264:
the annual Call for
Proposals, which specifies the currently supported science instrument capabilities, proposal requirements and the submission deadline. Anyone is eligible to submit a proposal. All proposals are critically peer-reviewed by the Time Allocation Committee (TAC). The TAC consists of about 100 members of the U.S. and international astronomical community, selected to represent a broad range of research expertise needed to evaluate the proposals. Each proposal cycle typically involves reviewing 700 to 1100 proposals. Only 15 - 20% of these proposals will eventually be selected for implementation. The TAC reviews several categories of observing time, as well as proposals for archival, theoretical, and combined research projects between HST and other space-based or ground-based observatories (e.g.,
800:
with various vendors. Over HST's lifetime substantial work has been done on these systems - even while they were supporting daily operations of Hubble. They have been integrated into a more effective and easier to operate end-to-end system. They have been through major technology upgrades (e.g., improved operating systems and computer hardware, higher capacity archive storage media). They have also been modified to support the succession of instruments installed in the telescope. In the last several years, they have been modified to support WFC3 and COS, the two new instruments that will be installed during the next HST servicing mission, and to support the 2-
398:
the lifetime of each instrument. The calibration program includes measurements that are made relative to on-board calibration sources or to assess internal detector noise levels as well as observations of astronomical standard stars and fields, needed to determine absolute flux conversions and astrometric transformations. The external calibrations on HST typically total 5-10% of the GO observing program, with more time required when an instrument is still relatively new. HST has had a total of 12 science instruments to date, 6 of which are currently active. Two new instruments were installed during the May 2009 HST servicing mission
344:), correct for missing data, and perform final calibration of the data by removing instrumental artifacts. The calibration steps are different for each HST instrument, but as a general rule they include cosmic ray removal, correction for instrument/detector non-uniformities, flux calibration, and application of world coordinate system information (which tells the user precisely where on the sky the detector was pointed). The calibrations applied are the best available at the time the data pass through the pipeline. The STScI is working with instrument developers to define similar processes for
849:(SOFIA), and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The research may be theoretical, observational, or instrumental. Each year, since HST's launch in 1990, 8 to 12 fellowships are awarded; from 2009 it hovers about 16. STScI also sponsors a summer student intern program that allows talented undergraduate students from around the world to work with the institute's scientific staff, providing these students with hands-on experience in state-of-the-art astronomical research. STScI's full-time scientific staff conducts original research spanning a broad range of astrophysics including investigations of the
288:(ETCs) that allow GOs to estimate how much observing time any of the onboard detectors will need to accumulate the amount of light required to accomplish their scientific objectives. In addition, the STScI staff carries out all the steps necessary to implement each specific program, as well as plan the entire ensemble of programs for the year. For HST, this includes finding guide stars, checking on bright object constraints, implementing specific scheduling requirements, and working with observers to understand and factor in specific or any non-standard requirements they may have.
238:(and eventually Roman) observations and grants, but also include distributing data from other NASA and ground-based missions via MAST. The ground system development activities create and maintain the software systems that are needed to provide these services to the astronomy community. STScI's public outreach activities provide a wide range of resources for media, informal education venues such as planetariums and science museums, and the general public. STScI also serves as a source of guidance to NASA on a range of optical and UV space astrophysics issues.
245:, publication of regular STScI newsletters and the STScI website, hosting user committees and science working groups, and holding several scientific and technical symposia and workshops each year. These activities enable STScI to disseminate information to the telescope user community as well as enabling the STScI staff to maximize the scientific productivity of the facilities they operate by responding to the needs of the community and of NASA.
1882:
1888:
2084:
1768:
1450:
357:
data become available to anyone who wishes to access it. Data sets retrieved from the archive are automatically re-calibrated to ensure that the most up-to-date calibration factors and software are applied. The STScI serves as the archive center for all of NASA's optical/UV space missions. In addition to archiving and storing HST science data, STScI holds data from 13 other missions including the
1780:
276:
1456:
402:. Electronic failures in STIS (in 2001) and in the ACS Wide-Field Channel (in 2007) were also repaired on-orbit in May 2009, bringing these instruments back to active status. All 12 HST instruments plus the 4 planned for JWST are summarized in the table below. HST instruments can detect light with wavelengths from the
727:
them if they need to manually recalibrate their data. All calibration activity and results are documented, usually in the form of
Instrument Science Reports posted to the public website, and occasionally in the form of published papers. Results are also incorporated into the Data Handbooks and Instrument Handbooks.
735:, as well as effects specific to modes and filters, such as filter "ghosts" (caused by subtle scattering of light within an instrument). Awareness of these effects can come from STScI staff as they analyze calibration programs, or from observers who find oddities in their data and provide feedback to STScI.
799:
STScI is responsible for developing, enhancing, and maintaining most of the ground systems used to carry out our Hubble science operations described above. These systems originally (1980s, early 1990s) came from several sources, including in-house STScI developments and work done under NASA contracts
397:
STScI is responsible for in-flight calibration of the science instruments on HST and JWST. For HST, a calibration plan for the observatory is developed each year. This plan is designed to support the selected GO observation programs for that cycle, as well as to provide a basic calibration that spans
356:
All HST science data are permanently archived after passing through the calibration pipeline. NASA policy mandates a one-year proprietary period on all data, which means that only the initial proposal team can access the data for the first year after it has been obtained. Subsequent to that year, the
326:
Flight
Operations consists of the direct support and monitoring of HST functions in real-time. Real-time daily flight operations for HST include about 4 command load uplinks, about 10 data downlinks, and near continuous health and safety monitoring of the observatory. Real-time operations are staffed
296:
Once the Phase II information is gathered, a long-range observing plan is developed that covers the entire year, finding appropriate times to schedule individual observations, and at the same time ensuring effective and efficient use of the telescope through the year. Detailed observing schedules are
816:
STScI routinely participates with NASA and industry system engineers and scientists in developing the overall mission architecture. For HST, this includes helping to determine and prioritize servicing mission activities and development of the servicing strategy. For JWST, this includes participating
263:
The STScI conducts all activities required to select, schedule, and implement the science programs of the Hubble Space
Telescope. The first step in this process is to support the annual community-led selection of the scientific programs that will be performed with HST. This begins with publishing of
885:
In addition to news releases, OPO develops a variety of astronomy-related products and features for use by the general public and informal education venues including museums, science centers, planetariums, and libraries. These include background articles, telescope imagery, illustrations, diagrams,
881:
OPO produces approximately 40 new press releases each year featuring HST discoveries and science results. These media packages include news stories, Hubble images, explanatory artwork, animations, and supplementary information for use by print, broadcast, and online media. OPO also participates in
730:
In addition to calibration of the instruments, STScI staff characterizes and documents the performance of the instrument, so users can better understand how to interpret their data. These are generally effects that are not automatically corrected for in the pipeline (because they vary with time or
225:
The staff at STScI consists of scientists (mostly astronomers and astrophysicists), spacecraft engineers, software engineers, data management personnel, education and public outreach experts, and administrative and business support personnel. There are approximately 200 Ph.D. scientists working at
726:
STScI staff develops the calibration proposals, shepherd them through the scheduling process, and analyze the data they produce. These programs provide updated calibration and reference files to be used in the data processing pipeline. The calibration files are also archived so users can retrieve
877:
STScI's Office of Public
Outreach (OPO) provides a wide array of products and services designed to share and communicate the science and discoveries of HST, JWST, Roman, and astronomy in general with the general public. OPO's efforts focus on meeting the needs of the media, the informal science
283:
Proposers fortunate enough to be awarded telescope time, referred to as
General Observers (GOs), must then provide detailed requirements needed to schedule and implement their observing programs. This information is provided to STScI on what is called a Phase II proposal. The Phase II proposal
905:
OPO also conducts outreach via live events in person and online. These include a regular Public
Lecture Series as well as attendance at various local and national STEM events. OPO also provides support to informal education venues in the form of print materials, program/event resources, and
335:
Science data from HST arrive at the STScI a few hours after being downlinked from TDRSS and subsequently passing through a data capture facility at NASA's
Goddard Space Flight Center. Once at STScI, the data are processed by a series of computer algorithms that convert its format into an
783:(UDF). The raw and processed data for these observations are made available to the astronomy community nearly immediately. These products have then been used by many astronomers in pursuit of their own research topics, and have motivated a great deal of follow-up work (see, for example,
313:
to schedule observation time on the telescope. The STScI is currently developing similar processes for JWST, although the operational details will be very different due to its different instrumentation and spacecraft constraints, and its location at the Sun-Earth L2
817:
in the definition of high-level science requirements and the overall architecture for the mission. In both cases, the STScI focuses on the scientific capabilities of the mission, and also the requirements for smooth and efficient operations of the observatory.
869:. STScI hosts an annual scientific symposium held each spring as well as several smaller scientific workshops. The employment of an active scientific staff at STScI helps to ensure that HST, and eventually JWST, perform at peak capability.
38:
1856:
738:
The STScI staff also performs the characterization and calibration of the telescope itself. In the case of HST, this has evolved to primarily be a matter of monitoring and adjusting focus, and monitoring and measuring
229:
STScI operates its missions on behalf of NASA, the worldwide astronomy community, and to the benefit of the public. The science operations activities directly serve the astronomy community, primarily in the form of
2200:
301:) and generating the binary command loads for uplink to the spacecraft. Adjustments can be made to both long-range and weekly plans in response to Targets of Opportunity (e.g., for transient events like
829:. Since 1990, Hubble Fellowships support outstanding postdoctoral scientists whose research is broadly related to the scientific mission of the Hubble Space Telescope. In 2009, it was combined with the
272:). STScI provides all technical and logistical support for these activities. The annual cycle of proposal calls was occasionally altered in duration in years when a HST servicing mission was scheduled.
1212:
410:. JWST instruments will operate from the red-end of optical wavelengths (~6000 Angstroms) to the mid-infrared (5 to 27 micrometres). Instruments listed as decommissioned are no longer on board.
804:
mode of HST operations. STScI also provides subsets of ground system services to other astronomy missions, including FUSE, Kepler, and JWST. STScI's software engineers maintain about 7,900,000
1933:
882:
press conferences for particularly newsworthy discoveries, and conducts science writers' workshops for in-depth sessions with scientists working on current astrophysical research problems.
389:), currently in development, will act as a more integrated and user-friendly archive. It will provide raw Hubble data as well as higher-level science products (color images, mosaics, etc.).
2306:
763:
The post observation support includes a HelpDesk that users can contact to answer their questions about any aspect of observing – from how to submit a proposal to how to analyze the data.
2170:
886:
infographics, videos, scientific visualizations, virtual reality, and interactives. Most of these resources are distributed via websites developed and managed by STScI, including
1660:
158:
1818:
1470:
241:
The STScI staff interacts and communicates with the professional astronomy community through a number of channels, including participation at the bi-annual meetings of the
2120:
1429:
1104:
575:
373:(GALEX). Kepler and JWST science data will be archived and retrieved in similar fashions. The internet serves as the primary user interface to the data archives at STScI (
1699:
1391:
846:
771:
The STScI performs large HST science programs on behalf of the community. These are programs with broad scientific applications. To date, these programs include the
2160:
86:
2310:
1191:
2391:
2401:
2396:
2376:
2371:
183:
In addition to performing continuing science operations of HST and preparing for scientific exploration with JWST and Roman, STScI manages and operates the
2356:
2216:
1912:
165:
1278:
2460:
2145:
1838:
1220:
1133:
2366:
1306:
297:
created each week, including, in the case of HST operations, scheduling the data communication paths via the
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (
2351:
2174:
1811:
269:
2386:
2381:
2277:
1694:
996:
226:
STScI, 15 of whom are ESA staff who are on assignment to the HST and JWST project. The total STScI staff consists of about 850 people as of 2021.
2113:
366:
284:
specifies instrument operation modes, exposure times, telescope orientations, and so on. The STScI staff provide the web-based software called
938:
192:
184:
1917:
1902:
1485:
1434:
1384:
674:
558:
487:
2491:
2087:
1804:
909:
OPO's outreach efforts are conducted in partnership with the Hubble, Webb, and Roman mission offices and with other institutions under
747:, necessary for the corrective optics of all subsequent instruments). In the case of JWST, the STScI will be responsible for using the
2256:
358:
1045:
2486:
2190:
2106:
1500:
1335:
837:
and science program. It now supports fellows undertaking research associated with all missions within the Cosmic
Origins theme: the
521:
150:
2346:
2155:
1783:
1096:
2481:
2165:
1771:
1495:
1377:
1162:
1074:
450:
341:
2450:
2445:
2302:
2292:
1861:
691:
2418:
2150:
967:
242:
362:
2424:
2020:
1730:
1720:
1419:
1414:
1183:
619:
596:
207:
755:
Space Technology (NGST, the NASA contractor building the observatory) to monitor and adjust the segmented telescope.
2195:
1957:
1827:
1424:
842:
838:
146:
385:
of new data are ingested and about 85 gigabytes of data are distributed to users. The Hubble Legacy Archive (HLA;
2455:
2440:
2246:
1907:
1678:
1480:
467:
370:
265:
215:
731:
depend on the brightness of the source). They include global effects, such as charge transfer efficiency in the
2321:
2282:
2129:
1270:
1184:"NASA - The Hubble Space Telescope Observing Program By Ray Villard, Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI)"
902:. Content is also distributed via social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube.
610:
345:
162:
57:
1249:
1125:
2341:
2331:
1644:
1636:
1544:
1527:
834:
776:
310:
169:
708:
254:
Note: Information in this section needs updating. For current activities, consult STScI's official website.
2251:
1596:
1582:
1400:
437:
188:
142:
2361:
2185:
2037:
2032:
1490:
784:
740:
732:
430:
219:
1097:"Scientists readying 'nerve center' for James Webb Space Telescope's operations at Baltimore institute"
327:
around the clock. Flight operations activities for HST are done at NASA's GSFC in Greenbelt, Maryland.
1302:
1753:
1652:
805:
744:
657:
538:
211:
2069:
1939:
1704:
1686:
1619:
1475:
1439:
636:
504:
2221:
988:
930:
866:
2180:
1628:
772:
196:
780:
752:
748:
1881:
2236:
2231:
1669:
1041:
1331:
318:(~1.5 million km from Earth) rather than the low Earth orbit (~565 km) used by HST.
153:. STScI was established in 1981 as a community-based science center that is operated for
1887:
187:(MAST), which holds data from numerous active and legacy missions, including HST, JWST,
2226:
2058:
1986:
858:
315:
2475:
2272:
2063:
1746:
1510:
1449:
1154:
1066:
2316:
1740:
959:
850:
474:
743:. (In the early 1990s, the STScI was responsible for accurate measurement of the
1974:
403:
275:
545:
200:
1796:
101:
88:
2053:
1992:
1980:
854:
801:
302:
173:
63:
2098:
788:
206:
Most of the funding for STScI activities comes from contracts with NASA's
17:
1998:
1369:
407:
382:
378:
177:
69:
910:
1871:
1857:
Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph
1591:
1577:
1565:
399:
37:
931:"STScI To Design Science Operations for New Panoramic Space Telescope"
1866:
1553:
1539:
1522:
862:
785:
http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/hdf/clearinghouse/clearinghouse.html
1455:
1241:
899:
643:
603:
582:
306:
298:
274:
1017:
2015:
1735:
337:
154:
145:(HST), science operations and mission operations center for the
2102:
1800:
1373:
1242:"HST Phase II Proposal Instructions - HST User Documentation"
891:
1471:
Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR)
2201:
Other campuses, research centers, institutes and affiliates
1430:
Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS)
1213:"HST Cycle 29 Proposal Categories - HST User Documentation"
374:
887:
895:
1362:
386:
989:"NASA Selects Home for Next Generation Space Telescope"
285:
1326:
1324:
159:
Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy
122:
2433:
2410:
2330:
2291:
2265:
2209:
2138:
2046:
2008:
1967:
1950:
1926:
1895:
1847:
1713:
1609:
1509:
1463:
1407:
393:
Science instrument calibration and characterization
279:
Space Telescope Science Institute's Muller Building
117:
80:
52:
44:
576:Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer
305:or coordination with one-of-a-kind events such as
235:
210:but there are smaller activities funded by NASA's
1297:
1295:
847:Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
1486:Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS/HRS)
2171:Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
231:
149:(JWST), and science operations center for the
2114:
1812:
1385:
878:education community, and the general public.
833:that since 2002 had been associated with the
8:
609:SBC and WFC (repaired) Active; HRC Inactive
336:internationally accepted standard (known as
30:
1435:Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS)
161:(AURA). STScI's offices are located on the
141:) is the science operations center for the
2146:Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences
2121:
2107:
2099:
1819:
1805:
1797:
1392:
1378:
1370:
812:Mission development and operations support
36:
29:
27:Science operations center operated by NASA
1501:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2)
1303:"Listing of all Hubble Fellows 1990-2016"
412:
270:National Optical Astronomy Observatories
1695:Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey
1271:"How Hubble Observations Are Scheduled"
922:
789:http://www.stsci.edu/hst/udf/index_html
377:). The archive currently holds over 30
352:Science data archiving and distribution
309:impact spacecraft). The STScI uses the
1496:Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WFPC)
1338:from the original on December 21, 2022
1309:from the original on February 20, 2017
367:Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer
185:Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes
7:
1903:Integrated Science Instrument Module
1779:
559:Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph
488:Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph
259:Telescope science proposal selection
1908:Optical Telescope Element (mirrors)
825:STScI manages the selection of the
714:Near to Mid-IR Medium-band Imaging
416:Instrument name (and abbreviation)
697:Mid-IR Imaging & Spectroscopy
359:International Ultraviolet Explorer
25:
2242:Space Telescope Science Institute
2161:Bloomberg School of Public Health
2026:Space Telescope Science Institute
1726:Space Telescope Science Institute
1420:Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS)
1415:Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS)
522:Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2
151:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
135:Space Telescope Science Institute
31:Space Telescope Science Institute
2083:
2082:
1886:
1880:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1454:
1448:
857:detection and characterization,
841:, Hubble Space Telescope (HST),
2257:Johns Hopkins Children's Center
1481:Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS)
1281:from the original on 2021-06-10
1252:from the original on 2021-06-10
1194:from the original on 2021-04-17
1165:from the original on 2021-10-21
1136:from the original on 2022-02-01
1107:from the original on 2022-01-03
1077:from the original on 2022-05-02
1048:from the original on 2023-01-12
999:from the original on 2023-10-11
970:from the original on 2023-10-11
941:from the original on 2019-07-09
642:UV/Optical/Near-IR Imaging and
451:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
342:Flexible Image Transport System
2303:Johns Hopkins University Press
821:Scientific research activities
717:Active-Undergoing Calibration
700:Active-Undergoing Calibration
692:MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)
683:Active-Undergoing Calibration
666:Active-Undergoing Calibration
1:
2151:Whiting School of Engineering
243:American Astronomical Society
1095:Dance, Scott (12 May 2017).
751:system developed by JPL and
363:Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer
2425:Johns Hopkins Film Festival
2021:Goddard Space Flight Center
1731:Goddard Space Flight Center
1721:Great Observatories program
1491:High Speed Photometer (HSP)
911:NASA's Universe of Learning
620:Cosmic Origins Spectrograph
597:Advanced Camera for Surveys
381:of data. Each day about 11
208:Goddard Space Flight Center
2508:
2492:James Webb Space Telescope
2278:Notable faculty and alumni
2196:Applied Physics Laboratory
1872:Near-Infrared Spectrograph
1828:James Webb Space Telescope
1440:Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3)
1425:Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)
906:professional development.
843:James Webb Space Telescope
839:Herschel Space Observatory
675:Near Infrared Spectrograph
147:James Webb Space Telescope
2456:Foreign Affairs Symposium
2441:Center for Talented Youth
2247:Peabody Institute Library
2078:
1878:
1834:
1762:
1679:Hubble eXtreme Deep Field
1476:Faint Object Camera (FOC)
1446:
827:Hubble Fellowship Program
767:Science community service
468:Faint Object Spectrograph
371:Galaxy Evolution Explorer
286:Exposure Time Calculators
266:Chandra X-ray Observatory
216:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
35:
2487:Johns Hopkins University
2131:Johns Hopkins University
1934:Launch and commissioning
759:Post observation support
663:Optical/Near-IR Imaging
564:UV/Optical Spectroscopy
493:UV/Optical Spectroscopy
375:http://archive.stsci.edu
163:Johns Hopkins University
58:Johns Hopkins University
2387:Navy (lacrosse) rivalry
2382:Navy (football) rivalry
1958:Webb's First Deep Field
1862:Mid-Infrared Instrument
1645:Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
1637:Hubble Deep Field South
835:Spitzer Space Telescope
777:Hubble Deep Field South
602:UV/Optical Imaging and
530:Decommissioned in 2009
513:Decommissioned in 2002
496:Decommissioned in 1997
479:Decommissioned in 1997
459:Decommissioned in 1993
442:Decommissioned in 1993
331:Science data processing
311:Min-conflicts algorithm
2482:Hubble Space Telescope
2252:Johns Hopkins Hospital
1401:Hubble Space Telescope
741:point spread functions
733:charge-coupled devices
292:Observation scheduling
280:
143:Hubble Space Telescope
2362:Centennial Conference
2283:University presidents
2186:Carey Business School
2038:Canadian Space Agency
2033:European Space Agency
709:Tunable Filter Imager
680:Near-IR Spectroscopy
431:High Speed Photometer
387:http://hla.stsci.edu/
278:
220:European Space Agency
102:39.33278°N 76.62333°W
2451:Eisenhower Symposium
2322:Student publications
1867:Near-Infrared Camera
1754:Hubble Origins Probe
1653:Extended Groth Strip
1464:Previous instruments
1332:"Hubble Fellowships"
900:Illuminated Universe
806:source lines of code
745:spherical aberration
658:Near Infrared Camera
539:Fine Guidance Sensor
419:Instrument function
212:Ames Research Center
2191:School of Education
2070:List of deep fields
1940:Ariane flight VA256
1705:List of deep fields
1687:Hubble Legacy Field
1620:Pillars of Creation
1408:Current instruments
637:Wide Field Camera 3
527:UV/Optical Imaging
510:UV/Optical Imaging
505:Faint Object Camera
456:UV/Optical Imaging
107:39.33278; -76.62333
98: /
32:
2222:Johns Hopkins Club
2156:School of Medicine
1750:(2010 documentary)
1700:Anniversary images
1246:hst-docs.stsci.edu
1217:hst-docs.stsci.edu
867:physical cosmology
831:Spitzer Fellowship
567:Active (repaired)
422:Instrument Status
281:
2469:
2468:
2392:Princeton rivalry
2181:Peabody Institute
2166:School of Nursing
2096:
2095:
1794:
1793:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1629:Hubble Deep Field
1625:
1602:
1588:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1533:
1155:"Public Outreach"
773:Hubble Deep Field
724:
723:
406:through the near
322:Flight operations
131:
130:
16:(Redirected from
2499:
2446:Writing Seminars
2402:Virginia rivalry
2397:Syracuse rivalry
2377:McDaniel rivalry
2372:Maryland rivalry
2357:Women's lacrosse
2334:
2295:
2132:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2100:
2086:
2085:
1890:
1884:
1839:Timeline of JWST
1821:
1814:
1807:
1798:
1782:
1781:
1770:
1769:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1594:
1580:
1568:
1556:
1542:
1525:
1458:
1452:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1363:Official website
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1219:. Archived from
1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1101:baltimoresun.com
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
956:
950:
949:
947:
946:
927:
781:Ultra Deep Field
779:(HDFS), and the
753:Northrop Grumman
749:wavefront sensor
625:UV Spectroscopy
581:NIR Imaging and
436:Rapid Timescale
413:
369:(FUSE), and the
249:STScI activities
237:
233:
127:
124:
113:
112:
110:
109:
108:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
91:
40:
33:
21:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2429:
2419:The News-Letter
2406:
2332:
2326:
2293:
2287:
2261:
2237:Evergreen House
2232:Homewood Museum
2217:Homewood Campus
2205:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2097:
2092:
2074:
2042:
2004:
1963:
1946:
1922:
1891:
1885:
1876:
1849:
1843:
1830:
1825:
1795:
1790:
1758:
1709:
1670:Mystic Mountain
1611:
1605:
1505:
1459:
1453:
1444:
1403:
1398:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1275:Frontier Fields
1269:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1078:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
958:
957:
953:
944:
942:
929:
928:
924:
919:
875:
873:Public outreach
865:evolution, and
823:
814:
797:
769:
761:
395:
354:
348:and JWST data.
333:
324:
294:
261:
251:
166:Homewood Campus
121:
106:
104:
100:
97:
92:
89:
87:
85:
84:
76:
72:
66:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Loyola rivalry
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Men's lacrosse
2349:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2299:
2297:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Homewood Field
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:OTE Pathfinder
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1987:JADES-GS-z13-0
1984:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:Spacecraft bus
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1615:
1613:
1610:Special fields
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1589:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1534:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1356:
1355:External links
1353:
1350:
1349:
1320:
1291:
1277:. 2014-06-23.
1262:
1233:
1204:
1175:
1146:
1117:
1087:
1067:"Institutions"
1058:
1033:
1009:
993:HubbleSite.org
980:
951:
935:HubbleSite.org
921:
920:
918:
915:
874:
871:
859:star formation
822:
819:
813:
810:
796:
795:Ground systems
793:
768:
765:
760:
757:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
654:
653:
650:
647:
640:
633:
632:
629:
626:
623:
616:
615:
612:
607:
600:
593:
592:
589:
586:
579:
572:
571:
568:
565:
562:
555:
554:
551:
548:
542:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
518:
517:
514:
511:
508:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
484:
483:
480:
477:
471:
464:
463:
460:
457:
454:
447:
446:
443:
440:
434:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
394:
391:
353:
350:
332:
329:
323:
320:
316:Lagrange point
293:
290:
260:
257:
250:
247:
129:
128:
119:
115:
114:
82:
78:
77:
74:
68:
62:
56:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2504:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2461:Shaw Lectures
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Johns Hopkins
2271:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:James E. Webb
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:Space Shuttle
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1223:on 2021-06-10
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1071:esahubble.org
1068:
1062:
1059:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
969:
965:
961:
960:"Our History"
955:
952:
940:
936:
932:
926:
923:
916:
914:
912:
907:
903:
901:
897:
893:
892:Webbtelescope
889:
883:
879:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
820:
818:
811:
809:
807:
803:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
764:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
734:
728:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
651:
648:
646:Spectroscopy
645:
641:
638:
635:
634:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
606:Spectroscopy
605:
601:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
585:Spectroscopy
584:
580:
577:
574:
573:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
556:
552:
549:
547:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
485:
481:
478:
476:
472:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
448:
444:
441:
439:
435:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
418:
415:
414:
411:
409:
405:
401:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
330:
328:
321:
319:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
291:
289:
287:
277:
273:
271:
267:
258:
256:
255:
248:
246:
244:
239:
227:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
120:
116:
111:
83:
79:
71:
65:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2417:
2411:Student life
2317:Project MUSE
2294:Publications
2241:
2025:
2009:Institutions
1936:(2021-2022)
1784:
1772:
1745:
1741:Edwin Hubble
1725:
1668:
1618:
1597:
1583:
1570:
1558:
1545:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1340:. Retrieved
1311:. Retrieved
1283:. Retrieved
1274:
1265:
1254:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1207:
1196:. Retrieved
1188:www.nasa.gov
1187:
1178:
1167:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1138:. Retrieved
1129:
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1100:
1090:
1079:. Retrieved
1070:
1061:
1050:. Retrieved
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1021:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
992:
983:
972:. Retrieved
963:
954:
943:. Retrieved
934:
925:
908:
904:
884:
880:
876:
851:Solar System
830:
826:
824:
815:
798:
770:
762:
737:
729:
725:
475:Spectroscopy
396:
365:(EUVE), the
355:
334:
325:
295:
282:
262:
253:
252:
240:
228:
224:
205:
182:
172:building in
138:
134:
132:
1975:CEERS-93316
1968:Discoveries
1850:and sensors
1848:Instruments
775:(HDF), the
473:UV/Optical
404:ultraviolet
361:(IUE), the
168:and in the
105: /
81:Coordinates
45:Established
2476:Categories
2066:(namesake)
1612:and images
1537:Servicing:
1285:2021-06-10
1256:2021-06-09
1227:2021-06-09
1198:2021-06-09
1169:2021-10-21
1140:2021-06-09
1126:"Missions"
1111:2021-06-06
1081:2021-06-06
1052:2023-01-12
1027:2021-10-21
1003:2021-06-06
974:2021-10-21
945:2021-10-21
917:References
888:Hubblesite
711:(FGS-TFI)
677:(NIRSpec)
546:Astrometry
544:Precision
438:Photometry
425:Telescope
303:supernovae
218:, and the
201:Pan-STARRS
93:76°37′24″W
90:39°19′58″N
18:HubbleSite
2342:Blue Jays
2333:Athletics
2210:Buildings
2139:Academics
2054:SpaceWire
1993:LHS 475 b
1981:GLASS-z12
1918:Sunshield
1656:(2004–05)
1648:(2003–04)
1571:Discovery
1559:Discovery
1546:Endeavour
1529:Discovery
1159:STScI.edu
1130:STScI.edu
964:STScI.edu
896:ViewSpace
855:exoplanet
802:Gyroscope
660:(NIRCam)
578:(NICMOS)
383:gigabytes
379:terabytes
214:, NASA's
174:Baltimore
64:Baltimore
2347:Football
2307:journals
2088:Category
1999:AzTECC71
1896:Elements
1773:Category
1598:Atlantis
1584:Columbia
1513:missions
1342:June 12,
1336:Archived
1313:June 12,
1307:Archived
1279:Archived
1250:Archived
1192:Archived
1163:Archived
1134:Archived
1105:Archived
1075:Archived
1046:Archived
997:Archived
968:Archived
939:Archived
845:(JWST),
524:(WFPC2)
408:infrared
268:and the
178:Maryland
70:Maryland
53:Location
2434:Related
2266:History
2047:Related
1785:Commons
1714:Related
1595:(2009,
1592:STS-125
1581:(2002,
1578:STS-109
1569:(1999,
1566:STS-103
1557:(1997,
1543:(1993,
1526:(1990,
1520:Launch:
1042:"Staff"
694:(MIRI)
649:Active
639:(WFC3)
628:Active
588:Active
561:(STIS)
550:Active
490:(GHRS)
453:(WFPC)
400:STS-125
222:(ESA).
170:Rotunda
157:by the
118:Website
2175:Europe
2001:(2023)
1995:(2023)
1989:(2022)
1983:(2022)
1977:(2022)
1960:(2022)
1951:Images
1927:Stages
1747:Hubble
1690:(2019)
1682:(2012)
1674:(2010)
1664:(2006)
1661:SWEEPS
1640:(1998)
1632:(1995)
1624:(1995)
1554:STS-82
1540:STS-61
1523:STS-31
1018:"Home"
898:, and
863:galaxy
622:(COS)
599:(ACS)
541:(FGS)
507:(FOC)
470:(FOS)
433:(HSP)
346:Kepler
199:, and
189:Kepler
2311:books
720:JWST
703:JWST
686:JWST
669:JWST
644:grism
604:grism
583:grism
307:comet
299:TDRSS
139:STScI
123:stsci
2309:and
2016:NASA
1736:NASA
1344:2016
1315:2016
1022:MAST
787:and
652:HST
631:HST
614:HST
591:HST
570:HST
553:HST
533:HST
516:HST
499:HST
482:HST
462:HST
445:HST
338:FITS
236:JWST
234:and
197:Gaia
193:TESS
155:NASA
133:The
125:.edu
75:U.S.
48:1981
791:).
232:HST
2478::
1334:.
1323:^
1305:.
1294:^
1273:.
1248:.
1244:.
1215:.
1190:.
1186:.
1161:.
1157:.
1132:.
1128:.
1103:.
1099:.
1073:.
1069:.
1044:.
1020:.
995:.
991:.
966:.
962:.
937:.
933:.
913:.
894:,
890:,
861:,
853:,
808:.
340::
203:.
195:,
191:,
180:.
176:,
73:,
67:,
61:,
2313:)
2305:(
2177:)
2173:(
2122:e
2115:t
2108:v
1820:e
1813:t
1806:v
1601:)
1587:)
1573:)
1561:)
1549:)
1532:)
1393:e
1386:t
1379:v
1346:.
1317:.
1288:.
1259:.
1230:.
1201:.
1172:.
1143:.
1114:.
1084:.
1055:.
1030:.
1006:.
977:.
948:.
137:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
