829:
27:
841:
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388:, and the Hubble constant is thought to be decreasing. Thus, sources of light outside the Hubble horizon but inside the cosmological event horizon can eventually reach us. A fairly counter-intuitive result is that photons we observe from the first ~5 billion years of the universe come from regions that are, and always have been, receding from us at superluminal speeds.
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principle pure singularities are impossible; also a proportion of their self-interactions are energetic enough to produce escaping particles via quantum tunneling), meeting the criteria of big bang. The justification of this view is that no subluminal Hubble volume will exist and pointwise superluminal expansion (the generalization of the
865:
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theory) will prevail everywhere or at least in a vast region of the universe. In this cyclic cosmology (there are many other cyclic versions) the universe always expands and does not revert to a smaller default size (non-conformal or expandatory conformal, non-Penrosean expandatory cyclic cosmology).
370:
the Hubble volume still may eventually arrive inside the sphere and be seen by us. Similarly, in an accelerating universe with a decreasing Hubble constant, the Hubble volume expands with time and can overtake light from sources previously receding relative to us. In both of these circumstances, the
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the Hubble sphere will eventually recede outside the sphere and will never be seen by us. If the shrinkage of the Hubble volume does not stop due to some yet unknown phenomenon (one suggestion is the "early phase transition"), the Hubble volume will become nearly a point (due to the uncertainty
371:
cosmological event horizon lies beyond the Hubble
Horizon. In a universe with an increasing Hubble constant, the Hubble horizon will contract, and its boundary overtakes light emitted by nearer galaxies so that light emitted at earlier times by objects
347:, light emitted at the present time by objects outside the Hubble limit would never be seen by an observer on Earth. That is, the Hubble limit would coincide with a cosmological
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is not constant in various cosmological models so that the Hubble limit does not, in general, coincide with a cosmological event horizon. For example, in a decelerating
297:
126:
177:
321:
146:
523:
TM Davis & CH Linewater (2003). "Expanding
Confusion: common misconceptions of cosmological horizons and the superluminal expansion of the universe".
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the Hubble sphere expands with time, and its boundary overtakes light emitted by more distant galaxies so that light emitted at earlier times by objects
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N. Carlevaro & G. Montani (2009). "Study of the Quasi-isotropic
Solution near the Cosmological Singularity in Presence of Bulk-Viscosity".
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The center of the Hubble volume and observable universe is arbitrary in relation to the overall universe; instead it is centered around its
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For objects at the Hubble limit, the space between us and the object of interest has an average expansion speed of
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For a discussion of why objects that are outside the Earth's Hubble sphere can be seen from Earth, see
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surrounding an observer beyond which objects recede from that observer at a rate greater than the
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82:. The Hubble volume is approximately equal to 10 cubic light years (or about 10 cubic meters).
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327:. The Hubble time is the reciprocal of the Hubble constant, and is slightly larger than the
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331:(13.8 billion years) as it is the age the universe would have had if expansion was linear.
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351:(a boundary separating events visible at some time and those that are never visible). See
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250:. However, the term is also frequently (but mistakenly) used as a synonym for the
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John L Tonry; et al. (2003). "Cosmological
Results from High-z Supernovae".
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34:. The inner blue ring indicates the approximate size of the Hubble volume.
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617:(2nd ed.). Oxford : Oxford University Press. p. 304.
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can be applied to any region of space with a volume of order
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radius of a Hubble sphere (known as the Hubble radius or the
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Observations indicate that the expansion of the universe is
752:"Is the universe expanding faster than the speed of light?"
584:. In Barrow, J. D.; Davies, J. D.; Harper, C. L. (eds.).
642:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 225.
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Science and
Ultimate Reality: From Quantum to Cosmos
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613:Hawley, John F.; Holcomb, Katherine A. (2005).
254:; the latter is larger than the Hubble volume.
183:. The surface of a Hubble sphere is called the
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677:. Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
588:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 459
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462:International Journal of Modern Physics D
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575:For an example of mistaken usage, see
261:(impersonal or personal "observer").
7:
648:10.1093/acref/9780199609055.001.0001
299:is 14.4 billion light years in the
343:. So, in a universe with constant
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16:Region of the observable universe
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335:Hubble limit as an event horizon
671:Edward Robert Harrison (2000).
615:Foundations of modern cosmology
429:Edward Robert Harrison (2003).
934:Physical cosmological concepts
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1:
813:The Hubble Volume Simulations
243:{\displaystyle (c/H_{0})^{3}}
70:is a spherical region of the
803:Resources in other libraries
78:due to the expansion of the
30:Visualization of the whole
301:standard cosmological model
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437:Cambridge University Press
46:(named for the astronomer
18:
798:Resources in your library
640:A Dictionary of Astronomy
492:10.1142/S0218271808012553
198:More generally, the term
21:Hubble bubble (astronomy)
19:Not to be confused with
292:{\displaystyle c/H_{0}}
121:{\displaystyle c/H_{0}}
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674:Masks of the Universe
638:Ridpath, Ian (2012).
432:Masks of the Universe
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185:microphysical horizon
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172:{\displaystyle H_{0}}
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582:"Parallel Universes"
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762:on 23 November 2003
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329:age of the universe
252:observable universe
72:observable universe
68:sphere of causality
32:observable universe
364:Friedmann universe
355:for more details.
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264:The Hubble length
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784:Library resources
684:978-0-521-66148-5
624:978-0-19-853096-1
599:978-0-521-83113-0
446:978-0-521-77351-5
316:{\displaystyle c}
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882:Spaceflight
846:Mathematics
706:(1): 1–24.
700:Astrophys J
578:Max Tegmark
325:Hubble time
414:References
858:Astronomy
738:119080950
475:0711.1952
191:, or the
40:cosmology
928:Category
580:(2004).
563:13068122
392:See also
378:Big Bang
128:, where
80:universe
918:Science
834:Physics
820:Portals
718:Bibcode
543:Bibcode
500:9943577
480:Bibcode
368:outside
179:is the
148:is the
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766:5 June
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373:inside
323:times
259:origin
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708:arXiv
559:S2CID
533:arXiv
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470:arXiv
93:) is
50:) or
768:2015
679:ISBN
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594:ISBN
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152:and
85:The
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38:In
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508:^
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421:^
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