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takings of land. In the mid 17th century, a system of serfdom by debt began that would reach its height in the 19th, involving indigenous, mestizo and negro peoples. During the 17th century however, some peoples were able to take possession of land under a communal scheme, declaring it the property of the Virgin Mary or of a saint to keep landholders and political chiefs from taking it. From the second half of the 17th century to the first half of the 18th, there was a consolidation of haciendas with between 21 and 25 by 1790, about eighty cattle ranches and twenty three indigenous communities. At the end of the 18th century, records indicate that ninety percent of the population was
Spanish, mestizo or mixed African descent, mostly in Chicontepec, Huayacocotla, Ixhuatlan and Xochioloco. Coffee was introduced to the mountain areas in the 19th century. Land and other agrarian conflicts have continued to the present day with local elections based on land use issues.(focus) The discovery of oil in northern Veracruz has led to an area called the Faja de Oro (Gold belt) extending from Chicontepec to the Gulf coast. It has also caused environmental damage and made subsistence farming difficult to impossible in many areas. Conflicts have even led to the formation of armed groups such as the Ejercito Popular Revolucionario in the latter 20th century. Despite brokered talks and disarming, the region is conflictive, especially along the Hidalgo/Veracruz border.
803:. The Nahuatl speakers of La Huasteca comprise over 27% of all Nahuatl speakers in Mexico. Indigenous communities continue to be mostly agricultural with the growing of corn being most important. Other important aspects include cattle, the processing of sugar cane and the growing of citrus as a cash crop although most of this is under the control of mestizos. While subject to municipal authorities, usually mestizo dominated, they have their own internal political and economic systems as well. The indigenous of the area face discrimination from the dominant mestizos, who call themselves “gente de razón” (people of reason) and the indigenous “compadritos” or “cuitoles” which is similar to calling them children. Catholic influence in the region has been limited since the colonial period, mostly restricted to major towns and flat areas and less in the more rugged terrain. This has allowed the indigenous of La Huasteca to maintain more of their traditions than those in other regions of Mexico.
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prepared to exchange with god parents, friends, family and neighbors. Altars consist of arches over a rectangular table. Each corner of the table has a pole to represent the four stages of human life (childhood, adolescence, adult and old age). The poles are bent towards the center above the table to form arches, and covered with branches of local flora. It shares certain elements with Day of the Dead such as cempasĂşchil flowers, papel picado and the creation of altars to the dead adorned with local fruit, candles and copal incense. It lasts from 29 October with the slaughter of pigs and turkeys. October 30 and 31 are for the remembrance of children and adults respectively and
November 1 is not only for saints but also to honor godparents. A traditional dance for the event has groups of dancers who ridicule the powerful of the local society then are chained by a devil. These dancers perform with cloth masks, with the aim that Death does not recognize them and take them away.
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day. The highways and other roads in this area have allowed for seasonal and permanent emigration out of the area by younger generations looking for work. In the 20th century, preschool and primary school were widely introduced into the area. They have included various models of instruction including bilingual and bicultural education. At higher levels, it has included distance education for middle and high school. More recently, there has been a push for especially technical education such as the TecnolĂłgico de
Huejutla and the Universidad Comunitaria de la Huasteca Norte. This has raised literacy rates as well as the ability to speak Spanish among the indigenous. It has also caused cultural changes as younger generations have access to information about the outside world.
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disease. The introduction of cattle into the flat areas prompted the
Spanish to force the relocation of many indigenous groups in the area, sometimes with violence. Not all attempts to relocate indigenous groups were successful. There were notable failures in Hidalgo. However, its overall success managed to divide the region into new political units. Spanish policies and economic conditions forced many of the natives here to crowd together in certain areas, with Huastecs and Nahuas together in Ozuluama, Tantoyuca, Tamiahua and Tuxpan, and Nahuas and Otomis in Chicontepec and Huejutla. The new political units brought in other indigenous groups not normally part of the Huasteco, such as the
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Chichimecas to the north, and their isolation from other Mayan cultures. While the
Huastecs managed to spread their influence over a large territory, they never built cities and ceremonial centers as large as in other parts of Mesoamerica. One reason for this was that the Chichimeca were a constant threat. In the Post Classic period, Huastec territory shrank due to incursions by Nahuas and Otomi in the south and west, culminating into Aztec conquest of much of the territory by the early 16th century. This loss of land would continue into the Spanish colonial period with mestizos coming to dominate the region, especially in the Veracruz and Tamaulipas coast areas.
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between them. Son huasteco has two unique trademarks: improvised violin ornamentations based on a melody, and the use of a high falsetto voice. The style has spread beyond
Veracruz and San Luis Potosà to other states including Hidalgo, which is now another center for the music. Unlike other folk music in Mexico, it is not in danger of disappearing and remains in high demand for major celebrations in La Huasteca. The music has been researched and cataloged for over forty years which has resulted in a two CD compilation called El Gusto. It was also the focus of a documentary called “A Mexican Sound” by Roy Germano.
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735:, Huayacocotla-Chichontepec, Pánuco-Tampico, Huejutla and Yahualica. In the 19th century, most of the local leaders were chosen by charisma and political skill, rather than by lineage, although elder councils were still important in most indigenous communities. By the beginning of the 19th century, the use of elections to choose leaders began to be used, but with candidates chosen by the elite. The first municipal elections in the region were held in Chicontepec and Ixhuatlan in 1813.
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181:, not swallows) that emerge from the opening in the morning. It is also a site for base-jumping down the sink's 372-metre (1,220 ft) depth. The birds return en masse again at nightfall. Many of the rivers run clear or turquoise blue in deep ravines or canyons and form waterfalls. The tallest of these is the Tamul, which is 300 meters wide and 105 meters tall. It joins the waters of the
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251:), with palm species more common on the coastline. Tall growth perennial rainforest dominates in the states of Hidalgo and Veracruz with medium grown semi deciduous rainforest in San Luis PotosĂ. It also has a large number of species of algae, more diverse and of different types than those found in other parts of Mexico. It is also rich in wildlife such as parrots,
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women and local authorities are made powerless temporarily. Offerings are also made by burial, perhaps an offering to the underworld. In many communities, many birds are slaughtered and alcohol is drunk in abundance. Carnival marks the end of dry season farming before rains begin in earnest in April. Ceremonies to ask for abundant rain begin after the end of
655:. The culture was influential even farther west into northern QuerĂ©taro, and there may have been Huastec settlements into what is now northern Puebla. Notable settlements include El TamuĂn in San Luis PotosĂ, Yahualica and Huejutla in Hidalgo, TzicĂłaxc on the Veracruz/Puebla border as well as Tuxpan, Temapache, Pánuco, and Tanhuijo in Veracruz.
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Rainfall is generally abundant due to moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Rainfall amounts vary between 800 and 1600mm per year, depending on altitude and location from the coast. However, the area is subject to drought three out of every ten years, causing problems for local agriculture. Localized hail and hurricanes are an annual occurrence.
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988:, cross stitch decorated garments in the region on the Hidalgo-Veracruz border, musical instruments and furniture, especially chairs made of cedar and other tropical hardwoods. In the area around Tantoyuca, Veracruz, handcrafts from a fiber called zapupe and palm is used to make hats, carrying bags and other objects.
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It is one of the poorest regions of the country, with the federal government categorizing it as a “critical region” in terms of combating poverty. The most pressing economic and political problems are in the
Veracruz section with high socioeconomic marginalization due to isolation, disputes over land
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and celebrated at the same time, but it has important differences. Xantolo brings people to cemeteries as well but it is to celebrate the living and the dead, as it marks the harvest of this growing season. Preparations for
Xantolo last a week with altars remaining through November. Gifts of food are
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The dance is performed on an elevated platform called a zapatea. The music and dance in its several varieties is shared by all the ethnicities of the region. It is most often performed in rural social events called “fandangos.” . It is also performed at the various
Huastec cultural events such as the
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today only occupy a fraction of it in a strip from northwest Querétaro east towards the north of
Veracruz. The largest Huastec communities are found in the mountain areas of Otontepec and Tantoyuca in Veracruz, Tancanhuitz, Tanlajas and AquismĂłn in San Luis PotosĂ. Huastecs are a Mayan people, whose
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for the governors of three states adjacent in century XX, who are the main opponents to the project of creation of the federal entity number 33 of the United Mexican States. For the next autumn, the civilians seeking the means to integrate as a new entity, indigenous communities, farmers and citizens
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is important in the Veracruz part of the Huasteca, but each as a very local and religious character. For the Nahuas, Carnival is considered to be a “ritual of inversion” where social norms are relaxed. This is done to “placate the Devil” and keep him happy as well. Activities include men dressing as
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in Veracruz. It is likely that many of the Nahuas in the south of La Huastecs are ethnic Huastecs whose language changed as the area was dominated by the Nahuas. There are two main dialects of Nahuatl spoken in the region. The Nahuas in the north of the region share a number of cultural traits with
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The name Huastec comes from Nahuatl; the Huastec call themselves Teenek. While the Huastec were the most northern Mesoamerican culture, their culture is distinct from those in the Mexican Plateau, which whom they had contact and from other Mayan groups. One reason for this was their contact with the
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There is no airport directly serving the La Huasteca region. To travel to La Huasteca via air, there are three options: San Luis Potosi Airport – from here, it is about a four-hour drive to reach the heart of the region, considered Ciudad Valles. Airport of Querétaro – it is around a six-hour drive
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The major development of the 20th century in the Huasteca was the development of roadways and other infrastructure to connect it with the rest of the country. Until the latter 20th century, many of the municipalities of the region did not have paved roads, with a few still in this situation to this
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to reach Ciudad Valles, but this route is closer to other main sites in La Huasteca, such as the surrealistic gardens of Edward James in Xilitla. Airport in Tampico, Tamaulipas – this is perhaps the closest physical airport to Ciudad Valles, but the state is currently considered unsafe to travel.
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built Las Pozas (The Wells) in an area of coffee and banana plantations near Xilitla. The poet lived here from 1949 until his death in 1984. The gardens contains giant sculptures, pagodas, and staircases to nowhere over a property of 32 hectares. The poet's former home is a mansion of turrets and
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Despite the lack of ethnic Huastecs, the region still maintains a cultural identity, which is celebrated at various festivals such as the Encuentro de las Huastecas (Huastec Encounter) in Amatlán in November, and the Festival de la Huasteca in Ahuacatlán de Guadalupe, PurĂsimas de Arista and Agua
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From the first taking of land for cattle in the colonial period to the present, land struggles have been an important part of the region's history. In the 18th century, there were various uprisings in the region such as in Ilamatlán in 1750 and Huayacocotla in 1784 in response to higher taxes and
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The first European contact with the Huasteca region was in 1498, when Italian Amerigo Vespucci, (or some European), sailing along the Tropic of Cancer, landed somewhere north of present-day Soto la Marina, and the Rio Grande river. (The Tropic of Cancer constantly moves South in 522 years). This
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from old lava flows penetrate the primarily sedimentary rock from the west and appear with wind and water erosion. The higher mountain areas to the west often have tall peaks in capricious forms with steep slopes and eight fast running rivers. Highways in the region tend to be small and winding,
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or Son Huasteco. It is played by a trio of musicians: one playing a small, five-string rhythm guitar called a jarana huasteca, one on an eight-string bass guitar called a quinta huapanguera and another playing a violin. The two guitarists sing coplas, or short poetry stanzas, alternating verses
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were created in the region which lasted most of the 16th century and in some cases into the 17th. Spanish dominance in the coastal areas depopulated it of most indigenous people, with the Huastecs retreating south from Tamaulipas to PanĂşco and Tamaulipas and with many dying in the war and from
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The region is relative lowlands with a hot climate at the extreme north of the Mexico's tropical Gulf coast. Most of the region is hot and humid with annual temperatures generally varying between 22 and 26C. The three most common Koppen classifications that appear here are Am(f), Am and Am(w).
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explorer enjoyed friendly relations with the Huastecans, and wrote extensively about them. Including the Huastec word for Señores, and art work. His are the only written, eyewitness descriptions known of the civilization. Spanish conquistadores later explored the Pánuco River area. After the
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Although the Huastecs built small cities and ceremonial centers, they never reached the size and complexity of others in Mesoamerica. The northern areas were constantly threatened by the Chichimeca, which may be the origin for the traditional “Comanche” dance found in the region. In the Post
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the Huastec and those in the south share traits with the Otomis and Tepehuas but all are considered to be part of the same Nahua subgroup. The Huasteca Nahuas in Hidalgo and San Luis PotosĂ have put effort into developing a shared identity in the face of land and political struggles.
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communities and the Nahuatl language are now the most dominant indigenous influence in La Huasteca, especially in the south and west of the region. The Nahuas dominate the southern part of La Huasteca in over fifty municipalities in San Luis PotosĂ, Hidalgo and Veracruz, such as
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Like most rural indigenous, the economy is based on agriculture, especially the growing of corn. Other important aspects include cattle, the processing of sugar cane, coffee and the growing of citrus as a cash crop although most of this is under the control of mestizos.
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language probably separated about 3,000 years ago. Their presence is here is most likely due to Mayan expansion north along the Veracruz coast until sometime between 1000 and 1500 CE, when they were forced back south, leaving the Huastec group in the far north isolated.
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Historically and ethnically, the Huasteca region is defined by the area dominated by the Huastecs at their height. The actual extension of the region is somewhat disputed as well as how it should be sub-divided. Geographically it has been defined as from the
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The Spanish then introduced African slaves into the area. While the indigenous populations made something of a comeback in Hidalgo and San Luis PotosĂ, this did not happen in Veracruz. In the later colonial period, most Huastec communities were populated by
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with the zone belonging to the Pánuco, Tuxpan and Cazones River basins, all of which empty into the Gulf of Mexico. As much of the rock is easily eroded, the mountain areas are filled with caves and other underground openings. The best known of this is the
711:, Puebla and Chicontepec. The area initially was under the Bishopric of Tlaxcala. But evangelization was slow, with period documents indicating that most pagan beliefs had not been extinguished well into the colonial period. One hundred and thirty
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as the south. It extends over the south of Tamaulipas, the southeast of San Luis PotosĂ, the northeast of QuerĂ©taro and Hidalgo and the extreme north of Veracruz and Puebla and a very small portion of Guanajuato over an area of about 32,000km2.
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For bus transportation, most of the main bus companies serve the main cities. Between smaller towns, tourists must generally rely on shared mini-vans, called 'colectivos.' However, taxi and car rentals are also relatively affordable.
667:. The Totonacs and Tepehuas in the region probably arrived around the same time as the Huastecs. The Otomis and Nahuas arrived later but the time line for these migrations is disputed. One Nahua incursion occurs in 800 CE related to
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It is one of the most bio-diverse regions in Mexico, with over 2,000 species of plants. This diversity also extends into agricultural crops with local corn varieties resistant to drought. This area is mostly dominated by tropical
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and political repression. Since the mid 20th century, there has been seasonal and permanent migration out of the area and into other areas of Mexico and to the United States to work. In Mexico, most go to Mexico City,
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and Tepehuas in the region date back as far as the Huastecs. These people are found in the very far south of the region and both were conquered by the incoming Otomi as well as the Nahuas in the Mesoamerican period.
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The main arguments are, the abandonment of the region by their state governments, cultural and racial integration which was divided by the region in the colonial and republican period. The reintegration of the
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ecoregion covers the higher slopes of the Sierra Madre, and includes oak forests and pockets of cloud forest at middle elevations, and pine–oak forests and pine forests at higher elevations. South of the
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northward up the Veracruz coast but were "left behind" after other Mayan groups retreated south and east. The Huastecs began to be culturally dominant in their region between 750 and 800 CE after
728:, especially along the Veracruz and Tamaulipas coast. Today, the Huastec ethnicity is found only along a narrow strip extending from far northern Querétaro to far north of Veracruz near Tamiahua.
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now the most numerous indigenous group. However, those who live in the region share a number of cultural traits such as a style of music and dance, along with religious festivals such as Xantolo.
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Zarca in Querétaro. Much of the region's culture has remained distinct because of the lack of communication with the outside world. This region has not been extensively studied by academics.
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is performed by the Huastecs in the east of San Luis PotosĂ although they wear normal clothes adorned with feathers. The exception is the captain who wears a red or blue tunic.
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influences in their culture. The pre-Hispanic sculpture of the region is distinct, with well-known pieces such as the "Adolescente de TamuĂn" and the goddess of life and health
365:. The Huasteca Veracruzana is the most extensive in the territory, and famous for the variety of its dishes, which in addition to the traditional throughout the region, such as
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conquered from the south and west to an area they called Chicoaque or Tzicoac in 1458, which was probably the area which is now Mesa de Cacahuatengo in the municipality of
369:(a large tamale of broken corn) is complemented with fish and seafood typical of coastal Veracruz, the music and sounds together with the costumes are also part of it.
1754:["Xantolo" "Sancta Sanctorum"or Day of the Dead in the PotosĂ Huasteca, a well established tradition] (in Spanish). Azteca 21 Noticias. October 11, 2010
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to Tamiahua with most settlements along the banks of the Huayalejo-TamesĂ River, along the northern Veracruz and southern Tamaulipas coast and west into the
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199:(source of the Huichihuayán River) near the village of the same name, the water comes out of the mountains, forming pools large enough for swimming.
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630:. However, gathering of wild foods played a more important role here in the Mesoamerican period, especially roots, small chili peppers and a fruit (
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Arturo Cano (August 25, 1996). "Enfoque/ La Huasteca: Veinte anos de violencia" [Focus/La Huasteca: Twenty years of violence].
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alongside waterfalls, rafting on rivers such as the Santa Maria, most of which are located in the state of San Luis PotosĂ. Englishman
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word for the ethnicity Kuextlan. The Huastecs were the northernmost Mesoamerican group on the Gulf coast, and their contact with the
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The Huasteca poblana is located to the south of the border zone of the Huasteca, and includes, among others, the municipalities of
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1684:"ArqueĂłloga francesa presenta investigaciĂłn sobre la Huasteca" [French archeologist presents research about La Huasteca].
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La Huasteca is home to six indigenous ethnic groups with over 250,000 speakers of various indigenous languages. About 70% speak
1989:
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Claudia Ramos (August 11, 1996). "Cien anos de soledad en la Huasteca" [One hundred years of solitude in La Huasteca].
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classic, Huastec territory began to shrink. In the west and south of their territory, there were enclaves of Nahuas, Tepehuas,
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Alfredo Martinez (March 11, 2001). "Secretos de la Huasteca Potosina" [Secrets of the Huasteca in San Luis PotosĂ].
349:. Its relief is flat and low hills and its tropical climate. It is irrigated by several rivers and lagoons, among which the
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Miguel Dominguez; Ruth Berrones (July 2, 2003). "Ven focos rojos en la huasteca" [See red lights in La Huastecas].
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Most of the region is not visited by foreign tourists as the preference is for the beaches. Ecotourism attractions include
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especially in the higher elevations in San Luis PotosĂ and Hidalgo. Most of these rivers eventually empty into either the
1728:[La Huasteca, cultural identity on the move] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Milenio. October 28, 2011. Archived from
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were the first to conquer the southern part of La Huastecas as they fled Nahua domination in their original home of the
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1665:[Queretaro, site of the XVI Festival de la Huasteca] (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Economista. October 12, 2011
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burned alive about 460 nobles and chiefs in the region and captured about 20,000 natives to sell as slaves in the
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from sugar cane is an important processed product, most of which is shipped to Jalisco for the tequila industry.
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Omar Garcia (June 2, 2004). "Meten a la Huasteca dentro de un museo" [Fit La Huasteca inside a museum].
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1643:[Prepare encounter to preserve the culture of La Huasteca] (in Spanish). Mexico City: El Universal
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Jim Budd. "Viajando Ligero / Aventura en la Huasteca" [Traveling light/Adventure in La Huasteca].
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1752:""Xantolo", "Sancta Sanctorum" o "DĂa de Muertos" en la Huasteca Potosina, una tradiciĂłn bien arraigada"
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Gothic windows in the middle of the jungle. Today it is a hotel with the name of La Posada El Castillo.
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form a continuous belt of montane moist forests and cloud forests at middle elevations of the Sierra.
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636:) as well as fish from lakes, rivers and ocean. The production of salt was important at Chila Lake.
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To the north and east there are relative flatlands. To the south there are hills of calcified sand.
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During the colonial period, the region was divided into five provinces called “alcaldĂas mayores”:
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The Huasteca queretana is located in the northwest part of the state and is an extension of the
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1179:[La Huasteca: History and culture] (in Spanish). Arqueomex magazine. Archived from
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waned. From then to the 15th century, they expanded their territory and influence from the
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forest in the highest elevations and arid bush and grassland in a few isolated areas. The
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1776:[Tradition in La Huasteca] (in Spanish). Universidad Veracruzana. Archived from
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and farms in San Luis PotosĂ, coffee plantations in Huauchinango and the United States.
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ecoregion encompasses the lowlands and foothills. Tropical forests have species such as
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stand out; the most important city of the Huasteca Veracruzana is the city and port of
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Main regional markets include Tantoyuca, Huejutla, Tamazunchale and Chicontepec.
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1322:(Second: electronic ed.). Oaxaca, MĂ©xico: Instituto LingĂĽĂstico de Verano;
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The region, also called the "south coast", borders on the north of Veracruz.
1396:(in Spanish). ComisiĂłn Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos IndĂgena.
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period. Today, the Huastecs occupy only a fraction of this region with the
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Huastec is derived from the Spanish Huasteca which is derived from the
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It is located in the northeast of the state around the municipality of
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The Huasteca potosina is constituted by 20 municipalities which are:
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had influence when their civilization was at its height during the
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The end of wet season farming ends with Xantolo. It is similar to
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is a geographical and cultural region located partially along the
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The most traditional dance and music of the region is called the
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The Huasteca hidalguense comprises the following municipalities:
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Despite the fact that the large region is named after them, the
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to work as household help but they also go to work in mines in
1435:[La Huatesca Potosina, an entire cultural universe].
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directly and indirectly apriban(agrarian?) building project.
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in 1533. The most important city in the Hidalgo portion is
1641:"Preparan encuentro para preservar cultura de la Huasteca"
1123:[La Huatesca, where Huapango is sung (Hidalgo)].
193:. Another important waterfall is the Tamasopo and at the
361:. One of its most important archaeological sites is the
1326:| SIL Mexico. pp. 28, 42, 104, 132. Archived from
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areas of Aguazarca. It includes the municipalities of
1704:"Far From Fading, Mexico's Son Huasteco Style Flares"
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A Spanish-English Glossary of Mexican Flora and Fauna
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Handcrafts of the area include ceramics in Huejutla,
173:. It is famous for the large number of birds (mostly
1821:(in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 8 6 689.
1121:"La Huasteca, donde se canta el huapango (Hidalgo)"
763:is considered a historic debt that it has with the
707:arriving in 1533, with the first large efforts in
1663:"Querétaro, sede del XVI Festival de la Huasteca"
1433:"La Huasteca potosina, todo un universo cultural"
1083:[Mexico – Nahua People of the Huasteca].
73:. It is roughly defined as the area in which the
333:, it is located towards the north end, from the
1726:"La huasteca, identidad cultural en movimiento"
1688:(in Spanish). Chula Vista, CA. August 10, 2009.
1553:
1551:
1549:
922:and especially a corn pudding called zacahuil.
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
275:with various species of reptiles and insects.
1588:(in Spanish). Monterrey , Mexico. p. 12.
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1217:(in Spanish). Guadalajara, Mexico. p. 2.
888:Alfredo Guati Rojo National Watercolor Museum
699:. The first evangelists in the area were the
306:. Other important population centers include
246:
194:
160:
8:
1868:] (in Spanish). Mexico City: CONACULTA.
1565:
1563:
1539:
1537:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1833:"Is It Safe To Travel To Mexico Right Now?"
1527:
1525:
1506:
1504:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1456:
1454:
1283:(in Spanish). Monterrey, Mexico. p. 6.
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
19:For rock-climbing area near Monterrey, see
1579:
1577:
1575:
1274:
1272:
1270:
671:and the other due to the expansion of the
317:One section of the Huasteca is called the
16:Geographical and cultural region of Mexico
1697:
1695:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
639:The Huastecs are probably what remain of
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
779:Extent of Huastec language spoken today.
25:
1608:CreaciĂłn del Estado Huasteco (Spanish).
1144:
1142:
1081:"MĂ©xico - Pueblo Nahuas de la Huasteca"
1025:
907:Festival de la Huasteca in Querétaro.
280:Sierra Madre Oriental pine–oak forests
1465:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 4.
1153:(in Spanish). Mexico City. p. 3.
341:. It is subdivided into two regions:
45:and including parts of the states of
7:
1639:Rafael Robledo (November 19, 2011).
830:in Hidalgo, Ixhuatlán de Madero and
294:The main city in the SLP section is
886:Huapango trio from Veracruz at the
1245:"Visit the Jungles of La Huasteca"
1243:Alexis Okeowo (October 15, 2009).
720:in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro.
14:
1706:. New York: National Public Radio
1177:"La Huasteca: historia y cultura"
1382:Julieta Valle Esquivel (2003).
196:Nacimiento del RĂo Huichihuayán
1313:Schoenhals, Louise C. (2020).
795:and about three percent speak
1:
1774:"La TradiciĂłn en La Huasteca"
1965:Geography of Hidalgo (state)
1945:Geography of San Luis PotosĂ
1930:Historical regions in Mexico
137:as the north border and the
1437:Mexico Desconocido magazine
1125:Mexico Desconocido magazine
910:Traditional dishes include
2008:
868:Concurso de Danza Huapango
746:The dream of creating the
18:
1439:(in Spanish). Mexico City
1127:(in Spanish). Mexico City
523:San Martin Chalchicuautla
162:SĂłtano de las Golondrinas
89:Geography and environment
21:La Huasteca Climbing Area
1940:Geography of Mesoamerica
1295:"Veracruz moist forests"
289:Veracruz montane forests
1975:Geography of Guanajuato
1950:Geography of Tamaulipas
849:It is thought that the
750:has been regarded as a
527:San Vicente Tancuayalab
1990:Veracruz moist forests
1970:Geography of Querétaro
1860:Lorenzo Ochoa (1990).
1619:Proyect Huastec State.
1303:, accessed 18 Dec 2014
1301:. World Wildlife Fund.
1299:Terrestrial Ecoregions
891:
879:
780:
703:around 1530, with the
577:Huasteca guanajuatense
300:Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán
247:
213:Veracruz moist forests
195:
161:
121:
105:
35:
30:Map of La Huasteca in
1980:Sierra Madre Oriental
1955:Geography of Veracruz
1901:21.97361°N 99.06917°W
1866:Huastecs and Totonacs
1862:Huaxtecos y totonacos
1390:Nahuas of La Huasteca
1119:Georgina Luna Parra.
885:
865:
778:
653:Sierra Madre Oriental
551:Tancanhuitz de Santos
175:white-collared swifts
127:Sierra Madre Oriental
111:
96:
29:
1807:Ochoa, L. p. 100-101
1557:Ochoa, L. p. 191-193
1498:Ochoa, L. p. 168-169
1183:on February 29, 2012
1087:(in Spanish). UNESCO
791:; six percent speak
569:Huasteca tamaulipeca
559:Tanquián de Escobedo
423:San Felipe Orizatlán
397:Huasteca hidalguense
325:Huasteca veracruzana
135:Sierra de Tamaulipas
1960:Geography of Puebla
1906:21.97361; -99.06917
1897: /
1780:on October 17, 2007
1732:on February 5, 2012
1255:on October 22, 2009
1175:Guy Stresser-PĂ©an.
693:Gonzalo de Sandoval
681:Ixhuatlán de Madero
633:Brosimum alicastrum
467:Xicotepec de Juárez
451:Venustiano Carranza
1629:Ochoa, L. p. 29-32
1519:Ochoa, L. p. 31-32
1489:Ochoa, L. p. 29-30
1385:Nahuas de Huasteca
892:
880:
781:
765:indigenous peoples
583:San Luis de la Paz
373:Huasteca queretana
245:may all be called
231:Harvardia mexicana
185:with those of the
122:
106:
36:
1935:Regions of Mexico
1324:SIL International
771:Indigenous people
491:Axtla de Terrazas
481:Huasteca potosina
443:Francisco Z. Mena
415:Huejutla de Reyes
314:and Chicontepec.
229:, Mexican ebony (
187:Santa Maria River
169:') just north of
1997:
1985:Cultural regions
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1879:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1686:Diario San Diego
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1598:Ochoa, L. p. 195
1596:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1570:
1569:Ochoa, L. p. 188
1567:
1558:
1555:
1544:
1543:Ochoa, L. p. 190
1541:
1532:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1395:
1379:
1332:
1331:
1330:on 22 July 2022.
1321:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:. Archived from
1240:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1172:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1116:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1077:
437:Huasteca poblana
329:In the state of
259:, owls, eagles,
250:
198:
167:Cave of Swallows
164:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1839:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:Ochoa, L. p. 84
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1531:Ochoa, L. p. 32
1530:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:Ochoa, L. p. 33
1509:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:Ochoa, L. p. 42
1479:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1335:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1222:
1212:
1211:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1158:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1027:
1022:
1009:
954:
927:Day of the Dead
872:Pinal de Amoles
866:Scene from the
860:
799:, Tepehua, and
773:
767:of the region.
641:Mayan expansion
600:
591:
579:
571:
483:
439:
399:
375:
363:castle of Teayo
355:Tamiahua Lagoon
327:
285:Moctezuma River
239:and species of
236:Ebenopsis ebano
218:Ceiba pentandra
179:green parakeets
114:Jalpan de Serra
112:Landscape near
102:San Luis PotosĂ
91:
63:San Luis PotosĂ
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1916:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1824:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1765:
1743:
1717:
1691:
1676:
1654:
1631:
1622:
1611:
1600:
1591:
1571:
1559:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1512:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1468:
1450:
1416:
1402:
1333:
1305:
1286:
1266:
1220:
1194:
1156:
1138:
1098:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1008:
1007:Transportation
1005:
953:
950:
859:
856:
808:Huastec people
772:
769:
599:
596:
590:
587:
578:
575:
570:
567:
482:
479:
438:
435:
398:
395:
374:
371:
326:
323:
257:spider monkeys
183:Gallinas River
156:Cazones Rivers
131:Gulf of Mexico
90:
87:
75:Huastec people
43:Gulf of Mexico
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2003:
2002:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1910:
1877:
1875:968-29-2466-9
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1705:
1702:Betto Arcos.
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1405:
1403:970-753-008-1
1399:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
987:
986:quechquemitls
983:
978:
976:
970:
968:
964:
960:
951:
949:
947:
942:
938:
936:
931:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
901:
896:
889:
884:
877:
873:
869:
864:
857:
855:
852:
847:
845:
844:Toluca Valley
841:
836:
833:
832:Benito Juárez
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
777:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
749:
748:Huastec State
744:
740:
736:
734:
729:
727:
721:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
634:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
612:Aridoamerican
609:
605:
597:
595:
588:
586:
584:
576:
574:
568:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:Tlacuilotepec
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
396:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Huasteca Baja
344:
343:Huasteca Alta
340:
336:
335:Cazones River
332:
324:
322:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:, founded by
297:
296:Ciudad Valles
292:
290:
286:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
244:
243:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:Mexican cedar
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
206:
200:
197:
192:
191:Tampaon River
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
157:
153:
148:
143:
140:
139:Cazones River
136:
132:
128:
119:
115:
110:
103:
100:waterfall in
99:
95:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
1882:
1865:
1861:
1854:Bibliography
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1720:
1708:. Retrieved
1685:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1614:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1515:
1494:
1485:
1462:
1441:. Retrieved
1436:
1431:Jaime Bali.
1407:. Retrieved
1389:
1384:
1328:the original
1315:
1308:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1248:
1214:
1185:. Retrieved
1181:the original
1150:
1129:. Retrieved
1124:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:Agua Cultura
1084:
1014:
1010:
1000:Edward James
993:
990:
979:
971:
955:
939:
935:Volador rite
932:
924:
909:
905:
897:
893:
867:
848:
837:
817:
813:
805:
787:; 20% speak
782:
757:
745:
741:
737:
733:Huauchinango
730:
722:
705:Augustinians
685:
673:Aztec Empire
657:
649:Tuxpan River
638:
631:
601:
592:
580:
572:
535:Tamazunchale
484:
440:
400:
376:
366:
351:Tuxpan River
339:TamesĂ river
328:
319:Sierra Gorda
316:
312:Tamazunchale
293:
277:
240:
234:
230:
216:
201:
189:to form the
144:
123:
83:Nahua people
79:Mesoamerican
38:
37:
1904: /
713:encomiendas
701:Franciscans
616:Tlazolteotl
519:San Antonio
427:Xochiatipan
383:Arroyo Seco
379:San JoaquĂn
39:La Huasteca
1919:Categories
1889:21°58′25″N
1842:2019-12-23
1020:References
996:rappelling
975:Piloncillo
916:enchiladas
608:Chichimeca
543:Tampamolon
511:Huehuetlan
507:El Naranjo
495:Cd. Valles
411:Huazalingo
205:rainforest
71:Guanajuato
47:Tamaulipas
1784:March 28,
1758:March 28,
1736:March 28,
1710:March 28,
1669:March 28,
1647:March 28,
1443:March 28,
1409:March 28,
1259:March 28,
1187:March 28,
1131:March 28,
1091:March 28,
963:Monterrey
876:Querétaro
709:Pahuatlán
499:Coxcatlan
471:Pahuatlán
431:Yahualica
403:Atlapexco
308:Tantoyuca
269:wild boar
242:Diospyros
221:or other
133:with the
118:Querétaro
67:Querétaro
1892:99°4′9″W
1837:MEXLocal
1586:El Norte
1281:El Norte
941:Carnival
920:barbacoa
900:Huapango
851:Totonacs
824:Jaltocan
761:Huasteca
726:mestizos
697:Antilles
689:Conquest
661:Totonacs
645:El TajĂn
555:Tanlajas
539:Tampacan
531:Tamasopo
487:Aquismon
447:Pantepec
419:Jaltocán
367:zacahuil
353:and the
331:Veracruz
304:Huejutla
273:raccoons
263:, deer,
209:holm oak
98:Tamasopo
51:Veracruz
1925:Huastec
1463:Reforma
1151:Reforma
984:items,
967:Pachuca
959:Tampico
952:Economy
912:mixotes
858:Culture
828:Calnali
801:Totonac
789:Huastec
785:Nahuatl
628:jicamas
624:camotes
610:led to
604:Nahuatl
598:History
589:Climate
563:Xilitla
515:Matlapa
407:Huautla
337:to the
261:toucans
171:Xilitla
154:or the
129:to the
59:Hidalgo
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840:Otomis
752:utopia
677:Aztecs
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665:Otomis
547:Tamuin
475:Naupan
459:Tlaxco
455:Jalpan
387:Jalpan
359:Tuxpan
287:, the
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253:macaws
165:(the '
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