259:
assortment of quasars, by utilizing the similar friends-of-friends method originally used. Using a Monte Carlo method of at least a thousand runs, he generated a set of random points in three-dimensional space and identified 10,000 regions identical in size to that studied by Clowes, and filled them with randomly distributed quasars with the same position statistics as did the actual quasars in the sky. The original method by Clowes produces at least a thousand clusterings identical to the Huge-LQG, even on regions where one should expect the distribution to be truly random. The data is supporting the study of the homogeneity scale by Yadav
36:
140:, a major multi-imaging and spectroscopic redshift survey of the sky. They reported that the grouping was, as they announced, the largest known structure in the observable universe. The structure was initially discovered in November 2012 and took two months of verification before its announcement. News about the structure's announcement spread worldwide, and has received great attention from the scientific community.
1003:
263:, and that there is, therefore, no challenge to the cosmological principle. The identification of the Huge-LQG, together with the clusterings identified by Nadathur, is therefore referred to be false positive identifications or errors due to a miscalculation of the statistical measurement used, finally arriving at the conclusion that the Huge-LQG is not a real structure at all.
1027:
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206:, meaning that the statistical fluctuations in quantities such as the matter density between different regions of the universe are small. However, different definitions exist for the homogeneity scale above which these fluctuations may be considered sufficiently small, and the appropriate definition depends on the context in which it is used. Jaswant Yadav
1015:
25:
991:
270:
found independent support for the reality of the structure from its coincidence with Mg II absorbers (once-ionised magnesium gas, commonly used to probe distant galaxies). The Mg II gas suggests that the Huge-LQG is associated with an enhancement of the mass, rather than being a false positive
258:
After performing a number of statistical analyses on the quasar data, and finding extreme changes in the Huge-LQG membership and shape with small changes in the cluster finding parameters, he determined the probability that apparent clusters the size of the Huge-LQG would appear in a random
477:
210:
have suggested a definition of the homogeneity scale based on the fractal dimension of the universe; they conclude that, according to this definition, an upper limit for the homogeneity scale in the universe is
160:
feeding on matter. Since they are only found in dense regions of the universe, quasars can be used to find overdensities of matter within the universe. It has the approximate binding mass of 6.1
367:
255:. By utilizing a new map that includes all the quasars in the region (including those not included from the 73 quasars of the group), the presence of a structure became less noticeable.
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in
September 2014. They measured the polarization of quasars in the Huge-LQG and found "a remarkable correlation" of the polarization vectors on scales larger than 500 Mpc.
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51:
in red crosses. Map is by Roger Clowes of
University of Central Lancashire. Each black circle and red cross on the map is a quasar similar to this one.
244:
One of the questions that arose after the discovery of the Huge-LQG was regarding the method used in its identification. In the initial paper by Clowes
236:, it is known that structures can be found in the distribution of galaxies in the universe that extend over scales larger than the homogeneity scale.
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215:. Some studies that have attempted to measure the homogeneity scale according to this definition have found values in the range 70–130/h Mpc.
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397:
Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Söchting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013-01-11).
302:
785:
Gaite, Jose; Dominguez, Alvaro; Perez-Mercader, Juan (1999). "The fractal distribution of galaxies and the transition to homogeneity".
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In Clowes' initial announcement of the structure, he has reported that the structure has contradicted the cosmological principle. The
152:
in length, by 640 Mpc and 370 Mpc on the other dimensions, and contains 73 quasars, respectively. Quasars are very luminous
229:
upper limit to the homogeneity scale, and has therefore been claimed to challenge our understanding of the universe on large scales.
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Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J. (2013).
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114:
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Hutsemekers, D.; Braibant, L.; Pelgrims, V.; Sluse, D. (2014). "Alignment of quasar polarizations with large-scale structures".
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of 1.27 (where the "U" refers to a connected unit of quasars), placing its distance at about 9 billion light-years from Earth.
222:, discovered in 2003, has a length of 423 Mpc, which is marginally larger than the homogeneity scale as defined above.
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Nadathur, Seshadri, (July 2013) "Seeing patterns in noise: gigaparsec-scale 'structures' that do not violate homogeneity".
35:
969:
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248:, the standard used was statistical friend-of-friends method, which has also been used to identify other similar LQGs.
478:"The Largest Structure in Universe Discovered – Quasar Group 4 Billion Light-Years Wide Challenges Current Cosmology"
896:"A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology"
399:"A structure in the early Universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology"
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Hogg, D.W.; et al. (2005). "Cosmic
Homogeneity Demonstrated with Luminous Red Galaxies".
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Further support for the reality of the Huge-LQG comes from the work of Hutsemékers
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643:"The WiggleZ Dark Energy Survey: the transition to large-scale cosmic homogeneity"
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This method has been put into question in a paper by
Seshadri Nadathur from the
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at 10 billion light-years. There are also issues about its structure (see
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implies that at sufficiently large scales, the universe is approximately
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The Huge-LQG is three times longer than, and twice as wide as the Yadav
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Gott, J. Richard III; et al. (May 2005). "A Map of the
Universe".
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Yadav, Jaswant; Bagla, J. S.; Khandai, Nishikanta (25 February 2010).
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identification. This point is not discussed by the critical paper.
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184:(U1.28), a group of 34 quasars also discovered by Clowes in 1991.
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10 (6.1 trillion (long scale) or 6.1 quintillion (short scale))
47:: Map of the Huge-LQG noted by black circles, adjacent to the
531:"Fractal dimension as a measure of the scale of homogeneity"
368:"Astronomers discover the largest structure in the universe"
173:. The Huge-LQG was initially named U1.27 due to its average
343:"Largest structure challenges Einstein's smooth cosmos"
967:
77:) is a possible structure or pseudo-structure of 73
113:Roger G. Clowes, together with colleagues from the
89:across. At its discovery, it was identified as the
901:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
706:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
647:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
535:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
403:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
148:The Huge-LQG was estimated to be about 1.24
121:, had reported on January 11, 2013 a grouping of
8:
370:. Royal astronomical society. Archived from
232:However, due to the existence of long-range
91:largest and the most massive known structure
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641:Scrimgeour, Morag I.; et al. (2012).
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505:"Universe's Largest Structure Discovered"
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180:The Huge-LQG is 615 Mpc from the
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1071:Large-scale structure of the cosmos
503:Prostak, Sergio (11 January 2013).
303:Large-scale structure of the cosmos
298:Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall
99:Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall
458:"The Impossibly Huge Quasar Group"
14:
956:http://www.star.uclan.ac.uk/~rgc/
480:. 12 January 2013. Archived from
318:Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex
308:List of largest cosmic structures
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678:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21402.x
566:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16612.x
115:University of Central Lancashire
85:, that measures about 4 billion
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23:
136:catalogue of the comprehensive
16:Possible astronomical structure
456:SciShow Space (21 July 2016).
1:
962:Biggest Thing in the Universe
55:: Image of the bright quasar
840:Astronomy & Astrophysics
714:Bibcode: 2013MNRAS.tmp.1690N
870:10.1051/0004-6361/201424631
125:within the vicinity of the
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191:
132:. They used data from the
787:The Astrophysical Journal
734:The Astrophysical Journal
590:The Astrophysical Journal
158:supermassive black holes
138:Sloan Digital Sky Survey
862:2014A&A...572A..18H
253:University of Bielefeld
67:Huge Large Quasar Group
200:cosmological principle
194:Cosmological principle
188:Cosmological principle
154:active galactic nuclei
721:10.1093/mnras/stt1028
266:Nevertheless, Clowes
933:10.1093/mnras/sts497
434:10.1093/mnras/sts497
182:Clowes–Campusano LQG
49:Clowes–Campusano LQG
1066:Large quasar groups
1051:Leo (constellation)
924:2013MNRAS.429.2910C
809:1999ApJ...522L...5G
756:2005ApJ...624..463G
669:2012MNRAS.425..116S
612:2005ApJ...624...54H
557:2010MNRAS.405.2009Y
425:2013MNRAS.429.2910C
95:observable universe
81:, referred to as a
484:on 15 January 2013
83:large quasar group
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341:Aron, Jacob.
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1020:Outer space
1008:Spaceflight
409:(4): 6256.
204:homogeneous
87:light-years
1045:Categories
793:(1): 5–8.
708:in press.
511:15 January
488:14 January
378:2013-01-13
352:14 January
329:References
984:Astronomy
915:1211.6256
853:1409.6098
660:1205.6812
575:118603499
548:1001.0617
416:1211.6256
109:Discovery
878:56092977
687:19959072
628:15957886
282:See also
175:redshift
170:☉
71:Huge-LQG
1061:Quasars
970:Portals
964:(Video)
920:Bibcode
858:Bibcode
846:: A18.
805:Bibcode
772:9654355
752:Bibcode
665:Bibcode
608:Bibcode
553:Bibcode
463:YouTube
421:Bibcode
240:Dispute
123:quasars
103:Dispute
93:in the
79:quasars
942:486490
940:
876:
825:966351
823:
770:
685:
626:
573:
443:486490
441:
276:et al.
268:et al.
261:et al.
246:et al.
227:et al.
213:/h Mpc
208:et al.
134:DR7QSO
57:3C 273
53:Bottom
996:Stars
938:S2CID
910:arXiv
874:S2CID
848:arXiv
821:S2CID
795:arXiv
768:S2CID
742:arXiv
683:S2CID
655:arXiv
624:S2CID
598:arXiv
571:S2CID
543:arXiv
439:S2CID
411:arXiv
75:U1.27
45:Above
513:2013
490:2013
407:1211
354:2013
218:The
65:The
928:doi
906:429
866:doi
844:572
813:doi
791:522
760:doi
738:624
717:doi
673:doi
651:425
616:doi
594:624
561:doi
539:405
429:doi
211:260
150:Gpc
130:Leo
69:, (
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167:M
162:Ă—
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