Hudson Terminal - Knowledge (XXG)

1644:, drilled to depths of between 75 and 98 feet (23 and 30 m), with an average depth of 80 feet (24 m). This required the underpinning of every building nearby. The caissons were made of reinforced concrete with 8-foot-thick (2.4 m) walls. At this location, the underlying rock layer descended a maximum of 110 feet (34 m) beneath Church Street. Within the interiors of the enclosed cofferdam, 115 circular pits and 32 rectangular pits were dug. The steel columns supporting the superstructure were then placed in the pits; they weighed up to 26 short tons (23 long tons; 24 t) and could carry loads of 1,725 short tons (1,540 long tons; 1,565 t). The entire lot area was then excavated to the second basement level. Part of the third basement was also excavated down to bedrock. Overall, 238,000 cubic yards (182,000 m) of earth were excavated manually and 80,000 cubic yards (61,000 m) excavated via caissons. 1225:

for flexibility. The additional tunnels were ultimately never built, and several subway tunnels were built very close to the Hudson Terminal complex. Track 5, the westernmost track, was used by baggage trains and was designated as the "emergency" track. The westernmost side platform, serving Track 5, was used for handling baggage, delivering coal, and depositing ashes from the buildings' power station. The easternmost side platform adjacent to track 1, as well as the island platforms between tracks 2/3 and 4/5, were used by alighting passengers only. The island platforms between tracks 1/2 and 3/4 were used by boarding passengers. The station was designed to accommodate a full trainload of 800 passengers every 90 seconds, the maximum capacity of the Downtown Tubes.

1648:(6.1 m). Some of the girders in the substructure were spaced irregularly because of the placement of the railroad platforms at the second basement level. Heavy sets of three distributing girders, encased in concrete, were used in these locations to support the weight of the Fulton and Cortlandt Buildings. Dey Street was carried above the mezzanine via a series of plate girders and I-beams, which formed a "skeleton platform" measuring about 180 ft (55 m) long by 27 ft (8.2 m) wide. The structure carrying Dey Street could accommodate loads of up to 1,400 psf (67 kPa). In total, the substructure included 11,000 cubic yards (8,400 m) of concrete and 6,267 short tons (5,596 long tons; 5,685 t) of structural steel. 1375:, the Hudson Terminal buildings preceded the original World Trade Center complex in both size and function. When the Hudson Terminal buildings opened, the height and design of skyscrapers was still heavily debated, and New York City skyscrapers were criticized for their bulk and density. Some of the city's early-20th-century skyscrapers were thus designed with towers, campaniles, or domes above a bulky base, while others were divided into two structures, as at Hudson Terminal. Furthermore, high real-estate costs made it impractical to build "anything but an office building" above the terminal. 1532: 1543: 1605:

the end of each of the island platforms. Each of the freight elevators had a capacity of 13,000 pounds (5,900 kg), while each of the island-platform elevators had a capacity of 8,000 to 13,000 pounds (3,600 to 5,900 kg). Thus, baggage could be transported to trains on any of the five tracks. The basements also contained a training school and break rooms for the H&M Railroad, as well as an ice-making plant, elevator hydraulic pumps, a generating plant, and a storage battery.

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the trains. The eastern side platform was 11.5 feet (3.5 m) wide because it was used only by alighting passengers from track 1, and the island platform for alighting passengers between tracks 4/5 was 13 feet (4.0 m) wide because track 5 was not used in regular service. The other three island platforms were 22 feet (6.7 m) wide because they each served two tracks that were used in regular passenger service. The engineers studied pedestrian traffic at the

1328: 548:. U.S. Steel, the post office, and six railroad companies occupied 309,000 square feet (28,700 m), or over a third of the total space in the buildings. The top floors of each building had private dining clubs: the Downtown Millionaires Club atop the Cortlandt Building and the Machinery Club atop the Fulton Building. With the exception of a brief period between 1922 and 1923, the terminal's post office operated until the United States Postal Annex at 773: 766: 759: 752: 1408:

on both buildings extended eastward from Church Street. The Cortlandt Building's light courts measured 32 by 76 feet (9.8 by 23.2 m), while the Fulton Building's light courts were 48 by 32 feet (14.6 by 9.8 m). The wings on either side of the light courts were of asymmetrical width. The main roofs of the buildings were carried to 275.75 feet (84.05 m) above ground. Small projecting "towers" with

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popular with New Jersey residents who wanted to travel to New York City. Passenger volume at Hudson Terminal had reached 30,535,500 annually by 1914, and within eight years, nearly doubled to 59,221,354. Several modifications were made to the complex in the years after its completion. Smaller annexes were added to the office buildings at some point after they opened, during the early or mid-20th century.

452: 37: 1486:) and a live load of 105 psf (5.0 kPa), for 200 psf (9.6 kPa) total, while the Cortlandt Building could carry a dead load of 85 psf (4.1 kPa) and a live load of 75 psf (3.6 kPa), for 160 psf (7.7 kPa) total. The columns were allowed to take a minimum stress of 11,500 psi (79,000 kPa) and a maximum stress of 13,000 psi (90,000 kPa). 1173: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1145: 745: 1180: 1137: 1101: 1087: 1073: 1059: 1045: 868: 854: 840: 826: 812: 737: 500:, the cofferdam was five times larger than any such structure previously constructed. At the time, there was a lot of office space being developed in Lower Manhattan, even as the area saw a decrease in real-estate transactions. The project was completed for $ 8 million (equivalent to $ 191 million in 2023). The buildings were owned by the H&M Railroad upon their completion. 1129: 1108: 1018: 1003: 993: 978: 968: 953: 943: 928: 918: 903: 875: 729: 708: 1094: 1080: 1066: 1052: 1038: 894: 861: 847: 833: 819: 805: 1518:

of office space on each floor; the Fulton Building had 18,000 square feet (1,700 m) per floor and the Cortlandt Building 26,000 square feet (2,400 m) per floor. The towers could house a combined ten thousand tenants across 4,000 offices. At ground level, the buildings contained glass-enclosed shopping arcades that were "much larger than the famous European arcades".

5039: 5025: 585:, on the opposite side of Lower Manhattan from Hudson Terminal. As an interstate agency, the Port Authority required approval for its projects from both New Jersey's and New York's state governments, but the New Jersey government objected that the proposed trade center would mostly benefit New York. In late 1961, Port Authority executive director 1565:, and an engine and boiler room for the substation. The depth of the H&M platforms was mandated by the city's Rapid Transit Railroad Commission. To provide space for potential north–south subway lines in Lower Manhattan, the roof of any "tunnel railroad" in the area had to be at least 20 feet (6.1 m) below any north–south street. 627:. The last remnant of the Hudson Terminal station was a cast-iron tube embedded in the original World Trade Center's foundation near Church Street. The tube was above the level of the PATH station and the station's replacement after the September 11 attacks. The cast-iron tube was removed in 2008 during the construction of the new 4210:"The Increasing Marvels of Lower Manhattan; Group of Skyscrapers Just Completed or in Process of Construction Will Add Seventy-seven Acres of Floor Space to City's Business Section. Caisson System of Building, First Used in 1892, Has Made the Giant Structures Possible by Overcoming Difficulties Caused by Manhattan's Sand Soil" 509: 476:

and filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against H&M in which they spent $ 20,000 (equivalent to $ 525,892 in 2023) on legal fees. By May 1906, H&M had taken title to most of the land. The 70,000 square feet (6,500 m) acquired for the complex had cost an average of $ 40 to $ 45 per square foot ($ 430 to $ 480/m).

1319:, though the IND station was operationally separate from the H&M station. Though the IND had also planned for a passageway between its Chambers Street station and the H&M's terminal in the original plan for the Eighth Avenue Line, a direct passageway to the Chambers Street station was not opened until 1949. 643:, which interoperated on H&M trackage. The railroad terminal's construction was overseen by Charles H. Jacobs, chief engineer, and J. Vipond Davies, deputy chief engineer. The terminal was two stories below street level and consisted of five tracks numbered 1–5 from east to west. The tracks were served by four 1266:

about 450 feet (140 m) to the west. The World Trade Center station could fit ten-car trains, and sat underneath Greenwich Street, which was oriented further northwestward compared to the Hudson Terminal station parallel to Church Street. Because it was longer than the Hudson Terminal station, a large

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was filled with glass. The top six stories of each building contained light-toned terracotta, as in the original plan. The corners of each building had light terracotta strips as well. Tall arches connected three of the top six stories. Because of the differing dimensions of the buildings, the Fulton

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The two buildings were otherwise designed similarly. The first through third stories of both buildings were parallelogram in plan, while the buildings contained H-shaped floor plans above the third story. The light courts of both buildings faced north and south, while the main corridors of each level

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The station had been built with five tracks because, at the time of its construction, there were plans to build another pair of tunnels under the Hudson River near the Downtown Tubes. The H&M anticipated that two terminal tracks would be needed for each pair of tunnels; the fifth track was needed

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connecting both of the Downtown Tubes. Trains entered from the south and exited from the north. The station ran perpendicularly to both of the Downtown Tubes, and at either end of the station, there were sharp curves to and from each tube, with track radii of 90 feet (27 m). The eastbound tunnel

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During the complex's existence, the buildings experienced several incidents. Within a year of the office building's opening, in 1909, a man died after falling from a window in the Fulton Building; other deaths from falling occurred in 1927 and 1940. A bag full of explosives was found in the terminal

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The basements were equipped with baggage handling facilities for the baggage trains traveling on Track 5. Two freight elevators carried baggage from Dey Street to the westernmost side platform or the baggage room in the third basement. Four elevators also transported baggage from the baggage room to

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to the north. Some low-rise buildings on Cortlandt Street were acquired to protect the views from the Hudson Terminal buildings. One landowner—the Wendel family, which owned a myriad of Manhattan properties—refused to sell their property, assessed at $ 75,000 (equivalent to $ 1,972,097 in 2023),

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With a total rentable floor space of 877,900 square feet (81,560 m), some of which was taken by the H&M Railroad, the Fulton and Cortlandt Buildings were collectively billed as the largest office building in the world by floor area. Each building contained 44,000 square feet (4,100 m)

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on the New York City Subway. If this extension had been built, it would have tripled the maximum number of trains that could go into the Hudson Terminal station. The sections of tunnel around the Hudson Terminal station were taken out of regular service when the World Trade Center station was built

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As completed, the buildings used 16.3 million bricks, 13,000 lighting fixtures, 15,200 doors, 5,000 windows, and 4,500 short tons (4,000 long tons; 4,100 t) of terracotta, as well as 1,300,000 square feet (120,000 m) of partitions and 1,100,000 cubic feet (31,000 m) of concrete

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Each of the platforms were 370 feet (110 m) long and could fit trains of eight 48.5-foot-long (14.8 m) cars. The platform widths were determined by the projected passenger loads for each track; the boarding platforms were wider than the alighting platforms and at least twice the width of

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By April 4, 1908, tenants started moving into the towers. Originally, the northern office building was called the Fulton Building while the southern office building was called the Cortlandt Building, reflecting the streets that they abutted. The H&M terminal opened on July 19, 1909, along with

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The towers had a combined 39 elevators, which could carry 30,000 people a day. This included 17 passenger elevators and a freight elevator in the Fulton Building, and 21 elevators in the Cortlandt Building. Of the 39 elevators in the buildings, 22 ran nonstop from the lobby to the eleventh floor

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proposed shifting the project to Hudson Terminal and taking over the H&M in exchange for New Jersey's agreement. On January 22, 1962, the two states reached an agreement to allow the Port Authority to take over the railroad, rebrand it as the Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH), and build the

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The main girders at the Hudson Terminal station's platform level were 48 inches (1,200 mm) deep with flanges 16 inches (410 mm) wide. The floor of this level was a Portland concrete slab 36 inches (910 mm) thick. The platforms contained columns at intervals of about every 20 feet

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to keep out water from the Hudson River. During excavation of the site and construction of the towers, the Downtown Tubes remained in service, with excavations continuing around and below the tunnels. The Hudson Terminal station closed on July 2, 1971, to allow a three-day maintenance period to

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was opened in 1949. The passageway measured 14 feet (4.3 m) wide and 90 feet (27 m) long. Construction contractor Great Atlantic Construction Company described the tunnel as "one of the most difficult of engineering feats", as the passageway had to pass above the H&M tunnels while

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The space in the office buildings was in high demand, and the offices were almost fully rented by 1911. The following year, McAdoo denied rumors that H&M would acquire the low-rise buildings on Greenwich Street to expand the Hudson Terminal buildings. Upon the tubes' opening, they were also

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gave slightly different measurements of 155.9 by 179.8 feet (48 by 55 m) for the Fulton Building and 214.35 by 186.3 feet (65 by 57 m) for the Cortlandt Building. By the mid-20th century, annexes had been added to both buildings, giving them a combined lot area of 85,802 square feet

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layout with platforms on both sides, thereby enabling passengers to exit trains from one side and enter from the other. This removed conflicts between departing and boarding passengers. The width of the station averaged 180 feet (55 m) from west to east, and the station measured 530 feet

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The buildings occupied most of the site bounded by Cortlandt Street to the south, Church Street to the east, and Fulton Street to the west, with the northern building at 50 Church Street and the southern building at 30 Church Street. The site was also abutted by several low-rise buildings on

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in 1915, with enough explosives to blow up several buildings of the Hudson Terminal towers' size. The elevators were also involved in several accidents: two people were slightly injured by a falling elevator in 1923, and a woman was killed two years later after being trapped in an elevator.

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shops. It measured 430 by 185 feet (131 by 56 m), much of which was open pedestrian space. The floor of the concourse was made of white terracotta with colored mosaic bands, while the columns and walls were made of plaster wainscoted with white terracotta. The concourse contained a

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Hudson Terminal's electrical substation consisted of two 1,500-kilowatt (2,000 hp) rotary converters for the railroad and four 750-kilowatt (1,010 hp) rotaries for the buildings. This equipment was placed 75.8 feet (23.1 m) below ground level at Church Street. From the

1287:. When a train passed through the tunnel, it pushed out the air in front of it toward the closest ventilation shaft, and also pulled air into the rail tunnel from the closest ventilation shaft behind it. The Hudson Terminal station also used fans to accelerate the movement of air. 4000: 347:

The buildings opened first, being the world's largest office buildings upon their completion, and the terminal station opened afterward. The H&M was successful until the mid-20th century, when it went bankrupt. The railroad and Hudson Terminal were acquired in 1962 by the

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large enough to fit one train. The cars required a clearance of 12 feet 6 inches (3.81 m) above the tops of the rails, while the floor of the tunnel was 24 inches (610 mm) below the tops of the rails. The single tubes of the Downtown Tubes enabled better

1253:(IRT)—contained curved platforms, whose gaps between platform and train posed a great liability to passenger safety. Illuminated departure signs on each platform displayed the destinations of the trains on each track. The station was lit by incandescent lamps throughout. 4435: 564:

H&M ridership declined substantially from a high of 113 million riders in 1927 to 26 million in 1958, after new automobile tunnels and bridges opened across the Hudson River. The H&M had gone bankrupt in 1954. The state of New Jersey wanted the

1572:. The original plans had called for one ramp each from Cortlandt and Fulton Streets and two from Dey Street, but the engineers deemed this to be impractical. There were also two bluestone staircases from Dey Street. At the end of each ramp or staircase, 569:

to take over the railroad, but the Port Authority had long viewed it as unprofitable. In 1958, the investment firm Koeppel & Koeppel offered to buy the terminal buildings for $ 15 million (equivalent to $ 122 million in 2023), as part of a

1395:, were the city's first skyscrapers to include an H-shaped floor plan, with interior "light courts" to provide illumination to interior offices. The buildings' land lots originally occupied a combined 70,000 square feet (6,500 m). According to the 1270:

curve was built from either tube to the World Trade Center station, surrounding the Hudson Terminal approach tracks. The sections of the tubes east of Greenwich Street were subsequently turned into loading docks serving 4 and 5 World Trade Center.

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Except at the platforms' extreme ends, the platforms contained straight edges to minimize the gap between train and platform. The straight section of each platform was 350 feet (110 m) long. Other stations on loops—including the

4686:"Checked Explosive in Hudson Terminal; Enough Nitroglycerine to Blow Up a Block Left There by a Yeggman on Jan. 19. Clerk Tossed It About and Detectives, Not Knowing Contents of Bag, Swung It Carelessly While Going Through Streets" 1664:

There were several incidents in the H&M station as well. In 1937, a 5-car H&M train crashed into a wall, injuring 33 passengers. Twenty-six people were injured in a 1962 crash between two H&M trains at the terminal.

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The two buildings were connected by a pedestrian bridge over the street on the third story of each building. A bridge connecting the buildings' 17th floors was approved and built in 1913, soon after the complex had opened.

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on the Hudson Terminal site, which was by then deemed obsolete. The World Trade Center project would include a new PATH station to replace the Hudson Terminal station, as well as a public plaza to replace the buildings.

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Excavations at the site of the office buildings were underway by early 1907, and the first columns for the substructure were placed in May 1907. Because of the presence of wet soil in the area, and the proximity of the

1637:. The foundation used irregular framing because of the presence of the tracks on the second basement level, and the cofferdam was said to be five times larger than any other similar structure previously constructed. 4747:"Elevator Crushes Woman to Death; Victim Faints as Express Car Starts, and is Caught Between the Floor and Shaft Door. Operator is Arrested Twelve Other Passengers Witness Accident in the Hudson Terminal Building" 1379:

Greenwich Street to the west. They were respectively called the Fulton Building and the Cortlandt Building, and were also collectively referred to as the Church Street Terminal. The buildings were separated by

6618: 1311:. The connection to the Sixth Avenue Line station, opened in September 1908, was via an elevated passageway from the third floor of the Cortlandt Building. In 1932, the Independent Subway System opened the 1514:

while the remainder served every floor below the eleventh. Three of the elevators continued to the underground concourse, although the elevators did not descend to the concourse except during emergencies.

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After the World Trade Center station opened, the sections of the Downtown Tubes between the Hudson Terminal and World Trade Center stations were taken out of service and turned into loading docks for the

6613: 6608: 6279: 1399:, the Fulton Building occupied a lot measuring about 156 by 154 feet (48 by 47 m), while the Cortlandt Building occupied a lot measuring about 213 by 170 feet (65 by 52 m). However, the 444:. In addition, low construction costs and low property values were considerations in selecting the location of the railroad's Lower Manhattan terminal. The H&M only searched for sites west of 6294: 6568: 2021:"Sites to Be Taken for Two Great Buildings; Tunnel Project at Church and Cortlandt Streets Now Affects an Area of 62,000 Square Feet – World's Largest Skyscrapers to be Built" 1441:

Building had eighteen bays facing Church Street and nineteen facing Dey Street, while the Cortlandt Building had twenty-two bays facing Church Street and twenty facing Cortlandt Street.

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and other congested areas to determine the design of the station's ramps and staircases. There were six stairs from each alighting platform and four stairs to each boarding platform.

436:. At the time, there was high passenger traffic between New Jersey and Lower Manhattan. Passenger and mass-transit traffic in Jersey City was concentrated around the neighborhood of 1493:, with cinder concrete fill and yellow-pine finish. Terracotta tile, brick, and concrete was used to encase the structural steel frame. The I-beams were supported by columns or on 6633: 6563: 545: 611:

used the empty Cortlandt Building for several fire safety tests, setting fires to collect data for fire safety. The Hudson Terminal complex was demolished by the end of 1972.

409:, which would become Hudson Terminal. Following the announcement of the Downtown Tubes, the rate of real estate purchases increased around Hudson Terminal's future location. 5242: 6623: 1568:

Four cement ramps, two each from Cortlandt and Fulton Streets, descended to the first basement level. The floor surface of each ramp is made of a compound of cement and

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Hudson Terminal was the first such development over a railroad or subway loop, but not the first development to be planned as such. A late-19th century plan for the

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skyscrapers above the terminal, the Fulton Building to the north and the Cortlandt Building to the south, were designed by architect James Hollis Wells of the firm

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Lower Manhattan's topography made it impossible for the H&M to build a "stub-end" terminal, with the tracks oriented on a west–east axis and terminating at

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protruding onto the sidewalk. According to Landau and Condit, "At full capacity, the Hudson Terminal could accommodate 687,000 people per day; in comparison,

6598: 6274: 2860:"Hudson Terminal Buildings Have 87% of Space Leased: Hudson & Manhattan Railroad Co. Will Re- Ceive $ 1,400,000 Annually From Buildings, Beginning May 1" 6583: 5097: 5287: 4781:"Elevator Crushes Woman to Death; Pens In Passengers: Miss Pearl Thompson Dies in Express Car in Hudson Terminal Bldg.; Operator Held on Homicide Charge" 4344: 607:. The World Trade Center station opened on July 6, 1971, west of the Hudson Terminal station. Just before the buildings' demolition, in early 1972, the 4880: 4847: 4746: 4619: 4209: 4149: 2503: 2459: 6284: 6132: 5682: 5657: 4685: 4247: 3021: 2758: 2020: 1960: 566: 349: 4988: 3454: 2988: 2955: 2341: 1875: 1454:

floor arches. Also included in the buildings were many miles of plumbing, steam piping, wood base, picture molding, conduits, and electrical wiring.

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predicted that the development of Hudson Terminal would result in the relocation of many manufacturing plants from New Jersey to Lower Manhattan.

68: 4652: 2684: 3341: 364:. While the buildings were demolished in 1972, the last remnants of the station were removed in the 2000s as part of the development of the new 6603: 6341: 6142: 5267: 5090: 5062: 1436:

supporting the roof cornice. As built, the lowest four stories of each building were made of polished granite and limestone; each ground level

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directly below the street. The second basement level contained the H&M platforms. The third and lowest level contained the baggage room,

5893: 5883: 5878: 1581: 337: 6289: 6127: 5592: 281:(H&M), as well as two 22-story office skyscrapers and three basement stories. The complex occupied much of a two-block site bounded by 6588: 5763: 5597: 5282: 5868: 591: 357: 5627: 5257: 3292: 1250: 6316: 5803: 604: 361: 5277: 3067:"Hudson Tubes File Bankruptcy Plea; H. & M. Line, Unable to Meet Debts, Acts to Reorganize – Losses Since '52 Cited" 207: 103: 3550: 5967: 5863: 5778: 5702: 5647: 5607: 5202: 1474:

of the Hudson Terminal buildings required over 28,000 short tons (25,000 long tons; 25,000 t) of steel, manufactured by the

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Land acquisition for the buildings started in December 1905. The Hudson Companies acquired most of the two blocks bounded by

413: 278: 2213:"Hudson Companies.: Chief Engineer's Report of Progress of Construction. Sixteen Thousand Feet of Tunnel Already Completed" 1861:

The Commercial & Financial Chronicle ...: A Weekly Newspaper Representing the Industrial Interests of the United States

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There were three stories of basements beneath the office buildings. The first basement level was a shopping and waiting

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Cover of folder containing time cards (timetables) for the H&M Railroad, with an illustration of the Hudson Terminal

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office skyscrapers above the H&M station. The buildings were designed by architect James Hollis Wells, of the firm

397:, New York City, that had been under construction intermittently since 1874. The Hudson Companies would also build the 6638: 6573: 6539: 6361: 6208: 6157: 5873: 5697: 5237: 437: 402: 199: 5743: 5207: 2315: 5000: 6517: 6442: 6422: 6198: 5292: 5043: 1658: 1280: 6457: 6427: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6336: 6203: 6188: 6002: 5823: 5818: 5783: 5687: 5622: 5347: 2342:"Real Estate in 1907.; Shrinkage of Nearly 40 Per Cent. in the Number of Conveyances in the Borough of Manhattan" 571: 525: 517:

the Downtown Tubes. The combined rail terminal and office block was the first of its kind anywhere in the world.

472: 468: 294: 290: 4881:"26 Hurt in Crash of 2 Tubes Trains; One Rams Into Back End of Second in Hudson Station --3 Persons in Hospital" 6482: 6477: 6467: 6462: 6397: 5954: 5602: 5055: 4923: 4620:"Salesman Jumps 19 Stories to Death; Falls From the Twenty-third Floor of Hudson Terminal to Roof of Extension" 3584: 3106: 2989:"Postoffice Opens Downtown Monday; Annex Combining 2 Big Units Will Occupy Five Floors of New Federal Building" 2759:"New Link Opened, to Aid Commuters; Underpass at Hudson Terminal Also Leads to Platform of Chambers St. Subway" 1634: 1462: 1429: 5582: 6447: 6437: 6331: 5992: 5828: 5758: 5612: 2178: 1475: 1372: 1356: 1332: 390: 298: 540:

Early tenants of the Hudson Terminal buildings included companies in the railroad industry; the offices of

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Groundbreaking on the World Trade Center took place in 1966, and as with the Hudson Terminal buildings, a

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The Port of New York: A history of the rail terminal system from the beginnings to Pennsylvania Station

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The relations of railways to city development; papers read before the American Institute of Architects

2597:"Hudson Terminal Buildings.: About 99 Per Cent. Of Space Occupied and Surplus for Year is $ 1,059,282" 2504:"Under the Hudson by Four Tubes Now; Second Pair of McAdoo Tunnels to Jersey City Will Open To-morrow" 1542: 6402: 6259: 6218: 6053: 5888: 5853: 5833: 5667: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5272: 5187: 1939: 1937: 1246: 624: 620: 616: 445: 417: 369: 6366: 6326: 5387: 5177: 4255: 3683: 3455:"Firemen Set a Blaze in an Empty 22‐Story Building Here to Test the Safety of Stairwell Evacuation" 1618: 1577: 1360: 534: 386: 325: 2670: 1876:"$ 100,000,000 Capital for M'Adoo Tunnels; Railroad Commission Agrees to Issuance of Big Mortgage" 1827:"Buying by Speculators Near Tunnel Terminal; Frequent Purchases on Dey, Fulton, and Vesey Streets" 1327: 6452: 6311: 5768: 5302: 5247: 4719: 4150:"Hudson Tube Terminal Plans Are Announced; Largest Office Building in the World at Manhattan End" 4090: 3886: 3610: 1437: 1336: 544:; and some departments of New York City's general post office, which had been crowded out of its 441: 353: 3131: 2859: 2596: 1768:"$ 21,000,000 Company for Hudson Tunnels; Will Also Build Ninth Street and Sixth Avenue Subways" 4360: 3752: 1261:

The station tunnels contained provisions for an unbuilt extension northward to what is now the

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was built around the site of the Hudson Terminal buildings. According to architectural writers

6507: 6213: 6083: 6007: 5838: 5813: 5712: 5567: 5457: 5437: 4976: 4966: 4937: 4927: 4888: 4855: 4822: 4754: 4693: 4660: 4627: 4454: 4327: 4217: 4157: 4117: 4089:. Vol. 49, no. 195. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 164–187. 4041: 4019: 3942: 3780: 3618: 3558: 3462: 3429: 3384: 3349: 3300: 3266: 3229: 3192: 3140: 3110: 3029: 2996: 2963: 2930: 2868: 2799: 2766: 2692: 2605: 2556: 2511: 2467: 2385: 2349: 2221: 2186: 2087: 2062: 2028: 1968: 1916: 1883: 1859: 1834: 1775: 1592:

The concourse, on the first basement level, contained ticket offices, waiting rooms, and some

1421: 1242: 668:

ran under Cortlandt Street and the westbound tunnel ran two blocks north under Fulton Street.

433: 394: 341: 2552: 1331:

This view from the southwest shows how Hudson Terminal was situated on what would become the

552:

opened two blocks north in 1937. Space in the buildings was also occupied by agencies of the

448:, since there were more transit connections and fewer existing buildings west of that street. 6512: 6432: 5587: 5577: 5527: 5507: 5407: 5402: 5392: 5377: 5372: 5192: 4917: 1505:

described as "a moment of stiffness equal or somewhat superior to the depth of the girder".

1364: 652: 644: 549: 460: 425: 421: 305: 282: 274: 577:

The Port Authority ultimately took over the H&M as part of an agreement concerning the

412:

The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company was incorporated in December 1906 to operate the

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In January 1905, the Hudson Companies was incorporated for the purpose of completing the

2664: 1949:. Permanent WTC PATH Terminal: Environmental Impact Statement. 2007. p. 1.2 to 1.3. 1295:

When the Hudson Terminal buildings opened, direct transfers were available to the IRT's

6068: 5748: 5692: 5537: 5532: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5497: 5482: 5472: 5467: 5442: 5412: 5217: 5172: 5162: 4959: 1713: 1622: 1471: 1348: 623:

buildings on Church Street. The original PATH station was destroyed in 2001 during the

497: 153: 6552: 6487: 6472: 6037: 5947: 5935: 5382: 5126: 3099: 3022:"Big Space Taken by U.S. Agencies; 180,000 Square Feet Leased at 30 and 50 Church St" 1483: 1284: 1275: 648: 336:, and baggage areas. The complex could accommodate 687,000 people per day, more than 270: 258: 2545: 2094:. Library of American civilization. No. v. 39. S.S. McClure. 1912. p. 136. 1478:. The superstructure of the Fulton Building was intended to carry a dead load of 95 1412:

rose from the Church Street side of both buildings, rising to 304 feet (93 m).

1383:, since the city government would not allow the street to be closed and eliminated. 6492: 6058: 6017: 5941: 5562: 5197: 1633:

The O'Rourke Engineering and Contracting Company were hired to build the complex's

1494: 664: 660: 493: 485: 317: 36: 1371:

were retained as the structural engineers. Located on what would later become the

451: 4793: 2811: 2734: 1944: 6497: 5738: 5557: 5487: 5462: 5452: 5222: 5167: 4848:"21 Hurt in Accident in Hudson Terminal; Car Jumps Tracks and Crashes Into Wall" 4598: 3396: 2956:"To Restore Post Office.; Hudson Terminal Branch Will Have Increased Facilities" 2233: 1708: 1573: 1569: 1433: 1392: 599: 6417: 5961: 5422: 5397: 5157: 4780: 2721: 1409: 1380: 582: 541: 405:

neighborhood, as well as a terminal station and a pair of office buildings in

309: 157: 4941: 4892: 4859: 4826: 4758: 4697: 4664: 4631: 4585: 4221: 4161: 4121: 4045: 3622: 3562: 3466: 3433: 3388: 3375: 3353: 3304: 3270: 3233: 3196: 3144: 3033: 3000: 2967: 2934: 2872: 2803: 2770: 2696: 2609: 2515: 2471: 2389: 2353: 2225: 2212: 2190: 2066: 2032: 1972: 1920: 1887: 1838: 1779: 1747:, ultimately completed in 1914, had included office space over a subway loop. 1621:

transmitted power to Hudson Terminal, where it was converted to 625 volts of

83: 70: 6063: 5122: 4980: 4948:

Davies, J Vipond; Wells, J Hollis (January 19, 1910). "A Terminal Station".

3514: 3488: 2922: 2896: 2825: 2630: 2427: 1800: 1558: 1267: 581:. The Port Authority had initially proposed constructing the complex on the 489: 356:. The Port Authority agreed to demolish Hudson Terminal to make way for the 262: 55: 3682:. Vol. 84, no. 2158. July 24, 1909. pp. 163–164 – via 1601:, concealing some utility pipes and wires placed beneath the main ceiling. 1489:

The floors were generally made of reinforced concrete slabs placed between

332:

style. The basements contained facilities such as a shopping concourse, an

5038: 4653:"Dies in 11-story Leap; Jobless Civil Engineer Leaps From Hudson Terminal" 4346:

Minutes of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment of the City of New York

2322:. No. 27. Electric Railroaders Association. August 1959. pp. 5–6 1661:

executive Taylor S. Gay was also shot and killed in the terminal in 1962.

675: 6193: 5432: 3943:"Opening of the Jersey City Branch of the Hudson & Manhattan Tunnels" 432:, three of the five major railroad terminals on the western shore of the 1490: 1425: 1335:. The terminal is at center-left; in the background to its left is the 4254:. Vol. 77, no. 1994. June 2, 1906. p. 1043 – via 4094: 4083:"The Tunnel Construction of the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Company" 1551:

Floor plans of the concourse, ground floor, and third/mezzanine floors

5082: 1593: 1498: 321: 3132:"Hudson & Manhattan Offered $ 15,250,000 For 2 Office Buildings" 360:, and the railroad station closed in 1971, being replaced by PATH's 1501:

of the beams and girders were riveted to the columns with what the

3815:"The Public Be Pleased: William Gibbs McAdoo and the Hudson Tubes" 1576:

designed a large clock face, and there was also a steel and glass

1461: 1326: 1274:

To the north and south of the station, each end of the loop had a

507: 450: 1640:

The perimeter of the foundation was excavated using 51 pneumatic

4547: 4530: 4494: 4482: 4401: 3901: 3843: 3795: 3585:"Decisive action by PATH employees kept 9/11 riders from danger" 2262: 2146: 2111: 1614: 6239: 6109: 5916: 5137: 5086: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 4252:

The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide

3680:

The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide

3342:"A Section of the Hudson Tubes Is Turned Into Elevated Tunnel" 4815:"Oil Official Dies of Gunshot; Secretary's Brother Arraigned" 4343:

New York (N Y. ) Board of Estimate and Apportionment (1913).

3782:

The Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer

3753:"The Church Street Terminal Buildings for the Hudson Tunnels" 3325:

Iglauer, Edith (November 4, 1972). "The Biggest Foundation".

2551:. The Port of New York. University of Chicago Press. p. 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3747: 3745: 3743: 1432:

above. The original proposal included rows of triple-height

4349:. M. B. Brown Printing & Binding Company. p. 3030. 3101:

Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center

1946:

Permanent WTC PATH Terminal: Environmental Impact Statement

663:. Therefore, the Hudson Terminal station was arranged as a 639:

The terminal served H&M trains as well as those of the

4204: 4202: 440:, while traffic in Lower Manhattan was centered south of 6619:

Railway stations located underground in New York (state)

2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 5005:. American Institute of Architects. December 16, 1909. 1584:(1902–1910) was designed with a capacity of 500,000." 4110:"Gay Midnight Crowd Rides First Trains in the Subway" 3891:. Co-Operative Architects. November 1907. p. 15. 3376:"PATH Station Will Close Friday for 3-Day Changeover" 3293:"World Trade Center Rising In Noisy, Confusing World" 183: 6614:

Railway stations in the United States opened in 1909

6609:

Railway stations in the United States closed in 1971

3219:"Port Unit Backs Linking of H&M and Other Lines" 2891: 2889: 304:

The railroad terminal contained five tracks and six

273:. Opened during 1908 and 1909, it was composed of a 6375: 6354: 6250: 6166: 6120: 6046: 5979: 5927: 5726: 5363: 5148: 5017: 2794:"Ind. Subway Station Link To Hudson Tubes Opened". 236: 171: 148: 140: 130: 125: 117: 109: 99: 62: 51: 46: 23: 5243:Firehouse, Engine Company 10 and Ladder Company 10 4958: 4779: 4718: 4584: 4571: 4386: 4301: 4001:"To Open the Downtown Tunnels to Jersey on June 1" 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3722: 3611:"Another Ghost from Ground Zero's Past Fades Away" 3374: 3130: 3098: 2858: 2720: 2595: 2544: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2211: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1420:The designs for the buildings' facades called for 420:, which would use the tubes. The system connected 4995:. Vol. 56. August 3, 1907. pp. 121–123. 4478: 4476: 4087:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3551:"Below Ground Zero, Stirrings of Past and Future" 3256:"2 States Agree on Hudson Tubes and Trade Center" 416:(H&M), a passenger railroad system headed by 6569:Demolished buildings and structures in Manhattan 3182:"A World Center of Trade Mapped Off Wall Street" 3092: 3090: 3088: 1497:. Large wind braces were not used; instead, the 603:divert service to its replacement, the original 533:avoiding various pipes, wires, water mains, and 4064: 4062: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3854: 3852: 3169:. New York: Ziff Davis Publishing. p. 346. 1707:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 4952:. Vol. 97, no. 1778. pp. 32–38. 4242: 4240: 4238: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2789: 2787: 2753: 2751: 2715: 2713: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2372: 2370: 1625:for the railroad and 240V DC for the offices. 16:Former building complex in Manhattan, New York 5253:New York County Lawyers' Association Building 5098: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4297: 8: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4467: 4397: 4395: 4382: 4380: 4326:Architects Council of New York City (1909). 4313: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4181: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 2582: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2293: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1466:Floor plan of the third and mezzanine floors 401:, which included a station in Jersey City's 6634:Transportation in Hudson County, New Jersey 6564:Buildings and structures demolished in 1972 4559: 4511: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4193: 3965:"Abandoned Stations : Hudson Terminal" 3922: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3858: 3515:"College Works With Firemen in Safety Test" 2165: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2055:"Before the Trumps, There Were the Wendels" 2007: 1686:The H&M was also intended to serve the 6247: 6236: 6117: 6106: 5924: 5913: 5683:Lee, Higginson & Company Bank Building 5288:Trinity and United States Realty Buildings 5145: 5134: 5105: 5091: 5083: 5049: 4989:"The Hudson Companies' Building, New York" 4961:Rise of the New York Skyscraper, 1865–1913 3958: 3956: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 1391:The Hudson Terminal buildings, along with 697: 233: 177: 35: 20: 6133:Leadership and Public Service High School 5658:Federal Reserve Bank of New York Building 3785:. McGraw Publishing Company. p. 108. 3254:Wright, George Cable (January 23, 1962). 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 1339:; in the background to its right are the 1136: 1128: 736: 728: 567:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 350:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 188: 180: 6624:Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan 6028:Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden 4965:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3583:The Associated Press (August 20, 2011). 2631:"Many Good Sales Show Broadening Market" 2088:"John G. Wendel, Old School Millionaire" 1611:Hudson and Manhattan Railroad Powerhouse 1347:; and in the foreground to its right is 261:station and office-tower complex in the 4957:Landau, Sarah; Condit, Carl W. (1996). 3217:Grutzner, Charles (December 29, 1961). 2685:"315,724,808 Came or Left City in 1922" 1909:"McAdoo Co. May Use Pennsylvania Depot" 1759: 1679: 1363:, and built by construction contractor 656:(160 m) long from north to south. 5014: 4068: 3888:Shoppell's Homes, Decorations, Gardens 3734: 3642: 3340:Carroll, Maurice (December 30, 1968). 3180:Grutzner, Charles (January 27, 1960). 3053: 1355:Hudson Terminal included two 22-story 579:construction of the World Trade Center 4786:The New York Herald, New York Tribune 4548:American Institute of Architects 1909 4531:American Institute of Architects 1909 4495:American Institute of Architects 1909 4483:American Institute of Architects 1909 4402:American Institute of Architects 1909 3902:American Institute of Architects 1909 3844:American Institute of Architects 1909 3796:American Institute of Architects 1909 3759:. David Williams. 1906. p. 1638. 3609:Dunlap, David W. (October 26, 2008). 3291:Burks, Edward C. (October 19, 1971). 2263:American Institute of Architects 1909 2147:American Institute of Architects 1909 2112:American Institute of Architects 1909 7: 6559:1908 establishments in New York City 6128:High School of Economics and Finance 5799:Knickerbocker Trust Company Building 5678:Keuffel & Esser Company Building 5593:Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House 5063:Largest office building in the world 4108:Crowell, Paul (September 10, 1932). 1690:, but this connection was not built. 6599:Railroad terminals in New York City 5598:American Bank Note Company Building 5268:St. George's Syrian Catholic Church 3779:Wingate, C.F.; Meyer, H.C. (1909). 308:serving H&M trains to and from 6584:Office buildings completed in 1908 6138:Léman Manhattan Preparatory School 5343:St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church 5258:Old New York Evening Post Building 4788:. September 18, 1925. p. 18. 3813:Fitzherbert, Anthony (June 1964). 3673:"The Most Notable Work of the Era" 3549:Dunlap, David W. (July 25, 2005). 2458:Taft, William H. (July 20, 1909). 1251:Interborough Rapid Transit Company 772: 765: 758: 751: 354:Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) 352:, which rebranded the railroad as 14: 5804:Manhattan Life Insurance Building 5278:St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church 3949:. McGraw-Hill. 1909. p. 182. 3819:Electric Railroaders' Association 3489:"Chiefs Play Arson in Skyscraper" 3419:"New PATH Station Opens Downtown" 3417:Burks, Edward C. (July 7, 1971). 3139:. December 30, 1958. p. 11. 1961:"M'Adoo To Extend Hudson Tunnels" 1263:34th Street–Herald Square station 1172: 1165: 1158: 1151: 1144: 779: 744: 5864:Western Union Telegraph Building 5703:New York Stock Exchange Building 5648:Excelsior Power Company Building 5203:American Stock Exchange Building 5037: 5023: 3521:. December 10, 1972. p. 154 3165:Levinson, Leonard Louis (1961). 2604:. December 19, 1911. p. 6. 2220:. February 14, 1907. p. 6. 1864:. William B. Dana Company. 1914. 1541: 1530: 1283:of the station by the so-called 1179: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1143: 1135: 1127: 1106: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1078: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1016: 1001: 991: 976: 966: 951: 941: 926: 916: 901: 892: 873: 867: 866: 859: 853: 852: 845: 839: 838: 831: 825: 824: 817: 811: 810: 803: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 735: 727: 706: 554:United States federal government 320:, to the west. The two 22-story 312:; these trains traveled via the 6629:Transit hubs serving New Jersey 5338:Perelman Performing Arts Center 5029:A 1967 photo of Hudson Terminal 3487:Lee, Vincent (April 16, 1972). 2729:. January 27, 1945. p. 8. 2637:. February 29, 1912. p. 12 2316:"Hudson and Manhattan Railroad" 1728:Gross Domestic Product deflator 1424:cladding below the fifth-floor 1309:Cortlandt and Greenwich Streets 1107: 874: 707: 605:World Trade Center PATH station 414:Hudson & Manhattan Railroad 279:Hudson & Manhattan Railroad 6179:Federal Hall National Memorial 5653:Federal Hall National Memorial 5508:56 Beaver Street (Delmonico's) 5213:Bowling Green Offices Building 4727:. October 14, 1923. p. 16 4436:"Directors Quit New York Life" 2903:. February 16, 1908. p. 6 2832:. January 24, 1907. p. 14 2798:. March 16, 1949. p. 24. 2691:. April 15, 1923. p. E1. 2666:Passenger Terminals and Trains 2428:"A $ 5,000,000 Tunnel Station" 2053:Satow, Julie (April 8, 2016). 1807:. January 10, 1905. p. 14 1093: 1079: 1065: 1051: 1037: 893: 860: 846: 832: 818: 804: 41:Hudson Terminal towers in 1910 1: 6604:Railway stations in Manhattan 4919:Rails Under the Mighty Hudson 4010:. January 17, 1909. p. 1 2867:. April 15, 1910. p. 7. 1709:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 609:New York City Fire Department 185:Hudson and Manhattan Railroad 5673:John Street Methodist Church 5618:Chamber of Commerce Building 5263:Robert and Anne Dickey House 5075:Manhattan Municipal Building 4081:Davies, John Vipond (1910). 3383:. June 28, 1971. p. 3. 3097:Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). 2663:Droege, John Albert (1916). 1745:Manhattan Municipal Building 1301:Cortlandt and Church Streets 208:Park Place – Hudson Terminal 104:Park Place – Hudson Terminal 6540:Manhattan Community Board 1 6362:Downtown Manhattan Heliport 6209:New York City Police Museum 6158:Pine Street School New York 5698:New York City Police Museum 4593:. May 19, 1909. p. 1. 3529:– via newspapers.com. 3503:– via newspapers.com. 2944:– via newspapers.com. 2929:. July 1, 1908. p. 3. 2911:– via newspapers.com. 2897:"Under the River to Jersey" 2840:– via newspapers.com. 2826:"For Uptown Plot $ 550,000" 2645:– via newspapers.com. 2442:– via newspapers.com. 1815:– via newspapers.com. 488:immediately to the west, a 6655: 6589:PATH stations in Manhattan 6199:Museum of American Finance 4922:(2nd ed.), New York: 4445:. April 9, 1908. p. 4 3828:– via nycsubway.org. 2434:. April 3, 1907. p. 8 2179:"In the Real Estate Field" 1659:Phillips Petroleum Company 1613:in Jersey City, an 11,000- 1257:Surrounding infrastructure 362:World Trade Center station 6534: 6337:Battery Maritime Building 6246: 6235: 6204:Museum of Jewish Heritage 6189:George Gustav Heye Center 6116: 6105: 6003:Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza 5923: 5912: 5824:New York Tribune Building 5819:New York Produce Exchange 5784:Hanover National Building 5623:Continental Bank Building 5348:Vehicular Security Center 5144: 5133: 5120: 5071: 5060: 5052: 5022: 4916:Cudahy, Brian J. (2002), 1187: 1119: 1115: 1030: 1026: 886: 882: 797: 787: 719: 715: 700: 574:hearing for the H&M. 526:Independent Subway System 381:Planning and construction 297:, which later became the 243: 232: 228: 224: 176: 167: 163: 34: 6290:South Ferry/Whitehall St 5918:Other points of interest 5744:Barnum's American Museum 5603:American Surety Building 5056:Ellicott Square Building 4924:Fordham University Press 4468:Landau & Condit 1996 4314:Landau & Condit 1996 4269:Landau & Condit 1996 4182:Landau & Condit 1996 3704:Landau & Condit 1996 3107:Rutgers University Press 2669:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 2583:Landau & Condit 1996 2294:Landau & Condit 1996 2135:Landau & Condit 1996 5987:Austin J. Tobin Plaza‎‎ 5829:New York World Building 5764:Equitable Life Building 5759:City Investing Building 5708:New York Times Building 5613:Broad Exchange Building 5283:Transportation Building 4572:Engineering Record 1907 4560:Davies & Wells 1910 4512:Davies & Wells 1910 4423:Davies & Wells 1910 4387:Engineering Record 1907 4302:Engineering Record 1907 4248:"Three Great Contracts" 4194:Davies & Wells 1910 3923:Davies & Wells 1910 3859:Davies & Wells 1910 3723:Engineering Record 1907 2796:New York Herald Tribune 2727:New York Herald Tribune 2166:Davies & Wells 1910 2008:Davies & Wells 1910 1801:"Tunnel Companies Join" 1476:American Bridge Company 1373:World Trade Center site 1333:World Trade Center site 530:Chambers Street station 434:Hudson River waterfront 391:Jersey City, New Jersey 299:World Trade Center site 134:July 19, 1909 (station) 6280:Rector St/Greenwich St 6143:Millennium High School 6033:Vietnam Veterans Plaza 6013:Imagination Playground 5734:Alexander Macomb House 5298:Trinity Court Building 5233:Downtown Athletic Club 5208:Barclay–Vesey Building 4950:The American Architect 4753:. September 18, 1925. 4659:. September 14, 1940. 4362:Journal of Proceedings 4329:The New York Architect 4040:. September 16, 1910. 2995:. September 29, 1937. 1480:pounds per square foot 1467: 1352: 560:Decline and demolition 513: 456: 136:April 4, 1908 (towers) 6594:Pennsylvania Railroad 6148:New York Film Academy 6023:Louise Nevelson Plaza 5638:Down Town Association 4803:– via ProQuest. 4735:– via ProQuest. 4608:– via ProQuest. 4156:. December 23, 1906. 3406:– via ProQuest. 3154:– via ProQuest. 2882:– via ProQuest. 2744:– via ProQuest. 2619:– via ProQuest. 2543:Condit, C.W. (1980). 2384:. September 2, 1908. 2243:– via ProQuest. 2027:. November 19, 1905. 1915:. September 2, 1908. 1882:. December 12, 1906. 1833:. February 26, 1905. 1563:electrical substation 1465: 1330: 1305:Ninth Avenue elevated 1297:Sixth Avenue elevated 1218:Map is not to scale. 641:Pennsylvania Railroad 511: 455:Original H&M plan 454: 399:Downtown Hudson Tubes 334:electrical substation 314:Downtown Hudson Tubes 84:40.71167°N 74.01167°W 6408:Church/Trinity Place 6285:Rector St/Trinity Pl 6219:South Street Seaport 6054:Brasserie Les Halles 5854:Tontine Coffee House 5834:Pearl Street Station 5668:Home Insurance Plaza 5188:125 Greenwich Street 5046:at Wikimedia Commons 4887:. October 16, 1962. 4692:. February 2, 1915. 4626:. October 11, 1927. 4365:. 1913. p. 3611 1967:. October 21, 1908. 1774:. January 10, 1905. 1582:Pennsylvania Station 1247:New York City Subway 672:Platforms and tracks 625:September 11 attacks 621:5 World Trade Center 617:4 World Trade Center 524:A passageway to the 418:William Gibbs McAdoo 370:September 11 attacks 338:Pennsylvania Station 6367:Wall Street Skyport 6327:Pier 11/Wall Street 5583:170–176 John Street 5388:1 Wall Street Court 5183:94 Greenwich Street 5178:88 Greenwich Street 4854:. August 23, 1937. 4574:, pp. 121–133. 4316:, pp. 326–327. 4216:. October 6, 1907. 3519:New York Daily News 3493:New York Daily News 3381:Wall Street Journal 3137:Wall Street Journal 3073:. November 20, 1954 2962:. January 3, 1923. 2923:"Mails Crowded Out" 2865:Wall Street Journal 2602:Wall Street Journal 2348:. January 5, 1908. 2218:Wall Street Journal 1730:figures follow the 1688:Communipaw Terminal 1619:alternating current 1458:Structural features 1369:Purdy and Henderson 1361:Clinton and Russell 651:. All tracks had a 389:, a tunnel between 387:Uptown Hudson Tubes 326:Clinton and Russell 89:40.71167; -74.01167 80: / 47:General information 6639:World Trade Center 6574:Former skyscrapers 6342:Whitehall Terminal 6317:World Trade Center 6295:Wall St/William St 6079:Rolfe's Chop House 5869:World Trade Center 5769:Gillender Building 5643:Equitable Building 5628:Continental Center 5308:World Trade Center 5303:Whitehall Building 5248:James Watson House 5114:Financial District 4993:Engineering Record 4885:The New York Times 4852:The New York Times 4819:The New York Times 4751:The New York Times 4690:The New York Times 4657:The New York Times 4624:The New York Times 4214:The New York Times 4154:The New York Times 4114:The New York Times 4038:The New York Times 3615:The New York Times 3555:The New York Times 3461:. April 16, 1972. 3459:The New York Times 3426:The New York Times 3346:The New York Times 3297:The New York Times 3263:The New York Times 3226:The New York Times 3189:The New York Times 3071:The New York Times 3028:. March 23, 1962. 3026:The New York Times 2993:The New York Times 2960:The New York Times 2927:The New York Times 2765:. March 16, 1949. 2763:The New York Times 2689:The New York Times 2508:The New York Times 2464:The New York Times 2382:The New York Times 2346:The New York Times 2320:Electric Railroads 2183:The New York Times 2092:McClure's Magazine 2059:The New York Times 2025:The New York Times 1965:The New York Times 1913:The New York Times 1880:The New York Times 1831:The New York Times 1772:The New York Times 1503:Engineering Record 1468: 1404:(7,971.3 m). 1397:Engineering Record 1353: 1345:Equitable Building 1337:Woolworth Building 1317:Eighth Avenue Line 629:World Trade Center 592:World Trade Center 514: 478:The New York Times 457: 442:New York City Hall 366:World Trade Center 358:World Trade Center 330:Romanesque Revival 189:Following station 181:Preceding station 6546: 6545: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6214:Skyscraper Museum 6101: 6100: 6097: 6096: 6008:Hudson River Park 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5839:St. Paul Building 5814:Mortimer Building 5713:Park Row Building 5568:150 Nassau Street 5543:90–94 Maiden Lane 5458:28 Liberty Street 5438:20 Exchange Place 5364:East of Broadway/ 5273:St. Paul's Chapel 5149:West of Broadway/ 5081: 5080: 5072:Succeeded by 5042:Media related to 5034: 5033: 4972:978-0-300-07739-1 4933:978-0-82890-257-1 4821:. June 13, 1962. 4562:, pp. 36–37. 4497:, pp. 41–42. 4485:, pp. 42–43. 4455:Fultonhistory.com 4196:, pp. 34–35. 4020:Fultonhistory.com 3963:Brennan, Joseph. 3861:, pp. 35–36. 3798:, pp. 33–34. 3737:, pp. 59–60. 3116:978-0-8135-2742-0 2562:978-0-226-11460-6 2510:. July 18, 1909. 2185:. July 14, 1907. 1652:Notable incidents 1422:Indiana limestone 1222: 1221: 1213: 1212: 504:Opening and usage 471:to the east, and 395:Midtown Manhattan 342:Midtown Manhattan 251: 250: 247: 246: 220: 219: 6646: 6300:Wall St/Broadway 6248: 6237: 6118: 6107: 5980:Parks and plazas 5928:Arts and culture 5925: 5914: 5779:Government House 5727:Former buildings 5608:Bennett Building 5588:250 Water Street 5578:161 Water Street 5528:63 Nassau Street 5408:5 Beekman Street 5403:2 New York Plaza 5393:1 William Street 5378:1 New York Plaza 5373:1 Hanover Square 5193:130 Cedar Street 5146: 5135: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5084: 5053:Preceded by 5050: 5041: 5027: 5026: 5015: 5006: 4996: 4984: 4964: 4953: 4944: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4844: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4783: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4725:New-York Tribune 4722: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4649: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4591:New-York Tribune 4588: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4551: 4545: 4534: 4528: 4515: 4509: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4452: 4450: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4405: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4244: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4005: 3997: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3969:www.columbia.edu 3960: 3951: 3950: 3947:Electrical World 3939: 3926: 3920: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3883: 3862: 3856: 3847: 3841: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3810: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3776: 3761: 3760: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3707: 3701: 3688: 3687: 3677: 3669: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3546: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3423: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3223: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3186: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3104: 3094: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2862: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2830:New-York Tribune 2822: 2816: 2815: 2791: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2755: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2724: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2660: 2647: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2599: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2550: 2540: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2500: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2455: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2432:New-York Tribune 2424: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2312: 2297: 2291: 2266: 2260: 2245: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2215: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2115: 2109: 2096: 2095: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1984: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1805:New-York Tribune 1797: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1764: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1704: 1691: 1684: 1545: 1534: 1428:, and brick and 1401:New-York Tribune 1365:George A. Fuller 1357:Romanesque-style 1245:stations of the 1182: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1096: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1074: 1068: 1067: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1020: 1019: 1005: 1004: 995: 994: 980: 979: 970: 969: 955: 954: 945: 944: 930: 929: 920: 919: 905: 904: 896: 895: 877: 876: 870: 869: 863: 862: 856: 855: 849: 848: 842: 841: 835: 834: 828: 827: 821: 820: 814: 813: 807: 806: 782: 781: 775: 774: 768: 767: 761: 760: 754: 753: 747: 746: 739: 738: 731: 730: 710: 709: 698: 676: 653:Spanish solution 645:island platforms 635:Railroad station 550:90 Church Street 465:Cortlandt Street 461:Greenwich Street 275:terminal station 265:neighborhood of 234: 178: 95: 94: 92: 91: 90: 85: 81: 78: 77: 76: 73: 39: 21: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6522: 6371: 6355:Other transport 6350: 6252: 6242: 6223: 6184:Fraunces Tavern 6174:China Institute 6162: 6153:Pace University 6112: 6093: 6089:The Dead Rabbit 6074:Fraunces Tavern 6042: 5975: 5955:Four Continents 5919: 5900: 5844:Singer Building 5794:Kemble Building 5774:Gilsey Building 5722: 5718:Potter Building 5663:Fraunces Tavern 5633:Corbin Building 5573:161 Maiden Lane 5553:120 Wall Street 5548:116 John Street 5503:55 Water Street 5493:55 Broad Street 5478:45 Broad Street 5448:25 Water Street 5428:17 State Street 5418:15 Broad Street 5365: 5359: 5238:Empire Building 5228:Cunard Building 5150: 5140: 5129: 5116: 5111: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5058: 5044:Hudson Terminal 5024: 5013: 4999: 4987: 4973: 4956: 4947: 4934: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4897: 4895: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4846: 4845: 4841: 4831: 4829: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4796: 4778: 4777: 4773: 4763: 4761: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4717: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4651: 4650: 4646: 4636: 4634: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4583: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4558: 4554: 4546: 4537: 4529: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4462: 4448: 4446: 4443:Chicago Tribune 4438: 4434: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4246: 4245: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4148: 4147: 4136: 4126: 4124: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3954: 3941: 3940: 3929: 3921: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3885: 3884: 3865: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3778: 3777: 3764: 3751: 3750: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3710: 3702: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3670: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3548: 3547: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3496: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3339: 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2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2118: 2110: 2099: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2037: 2035: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2006: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1742: 1738: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1705: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1654: 1631: 1599:dropped ceiling 1590: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1524: 1511: 1460: 1451: 1418: 1389: 1341:Singer Building 1325: 1315:station on its 1313:Hudson Terminal 1293: 1259: 1249:, built by the 1231:Brooklyn Bridge 1193: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1148: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1132: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1076: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1041: 1022: 1021: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1006: 997: 996: 989: 988: 987: 986: 981: 972: 971: 964: 963: 962: 961: 956: 947: 946: 939: 938: 937: 936: 931: 922: 921: 914: 913: 912: 911: 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Tobin 562: 506: 407:Lower Manhattan 383: 378: 267:Lower Manhattan 255:Hudson Terminal 239: 202: 172:Former services 135: 88: 86: 82: 79: 74: 71: 69: 67: 66: 42: 30: 29: 28: 27:Hudson Terminal 17: 12: 11: 5: 6652: 6650: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6329: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6256: 6254: 6244: 6243: 6241:Transportation 6240: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6124: 6122: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6047:Food and drink 6044: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5920: 5917: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5861: 5859:Tower Building 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5809:Mills Building 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5749:Blair Building 5746: 5741: 5736: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5693:Morse Building 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5538:75 Wall Street 5535: 5533:70 Pine Street 5530: 5525: 5523:63 Wall Street 5520: 5518:60 Wall Street 5515: 5513:56 Pine Street 5510: 5505: 5500: 5498:55 Wall Street 5495: 5490: 5485: 5483:48 Wall Street 5480: 5475: 5473:40 Wall Street 5470: 5468:37 Wall Street 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5443:23 Wall Street 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:14 Wall Street 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5353:Westfield Mall 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5293:Trinity Church 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5218:Castle Clinton 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5173:90 West Street 5170: 5165: 5163:21 West Street 5160: 5154: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5131: 5130: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5070: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5032: 5031: 5020: 5019: 5018:External image 5012: 5011:External links 5009: 5008: 5007: 4997: 4985: 4971: 4954: 4945: 4932: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4872: 4839: 4806: 4771: 4738: 4710: 4677: 4644: 4611: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4535: 4516: 4499: 4487: 4472: 4470:, p. 327. 4460: 4427: 4406: 4391: 4389:, p. 122. 4376: 4352: 4335: 4332:. p. 135. 4318: 4306: 4304:, p. 121. 4273: 4271:, p. 392. 4261: 4234: 4198: 4186: 4184:, p. 351. 4174: 4134: 4100: 4073: 4058: 4025: 4008:New York Press 3981: 3952: 3927: 3906: 3894: 3863: 3848: 3831: 3800: 3788: 3762: 3739: 3727: 3725:, p. 123. 3708: 3706:, p. 437. 3689: 3647: 3635: 3601: 3575: 3532: 3506: 3479: 3446: 3428:. p. 74. 3409: 3366: 3332: 3327:The New Yorker 3317: 3283: 3246: 3209: 3172: 3157: 3122: 3115: 3109:. p. 38. 3084: 3058: 3046: 3013: 2980: 2947: 2914: 2885: 2843: 2817: 2783: 2747: 2709: 2676: 2648: 2622: 2587: 2585:, p. 367. 2575: 2561: 2528: 2484: 2445: 2402: 2366: 2333: 2298: 2296:, p. 328. 2267: 2246: 2203: 2170: 2151: 2139: 2137:, p. 326. 2116: 2097: 2079: 2045: 2012: 1985: 1952: 1933: 1900: 1867: 1851: 1818: 1792: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1736: 1732:MeasuringWorth 1726:United States 1714:MeasuringWorth 1692: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1653: 1650: 1630: 1627: 1623:direct current 1589: 1586: 1550: 1549: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1510: 1507: 1472:superstructure 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1417: 1414: 1388: 1385: 1349:90 West Street 1324: 1321: 1292: 1289: 1258: 1255: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1142: 1134: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1105: 1098: 1091: 1084: 1077: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1023: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1000: 999: 998: 990: 984: 982: 975: 974: 973: 965: 959: 957: 950: 949: 948: 940: 934: 932: 925: 924: 923: 915: 909: 907: 900: 899: 898: 891: 889: 887: 884: 883: 881: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 802: 800: 798: 795: 794: 788: 786: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 734: 726: 725: 724: 722: 720: 717: 716: 714: 712: 705: 703: 701: 694: 693: 688: 685: 684: 680: 679: 673: 670: 649:side platforms 636: 633: 572:reorganization 561: 558: 556:in the 1960s. 546:older building 505: 502: 498:Carl W. Condit 467:to the south, 438:Exchange Place 430:Exchange Place 403:Exchange Place 382: 379: 377: 374: 368:following the 295:Fulton Streets 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 237: 230: 229: 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 212: 210: 205: 203: 197: 195:Exchange Place 191: 190: 187: 182: 174: 173: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 150: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 123: 122: 119: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 64: 60: 59: 53: 49: 48: 44: 43: 40: 32: 31: 26: 25: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6651: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6541: 6538: 6533: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6488:Theatre Alley 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6305:WTC Cortlandt 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Fulton Street 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6265:Bowling Green 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6104: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6039: 6038:Zuccotti Park 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5998:Bowling Green 5996: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5948:Fearless Girl 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5936:Charging Bull 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5688:Liberty Tower 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:1 Wall Street 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5362: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5147: 5143: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127:New York City 5124: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5096: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5076: 5069: 5066:by floor area 5064: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5040: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4968: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4764:September 30, 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4711: 4703:September 30, 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4637:September 30, 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4553: 4550:, p. 39. 4549: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4533:, p. 40. 4532: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4514:, p. 37. 4513: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4456: 4444: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4425:, p. 38. 4424: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4404:, p. 42. 4403: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4353: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4227:September 29, 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4175: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4071:, p. 60. 4070: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3925:, p. 36. 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3904:, p. 34. 3903: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3889: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3846:, p. 36. 3845: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3645:, p. 43. 3644: 3639: 3636: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3576: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3533: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3495:. p. 232 3494: 3490: 3483: 3480: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3413: 3410: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3370: 3367: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3321: 3318: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3272: 3268: 3265:. p. 1. 3264: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3235: 3231: 3228:. p. 1. 3227: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3183: 3176: 3173: 3168: 3161: 3158: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3059: 3056:, p. 56. 3055: 3050: 3047: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2973:September 30, 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2940:September 30, 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2907:September 30, 2902: 2898: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2836:September 30, 2831: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2776:September 30, 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2641:September 30, 2636: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2576: 2564: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2548: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2438:September 28, 2433: 2429: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2265:, p. 43. 2264: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2196:September 30, 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2174: 2171: 2168:, p. 35. 2167: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2149:, p. 35. 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2117: 2114:, p. 44. 2113: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2013: 2010:, p. 33. 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1956: 1953: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1822: 1819: 1811:September 30, 1806: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1785:September 29, 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1754: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1544: 1533: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:plate girders 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1464: 1457: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434:Doric columns 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1410:pitched roofs 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303:, and to the 1302: 1298: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1285:piston effect 1282: 1277: 1276:loading gauge 1272: 1269: 1264: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1226: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1185: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1024: 890: 888: 885: 880: 801: 799: 796: 792: 785: 723: 721: 718: 713: 704: 702: 699: 696: 695: 691: 687: 686: 678: 677: 671: 669: 666: 662: 661:bumper blocks 657: 654: 650: 646: 642: 634: 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 612: 610: 606: 601: 596: 593: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 568: 559: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 538: 536: 531: 527: 522: 518: 510: 503: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 479: 474: 473:Fulton Street 470: 469:Church Street 466: 463:to the west, 462: 453: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 380: 375: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 345: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271:New York City 268: 264: 260: 259:rapid transit 256: 242: 235: 231: 227: 223: 216: 213: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 196: 193: 192: 186: 179: 175: 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 133: 129: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 93: 65: 61: 57: 54: 50: 45: 38: 33: 22: 19: 6579:Hudson River 6536: 6270:Broad Street 6059:China Chalet 6018:Liberty Park 5968: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5942:China Chalet 5934: 5789:Howard Hotel 5563:140 Broadway 5366:State Street 5198:195 Broadway 5151:State Street 5061: 5001: 4992: 4960: 4949: 4918: 4896:. 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Retrieved 1712: 1682: 1663: 1655: 1646: 1639: 1632: 1629:Substructure 1607: 1603: 1591: 1567: 1556: 1516: 1512: 1502: 1488: 1469: 1452: 1443: 1419: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1377: 1354: 1294: 1273: 1260: 1235: 1227: 1223: 681:Track layout 665:balloon loop 658: 638: 613: 597: 576: 563: 539: 523: 519: 515: 494:Sarah Landau 486:Hudson River 482: 477: 458: 411: 384: 346: 318:Hudson River 316:, under the 303: 254: 252: 214: 144:July 2, 1971 18: 6453:Marketfield 6448:Maiden Lane 6332:South Ferry 6069:Delmonico's 5993:The Battery 5739:Astor House 5558:130 William 5488:52 Broadway 5463:32 Old Slip 5453:26 Broadway 5223:City Pier A 5168:65 Broadway 4069:Cudahy 2002 3735:Cudahy 2002 3643:Cudahy 2002 3167:Wall Street 3054:Cudahy 2002 2568:January 11, 2072:October 19, 1574:Karl Bitter 1570:carborundum 1393:49 Chambers 1291:Connections 1281:ventilation 1243:South Ferry 1191:Exchange Pl 791:Exchange Pl 600:slurry wall 149:Electrified 87: / 63:Coordinates 6553:Categories 6503:Washington 5962:The Sphere 5849:Stadt Huys 5754:City Hotel 5423:15 William 5398:2 Broadway 5158:1 Broadway 5068:1908–1913 4898:October 2, 4832:October 2, 4799:October 1, 4794:1112831993 4731:October 1, 4670:October 2, 4604:October 1, 3974:October 2, 3568:October 2, 3525:October 2, 3499:October 2, 3472:October 2, 3402:October 2, 3310:October 2, 3202:October 2, 3150:October 2, 3039:October 2, 3006:October 2, 2878:October 1, 2812:1325787400 2740:October 2, 2735:1269827778 2615:October 1, 2395:October 1, 2239:October 1, 1669:References 1635:foundation 1588:Facilities 1482:(4.5 1430:terracotta 1381:Dey Street 583:East River 542:U.S. Steel 310:New Jersey 200:Park Place 158:third rail 75:74°00′42″W 72:40°42′42″N 58:, New York 6537:See also: 6513:Whitehall 6493:Vesey/Ann 6433:Greenwich 6413:Cortlandt 6253:transport 6111:Education 6064:Crown Shy 5139:Buildings 5123:Manhattan 4942:911046235 4893:0362-4331 4860:0362-4331 4827:0362-4331 4759:0362-4331 4698:0362-4331 4665:0362-4331 4632:0362-4331 4599:572144713 4222:0362-4331 4162:0362-4331 4122:0362-4331 4046:0362-4331 3824:April 24, 3623:0362-4331 3563:0362-4331 3467:0362-4331 3434:0362-4331 3397:133597796 3389:0099-9660 3354:0362-4331 3305:0362-4331 3271:0362-4331 3234:0362-4331 3197:0362-4331 3145:0099-9660 3077:April 27, 3034:0362-4331 3001:0362-4331 2968:0362-4331 2935:0362-4331 2873:0099-9660 2804:1941-0646 2771:0362-4331 2697:0362-4331 2610:0099-9660 2516:0362-4331 2472:0362-4331 2390:0362-4331 2354:0362-4331 2234:129151670 2226:0099-9660 2191:0362-4331 2067:0362-4331 2033:0362-4331 1973:0362-4331 1921:0362-4331 1893:April 24, 1888:0362-4331 1839:0362-4331 1780:0362-4331 1755:Citations 1559:concourse 1522:Basements 1268:jughandle 1239:City Hall 535:cable car 490:cofferdam 372:in 2001. 306:platforms 287:Cortlandt 283:Greenwich 263:Radio Row 110:Platforms 56:Manhattan 6423:Exchange 6403:Broadway 6323:Ferries 6194:Mmuseumm 5989:(former) 5971:Memorial 5433:19 Dutch 4981:32819286 4865:June 12, 4790:ProQuest 4595:ProQuest 4127:June 15, 3628:March 1, 3393:ProQuest 3359:April 9, 2808:ProQuest 2731:ProQuest 2230:ProQuest 1978:June 12, 1926:July 19, 1734:series. 1642:caissons 1617:line of 1509:Interior 1449:Features 1343:and the 647:and two 528:(IND)'s 446:Broadway 277:for the 238:Location 215:Terminus 52:Location 6518:William 6443:Liberty 6376:Streets 6167:Museums 6121:Schools 5969:Titanic 4910:Sources 3594:July 6, 3439:May 30, 3276:May 30, 3239:May 30, 2702:May 30, 1578:marquee 1499:flanges 1491:I-beams 1426:cornice 537:lines. 426:Pavonia 422:Hoboken 376:History 328:in the 198:toward 126:History 100:Line(s) 6473:Spruce 6458:Nassau 6428:Fulton 6393:Bridge 6388:Beaver 6383:Albany 6260:Subway 6251:Public 4979: 4969: 4940: 4930: 4891: 4858: 4825: 4792: 4757: 4696: 4663: 4630: 4597: 4449:May 1, 4369:May 2, 4220: 4167:May 2, 4160: 4120: 4095:983892 4093: 4051:May 2, 4044: 4014:May 1, 3621: 3589:NJ.com 3561: 3465: 3432: 3395: 3387: 3352: 3303: 3269: 3232: 3195: 3143: 3113: 3032: 2999: 2966: 2933: 2871: 2810: 2802: 2769: 2733: 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