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276:, a member of the committee assigned by the New York Convention to devise a means of defending the Hudson, was heartened as the British had never attempted to run ships through the chain. He concluded that the basic idea of obstructing the river seemed sound. After Captain Machin recovered from wounds from battle with the British, he began work on the stronger Great Chain at West Point, which was constructed and installed in 1778.
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Island. The West Point side was protected by the Chain
Battery and the Constitution Island side by the Marine Battery. A system of pulleys, rollers, ropes, and mid-stream anchors were used to adjust the chain's tension to overcome the effects of river current and changing tide. Until 1783, the chain was removed each winter and reinstalled each spring to avoid destruction by ice.
384:, and anchors, the chain weighed 65 tons. For buoyancy, logs were cut into 16-foot (5 m) lengths, waterproofed, and joined by fours into rafts fastened to one another with 12-foot (3.7 m) timbers. Short sections of chain (10 links, a swivel, and a clevis) were attached across each raft then joined to create a continuous boom of chains and rafts once afloat.
331:
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In the spring of 1778, a heavy chain supported by huge log rafts was stretched across the Hudson from West Point to
Constitution Island to impede the movement of British ships north of West Point. A second log boom (resembling a ladder in construction) spanned the river about 100 yards (90 m)
192:
north of West Point, was begun but abandoned. The first two were promptly captured by the
British, while the Great Chain, the largest and most important of the projects, was reset each spring until the end of the war. Attention was concentrated on the West Point area because the river narrowed and
387:
Captain Thomas Machin, the artillery officer and engineer who had installed the chain at Fort
Montgomery, directed installation across the river on 30 April 1778. Both ends were anchored to log cribs filled with rocks, the southern at a small cove on the west bank and the northern at Constitution
249:
on the west bank, at the lower entrance to the
Highlands just north of the modern-day Bear Mountain Bridge, to Anthony's Nose on the east bank. Captain Thomas Machin headed the chain effort. In November 1776, a faulty link broke under stress induced by the river current, highlighting some of the
284:
Another chevaux de frise was undertaken across the Hudson between Plum Point on the east bank and
Pollepel Island north of West Point. The defenses were never fully completed, and its importance was overshadowed by completion of the Great Chain at West Point the following year.
213:
In 1776 the
Continental Army constructed an array of logs sunk underwater between Fort Washington on the island of Manhattan and Fort Lee across the river in New Jersey. Built to a design of Scottish engineer turned Colonial sympathizer
345:
The Hudson River's changing tides, strong current, and frequently unfavorable winds created adverse sailing conditions at West Point. Compounding this, the river's narrow width and sharp "S-Curve" there forced any large ship to
201:
115:
in
Massachusetts, both the Americans and British knew that passage on the Hudson River was strategically important to each sides’ war effort. The Americans were desperate to control the river, lest
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545:
Letter from Henry Wisner and
Gilbert Livingston to New-York Committee of Safety: Soundings of Hudson river in the Highlands American Archives Series 5, Volume 3, Page 0812 November 22, 1776.
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in order to navigate it. Cannon were placed in forts and artillery batteries on both sides of the river to attack ships when they were slowed to a halt by the
Patriot barrier placed there.
261:
built opposite it at the mouth of Popolopen's Kill (today's Popolopen Creek) on its south bank, on 6 October 6 1777, they dismantled the chain. Free to do so, they raided upriver as far as
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102:
Map of West Point fortifications from 1778 to 1783, showing the Great Chain and a separate log boom placed downstream to absorb the momentum of any ship attempting to breach the chain
69:
in October 1777. The more significant and successful was the Great Chain, constructed in 1778 and used through war's end in 1782. Two other barriers across the river, referred to as
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369:. When completed, the 600-yard (550 m) chain contained iron links two feet (0.6 m) in length, weighing 140 to 180 pounds (64 to 82 kg). The links were carted to
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221:
After the British learned of the opening from a local resident, they successfully passed through the barrier several times. The British successfully captured both forts in the
446:. Also included are a swivel and clevis. The exhibit is maintained and preserved by the West Point Museum. A section of boom recovered from the river in 1855 is displayed at
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447:
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be divided from the rest of the colonies. The immediate American plan was to slow or block ship traffic on the river by attacking British vessels with cannon and
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435:, to be melted down. A saved portion was first displayed at the West Point ordnance compound, along with a captured mortar, as shown in a 1905 drawing.
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218:, the logs were intended to pierce and sink any British ships that passed over them. An opening was left for the passage of American ships.
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curved so sharply there that ships slowed in navigating the passage by shifting winds, tides, and current made optimal targets.
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91:, was completed in 1776 and shortly seized by the British; another was started in 1776 between Plum Point on the east bank and
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After the war, part of the Great Chain was saved for posterity and the rest relegated to the West Point Foundry furnaces near
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lacked ships of the size and power of the British, leaving it to resort to small and more maneuverable vessels regardless.
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in 1778, known as the Great Chain. A fourth, a cheval de frise started in 1776 between Plum Point on the east bank and
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from both shores. This anticipated batteries at both existing and planned defensive fortifications. In late 1776
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Some of the Hudson River Chains located under a portrait of George Washington inside the New York State Capitol
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north of West Point but abandoned in 1777 in favor of completion of the Great Chain nearby the following year.
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on November 20, putting the defensive barrier in their hands. This change had little impact, as the nascent
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claiming in correspondence with them that "a well-loaded ship could break the chain." Polish engineer and
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624:""Explore the Hudson River's Rich History; A Chain Across the Hudson", Rebecca Haynes, hudsonriver.com"
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2013:
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262:
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http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/cgi-bin/amarch/getdoc.pl?/var/lib/philologic/databases/amarch/.27283
373:, where they were put together and floated down the river to West Point on logs late in April.
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2018:
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469:, a cousin of iron works owner Peter Townsend, and (as "Culper Jr") a member of
147:," recommended the placement of chains in strategic locations along the Hudson.
116:
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downstream to absorb the impact of any ship attempting to breach the barrier.
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Colonial forces eventually constructed three obstacles across the river: a
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1941:
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Storozynski, A., 2009, The Peasant Prince, New York: St. Martin's Press,
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and burning all but several of its hundreds of buildings to the ground.
65:
The first chain was destroyed by British forces in the aftermath of the
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1917:
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1514:
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George Washington's letter about the strategic importance of the Hudson
484:
Two links of the original chain are also displayed under a portrait of
477:. Bilking the gullible, John C. Abbey, and later Pollepel Island owner
250:
difficulties of trying to chain the Hudson. It was repaired and reset.
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1978:
1544:
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1404:
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1233:
1065:
897:
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849:
377:
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1709:
1549:
870:
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418:
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304:
97:
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808:
512:, Vol. IV, p. 447, Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1905.
692:
515:
Information plaques at Trophy Point at West Point, New York.
143:
the Hudson River and, as part of a Secret Committee of the "
58:
naval vessels from sailing upriver and were overseen by the
403:
contributed to the system of fortifications at West Point.
481:, sold counterfeit chain links to collectors and museums.
391:
The British never attempted to run the chain, in spite of
714:
The Chaining of the Hudson -- And Profiteering on History
27:
River barriers used during the American Revolutionary War
789:
New York Times Article about The Chain February 17, 1895
75:, were undertaken by the Colonials; the first, between
799:"Revolutionary West Point: 'The Key to the Continent'"
205:
1777 map detail showing the chevaux de frise between
3168:
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1952:
1668:
1661:
1093:
842:
334:The remnants of the earthworks of Chain Battery on
197:
Fort Lee to Fort Washington chevaux de frise (1776)
156:at northern Manhattan between Forts Washington and
298:"Great Chain" redirects here. For other uses, see
353:The chain was constructed over six weeks at the
1076:
526:West Point Fortifications Staff Ride Notecards,
309:"Fields of Fire" from Fort Constitution on the
131:, and one of New York's representatives to the
3212:Tourist attractions in Orange County, New York
1638:
1584:
1402:
1248:
510:Harper's Encyclopedia of United States History
365:, of chain links from Long Pond Iron Works in
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2023:
1852:
1828:
1445:
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1393:
1117:
913:
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524:U.S. Military Academy Department of History,
448:Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site
8:
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1939:
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1379:
1328:
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1054:
1031:
457:Two links of the original chain are also at
280:Pollepel Island chevaux de frise (1776–1777)
60:Highlands Department of the Continental Army
3202:New York (state) in the American Revolution
1063:
1045:
991:
977:
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877:
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784:Contract for the forging of The Great Chain
180:on the east bank in 1776–1777; and between
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2743:
2735:
1665:
827:
813:
805:
200:
3232:1778 establishments in New York (state)
743:, Hudson River Valley, official website
682:West Point Museum e-mail correspondence
538:
265:, then the capitol of New York State,
160:in 1776; at the lower entrance to the
67:Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery
54:. These served as defenses preventing
255:captured forts Montgomery and Clinton
245:were stretched across the river from
7:
50:forces from 1776 to 1778 during the
2219:Weapons Storage and Security System
25:
237:Fort Montgomery chain (1776–1777)
2795:
2718:
2717:
438:Thirteen links are displayed at
113:Battles of Lexington and Concord
3197:United States Military Academy
2767:United States Military Academy
757:Chaining of the Hudson in 1778
657:, University of North Carolina
1:
2812:Army West Point Black Knights
2114:British "hedgehog" road block
172:just north of the modern-day
3222:Military in New York (state)
300:Great Chain (disambiguation)
2852:Commander-in-Chief's Trophy
2524:Cities with defensive walls
2109:Defensive fighting position
2024:
1829:
1639:
1585:
1446:
1437:
1403:
1394:
1249:
556:Accessed February 19, 2015.
519:"West Point Fortifications"
423:Part of The Great Chain at
415:The Great Chain and mortars
111:Even before the April 1775
3248:
3207:American Revolutionary War
2782:Combating Terrorism Center
297:
225:on November 16, 1776, and
52:American Revolutionary War
2822:Army–Navy Game (lacrosse)
2793:
2708:
2154:Hardened aircraft shelter
2129:Entry control point (ECP)
747:West Point Fortifications
693:"USMA: West Point Museum"
592:West Point Fortifications
324:Sketch of the Great Chain
223:Battle of Fort Washington
164:, from newly constructed
2651:Continuity of government
3145:On, Brave Old Army Team
3081:Class the stars fell on
2473:Motte-and-bailey castle
2179:Missile launch facility
2174:Main line of resistance
869:
267:putting the torch to it
38:constructed across the
2549:Military installations
2413:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2294:
1965:
1940:
1916:
1906:Scarp and Counterscarp
1877:
1868:
1853:
1820:
1806:
1777:
1748:
1739:
1715:
1676:
1481:
1462:
1380:
1329:
1320:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1195:
1181:
1172:
1118:
1077:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1032:
992:
978:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
860:
508:"Hudson River Chain",
499:
490:New York State Capitol
442:, one for each of the
428:
416:
338:
327:
317:
210:
103:
3150:Sandhurst Competition
3075:Top-ranking graduates
2318:Floating water castle
2049:Admiralty scaffolding
1342:Fortified buildings (
794:Chain Salvaging Blurb
528:second edition (1998)
497:
433:Cold Spring, New York
422:
414:
333:
323:
308:
204:
101:
2661:Subterranean warfare
1614:Viking ring fortress
580:Chaining the Hudson,
463:Oyster Bay, New York
367:Ringwood, New Jersey
241:In 1776 a chain and
174:Bear Mountain Bridge
168:on the west bank at
133:Continental Congress
3092:Master of the Sword
3049:Kosciuszko's Garden
3029:Constitution Island
2478:Quadrangular castle
2214:Weapon storage area
1570:Quadrangular castle
774:Chaining The Hudson
611:Chaining the Hudson
567:Chaining The Hudson
401:Thaddeus Kościuszko
355:Sterling Iron Works
209:and Fort Washington
186:Constitution Island
145:Committee of Safety
32:Hudson River Chains
2910:Gillis Field House
2209:Underground hangar
1994:Fire control tower
1791:Gunpowder magazine
1219:Butter-churn tower
762:2008-02-16 at the
740:The Chain and Boom
720:2008-02-16 at the
653:2008-09-07 at the
597:2013-11-03 at the
552:2014-12-04 at the
500:
452:Newburgh, New York
429:
417:
339:
328:
318:
253:After the British
227:Battle of Fort Lee
211:
137:Gilbert Livingston
104:
18:Hudson River Chain
3184:
3183:
3087:Notable non-grads
2732:
2731:
2656:Military urbanism
2590:Fortified gateway
2463:Concentric castle
2227:
2226:
2144:Fire support base
1984:Coastal artillery
1859:(Spanish America)
1453:
1295:Concentric castle
738:Merle Sheffield,
648:"The Great Chain"
486:George Washington
479:Francis Bannerman
471:George Washington
444:Thirteen Colonies
315:Revolutionary War
79:on the island of
34:were a series of
16:(Redirected from
3239:
3008:West Point Light
2799:
2768:
2759:
2752:
2745:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2605:National redoubt
2534:Fortified estate
2458:Circular rampart
2418:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2299:
2059:Anti-tank trench
2054:Air raid shelter
2029:
1989:Disappearing gun
1970:
1945:
1921:
1882:
1873:
1858:
1834:
1825:
1811:
1782:
1753:
1744:
1720:
1681:
1666:
1644:
1624:Bailey (or ward)
1590:
1495:Motte-and-bailey
1486:
1467:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1408:
1399:
1385:
1334:
1325:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1200:
1186:
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1123:
1080:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1037:
997:
983:
923:Circular rampart
919:
910:
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883:
874:
865:
829:
822:
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703:
702:
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689:
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680:
674:
664:
658:
645:
639:
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635:
626:. Archived from
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607:
601:
589:
583:
576:
570:
563:
557:
543:
293:
292:
231:Continental Navy
162:Hudson Highlands
153:chevaux-de-frise
129:Goshen, New York
127:, a resident of
72:chevaux-de-frise
48:Continental Army
21:
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3238:
3237:
3236:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3164:
3113:
3109:Sylvanus Thayer
3058:
3024:Academy History
3012:
2926:
2905:Doubleday Field
2895:Arvin Gymnasium
2800:
2791:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2733:
2728:
2712:
2704:
2634:
2558:
2502:
2436:
2371:Imperial castle
2344:Coercion castle
2339:Coastal defence
2322:
2284:Promontory fort
2254:Hillside castle
2223:
2139:Fallout shelter
2104:Concertina wire
2084:Border security
2037:
1948:
1657:
1290:Coercion castle
1278:Cheval de frise
1260:Chemin de ronde
1108:Albarrana tower
1089:
1034:Schwedenschanze
1011:Promontory fort
838:
833:
769:The Great Chain
764:Wayback Machine
752:The Great Chain
734:
729:
728:
722:Wayback Machine
710:
706:
697:
695:
691:
690:
686:
681:
677:
665:
661:
655:Wayback Machine
646:
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633:
631:
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599:Wayback Machine
590:
586:
577:
573:
564:
560:
554:Wayback Machine
544:
540:
535:
505:
475:Culper spy ring
467:Robert Townsend
409:
393:Benedict Arnold
336:Flirtation Walk
325:
303:
296:
290:
289:
282:
259:second fortress
247:Fort Montgomery
239:
199:
190:Pollepel Island
170:Popolopen Creek
166:Fort Montgomery
109:
93:Pollepel Island
77:Fort Washington
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3235:
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3189:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3097:Superintendent
3094:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Lusk Reservoir
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2915:Michie Stadium
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Ice Hockey (m)
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2817:Army–Navy Game
2814:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2688:Trench warfare
2685:
2683:Tunnel warfare
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Fortifications
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:Counter-castle
2346:
2341:
2336:
2334:Border barrier
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2269:Lowland castle
2266:
2261:
2259:Hilltop castle
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2134:Electric fence
2131:
2126:
2124:Dragon's teeth
2121:
2119:Czech hedgehog
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2033:Wire obstacles
2030:
2021:
2019:Polygonal fort
2016:
2011:
2009:Martello tower
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:Border outpost
1971:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1848:Polygonal fort
1845:
1840:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1812:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1454:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1386:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1340:
1338:Flanking tower
1335:
1326:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Counter-castle
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:Post-classical
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1085:Vitrified fort
1082:
1070:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
989:
984:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
943:Defensive wall
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
911:
902:
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
852:
846:
844:
840:
839:
836:Fortifications
834:
832:
831:
824:
817:
809:
803:
802:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
754:
749:
744:
733:
732:External links
730:
727:
726:
724:, Hudson River
704:
684:
675:
659:
640:
615:
602:
584:
571:
558:
537:
536:
534:
531:
530:
529:
522:
516:
513:
504:
501:
465:, the home of
408:
405:
295:
287:
281:
278:
274:George Clinton
238:
235:
216:Robert Erskine
198:
195:
178:Anthony's Nose
108:
105:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3244:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:U.S. Route 9W
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Christl Arena
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Army–Navy Cup
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2725:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:Urban warfare
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Civil defense
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2514:Bastion forts
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2498:Z-plan castle
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:L-plan castle
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Bridge castle
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Refuge castle
2420:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Military base
2401:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Hunting lodge
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:Moated castle
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2264:Island castle
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:By topography
2230:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:Submarine pen
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:Hesco bastion
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Blast shelter
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:Place-of-arms
1841:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1476:Machicolation
1474:
1472:
1471:L-plan castle
1469:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Bridge castle
1202:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1167:Bent entrance
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Battery tower
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:Advanced work
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:Refuge castle
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
990:
988:
985:
982:
981:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
918:
917:
912:
909:
908:
903:
900:
899:
894:
891:
890:
885:
882:
881:
876:
873:
872:
867:
864:
863:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
841:
837:
830:
825:
823:
818:
816:
811:
810:
807:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
741:
736:
735:
731:
723:
719:
716:
715:
708:
705:
694:
688:
685:
679:
676:
673:
672:9780312388027
669:
663:
660:
656:
652:
649:
644:
641:
630:on 2008-02-16
629:
625:
619:
616:
612:
606:
603:
600:
596:
593:
588:
585:
581:
575:
572:
568:
562:
559:
555:
551:
548:
542:
539:
532:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
507:
506:
502:
496:
492:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
427:at West Point
426:
421:
413:
406:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
363:Orange County
360:
356:
351:
349:
343:
337:
332:
322:
316:
312:
307:
301:
288:
286:
279:
277:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
248:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
219:
217:
208:
203:
196:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
148:
146:
142:
138:
135:, along with
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:
68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3227:Hudson River
3155:Thayer Award
3054:Redoubt Four
3034:Fort Clinton
3003:Trophy Point
2998:Thayer Hotel
2963:Flirtie Walk
2872:Lacrosse (m)
2716:
2671:Siege engine
2639:Other topics
2563:Related word
2529:Defense line
2493:Tower castle
2448:Bastion fort
2432:Urban castle
2360:Ganerbenburg
2358:
2313:Water castle
2289:Ridge castle
2274:Marsh castle
2089:Bomb shelter
2069:Belgian gate
2042:20th century
1953:19th century
1891:Retrenchment
1863:Punji sticks
1772:Entrenchment
1767:Device Forts
1734:Counterguard
1669:Early modern
1599:Tower castle
1535:Powder tower
1510:Outer bailey
1422:Inner bailey
1396:Gulyay-gorod
1364:Ganerbenburg
1362:
1358:Fujian tulou
1300:Corner tower
1239:Chamber gate
1209:Bridge tower
1057:Trou de loup
739:
713:
707:
696:. Retrieved
687:
678:
662:
643:
632:. Retrieved
628:the original
618:
610:
605:
587:
579:
574:
566:
561:
541:
525:
509:
503:Bibliography
483:
459:Raynham Hall
456:
440:Trophy Point
437:
430:
425:Trophy Point
390:
386:
375:
352:
344:
340:
326:and log boom
311:Hudson River
283:
271:
252:
240:
220:
212:
151:
149:
125:Henry Wisner
110:
70:
64:
40:Hudson River
31:
29:
3176:Eggnog riot
3044:Great Chain
3039:Fort Putnam
2891:Facilities
2836:Basketball
2570:Castle town
2427:Toll castle
2396:Lustschloss
2378:Kaiserpfalz
2308:Spur castle
2303:Rock castle
2244:Hill castle
2239:Cave castle
2199:Spider hole
2099:Bremer wall
2064:Barbed tape
1960:Barbed wire
1634:Witch tower
1604:Tower house
1594:Toll castle
1580:Shield wall
1500:Murder hole
1389:Guard tower
1006:Pincer gate
953:Faussebraye
582:1989, p 105
371:New Windsor
313:during the
294:(1778–1782)
291:Great Chain
117:New England
36:chain booms
3191:Categories
3130:Honor Code
3125:Class ring
3118:Traditions
2956:Protestant
2877:Soccer (m)
2595:Gatekeeper
2415:Ordensburg
2387:Landesburg
2194:Sentry gun
2149:Flak tower
2079:Blast wall
1999:Gun turret
1896:Sally port
1801:Kotta mara
1741:Couvreface
1705:Breastwork
1700:Blockhouse
1678:Abwurfdach
1629:Watchtower
1619:Wall tower
1575:Shell keep
1525:Portcullis
1520:Peel tower
1505:Neck ditch
1464:Landesburg
1412:Half tower
1370:Gate tower
1315:Drawbridge
1157:Battlement
1073:Wagon fort
916:Chengqiang
698:2010-11-07
634:2008-04-19
533:References
399:volunteer
376:Including
182:West Point
107:Background
89:New Jersey
44:West Point
3160:The Corps
2988:Monuments
2978:Hayes Gym
2951:Old Cadet
2920:Tate Rink
2887:Rugby (m)
2805:Athletics
2775:Academics
2698:Guerrilla
2441:By design
2189:Revetment
2004:Land mine
1935:Star fort
1762:Crownwork
1757:Covertway
1690:Barricade
1331:Embrasure
1244:Chartaque
1174:Bergfried
1132:Arrowslit
958:Gatehouse
928:City gate
889:Castellum
855:Acropolis
712:Diamant,
609:Diamant,
578:Diamant,
565:Diamant,
407:Memorials
272:Governor
81:Manhattan
2973:Cemetery
2941:Catholic
2937:Chapels
2882:Softball
2862:Handball
2857:Football
2832:Baseball
2723:Category
2713:See also
2600:Loophole
2488:Ringwork
2483:Ringfort
2408:Obstacle
2249:Hillfort
2169:Loophole
1967:Barbette
1942:Tenaille
1925:Sea fort
1855:Presidio
1815:Magazine
1796:Hornwork
1729:Cavalier
1724:Casemate
1717:Caponier
1560:Ringwork
1448:Detinets
1417:Hoarding
1322:Enceinte
1197:Bretèche
1142:Bartizan
1137:Barbican
1113:Alcazaba
1041:Stockade
1021:Ringfort
1001:Palisade
973:Landwehr
968:Hillfort
760:Archived
718:Archived
651:Archived
613:, p. 122
595:Archived
550:Archived
521:, Scribd
382:clevises
263:Kingston
207:Fort Lee
85:Fort Lee
3102:current
3017:History
2968:Grounds
2630:Vedette
2620:Schloss
2585:Festung
2580:Dungeon
2575:Château
2519:Castles
2327:By role
2184:Pillbox
2014:Outpost
1930:Station
1918:Schanze
1901:Sandbag
1886:Redoubt
1870:Ravelin
1838:Palanka
1822:Orillon
1808:Lunette
1750:Coupure
1695:Bastion
1685:Arsenal
1653:Zwinger
1565:Roundel
1555:Ricetto
1530:Postern
1515:Outwork
1439:Kremlin
1310:Curtain
1285:Citadel
1269:Chemise
1229:Caltrop
1147:Bastion
1120:Alcázar
1016:Rampart
994:Oppidum
987:Nuraghe
933:Crannog
907:Castros
843:Ancient
488:in the
397:Patriot
378:swivels
359:Warwick
141:sounded
121:mortars
56:British
3070:Alumni
3063:People
2946:Jewish
2931:Campus
2625:Trench
2615:Picket
2026:Sangar
1979:Bunker
1911:Sconce
1831:Ostrog
1779:Flèche
1662:Modern
1641:Yagura
1609:Turret
1545:Reduit
1483:Merlon
1427:Kasbah
1405:Gusuku
1382:Glacis
1375:Gabion
1344:church
1251:Chashi
1234:Castle
1078:Laager
1066:Vallum
1023:(Rath)
898:Castra
880:Burgus
850:Abatis
670:
569:, 1989
83:, and
3140:Mules
2993:Plain
2845:Women
2666:Siege
2610:Palas
2554:Walls
2544:Forts
2507:Lists
2354:Fence
2296:Rocca
2164:Kabal
1879:Redan
1786:Gorge
1710:Canal
1587:Shiro
1550:Ribat
1540:Qalat
1352:Dzong
1348:house
1048:Sudis
980:Limes
938:Ditch
871:Broch
862:Agger
3169:Lore
3135:IOCT
2676:list
2094:Buoy
1648:Yett
1490:Moat
1457:Ksar
1432:Keep
1224:Caer
1214:Burh
1190:Boom
1183:Berm
1162:Bawn
1127:Amba
963:Gord
668:ISBN
348:tack
257:, a
243:boom
184:and
30:The
2840:Men
2787:DPE
948:Dun
473:’s
461:in
450:in
357:in
176:to
158:Lee
87:in
46:by
42:at
3193::
2715::
1350:,
1346:,
454:.
380:,
361:,
139:,
62:.
3083:"
3079:"
2758:e
2751:t
2744:v
1452:)
1444:(
1354:)
1081:)
1075:(
828:e
821:t
814:v
801:,
701:.
637:.
302:.
20:)
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