when they occur in an unstressed syllable, primarily in a word-initial context. In addition to this chart, there are four attested diphthongs that are common for this language: /aʊ/ as in 'cow', /aɪ/ as in 'lie', /eɪ/ as in 'they', and
712:
The phonemic difference between /β/ and /v/ is widely discussed in the literature. Watahomigie et al. poses that the use of /β/ is attributed to older generations of
Hualapai dialect speakers, and Edwin Kozlowski notes that in the Hualapai dialect, is weakened to in weak-stressed syllables. Thus,
1378:
Havasupai and
Hualapai have developed separate orthographies in order to distinguish the two tribes socially and culturally. Hualapai's orthography was developed in the 1970s partly as an effort to preserve the language for pedagogical and historical purposes. Both of the orthographies are adapted
907:
At word boundaries, syllabification breaks up consonant clusters to CVC or CV structure as much as is possible. CCC and CCCC clusters occur, but they are always broken up by a syllable boundary (that is, C-CC/CC-C or CC-CC). Syllable-initial CC clusters are either composed of (1) /θ/, /s/, or /h/,
1053:
occurs in the language. This is notable with verbs of belonging, such as with the noun "nyigwáy(ya)," meaning "shirt." To say "to be wearing a shirt" the noun form "nyigwáy" is incorporated into the verb, appearing with a prefix for person, and suffixes for reflexiveness and auxiliaries. The noun
1003:
Particles exist as interjections, adverbs, possessive pronouns, and articles. There are relatively few particles that exist in the language. They can be marked through prefixes for subordination and intensity in the same way as nouns and through the suffix /-é/, which indicates adverbial place.
308:
For illustrative purposes, the following chart is the consonant inventory of the
Hualapai dialect of the language, which varies slightly from the Havasupai dialect. Because the two dialects have different orthographies, IPA symbols are used here. For more information about how these sounds are
283:
The modern
Hualapai and Havasupai have separate sociopolitical identities, but a consensus among linguists is that the differences in speech among them lie only at the dialect level, rather than constituting separate languages, and the differences between the two dialects have been reported as
895:
can only have weak stress. Primary stresses occur at regularly timed intervals in an utterance. Secondary stresses occur according to an alternating-stress system, which most commonly dictates that two secondary stresses follow a primary stressed (phonetically long) vowel.
708:
feature in many stops and affricates in
Hualapai-Havasupai. Often, consonant sounds are realized in different ways in different phonetic environments. For example, if a glottal stop occurs at the beginning of a word, it may sometimes be replaced by a vowel such as /a/.
945:
plural, and multiple plural. There are six types of aspect, and any verb can have as many as three and as few as zero aspect markers. The six types are distributive-iterative, continued, interrupted, perfective, imperfective, and habitual.
2234:"Tim: Tñuda Hobaja". Hinton, Leanne et al., prepared by the Havasupai Bilingual Education Program (authors credited as "Viya Tñudv Leanne Hinton-j, Rena Crook-m, Edith Putesoy-m hmug-g yoovjgwi. Clark Jack-j"). Supai, Arizona 1978–1984.
887:, which governs many parts of the phonological structure of the language, including where long vowels occur, what kind of consonant clusters can occur and where, and how syllable boundaries are divided. There are three types of
904:
The most common syllable structures that occur in
Havasupai-Hualapai are CV, CVC, and VC; however, consonant clusters of two or three consonants can and do occur initially, medially, and finally.
925:
Verbs are marked for person (first, second, and third) through the prefixes /a-/, /ma-/, and /ø-/, respectively. Many other affixes attach to the verb to reveal information like tense,
291:, and sometimes they are grouped together for means of linguistic classification (see Ethnologue). Regarding the relationship of Havasupai and Hualapai to Yavapai, Warren Gazzam, a
275:
classifies the
Havasupai dialect as endangered and the Hualapai dialect as vulnerable. There are efforts at preserving both dialects through bilingual education programs.
2204:
2173:
2709:
1529:
As of 2004, "a
Wycliffe Bible Translators project ... under way to translate the Old and the New Testaments into the Havasupai language" was progressing slowly.
716:
Long and short vowels are contrastive in the language. The following is a minimal pair illustrating of the phonemic contrast of
Havasupai-Hualapai vowel length:
1101:
Similar processes occur with kinship terms and verbs of belonging such as with the following noun "bi:", which means "female's brother's child/nephew/niece":
933:, number, adverbial qualities, and conjunctivity. The verb suffixes /-wi/ and /-yu/ are divisive for verbs and are weak-stressed by-forms of /wí/, meaning
2259:
637:
2940:
2955:
267:, a language spoken in northern Baja California. There are two main dialects of this language: the Havasupai dialect is spoken in the bottom of the
2950:
2055:
663:
271:, while the Hualapai dialect is spoken along the southern rim. As of 2010, there were approximately 1500 speakers of Havasupai-Hualapai.
674:
1038:
2702:
2020:
1787:
2181:
Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Bender, Jorigine; Powskey, Malinda; Steele, Josie; Watahomigie, Philbert, Sr.; Yamamoto, Akira Y. (2003).
1148:
This can be considered a more iconic form of noun incorporation, as the noun doesn't also occur outside the incorporate verb form.
2918:
472:
2726:
851:
846:
818:
813:
580:
217:
2809:
2231:"Baahj muhm hatm hwag gyu". Hinton, Leanne et al., prepared by the Havasupai Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1978.
256:
94:
2157:
2794:
2695:
2252:
295:
speaker, reported that "they (Hualapais) speak the same language as we do, some words or accents are a little different".
1498:
1018:
832:
827:
600:
586:
2895:
2827:
1050:
785:
780:
617:
1867:
209:
The Hualapai and Havasupai reservations are circled on this map in purple, where most speakers of the language live.
2384:
2368:
863:
858:
681:
593:
465:
449:
2292:
1512:
573:
989:
Case: /-t͡ʃ/ nominative, /-ø/ accusative, /-k/ allative-adessive, /-l/ illative-inessive, /-m/ ablative-abessive
2631:
2570:
2245:
799:
794:
705:
701:
493:
458:
227:
1519:
spoken by 100% of its tribal members. Also as of 2005, Havasupai remained the first language of residents of
2748:
2590:
479:
1835:
2379:
2374:
986:
Definiteness: /-a/ the (a certain), /-i/ the (this other), /-u/ the (that other), /-o/, the former (that)
2776:
2584:
2487:
2357:
2352:
2317:
657:
403:
392:
325:
292:
2735:
2718:
2578:
2531:
888:
410:
2789:
2620:
2403:
930:
567:
551:
544:
537:
521:
438:
357:
2148:
Watahomigie, Lucille J.; Bender, Jorigine; Watahomigie, Philbert, Sr.; Yamamoto, Akira Y. (2001).
2822:
2607:
2559:
2545:
2500:
2299:
2198:
2167:
2136:
2128:
2099:
2091:
1971:
1893:
1507:
926:
892:
417:
337:
320:
2225:"Gwe gnaavja". Havasu Baaja / Havasupai Tribe, Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1985.
2185:. ELPR Publications. Vol. A2-041. Kyoto: Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project.
2152:. ELPR Publications. Vol. A2-003. Kyoto: Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim Project.
2945:
2832:
2538:
2522:
2493:
2456:
2435:
2333:
2326:
2285:
2276:
2186:
2153:
2051:
2026:
2016:
1843:
1778:
1022:
342:
2228:"Havsuw gwaawj tñudg siitja". Havasupai Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1970s(?).
2890:
2847:
2842:
2817:
2758:
2645:
2614:
2508:
2466:
2425:
2362:
2344:
2120:
2083:
2043:
1983:
1963:
1538:
1157:
891:: primary, secondary, and weak. All vowels can have any of these three types of stress, but
530:
352:
332:
288:
260:
60:
2837:
2743:
2482:
2461:
2409:
2394:
2306:
2268:
1999:
1489:
386:
347:
264:
86:
64:
2799:
2678:
2656:
2639:
2552:
2440:
1520:
625:
433:
204:
136:
941:
These occur on all verbs. The three numbers that can be marked in verbs are singular,
194:
187:
180:
2934:
2863:
2784:
2766:
2662:
2651:
2430:
2219:
2140:
2103:
1975:
1921:
1774:
1516:
1026:
959:
762:
500:
486:
255:
peoples of northwestern Arizona. Havasupai–Hualapai belongs to the Pai branch of the
2625:
1933:
1502:
1380:
955:
507:
268:
143:
1949:. Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 4–12.
1940:. Vol. 17: Languages. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1598:
980:
Number: /-t͡ʃ/ paucal plural, /-uv/ multiple plural, no affix for singular number
17:
774:
757:
1782:
1576:
1571:
840:
767:
2030:
1847:
2190:
884:
807:
252:
173:
156:
1526:
The Lord's Prayer, John 3:16, and hymns were printed in Havasupai in 1934.
2047:
163:
248:
235:
223:
2687:
2132:
2095:
1945:
Kendall, Martha B. (1983). "Yuman languages". In Ortiz, Alfonso (ed.).
1926:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
231:
48:
2042:. Janua Linguarum, Series Practica. Vol. 57. The Hauge: Mouton.
1682:
942:
272:
1710:
1277:
Note that in the following sentence, both subject markers are used:
2124:
2087:
1967:
1326:
962:, as can be seen by the lists of noun suffixes and prefixes below:
2237:
1488:
247:(Havasupai–Walapai) is the Native American language spoken by the
1156:
Havasupai-Hualapai, like other Yuman languages, is known for its
1054:
form obligatorily also occurs before its incorporated verb form:
1868:"Indigenous Voices of the Colorado Plateau – Havasupai Overview"
1345:
1241:
1132:
1085:
908:
followed by any consonant or (2) any consonant followed by /w/.
2691:
2241:
1190:
917:
phonemic length, restricted to C, CV, VC, or V in composition.
309:
depicted in writing, see the Orthography section of this page.
2011:
Miyaoka, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu; Krauss, Michael E. (2007).
1341:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1124:
1120:
1077:
1073:
1041:
case marking system, as mentioned in the morphology section.
1349:
1245:
1954:
Kozlowski, Edwin (1976). "Remarks on Havasupai phonology".
1128:
1081:
1497:
This dialect is spoken by approximately 639 people on the
234:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1296:
1179:
732:
717:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1745:
1743:
1821:
1792:. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
2111:
Redden, James E. (1966b). "Walapai II: Morphology".
313:
Consonant sounds in the Havasupai–Hualapai language
2883:
2876:
2856:
2808:
2775:
2757:
2734:
2725:
2599:
2569:
2521:
2475:
2449:
2418:
2393:
2343:
2316:
2275:
1836:"Within the Grand Canyon, the Lure of Havasu Falls"
713:the underlying form /v-ul/ "to ride" surfaces as .
171:
154:
149:
133:
118:
83:
71:
55:
44:
32:
2074:Redden, James E. (1966a). "Walapai I: Phonology".
77:Hualapai: about 1,000, all ages (2015 census)
1599:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
1936:(1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
1988:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
1986:(1996). "Bibliography of the Yuman languages".
969:Subordinate: /-ɲi/ 'subordinate to, related to'
2703:
2253:
2113:International Journal of American Linguistics
2076:International Journal of American Linguistics
1956:International Journal of American Linguistics
279:Regional variation and mutual intelligibility
8:
2203:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2172:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1273:"Rhiannon took off the dress and washed it.
2880:
2731:
2710:
2696:
2688:
2415:
2260:
2246:
2238:
2218:"A dictionary of the Havasupai language".
2013:The vanishing languages of the Pacific rim
203:
29:
2040:A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism
1722:
1669:
1017:Havasupai-Hualapai's basic word order is
2006:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1621:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1385:
883:Havasupai-Hualapai's prosodic system is
748:
311:
1809:
1749:
1645:
1633:
1555:
1262:Rhiannon-SUBJ dress-DEM {3/3.take off}-
228:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2196:
2165:
1761:
1657:
287:The language even bears similarity to
2183:A Dictionary of the Hualapai Language
2004:The Languages of Native North America
1734:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1369:"John hit Mary and she (Mary) cried."
317:
117:
7:
1511:article, it was considered the only
2015:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1822:Miyaoka, Sakiyama & Krauss 2007
983:Demonstrative: /-ɲ/ that, /-v/ this
954:Nouns are marked for number, case,
259:, together with its close relative
79:Over 500 Havasupai, all ages (2007)
1947:Handbook of North American Indians
1938:Handbook of North American Indians
1788:World Atlas of Language Structures
27:Pai language spoken in Arizona, US
25:
862:
857:
850:
845:
831:
826:
817:
812:
798:
793:
784:
779:
680:
673:
662:
636:
616:
599:
592:
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579:
572:
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536:
529:
520:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
448:
416:
409:
402:
391:
2913:
2912:
2067:Walapai Phonology and Morphology
1282:Different subject-reference "-m"
1165:Identical subject-reference "-k"
184: Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai
2956:Indigenous languages of Arizona
700:As shown from the chart above,
1541:, the people generally called
1523:, the tribal government seat.
1:
1834:Cepeda, Raquel (2015-09-04).
1783:"Havasupai–Hualapai language"
1683:"California Language Archive"
1144:"Yes, I have a nephew/niece."
972:Intensive: /vi-/ 'very, just'
257:Yuman–Cochimí language family
1499:Havasupai Indian Reservation
838:
805:
772:
655:
623:
565:
513:
431:
384:
2941:Havasupai–Hualapai language
2972:
2150:Hualapai Reference Grammar
1928:. Oxford University Press.
1892:Arave, Lynn (2004-04-17).
1094:shirt 3/1-shirt(-REFL)-AUX
1091:nyigwáy '-nyiggwa:y(-v)-wi
992:Appellative: /-é/ vocative
2908:
2672:
2065:Redden, James E. (1965).
1572:Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai
1493:Havasupai language class.
1387:Hualapai alphabet (1979)
1037:Havasupai-Hualapai has a
656:
624:
566:
432:
385:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
324:
319:
214:
202:
167:Havasupai‑Walapai‑Yavapai
37:
1513:Native American language
2951:Yuman–Cochimí languages
2591:Highland Oaxaca Chontal
2038:Wares, Alan C. (1968).
1711:Watahomigie et al. 2001
1582:(subscription required)
1362:John-SUBJ Mary 3/3.hit-
1141:yes 3/1-nephew-REFL-AUX
733:
718:
2222:. Supai, Arizona 1984.
1505:. According to a 2015
1494:
216:This article contains
2069:. Indiana University.
2048:10.1515/9783111659077
1894:"The farthest church"
1501:at the bottom of the
1492:
1251:Rhiannon-ch he'-h tuy
1039:nominative/accusative
1029:, occur as suffixes.
2719:Languages of Arizona
1545:by English-speakers.
1355:John(a)-ch Mary baeq
1097:"I have a shirt on."
1021:. For noun phrases,
937:, and /yú/, meaning
1660:, pp. 577–578.
1388:
893:syllabic consonants
875:/ui/ as in 'buoy'.
751:
314:
1840:The New York Times
1779:Haspelmath, Martin
1495:
1386:
1070:'-nyiggwa:y(-v)-wi
1051:noun incorporation
1045:Noun incorporation
900:Syllabic structure
749:
312:
245:Havasupai–Hualapai
106:Havasupai–Hualapai
33:Havasupai–Hualapai
2928:
2927:
2904:
2903:
2872:
2871:
2857:Language isolates
2685:
2684:
2679:extinct languages
2517:
2516:
2503:
2501:Havasupai dialect
2496:
2385:Southeastern Pomo
2369:Northeastern Pomo
2057:978-3-11-127469-0
1984:Langdon, Margaret
1775:Dryer, Matthew S.
1580:(18th ed., 2015)
1485:Havasupai dialect
1482:
1481:
1366:3.cry-SS-AUX-PAST
960:demonstrativeness
872:
871:
698:
697:
517:
445:
381:
376:
371:
366:
293:Tolkapaya Yavapai
242:
241:
224:rendering support
220:phonetic symbols.
18:Hualapai language
16:(Redirected from
2963:
2916:
2915:
2881:
2732:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2499:
2494:Hualapai dialect
2492:
2419:Delta–California
2416:
2293:New River Shasta
2262:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2208:
2202:
2194:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2144:
2107:
2070:
2061:
2034:
2007:
2000:Mithun, Marianne
1995:
1979:
1950:
1941:
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1904:
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1247:
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1238:
1233:
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1214:
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1205:
1192:
1181:
1158:switch-reference
1152:Switch-reference
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1049:It is said that
866:
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854:
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830:
821:
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745:
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379:
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369:
364:
315:
207:
197:
191: Havasupai
190:
183:
166:
159:
139:
89:
30:
21:
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2966:
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2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2900:
2868:
2852:
2804:
2795:Southern Paiute
2771:
2753:
2721:
2716:
2686:
2681:
2668:
2632:Western Jicaque
2595:
2565:
2513:
2471:
2445:
2414:
2389:
2339:
2312:
2271:
2269:Hokan languages
2266:
2215:
2213:Further reading
2195:
2180:
2164:
2160:
2147:
2110:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2037:
2023:
2010:
1998:
1982:
1953:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
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1865:
1861:
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1850:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1808:
1797:
1781:, eds. (2013).
1773:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1648:, pp. 5–7.
1644:
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1605:
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1217:
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1136:
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1067:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1015:
1010:
1001:
952:
923:
914:
902:
881:
750:Vowel phonemes
743:
740:
737:
728:
725:
722:
437:
327:
306:
301:
281:
222:Without proper
210:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:
162:
155:
140:
135:
114:
90:
87:Language family
85:
78:
74:
73:Native speakers
51:, United States
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2969:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2953:
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2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2877:Non-Indigenous
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
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2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
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2751:
2749:Western Apache
2746:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2723:
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2717:
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2707:
2700:
2692:
2683:
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2611:
2603:
2601:
2597:
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2573:
2571:Tequistlatecan
2567:
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2527:
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2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:Hinton, Leanne
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2178:
2158:
2145:
2125:10.1086/464892
2119:(2): 141–163.
2108:
2088:10.1086/464875
2071:
2062:
2056:
2035:
2022:978-0199266623
2021:
2008:
1996:
1980:
1968:10.1086/465402
1962:(2): 140–149.
1951:
1942:
1930:
1922:Campbell, Lyle
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1884:
1859:
1826:
1814:
1795:
1766:
1754:
1739:
1727:
1723:Kozlowski 1976
1715:
1688:
1674:
1672:, p. 140.
1670:Kozlowski 1976
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1624:, p. 127.
1614:
1603:www.unesco.org
1585:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1531:
1508:New York Times
1486:
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1290:
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1284:
1218:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1153:
1150:
1138:e'e '-bi:-v-wi
1115:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1068:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1027:demonstratives
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
977:Noun suffixes
975:
974:
973:
970:
966:Noun prefixes
951:
948:
922:
919:
913:
910:
901:
898:
880:
877:
870:
869:
867:
855:
843:
837:
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824:
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541:
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361:
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345:
340:
335:
330:
323:
318:
305:
302:
300:
297:
284:"negligible".
280:
277:
240:
239:
226:, you may see
212:
211:
208:
200:
199:
198: Walapai
177:
169:
168:
160:
152:
151:
150:Language codes
147:
146:
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137:Writing system
134:
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14:
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10:
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4:
3:
2:
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2938:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:Indo-European
2882:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2810:Yuman-Cochimí
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
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2650:
2648:
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2638:
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2624:
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2619:
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2612:
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2609:
2605:
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2510:
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2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Southern Pomo
2378:
2376:
2375:Northern Pomo
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
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2240:
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2221:
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2206:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2169:
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2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
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2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
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2068:
2063:
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2053:
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2045:
2041:
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2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Goddard, Ives
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1899:
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1888:
1885:
1873:
1872:Cline Library
1869:
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1627:
1623:
1622:Campbell 1997
1618:
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1539:Havasu 'Baaja
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:Supai Village
1518:
1517:United States
1514:
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1471:
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1005:
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985:
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949:
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936:
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905:
899:
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868:
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844:
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834:
829:
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823:
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815:
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773:
769:
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694:
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619:
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153:
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145:
142:
138:
132:
126:
123:
122:
121:
107:
104:
103:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
95:Yuman–Cochimí
92:
88:
82:
76:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
36:
31:
19:
2917:
2674:
2661:
2644:
2630:
2613:
2606:
2585:Tequistlatec
2583:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2488:Upland Yuman
2402:
2367:
2358:Eastern Pomo
2353:Central Pomo
2332:
2325:
2305:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2182:
2149:
2116:
2112:
2079:
2075:
2066:
2039:
2012:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1925:
1915:Bibliography
1901:. Retrieved
1898:Deseret News
1897:
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
1862:
1851:. Retrieved
1839:
1829:
1817:
1810:Redden 1966b
1786:
1769:
1757:
1750:Redden 1966a
1730:
1718:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1646:Kendall 1983
1641:
1636:, p. 7.
1634:Goddard 1996
1629:
1617:
1606:. Retrieved
1602:
1575:
1542:
1528:
1525:
1506:
1503:Grand Canyon
1496:
1381:Latin Script
1377:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1336:
1333:
1325:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1291:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1164:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1048:
1036:
1033:Case marking
1016:
1002:
956:definiteness
953:
938:
934:
924:
915:
906:
903:
885:stress-timed
882:
873:
715:
711:
699:
307:
286:
282:
269:Grand Canyon
244:
243:
215:
172:
105:
40:Upland Yuman
2777:Uto-Aztecan
2579:Huamelultec
2532:Coahuilteco
2318:Palaihnihan
2082:(1): 1–16.
1762:Redden 1965
1658:Mithun 1999
1374:Orthography
1175:Rhiannon-ch
706:contrastive
658:Approximant
230:instead of
2935:Categories
2736:Athabaskan
2727:Indigenous
2159:0935626077
1994:: 135–159.
1903:2012-12-02
1878:2012-12-02
1853:2018-01-23
1735:Wares 1968
1608:2018-01-23
1577:Ethnologue
1550:References
1359:mi:-k-i-ny
1334:mi:-k-i-ny
1292:John(a)-ch
1210:.take off-
1117:'-bi:-v-wi
1025:, such as
1013:Word order
912:Morphology
702:aspiration
304:Consonants
99:Core Yuman
2823:Havasupai
2677:indicate
2663:Yana/Yahi
2621:Jicaquean
2608:Chimariko
2560:Mamulique
2546:Comecrudo
2300:Okwanuchu
2199:cite book
2168:cite book
2141:144260487
2104:143497172
2031:252684427
1976:144426997
1848:0362-4331
1543:Havasupai
1379:from the
1270:-AUX-PAST
1266:3/3.wash-
1255:dathgwi:l
1220:dathgwi:l
1178:Rhiannon-
999:Particles
568:Fricative
516:aspirated
439:Affricate
299:Phonology
263:and with
253:Havasupai
174:Glottolog
157:ISO 639-3
124:Havasupai
61:Havasupai
56:Ethnicity
38:Havasupai
2946:Hualapai
2919:Category
2833:Maricopa
2828:Hualapai
2539:Cotoname
2457:Maricopa
2436:Kumeyaay
2334:Atsugewi
2327:Achumawi
2286:Konomihu
2191:54432923
2002:(1999).
1924:(1997).
1533:See also
1127:-nephew-
1080:-shirt(-
1023:articles
931:modality
338:Alveolar
321:Bilabial
249:Hualapai
236:Help:IPA
195:wala1270
188:hava1249
181:hava1248
127:Hualapai
119:Dialects
63:, 1,870
2896:Spanish
2891:English
2848:Yavapai
2843:Quechan
2818:Cocopah
2790:Oʼodham
2675:Italics
2646:Salinan
2615:Esselen
2523:Pakawan
2509:Yavapai
2467:Quechan
2426:Cocopah
2404:Cochimí
2363:Kashaya
2277:Shastan
2133:1263689
2096:1263444
1515:in the
1062:nyigwáy
763:Central
434:Plosive
358:Glottal
343:Palatal
289:Yavapai
261:Yavapai
232:Unicode
65:Walapai
49:Arizona
2838:Mojave
2759:Tanoan
2744:Navajo
2483:Paipai
2462:Mojave
2410:Kiliwa
2345:Pomoan
2307:Shasta
2189:
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2029:
2019:
1974:
1874:. 2005
1846:
1790:Online
1259:-wi-ny
1234:.wash-
1224:-wi-ny
1189:dress-
1008:Syntax
958:, and
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927:aspect
889:stress
879:Stress
726:person
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333:Dental
328:dental
326:Labio-
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265:Paipai
67:(2007)
45:Region
2800:Yaqui
2657:Washo
2640:Karuk
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2100:S2CID
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1972:S2CID
1340:.cry-
1324:.hit-
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1065:shirt
1019:S-O-V
950:Nouns
921:Verbs
775:Close
758:Front
741:arrow
704:is a
444:plain
387:Nasal
375:plain
365:plain
348:Velar
144:Latin
2864:Zuni
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2205:link
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2017:ISBN
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1288:(4)
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1171:(3)
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1086:AUX
1058:(1)
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1199:-k
1084:)-
935:do
929:,
864:aː
852:æː
833:oː
819:eː
800:uː
786:iː
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584:,
552:kʰ
538:tʰ
522:pʰ
501:qʷ
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1413:f
1410:e
1407:đ
1398:b
1392:a
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1338:3
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574:β
508:ʔ
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480:k
466:t
450:p
436:/
418:ŋ
411:ɲ
404:n
393:m
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