4482:
784:
774:
is a very productive phonological process in Huave. The verb root is reduplicated and the newly formed word's meaning is an intensified or repeated version of the meaning of the base verb. Huave also contains some partial reduplication, where only part of the root is reduplicated (typically its final
791:
Huave is spoken in the four coastal towns of San
Francisco del Mar, San Dionisio del Mar, San Mateo del Mar and Santa Catarina del Mar. The most vibrant speech community is in San Mateo del Mar which was fairly isolated until recently. Negative speakers' attitudes towards their language and a strong
1095:
Müller, André, Viveka
Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie
876:
Practical orthographies are currently in use by literate speakers in San Mateo, San
Francisco, San Dionisio and Santa María del Mar. There is an effort going on by the Mexican INALI (National Institute for Indigenous Languages) to standardize the orthography together with speakers from all four
313:
Although genetic relationships between the Huave language and several language families have been proposed, none has been substantiated, and Huave continues to be considered an isolate (Campbell 1997 pg. 161). Paul Radin proposed a relationship between Huave and the
5648:
725:
Complex sentences in Huave often juxtapose multiple verbs each inflected for the appropriate person. An interesting feature of Huave is that verbs meaning "give" can be used to produce
5592:
4618:
4470:
733:(i.e. meaning "in order to" in English). There are other purpose clauses introduced by more ordinary particles in which the verb is inflected for a special subordinate mode.
410:
These phonemes are from the phonology of San
Francisco del Mar Huave. The San Dionisio del Mar dialect has an additional vowel phoneme, /y/, cognate with /e/ in San Mateo.
4609:
373:
5602:
1642:
3752:
5498:
881:
3887:
1214:
1113:
5643:
1854:
1367:
864:
Although considered separate languages by SIL according to the needs of literacy materials, Campbell (1997) considers them dialects of a single language.
5597:
1086:
The
Archaeology of Greater Nicoya: Two Decades of Research in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. United States, University Press of Colorado, 2021.
305:("people"). The etymology of the term requires further investigation. Neither of the above etymologies is judged plausible by Isthmus Zapotec speakers.
4463:
376:
was developed around 1915 for much the same reason.) Also as of 2011, a radio station in San Mateo del Mar, Radio Ikoots, was broadcasting in Huave.
345:. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the similarities could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
5633:
4448:
399:
The phonemic inventory, reconstructed for the common ancestor of the four existing Huave varieties as presented in
Campbell 1997, is as follows:
249:
Constenla Umaña (1994) suggests that Huave may have been the language of the
Tacacho, a group that lived in a town called Yacacoyaua located in
4602:
5638:
4622:
1572:
384:
Huave of San Mateo del Mar is partly tonal, distinguishing between high and low tone in penultimate syllables only. Huave is one of only two
334:
3377:
4456:
3267:
2848:
5471:
1635:
741:
2349:
5551:
3534:
4595:
3880:
1418:
1309:
1281:
3510:
681:
1428:
736:
Word order, like verb morphology, in Huave follows a fully ergative pattern. The basic word order can be expressed very simply as
5607:
2749:
5001:
1562:
5628:
4970:
2668:
2604:
1847:
189:
3281:
3032:
2523:
1628:
353:
While Huave is still in use in most domains of social life in at least one of the four villages where it is spoken, it is an
3394:
2529:
1582:
4202:
3747:
2354:
2140:
2134:
2058:
3441:
2729:
3873:
3757:
3742:
2742:
2500:
2461:
175:
5319:
3516:
2374:
4556:
4551:
4511:
4486:
4423:
3737:
3731:
2789:
2707:
2680:
2384:
1577:
5556:
3303:
2761:
2419:
2379:
2369:
319:
745:
4937:
2964:
2559:
2389:
2075:
1840:
1821:
1246:
3522:
3498:
3473:
3446:
3429:
2337:
1908:
1222:
4152:
3715:
2439:
2394:
2364:
1863:
5417:
4645:
4104:
3194:
3026:
2081:
1897:
1699:
1376:
1184:
1121:
5566:
5399:
5062:
4413:
4337:
4241:
4127:
3762:
3569:
3206:
2088:
1790:
1712:
199:
4587:
4182:
4172:
2767:
2692:
2095:
2045:
358:
1505:
5393:
5351:
5160:
5126:
4844:
4024:
3781:
3629:
3424:
3419:
3200:
3153:
2783:
2700:
2359:
2343:
2151:
2052:
1915:
1891:
1706:
1651:
543:
493:
385:
327:
243:
4212:
2117:
688:. It is less morphologically complex than Mayan languages, however, and usually each word has only a few
5561:
5507:
5426:
5404:
5045:
4927:
4428:
4408:
4332:
4029:
3981:
3931:
3827:
3725:
3414:
3217:
3007:
2996:
2958:
2565:
2539:
2444:
2434:
2033:
1884:
1805:
1785:
1725:
826:
765:
685:
608:
338:
5459:
5452:
4001:
3528:
3253:
1763:
1757:
393:
5386:
5234:
4800:
4766:
4192:
4059:
3802:
3687:
3559:
3367:
3340:
3323:
3291:
3189:
2903:
2828:
2755:
2534:
2511:
2483:
2414:
2325:
2106:
1693:
813:
368:
in Huave, so as to be able to communicate without their parents' knowing what they are saying. (The
5571:
5410:
5368:
5308:
5287:
5081:
5017:
4960:
4908:
4893:
4866:
4834:
4650:
4418:
4327:
4282:
4267:
4227:
4142:
4074:
4019:
3966:
3961:
3896:
3579:
3483:
3383:
3372:
3334:
3313:
3211:
3170:
2945:
2927:
2921:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2795:
2778:
2517:
2183:
2170:
2064:
2014:
1871:
1800:
1718:
1676:
565:
518:
354:
342:
5482:
5438:
5362:
5262:
5248:
5178:
5068:
4884:
4828:
4821:
4732:
4716:
4222:
4167:
3946:
3493:
3488:
3478:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3435:
3404:
3399:
3352:
3346:
3297:
3242:
3165:
3049:
3013:
2974:
2916:
2723:
2718:
2429:
2188:
2157:
2123:
2111:
2070:
1945:
1795:
1747:
1670:
1483:
1165:
700:
429:
424:
4705:
4257:
3590:
3553:
361:
projects have been carried out in the Huave communities by universities of different countries.
1551:
330:
that has been further investigated by Rensch (1976), but all proposals have been inconclusive.
5546:
5488:
5241:
5224:
5199:
5185:
5040:
4903:
4898:
4860:
4743:
4367:
4297:
4262:
4247:
4187:
4177:
4157:
4109:
4084:
3996:
3971:
3951:
3595:
3584:
3564:
3504:
3409:
3389:
3328:
3308:
3019:
2980:
2951:
2939:
2876:
2822:
2800:
2773:
2713:
2686:
2505:
2466:
2456:
2424:
2297:
2223:
2205:
2199:
2101:
2019:
1933:
1902:
1533:
1414:
1305:
1277:
839:
715:
444:
434:
282:
262:
250:
1507:
A grammar of
Umbeyajts as spoken by the Ikojts people of San Dionisio del Mar, Oaxaca, Mexico
1375:(2nd (electronic) ed.). México DF: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 2006. Archived from
868:
distinguishes two varieties, Eastern (Dionisio and
Francisco) and Western (Mateo and Maria).
5576:
5521:
5514:
5432:
5373:
5301:
5294:
5213:
5171:
5136:
5094:
5075:
5050:
5011:
4990:
4984:
4947:
4854:
4752:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4663:
4387:
4382:
4347:
4317:
4252:
4207:
4147:
4044:
4039:
3991:
3976:
3941:
3936:
3812:
3672:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3611:
3605:
3600:
3574:
3467:
3362:
3286:
3224:
3176:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3072:
3056:
2991:
2986:
2969:
2910:
2804:
2736:
2647:
2614:
2592:
2582:
2478:
2450:
2399:
2320:
2304:
2290:
2272:
2265:
2251:
2211:
2193:
2177:
2163:
1985:
1968:
1731:
1681:
1578:
A practical description of Huave of San Mateo del Mar, from the
Archivo de Lenguas Indigenás
1514:
1475:
1155:
1074:
793:
369:
286:
285:, meaning "people who rot in the humidity", according to the 17th-century Spanish historian
235:
224:
91:
5379:
5336:
5329:
5206:
5192:
5142:
5056:
5031:
4954:
4920:
4914:
4811:
4777:
4677:
4639:
4571:
4521:
4392:
4372:
4362:
4352:
4342:
4322:
4287:
4232:
4162:
4137:
4064:
4049:
4034:
3921:
3807:
3682:
3667:
3636:
3357:
3318:
3183:
3129:
3001:
2863:
2629:
2624:
2489:
2404:
2285:
2278:
2258:
2240:
2145:
2128:
1927:
1780:
1687:
1269:
697:
677:
630:
587:
439:
315:
290:
83:
1098:
289:. However, Martínez Gracida (1888) claims the meaning of the term means 'many people' in
5277:
5255:
5108:
5087:
4979:
4873:
4793:
4786:
4725:
4670:
4561:
4506:
4377:
4277:
4217:
4094:
3986:
3956:
3817:
3677:
3646:
3617:
3134:
3117:
3067:
3062:
2933:
2870:
2640:
2634:
2554:
2549:
2495:
2472:
2217:
2039:
1996:
1979:
1973:
1951:
1939:
730:
719:
650:
465:
323:
20:
406:
Vowels: (and, depending on the variety, vowel length, low and high tone, aspiration).
167:
5622:
5149:
5115:
5101:
4759:
4656:
4566:
4516:
4501:
4272:
4197:
4132:
4099:
4069:
4054:
3701:
3641:
3623:
3139:
3123:
3077:
2834:
2654:
2619:
2609:
2587:
2544:
2409:
1990:
1922:
1487:
1406:
771:
761:
704:
456:
1563:
Sound sample from the New Testament, read aloud in Huave at the Bible League website
4576:
4526:
4237:
4089:
2598:
1620:
749:
712:
389:
228:
64:
1429:"Estadística básica de la población hablante de lenguas indígenas nacionales 2015"
1160:
1143:
4440:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
4541:
4292:
1655:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
880:
The following text-sample is a passage from Cuentos Huaves III published by the
180:
1588:
1519:
2245:
1567:
1495:
Rensch, Calvin R. (1976). "Oto-Manguean isoglosses". In Sebeok, Thomas (ed.).
1399:
Geográfica Descripción de la parte septentrional del Polo Ártico de la América
708:
273:
meaning "our language". In San Francisco del Mar, the corresponding terms are
4531:
1832:
1557:
1447:
757:
726:
246:, in the southeast of the state, by around 20,000 people (see table below).
160:
120:
1537:
1192:
718:, plus additional categories of transitive subject, indefinite subject and
1413:. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
764:
can be placed either before or after the noun to which they refer, whilst
150:
143:
136:
129:
1099:
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
775:
VC sequence). Unlike full reduplication, this process is not productive.
207:
195:
4536:
3926:
1411:
American Indian Languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
783:
365:
203:
3865:
1169:
1018:—Tabar combül, ambiyar coya, ambiyar xicuüwa, ambiyar püecha —aw chüc.
4546:
4490:
4481:
4357:
3822:
3720:
1449:
Topics in the Phonology and Morphology of San Francisco del Mar Huave
239:
232:
54:
44:
1606:
OLAC resources in and about the San Francisco Del Mar Huave language
787:
Location of the four Huave speaking towns within the state of Oaxaca
1611:
OLAC resources in and about the San Dionisio Del Mar Huave language
1479:
337:
4) by Müller et al. (2013) found lexical similarities among Huave,
1616:
OLAC resources in and about the Santa María Del Mar Huave language
1583:
Ethnographical description of the Huave people at the INI homepage
865:
782:
689:
1601:
OLAC resources in and about the San Mateo Del Mar Huave language
693:
4591:
4452:
3869:
3841:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
1836:
1624:
1337:
281:("our language"). The term "Huave" is thought to come from the
1568:
Information from the University of Pennsylvania about Huave
1276:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 300–301.
413:
Vowels: /i, e, u, o, ɑ/. All vowels have aspirated forms.
206:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1304:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–67.
729:
meaning, whilst a verb meaning "come" is used to produce
1573:
Sociolinguistic information about Huave from UC Berkeley
1142:
Ritzenthaler, Robert E.; Peterson, Frederick A. (1954).
364:
As of 2011, it is reported that teenagers have taken to
1154:(6). American Anthropological Association: 1088–1089.
1532:. Collección científica. Vol. 22. México: INAH.
1144:"Courtship Whistling of the Mexican Kickapoo Indians"
963:'and they went to kill rabbits. One (of them) said:'
796:
are the main reasons for the endangerment of Huave.
5585:
5539:
5497:
5470:
5350:
5318:
5276:
5223:
5159:
5125:
5030:
5000:
4969:
4936:
4883:
4843:
4810:
4776:
4742:
4715:
4629:
4401:
4310:
4118:
4010:
3912:
3903:
3795:
3772:
3700:
3544:
3266:
3234:
3152:
3041:
2847:
2814:
2667:
2575:
2319:
2233:
2010:
1961:
1870:
1814:
1773:
1740:
1662:
1075:
Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020
174:
158:
118:
113:
98:
80:
70:
60:
50:
40:
28:
1401:. México, DF: Grupo Editorial Miguel Ángel Porrúa.
1215:"Hip-hop, texting may help save world's languages"
1452:(PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley.
1185:"Teenagers Revive Dead Languages Through Texting"
1096:Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013.
242:. The language is spoken in four villages on the
1589:Huave, World Atlas of Language Structures Online
680:in being both morphologically and syntactically
104:Eastern (San Dionisio and San Francisco del Mar)
5649:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1459:Catálogo de la colección de antigüedades huavis
1295:
1293:
4603:
4464:
3881:
1848:
1636:
1497:Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics
1468:International Journal of American Linguistics
8:
3851:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1558:Huave Indian Language, native-languages.org
269:, meaning "us," refer to their language as
107:Western (San Mateo and Santa Maria del Mar)
5494:
5315:
5220:
4933:
4712:
4610:
4596:
4588:
4471:
4457:
4449:
3909:
3888:
3874:
3866:
3708:
3274:
3158:
2855:
2673:
2330:
2025:
1876:
1855:
1841:
1833:
1643:
1629:
1621:
1077:INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
960:ambiyaw chüc coy, nggwaj. Apiüng chüc nop:
415:
253:territory in sixteenth-century Nicaragua.
25:
4619:Indigenous language families and isolates
1552:Comparative Huave Swadesh vocabulary list
1518:
1159:
692:. There are obligatory categories on the
1242:
798:
752:clauses the word order is verb–subject (
403:Consonants: (and as marginal phonemes)
154: – Santa María del Mar, Oaxaca
1067:
200:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1499:. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 295–316.
1324:
1274:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
1513:(PhD thesis). James Cook University.
421:
333:An automated computational analysis (
97:
7:
1397:de Burgoa, Fray Francisco (1997) .
1354:
1257:
5644:Language isolates of North America
1457:Martínez Gracida, Manuel (1904) .
792:social pressure from the dominant
768:obligatorily precede their nouns.
133: – San Francisco del Mar
14:
1466:Radin, P. (1929). "Huave Texts".
1302:The Mesoamerican Indian languages
147: – San Dionisio del Mar
4480:
913:Tambüw chüc ambiyaw chüc xicuüw,
882:Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
5634:Indigenous languages of Mexico
1114:"Texting Endangered Languages"
140: – San Mateo del Mar
1:
1183:Rock, Margaret (2011-06-29).
1161:10.1525/aa.1954.56.6.02a00110
326:proposed a connection to the
5639:Endangered language isolates
1025:, to kill rabbits, deer and
740:. This means that whilst in
231:on the Pacific coast of the
19:Not to be confused with the
4424:Plains Indian Sign Language
1504:Salminen, Mikko B. (2016).
1338:"Order of Subject and Verb"
1213:Johnson, Tim (2011-06-27).
1112:Gearing, Jes (2012-03-26).
5665:
1822:Mesoamerican language area
744:clauses the word order is
357:. Recently, fieldwork and
18:
16:Language of Oaxaca, Mexico
4497:
4437:
3836:
3711:
3277:
3161:
2858:
2676:
2333:
2028:
1879:
1864:Primary language families
1461:. México: Museo Nacional.
1300:Suárez, Jorge A. (1983).
805:Number of Speakers (ca.)
649:
629:
607:
586:
564:
517:
464:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
227:spoken by the indigenous
186:
76:20,000 (2020 census)
33:
4414:Albarradas Sign Language
2681:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1528:Suaréz, Jorge A (1975).
1520:10.4225/28/5a9f2dd781ad4
738:Ergative Verb Absolutive
676:Huave is similar to the
3848:have no living members.
1148:American Anthropologist
1057:'I won't go', he said'.
872:Sample of written Huave
388:not to have a phonemic
301:as a shortened form of
23:of the Solomon Islands.
5629:Mesoamerican languages
5603:Unclassified languages
3828:Unclassified languages
3782:list of sign languages
2750:Northeastern Tasmanian
1774:Proposed macrofamilies
788:
386:Mesoamerican languages
349:Current use and status
328:Oto-Manguean languages
320:Mixe–Zoquean languages
265:, who call themselves
244:Isthmus of Tehuantepec
188:This article contains
35:Ombeayiiüts, Umbeyajts
4429:Chatino Sign Language
4409:Mexican Sign Language
3803:Constructed languages
1663:Demonstrated families
827:San Francisco del Mar
786:
2350:Binanderean–Goilalan
1054:—Nggo namb —aw chüc.
814:San Dionisio del Mar
261:The Huave people of
257:Name of the language
5552:Algonquian–Wakashan
4419:Mayan Sign Language
3897:Languages of Mexico
3632:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3535:Tequiraca–Canichana
3378:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2141:Northwest Caucasian
2135:Northeast Caucasian
2059:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
852:Santa María del Mar
418:
355:endangered language
5540:Proposed groupings
4630:Language families
4487:Indigenous peoples
4030:Chontal de Tabasco
3254:Tarascan/Purépecha
2743:Northern Tasmanian
2501:South Bougainville
2462:North Bougainville
1446:Kim, Yuni (2008).
1369:Cuentos Huaves III
1357:, pp. 316–317
1327:, pp. 130–131
920:went to kill deer'
802:Dialect and place
789:
416:
297:as "abundant" and
5616:
5615:
5598:Extinct languages
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5346:
5345:
5272:
5271:
5026:
5025:
5002:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4585:
4584:
4446:
4445:
4306:
4305:
4128:Chontal of Oaxaca
3863:
3862:
3813:Language isolates
3791:
3790:
3696:
3695:
3262:
3261:
3148:
3147:
2843:
2842:
2790:Western Tasmanian
2708:Eastern Tasmanian
2663:
2662:
2385:East Geelvink Bay
2315:
2314:
2006:
2005:
1830:
1829:
1652:Language families
1433:site.inali.gob.mx
862:
861:
840:San Mateo del Mar
684:and consistently
669:
668:
546:
525:
496:
472:
459:
453:
370:Mexican Kickapoos
283:Zapotec languages
263:San Mateo del Mar
214:
213:
196:rendering support
192:phonetic symbols.
5656:
5608:Linguistic areas
5495:
5316:
5221:
4934:
4713:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4589:
4485:
4484:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4153:Chichimeca Jonaz
3910:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3867:
3709:
3663:Huaorani/Waorani
3547:(extant in 2000)
3511:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3282:Andoque–Urequena
3275:
3159:
2965:Plateau Penutian
2856:
2831:(Northern Daly?)
2674:
2560:Northwest Papuan
2524:Trans–New Guinea
2390:East New Britain
2365:Central Solomons
2331:
2076:Great Andamanese
2026:
1877:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1834:
1815:Linguistic areas
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1541:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1500:
1491:
1462:
1453:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1424:
1402:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1374:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1270:Nichols, Johanna
1266:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1221:. Archived from
1210:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1191:. Archived from
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1120:. Archived from
1109:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1072:
808:ISO 639-3 (SIL)
799:
794:Spanish language
544:
523:
494:
470:
457:
451:
419:
225:language isolate
170:
153:
146:
139:
132:
123:
92:Language isolate
86:
26:
5664:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5581:
5527:
5493:
5475:linguistic area
5474:
5466:
5355:linguistic area
5354:
5342:
5314:
5268:
5219:
5164:linguistic area
5163:
5155:
5129:linguistic area
5128:
5121:
5022:
4996:
4965:
4932:
4879:
4839:
4806:
4772:
4738:
4711:
4631:
4625:
4616:
4586:
4581:
4552:Oaxacan Chontal
4493:
4479:
4477:
4447:
4442:
4433:
4397:
4302:
4242:whistled speech
4120:
4114:
4050:Sierra Popoluca
4012:
4006:
3914:
3905:
3899:
3894:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3832:
3818:Mixed languages
3787:
3768:
3703:
3692:
3546:
3540:
3395:Katembri–Taruma
3269:
3258:
3230:
3144:
3037:
2850:
2839:
2810:
2659:
2571:
2530:Turama–Kikorian
2440:Lower Mamberamo
2395:East Strickland
2323:
2311:
2229:
2017:
2012:
2002:
1957:
1866:
1861:
1831:
1826:
1810:
1769:
1736:
1658:
1649:
1597:
1554:from Wiktionary
1548:
1530:Estudios Huaves
1527:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1465:
1456:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1252:
1243:Salminen (2016)
1241:
1237:
1228:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1125:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
965:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
922:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
874:
781:
731:purpose clauses
678:Mayan languages
674:
382:
374:whistled speech
351:
311:
293:, interpreting
291:Isthmus Zapotec
259:
194:Without proper
166:
149:
148:
142:
141:
135:
134:
128:
127:
119:
94:
87:
84:Language family
82:
73:
72:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5662:
5660:
5652:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5593:Classification
5589:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5567:Macro-Chibchan
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5518:
5511:
5503:
5501:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5478:
5476:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5435:
5430:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5402:
5400:Tequistlatecan
5397:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5358:
5356:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5325:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5230:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5165:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5063:Tequistlatecan
5060:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5035:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5007:
5005:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4976:
4974:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4592:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4183:Western Apache
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4011:10,000-100,000
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:Indo-Pakistani
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3626:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Piaroa–Saliban
3439:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3338:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3207:Tequistlatecan
3204:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3011:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2793:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2730:Marrku–Wurrugu
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2092:
2089:Hurro-Urartian
2085:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2023:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:Macro-Chibchan
1788:
1783:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1713:Tequistlatecan
1710:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1595:OLAC resources
1593:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1546:External links
1544:
1543:
1542:
1525:
1501:
1492:
1480:10.1086/463772
1463:
1454:
1443:
1425:
1419:
1407:Campbell, Lyle
1403:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1382:on 2012-06-17.
1359:
1347:
1329:
1317:
1310:
1289:
1282:
1261:
1250:
1235:
1205:
1175:
1134:
1104:
1088:
1079:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1032:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
966:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
923:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
886:
873:
870:
860:
859:
856:
853:
849:
848:
845:
842:
836:
835:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
816:
810:
809:
806:
803:
780:
777:
762:demonstratives
673:
670:
667:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
655:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
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633:
627:
626:
624:
622:
620:
617:
614:
611:
605:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
593:
590:
584:
583:
580:
578:
576:
574:
571:
568:
562:
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
550:
548:
540:
539:
537:
535:
533:
531:
528:
526:
521:
515:
514:
512:
509:
506:
504:
501:
498:
490:
489:
487:
484:
481:
479:
476:
473:
468:
462:
461:
454:
448:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
408:
407:
404:
392:(the other is
381:
378:
359:revitalization
350:
347:
324:Morris Swadesh
310:
309:Classification
307:
258:
255:
219:(also spelled
212:
211:
198:, you may see
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
164:
156:
155:
124:
116:
115:
114:Language codes
111:
110:
109:
108:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
88:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
31:
30:
21:Hoava language
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5661:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5584:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5320:Calusa–Tunica
5317:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5264:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5029:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4623:North America
4620:
4613:
4608:
4606:
4601:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4441:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3886:
3884:
3879:
3877:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3753:Original Thai
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:Hibito–Cholón
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3033:Yuman–Cochimí
3031:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2768:Southern Daly
2766:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:Darwin Region
2690:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Demta–Sentani
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2096:Indo-European
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2046:Austroasiatic
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1420:9780195140507
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1325:Suárez (1983)
1321:
1318:
1313:
1311:0-521-29669-2
1307:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1283:0-226-58057-1
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1225:on 2012-07-01
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1195:on 2013-01-29
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1124:on 2017-05-25
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
961:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
921:
919:
914:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:communities.
871:
869:
867:
857:
854:
851:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
804:
801:
800:
797:
795:
785:
778:
776:
773:
772:Reduplication
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
665:
663:
661:
659:
656:
654:
652:
648:
645:
643:
641:
639:
636:
634:
632:
628:
625:
623:
621:
618:
615:
612:
610:
606:
603:
601:
599:
597:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
579:
577:
575:
572:
569:
567:
563:
560:
558:
556:
554:
551:
549:
547:
542:
541:
538:
536:
534:
532:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
513:
510:
507:
505:
502:
499:
497:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
480:
477:
474:
469:
467:
463:
460:
455:
450:
449:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
414:
411:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
348:
346:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
254:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
185:
182:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
163:
162:
157:
152:
145:
138:
131:
125:
122:
117:
112:
106:
103:
102:
101:
93:
89:
85:
79:
75:
69:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
5557:Aztec–Tanoan
5520:
5513:
5508:Guanahatabey
5506:
5499:Pre-Arawakan
5481:
5458:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5425:
5416:
5409:
5394:Oto-Manguean
5392:
5385:
5378:
5361:
5352:Mesoamerican
5335:
5328:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5286:
5261:
5254:
5247:
5240:
5233:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5161:Coahuiltecan
5148:
5141:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5074:
5067:
5055:
5010:
4989:
4971:Coast Oregon
4953:
4946:
4913:
4872:
4865:
4853:
4845:Macro-Siouan
4827:
4820:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4731:
4724:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4638:
4632:and isolates
4439:
4333:Plautdietsch
4311:Non-official
4119:Under 10,000
4079:
3942:Tzotzil Maya
3937:Tzeltal Maya
3932:Yucatec Maya
3852:
3845:
3844:Families in
3779:
3730:
3628:
3616:
3466:
3434:
3425:Pano-Tacanan
3382:
3345:
3333:
3304:Arutani–Sape
3296:
3248:
3241:
3223:
3216:
3201:Oto-Manguean
3199:
3182:
3175:
3122:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3055:
3048:
3025:
3018:
3006:
2979:
2957:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2869:
2862:
2821:
2788:
2784:Western Daly
2762:Pama–Nyungan
2760:
2748:
2741:
2728:
2706:
2701:Eastern Daly
2699:
2691:
2646:
2522:
2510:
2488:
2471:
2449:
2420:Kaure–Kosare
2380:Doso–Turumsa
2370:Chimbu–Wahgi
2360:Bulaka River
2344:Austronesian
2342:
2303:
2296:
2277:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2152:Sino-Tibetan
2150:
2133:
2116:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2063:
2053:Austronesian
2051:
2044:
2032:
1978:
1916:Nilo-Saharan
1914:
1907:
1892:Austronesian
1890:
1883:
1752:
1724:
1717:
1707:Oto-Manguean
1705:
1698:
1686:
1669:
1529:
1506:
1496:
1471:
1467:
1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1432:
1410:
1398:
1377:the original
1368:
1362:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1320:
1301:
1273:
1264:
1253:
1238:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1208:
1197:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1188:
1178:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:the original
1118:Beyond Words
1117:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1070:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1027:chachalacas'
1026:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
959:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
917:
915:
912:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
879:
875:
863:
790:
770:
753:
750:intransitive
737:
735:
724:
686:head-marking
675:
545:prenasalized
495:prenasalized
412:
409:
398:
390:glottal stop
383:
363:
352:
332:
312:
302:
298:
294:
278:
274:
271:ombeayiiüts,
270:
266:
260:
248:
229:Huave people
220:
216:
215:
187:
159:
65:Huave people
34:
5562:Macro-Mayan
5427:Uto-Aztecan
5405:Totozoquean
5235:Coahuilteco
5046:Palaihnihan
4928:Tsimshianic
4193:Matlatzinca
4025:Tojol-abʼal
3738:Germanosign
3642:Mura-Pirahã
3523:Lule–Vilela
3499:Bora-Witoto
3474:Uru–Chipaya
3447:Ticuna–Yuri
3430:Peba–Yaguan
3415:Nambikwaran
3218:Uto-Aztecan
3154:Mesoamerica
3008:Uto-Aztecan
2997:Tsimshianic
2959:Palaihnihan
2829:Malak-Malak
2566:Papuan Gulf
2540:West Papuan
2445:Lower Sepik
2435:Lakes Plain
2338:Arai–Samaia
2326:the Pacific
2034:Afroasiatic
1909:Niger–Congo
1885:Afroasiatic
1806:Totozoquean
1786:Macro-Mayan
1726:Uto-Aztecan
1656:Mesoamerica
1342:WALS Online
1021:'Let's go,
609:Approximant
417:Consonants
339:Totozoquean
277:("us") and
202:instead of
5623:Categories
5418:Mixe–Zoque
5387:Misumalpan
5309:Chitimacha
4801:Algonquian
4767:Athabaskan
4646:Yuki–Wappo
4512:Chinanteco
4328:Portuguese
4228:Texistepec
4163:Chocholtec
4143:Chiricahua
4105:Qʼanjobʼal
4020:Tarahumara
3906:Indigenous
3732:Francosign
3580:Chiquitano
3560:Alacalufan
3368:Guaicuruan
3341:Chapacuran
3324:Cahuapanan
3292:Araucanian
3195:Mixe–Zoque
3190:Misumalpan
2904:Comecrudan
2756:Nyulnyulan
2535:Upper Yuat
2512:Torricelli
2484:Senu River
2415:Foja Range
2321:New Guinea
2246:Burushaski
2107:Kartvelian
2082:Hmong–Mien
1898:Khoe–Kwadi
1700:Mixe–Zoque
1694:Misumalpan
1438:2019-10-26
1391:References
1355:Kim (2008)
1258:Kim (2008)
1245:, p.
1229:2012-10-06
1199:2012-10-06
1128:2012-10-06
758:Adjectives
742:transitive
698:absolutive
458:labialized
343:Chitimacha
126:Variously:
5572:Tolatecan
5472:Caribbean
5460:Alagüilac
5453:Purépecha
5439:Cuitlatec
5411:Totonacan
5369:Jicaquean
5288:Muskogean
5263:Mamulique
5249:Comecrudo
5179:Karankawa
5082:Jicaquean
5069:Chimariko
5018:Kalapuyan
4961:Sahaptian
4909:Yok-Utian
4894:Chinookan
4867:Iroquoian
4835:Chimakuan
4651:Chumashan
4522:Cuicateco
4517:Chochotec
4223:Kaqchikel
4203:Mezcalero
4168:Pima Bajo
4075:Popolocan
4002:Purépecha
3982:Chinantec
3904:Official/
3763:Tanzanian
3704:languages
3601:Hodï/Joti
3545:Isolates
3484:Yanomaman
3420:Otomákoan
3384:Jirajaran
3373:Guajiboan
3335:Catacaoan
3314:Barbacoan
3243:Cuitlatec
3212:Totonacan
3171:Jicaquean
3050:Chimariko
2946:Muskogean
2928:Kalapuyan
2922:Iroquoian
2897:Chumashan
2890:Chinookan
2883:Chimakuan
2801:Yangmanic
2796:Worrorran
2779:Wagaydyic
2669:Australia
2518:Trans-Fly
2184:Yeniseian
2171:Tyrsenian
2065:Dravidian
1801:Tolatecan
1764:Alagüilac
1758:Purépecha
1748:Cuitlatec
1719:Totonacan
1677:Jicaquean
1585:(Spanish)
1488:224806475
1219:McClatchy
1189:Mobiledia
918:compadres
727:causative
720:reflexive
566:Fricative
524:voiceless
519:Affricate
471:voiceless
394:Purépecha
380:Phonology
279:umbeyajts
161:Glottolog
121:ISO 639-3
61:Ethnicity
5483:Arawakan
5363:Chibchan
5242:Cotoname
5200:Quinigua
5186:Maratino
4885:Penutian
4829:Wakashan
4822:Salishan
4733:Eskimoan
4717:Eskaleut
4557:Popoluca
4537:Mazateco
4368:Japanese
4338:Venetian
4298:Awakatek
4293:Ayapanec
4188:Jakaltek
4178:Lacandón
4158:Huarijío
4121:speakers
4085:Cuicatec
4060:Tepehuán
4013:speakers
3997:Tlapanec
3915:speakers
3913:100,000+
3796:See also
3773:Isolates
3748:Japanese
3688:Yuracaré
3570:Candoshi
3529:Macro-Jê
3494:Zaparoan
3489:Zamucoan
3479:Witotoan
3462:Tucanoan
3457:Tiniguan
3452:Timotean
3436:Quechuan
3405:Matacoan
3400:Mascoian
3390:Jivaroan
3353:Chibchan
3347:Charruan
3298:Arawakan
3235:Isolates
3166:Chibchan
3042:Isolates
3014:Wakashan
2975:Salishan
2917:Eskaleut
2823:Giimbiyu
2815:Isolates
2724:Jarrakan
2719:Iwaidjan
2576:Isolates
2430:Kutubuan
2298:Sumerian
2234:Isolates
2189:Yukaghir
2158:Tungusic
2124:Mongolic
2112:Koreanic
2071:Eskaleut
1962:Isolates
1946:Ubangian
1796:Penutian
1741:Isolates
1671:Chibchan
1474:: 1-56.
1409:(1997).
1272:(1999).
1023:compadre
994:xicuüwa,
779:Dialects
766:numerals
682:ergative
430:Alveolar
425:Bilabial
208:Help:IPA
168:huav1256
99:Dialects
5547:Amerind
5522:Ciguayo
5515:Macorix
5489:Cariban
5463: ?
5322: ?
5302:Atakapa
5295:Natchez
5280: ?
5227: ?
5225:Pakawan
5214:Tonkawa
5172:Aranama
5127:Pueblo
5095:Salinan
5076:Esselen
5041:Shastan
5034: ?
5012:Takelma
5004: ?
4991:Siuslaw
4973: ?
4948:Klamath
4940: ?
4938:Plateau
4904:Maiduan
4899:Wintuan
4887: ?
4861:Caddoan
4847: ?
4814: ?
4753:Tlingit
4744:Na-Dene
4699:Waikuri
4692:Timucua
4685:Kutenai
4664:Beothuk
4572:Zapotec
4562:Tacuate
4532:Ixcatec
4507:Chatino
4388:Chinese
4383:Italian
4348:Catalan
4318:English
4283:Cochimí
4213:Kʼicheʼ
4208:Ixcatec
4173:Qʼeqchí
4148:Tacuate
4110:Tepehua
4045:Chatino
4040:Huichol
3992:Mazahua
3977:Huastec
3967:Mazatec
3962:Totonac
3952:Zapotec
3927:Nahuatl
3922:Spanish
3846:italics
3823:Pidgins
3808:Creoles
3758:Swedish
3726:Chinese
3673:Urarina
3658:Puinave
3612:Itonama
3606:Irantxe
3575:Chimane
3505:Chimuan
3410:Nadahup
3329:Cariban
3309:Aymaran
3270:America
3112:Waikuri
3105:Tonkawa
3098:Timucua
3091:Takelma
3084:Siuslaw
3073:Kutenai
3057:Esselen
3020:Wintuan
2981:Shastan
2952:Na-Dene
2940:Maiduan
2877:Caddoan
2851:America
2805:Wagiman
2803:(incl.
2774:Tangkic
2714:Garawan
2687:Bunuban
2648:Tambora
2615:Maybrat
2583:Abinomn
2506:Teberan
2467:Pauwasi
2457:Mairasi
2425:Kiwaian
2305:Tambora
2291:Shompen
2273:Kusunda
2266:Kenaboi
2252:Elamite
2224:Siangic
2206:Kho-Bwa
2200:Hrusish
2118:Kra–Dai
2102:Japonic
2011:Eurasia
1986:Sandawe
1969:Bangime
1934:Songhay
1538:2632814
999:ambiyar
989:ambiyar
979:ambiyar
974:combül,
941:nggwaj.
926:ambiyaw
909:xicuüw,
899:ambiyaw
705:present
690:affixes
672:Grammar
445:Glottal
435:Palatal
366:texting
275:Kunajts
251:Maribio
233:Mexican
223:) is a
204:Unicode
5577:Waroid
5433:Xincan
5374:Lencan
5337:Calusa
5330:Tunica
5207:Solano
5193:Naolan
5137:Tanoan
5051:Pomoan
4985:Coosan
4980:Alsean
4955:Molala
4915:Yokuts
4855:Siouan
4706:Pericú
4678:Cayuse
4567:Trique
4547:Mixtec
4502:Amuzgo
4491:Oaxaca
4393:German
4373:Korean
4363:Romani
4358:Arabic
4353:Hebrew
4343:Basque
4323:French
4288:Kiliwa
4278:Olutec
4268:Pápago
4263:Kumiai
4258:Qatoʼk
4253:Cucapá
4238:Kikapú
4233:Paipai
4138:Akatek
4065:Triqui
4035:Amuzgo
3947:Mixtec
3721:BANZSL
3683:Yamana
3668:Trumai
3637:Movima
3591:Fulniô
3554:Aikanã
3468:Tupian
3363:Chonan
3287:Arauan
3225:Xincan
3177:Lencan
3130:Yokuts
3027:Yukian
2992:Tanoan
2987:Siouan
2970:Pomoan
2911:Coosan
2737:Mirndi
2630:Porome
2625:Pawaia
2479:Senagi
2451:Madang
2400:Eleman
2355:Border
2286:Nihali
2279:Minoan
2259:Hattic
2241:Basque
2212:Mijiic
2194:Digaro
2178:Uralic
2164:Turkic
2015:Europe
1872:Africa
1732:Xincan
1682:Lencan
1536:
1486:
1417:
1308:
1280:
1170:664763
1168:
1004:püecha
969:—Tabar
946:Apiüng
889:Tambüw
844:12,000
713:future
701:person
341:, and
322:, and
287:Burgoa
267:Ikoots
240:Oaxaca
55:Oaxaca
51:Region
45:Mexico
5586:Lists
5446:Huave
5380:Mayan
5256:Garza
5143:Keres
5109:Washo
5088:Karuk
5057:Yuman
5032:Hokan
4921:Utian
4874:Yuchi
4812:Mosan
4794:Yurok
4787:Wiyot
4778:Algic
4726:Aleut
4671:Bidai
4640:Haida
4577:Zoque
4527:Huave
4378:Greek
4218:Lipan
4095:Yaqui
4080:Huave
3972:Chʼol
3957:Otomí
3678:Warao
3647:Nukak
3618:Kunza
3596:Guató
3585:Cofán
3565:Camsá
3358:Choco
3319:Boran
3268:South
3249:Huave
3184:Mayan
3135:Yuchi
3118:Washo
3068:Karuk
3063:Haida
3002:Utian
2934:Keres
2871:Alsea
2864:Algic
2849:North
2641:Taiap
2635:Sulka
2490:Sepik
2405:Engan
2146:Ongan
2129:Nivkh
1997:Shabo
1980:Jalaa
1974:Hadza
1928:Mande
1781:Hokan
1753:Huave
1688:Mayan
1511:(PDF)
1484:S2CID
1380:(PDF)
1373:(PDF)
1166:JSTOR
1062:Notes
1050:chüc.
1035:—Nggo
1014:chüc.
984:coya,
916:'Two
866:INALI
818:5,000
748:, in
716:tense
631:Trill
588:Nasal
552:ⁿt͡s
452:plain
440:Velar
316:Mayan
303:binni
236:state
217:Huave
181:Huave
29:Huave
5278:Gulf
5150:Zuni
5116:Yana
5102:Seri
4760:Eyak
4657:Adai
4542:Mixe
4402:Sign
4273:Ixil
4248:Teko
4198:Seri
4133:Chuj
4100:Pame
4070:Cora
4055:Mayo
3987:Mixe
3853:bold
3780:See
3716:Arab
3702:Sign
3653:Páez
3630:Maku
3624:Leco
3140:Zuni
3124:Yana
3078:Seri
2835:Tiwi
2655:Wiru
2620:Mpur
2610:Kuot
2593:Anêm
2588:Abun
2555:Yuat
2550:Yawa
2496:Skou
2473:Ramu
2324:and
2218:Miju
2040:Ainu
2020:Asia
2018:and
1991:Laal
1952:Kadu
1940:Ijaw
1903:Kx'a
1534:OCLC
1415:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1040:namb
956:nop:
951:chüc
936:coy,
931:chüc
904:chüc
894:chüc
858:hvv
847:huv
834:hue
821:hve
760:and
709:past
703:and
694:verb
651:Flap
530:t͡s
511:ᵑɡʷ
466:Stop
335:ASJP
318:and
221:Wabe
4621:of
4489:of
4090:Mam
2605:Kol
2599:Ata
2545:Yam
2410:Fas
1923:Tuu
1654:of
1515:doi
1476:doi
1156:doi
1045:—aw
1009:—aw
855:500
831:900
756:).
746:AVO
711:or
696:of
508:ᵑɡ
503:ⁿd
500:ᵐb
486:kʷ
396:).
295:hua
238:of
190:IPA
176:ELP
151:hvv
144:hve
137:huv
130:hue
5625::
2807:)?
1766:?)
1482:.
1470:.
1431:.
1340:.
1292:^
1247:21
1217:.
1187:.
1164:.
1152:56
1150:.
1146:.
1116:.
884::
754:VS
722:.
707:,
657:ɾ
637:r
619:j
616:l
613:w
595:n
592:m
582:h
573:s
570:ɸ
483:k
478:t
475:p
372:’
299:be
4611:e
4604:t
4597:v
4472:e
4465:t
4458:v
4244:)
4240:(
3889:e
3882:t
3875:v
3855:.
3765:?
3649:?
3608:?
3587:?
3556:?
3537:?
3531:?
3525:?
3519:?
3513:?
3507:?
3501:?
2770:?
2733:?
2696:?
2683:?
2650:?
2643:?
2637:?
2601:?
2595:?
2568:?
2562:?
2307:?
2293:?
2281:?
2268:?
2226:?
2220:?
2214:?
2208:?
2202:?
2196:?
2022:)
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