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world, both (men and women) to be received as taxpaying householders. Refuges and hermitages which are destroyed number more than forty-thousand. We are resuming fertile land of the first grade, several tens of millions of Ch’ing (1 ching is 15.13 acres). We are receiving back as tax paying householders, male and female, one hundred and fifty thousand serfs. The aliens who hold jurisdiction over the monks and nuns show clearly that this is a foreign religion.
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ascetic restraints. Destructive of law, injurious to mankind, nothing is worse than this way. Moreover, if one man does not plow, others feel hunger; if one woman does not tend the silkworms, others go cold. Now, in the Empire, there are monks and nuns innumerable. All depend on others to plow that they may eat, on others to raise silk that they may be clad. Monasteries and refuges (homes of ascetics) are beyond compute.
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monks and nuns, and returned to lay life. In addition, monks and nuns were to turn their wealth over to the government; those who wished to keep their wealth would be returned to lay life and forced to pay taxes. During this first phase, Confucian arguments for the reform of
Buddhist institutions and the protection of society from Buddhist influence and practices were predominant.
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that
Buddhist temples and shrines be destroyed, that all monks (desirables as well as undesirables) be defrocked, that the properties of the monasteries be confiscated, and that Buddhist paraphernalia be destroyed. By the edict of AD 845, all of the monasteries were abolished, with very few exceptions, with all images of bronze, silver, or gold handed over to the government.
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351:(Zoroastrian) monks to the number of more than three-thousand are compelled to return to the world, lest they confuse the customs of China. With simplified and regulated government, we will achieve a unification of our manners, that in future, all our youth may together return to the royal culture. We are now beginning this reformation; how long it will take we do not know.
368:, who lived in China during the persecution, even suggested that the emperor had been influenced by his illicit love of a beautiful Taoist princess. As time went on, the emperor became more irascible and erratic in his judgments. One of his edicts banned the use of single-wheeled wheelbarrows, as they break up "the middle of the road," an important concept of Taoism.
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In7= 789 the
Khalifa Harun al Raschid dispatched a mission to China, and there had been one or two less important missions in the seventh and eighth centuries; but from 879, the date of the Canton massacre, for more than three centuries to follow, we hear nothing of the Mahometans and their religion.
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As for the Tai-Ch’in (Syrian) and Muh-hu (Zoroastrian) forms of worship, since
Buddhism has already been cast out, these heresies alone must not be allowed to survive. People belonging to these also are to be compelled to return to the world, belong again to their own districts, and become taxpayers.
371:
In 844, the persecution moved into a second phase, aimed at removing
Buddhism altogether, rather than the reformation of Buddhism. According to a report prepared by the Board of Worship, at the time there were 4,600 monasteries, 40,000 hermitages, and 260,500 monks and nuns. The emperor issued edicts
300:
railed against
Buddhism for undermining the social structure of China. They claimed it eroded the loyalty of son to father, and subject to ruler, by encouraging people to leave their families and to become monks and nuns. Once they had been ordained, they stopped engaging in economic activity such
340:
Beautifully ornamented; they take for themselves palaces as a dwelling.... We will repress this long-standing pestilence to its roots ... In all the Empire, more than four-thousand six-hundred monasteries are destroyed, two-hundred and sixty-thousand five-hundred monks and nuns are returning to the
336:
Buddhist monasteries daily grew higher. Men’s strength was used up in work with plaster and wood. Men’s gain was taken up in ornaments of gold and precious stones. Imperial and family relationships were forsaken for obedience to the fees of the priests. The marital relationship was opposed by the
360:
The first phase of the persecution was aimed at purifying or reforming the
Buddhist establishment, rather than putting an end to it. Thus, the persecution began in 842 with an imperial edict declaring that undesirables such as sorcerers or convicts be separated out from the ranks of the Buddhist
285:
the country. Wuzong's solution to the financial crisis was to go after the wealth that had been accumulated in the
Buddhist monasteries. Buddhism had flourished greatly during the Tang period, and its monasteries enjoyed tax-exempt status. In 845, Wuzong closed many Buddhist shrines, confiscated
655:
They were not mentioned in the edict of 845, which proved such a blow to
Buddhism and Nestorian Christianity – perhaps because they were less obtrusive in the propagation of their religion, a policy aided by the absence of anything like a commercial spirit in religious matters.
375:
In 846, the
Emperor Wuzong died, perhaps on account of the elixirs of life he had been consuming (although it is also possible that he was intentionally poisoned). Shortly after his death, his successor proclaimed a general amnesty, ending the persecution.
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were seen as inherently exploitative of the poor, with a decree in 713 stating, “it is claimed that the purpose of this generosity is to relieve the poor and orphans. But in fact, there is nothing to it but excess and fraud. This is not a legitimate
301:
as agriculture and weaving, and lived from the support of others. The persecution sought to return monks and nuns to the ranks of tax-paying commoners engaged in what was perceived to be more useful economic activity. Additionally, monastic
243:
during the Huichang era (841–845). Among its purposes was to appropriate war funds and to cleanse Tang China of foreign influences. As such, the persecution was directed not only towards
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Gradually, however, the Emperor Wuzong became more and more impressed with the claims of some Taoists, and came to develop a severe dislike for Buddhism. The Japanese monk
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traders but had never had much influence outside of Arab traders. It is thought that this low profile was the reason that the 845 anti-Buddhist edict spared Islam.
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328:, which its critics equated with death, while Taoism promised immortality, a notion that increasingly captured the attention of the emperor as he grew older.
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270:'s economic, social, and religious reasons for persecuting Buddhist organizations and temples throughout China were as follows:
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forms of Buddhism, and were included within the scope of the edicts. Below is from an edict concerning the two religions:
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320:: While Wuzong saw Buddhism as a foreign religion that was harmful to Chinese society, he became a zealous follower of
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churches sent Chinese Christianity into a decline, from which it did not recover until the establishment of the
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696:. Delhi: Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christian Sahitya Samithy, Tiruvalla.
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In addition to Buddhism, Wuzong persecuted other foreign religions as well. He all but destroyed
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As for foreigners, let them be returned to their own countries, there to suffer restraint.
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2019:
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Les aspects economiques du bouddhisme dans la societe chinoise du Ve au Xe siècle
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35:
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1305:
462:, a Tibetan king who initiated persecutions against Buddhism in the same period
27:
Period of suppression of foreign religions within Tang China from 840 to 845 AD
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1989:
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1335:
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811:
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1420:
324:, a faith native to China. Buddhism preached the attainment of non-birth or
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2004:
1994:
1969:
1964:
1864:
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1496:
1484:
1395:
1132:
1054:
751:
244:
212:
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3116:
3059:
3044:
2191:
2181:
2156:
2031:
2026:
1984:
1954:
1886:
1852:
1803:
1739:
1680:
1675:
1571:
1529:
1432:
1270:
1220:
1007:
833:
332:
An imperial edict of 845 stated the case against Buddhism as follows:
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321:
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It most likely led to the disappearance of Zoroastrianism in China.
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3029:
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2945:
2874:
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2014:
2009:
1979:
1934:
1781:
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1360:
1185:
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4226:: † mainly a Tengrist text but recorded in a Manichaean monastery
277:: In 843, the emperor's armies won a decisive battle against the
3458:
3206:
1999:
1665:
1162:
432:
4237:
3391:
718:
3387:
2864:
1400:
29:
493:. Paris: Ecole francaise d’Extreme-Orient. pp. 104–105.
57:
194:
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their property, and sent the monks and nuns home to
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3537:
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3137:
2835:
2737:
2620:
2317:
2245:
2072:
1945:
1885:
1520:
1386:
1326:
1171:
1063:
993:
847:
792:
188:
181:
176:
158:
136:
127:
694:East of the Euphrates: Early Christianity in Asia
420:
334:
4249:
3403:
730:
392:in China, and his persecution of the growing
164:
142:
8:
4119:Manichaean stone reliefs of Shangwan village
1512:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
62:introducing citations to additional sources
4473:Three Persian religions of the Tang dynasty
4508:
4326:
4256:
4242:
4234:
3410:
3396:
3388:
737:
723:
715:
247:but also towards other religions, such as
173:
4372:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
4100:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 8259
4095:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 6368
4090:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4979
4085:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4974
4080:Leaf from a Manichaean book MIK III 4959
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
4754:Religiously motivated violence in China
4205:Story of the Twin Dragons of Great Tang
2699:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
472:
4147:Sermon on Mani's Teaching of Salvation
2902:List of Buddhist architecture in China
600:. Yale University Press. p. 426.
427:Islam was brought to China during the
124:
4129:Manichaean wall painting MIK III 6918
4124:Manichaean temple banner MIK III 6286
7:
4067:Episodes from Mani's Missionary Work
3791:Huichang Persecution of Manichaeism
3602:Incomplete scripture of Manichaeism
450:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
3620:Sogdian-language Manichaean letter
2689:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
296:: Confucian intellectuals such as
73:"Huichang persecution of Buddhism"
25:
4537:
4488:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4431:Nestorian Gloria in excelsis Deo
4355:
3679:Two Principles and Three Moments
3467:
3370:
3360:
3359:
2917:Thai temple art and architecture
2662:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
902:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
768:
755:
745:
636:. Forgotten Books. p. 139.
225:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
128:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
45:relies largely or entirely on a
34:
18:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism
769:
4570:Christianity among the Mongols
4154:Veneration of the Tree of Life
3486:Seven treatises of Manichaeism
2907:Japanese Buddhist architecture
2709:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
1789:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
980:Places where the Buddha stayed
380:Persecution of other religions
232:
195:
165:
143:
1:
2922:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
673:Ennin's Travels in Tang China
671:Reischauer, Edwin O. (1955).
281:tribes at the cost of almost
4759:Religion in the Tang dynasty
4724:History of Buddhism in China
4426:Sutra of Hearing the Messiah
4135:Painting of the Buddha Jesus
4106:Mani's Community Established
3627:Xiapu Manichaean manuscripts
2679:Buddhism and the Roman world
2655:Decline of Buddhism in India
2650:History of Buddhism in India
750: Topics in
630:Herbert Allen Giles (1926).
4382:Nestorian pillar of Luoyang
4265:Church of the East in China
1877:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
1617:
633:Confucianism and its rivals
4775:
4176:Manichaean (Unicode block)
3664:Zarathustra in Manichaeism
3465:
2827:The unanswerable questions
675:. New York: Ronald Press.
597:Six Dynasties Civilization
4535:
4353:
4221:
3669:The Buddha in Manichaeism
3587:Dunhuang Manichaean texts
3355:
2912:Buddhist temples in Korea
1475:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1378:Three planes of existence
985:Buddha in world religions
764:
566:Reischauer, pp. 244, 253.
356:Events of the persecution
206:
172:
132:
4744:Persecution of Buddhists
4651:Arthur Christopher Moule
4529:Patriarch Yahballaha III
4387:Mogao Christian painting
2694:Persecution of Buddhists
1915:Four stages of awakening
1296:Three marks of existence
882:Physical characteristics
530:Reischauer, pp. 242–243.
489:Gernet, Jacques (1956).
455:Persecution of Buddhists
138:Traditional Chinese
4729:9th century in religion
4468:Emperor Taizong of Tang
4060:Diagram of the Universe
3785:Three Persian religions
3615:Turpan Manichaean texts
2057:Ten principal disciples
940:(aunt, adoptive mother)
690:"Christianity in China"
594:Albert E. Dien (2007).
160:Simplified Chinese
4688:Patriarch Gewargis III
4554:Cross Temple, Fangshan
4483:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
3694:Xroshtag and Padvaxtag
2767:Buddhism and democracy
2280:Tibetan Buddhist canon
2275:Chinese Buddhist canon
1507:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1502:Early Buddhist schools
688:Philip, T. V. (1998).
425:
406:Chinese records state
353:
253:Nestorian Christianity
220:
217:Emperor Wuzong of Tang
4639:Related modern people
4337:Patriarch Ishoyahb II
3597:Manichaean Compendium
3557:Manichaean Psalm Book
3502:The Book of Mysteries
2777:Eight Consciousnesses
887:Life of Buddha in art
575:Reischauer, p.253 ff.
521:Reischauer, p.237 ff.
503:Reischauer, p.243 ff.
479:Reischauer, p.221 ff.
215:
4749:9th-century Buddhism
4734:9th century in China
4585:John of Montecorvino
4312:Sino-Roman relations
4212:The Secret of Heaven
4198:The Gardens of Light
3816:Abū Hilāl al-Dayhūri
3674:Jesus in Manichaeism
3582:Medinet Madi library
3254:East Asian religions
2684:Buddhism in the West
2255:Early Buddhist texts
1870:Four Right Exertions
1336:Ten spiritual realms
829:Noble Eightfold Path
309:, and employment of
58:improve this article
4719:Chinese Manichaeism
3882:Chinese Manichaeism
3654:Father of Greatness
3552:Fundamental Epistle
3377:Religion portal
3124:Temple of the Tooth
3003:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
2042:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
1535:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
1318:Two truths doctrine
1138:Mahapajapati Gotamī
938:Mahapajapati Gotamī
584:Reischauer, p. 270.
557:Reischauer, p. 247.
548:Reischauer, p. 246.
394:Nestorian Christian
235:) was initiated by
4590:John of Marignolli
4409:Jingjiao Documents
4293:Church of the East
4279:Thomas the Apostle
4272:Context and origin
4008:Flying Road Pagoda
3996:Puxi Fushou Palace
3689:Messenger of Light
3659:Prince of Darkness
3577:Cologne Mani-Codex
3514:Psalms and Prayers
3510:The Book of Giants
3299:Western philosophy
2897:Dzong architecture
2719:Vipassana movement
2714:Buddhist modernism
2142:Emperor Wen of Sui
1910:Pratyekabuddhayāna
1843:Threefold Training
1645:Vipassana movement
1361:Hungry Ghost realm
1181:Avidyā (Ignorance)
1128:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
877:Great Renunciation
872:Eight Great Events
754:
539:Reischauer, p.245.
221:
219:, reigned 840–846.
4706:
4705:
4698:Patriarch Awa III
4656:Reginald Johnston
4598:
4597:
4575:Sorghaghtani Beki
4519:Simeon Rabban Ata
4498:
4497:
4231:
4230:
4171:Manichaean script
4141:Sealstone of Mani
3385:
3384:
3023:Om mani padme hum
2729:Women in Buddhism
2645:Buddhist councils
2515:Western countries
2303:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
2064:Shaolin Monastery
1641:Samatha-vipassanā
1251:Pratītyasamutpāda
1055:Metteyya/Maitreya
973:
965:
957:
949:
941:
933:
925:
802:Four Noble Truths
607:978-0-300-07404-8
445:Buddhism in China
414:were regarded as
318:Religious reasons
239:(Li Chan) of the
210:
209:
202:
201:
183:Standard Mandarin
123:
122:
108:
16:(Redirected from
4766:
4669:
4541:
4524:Rabban Bar Sauma
4509:
4451:
4439:
4422:
4359:
4327:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4053:Book of Pictures
4028:
4016:
4004:
3841:Uyghur Khaganate
3806:East-West Schism
3801:Sergius-Tychicus
3562:Psalms of Thomas
3521:Book of Pictures
3494:Treasure of Life
3471:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3375:
3374:
3363:
3362:
3202:Sacred languages
3050:Maya Devi Temple
3013:Mahabodhi Temple
2817:Secular Buddhism
2782:Engaged Buddhism
1622:
1470:Tibetan Buddhism
1421:Vietnamese Thiền
1020:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
971:
963:
955:
947:
939:
931:
923:
772:
771:
759:
749:
739:
732:
725:
716:
711:
706:. Archived from
684:
658:
657:
651:
650:
627:
621:
618:
612:
611:
591:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
546:
540:
537:
531:
528:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
494:
486:
480:
477:
275:Economic reasons
234:
198:
197:
174:
168:
167:
154:
153:
125:
118:
115:
109:
107:
66:
38:
30:
21:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4663:
4634:
4594:
4558:
4542:
4533:
4494:
4456:
4445:
4433:
4416:
4397:
4360:
4351:
4316:
4303:Nestorian cross
4267:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4217:
4180:
4159:
4031:
4022:
4010:
3998:
3979:
3948:
3927:
3891:
3855:
3826:Synod of Gangra
3710:
3640:
3539:
3533:
3472:
3463:
3421:
3416:
3386:
3381:
3369:
3351:
3303:
3218:
3133:
2870:Ordination hall
2831:
2733:
2704:Buddhist crisis
2616:
2313:
2265:Mahayana sutras
2241:
2237:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2068:
1941:
1881:
1831:Bodhisattva vow
1516:
1382:
1322:
1281:Taṇhā (Craving)
1216:Five hindrances
1167:
1059:
989:
843:
788:
760:
743:
704:
687:
670:
667:
662:
661:
648:
646:
644:
629:
628:
624:
620:Philip, p. 123.
619:
615:
608:
593:
592:
588:
583:
579:
574:
570:
565:
561:
556:
552:
547:
543:
538:
534:
529:
525:
520:
516:
511:
507:
502:
498:
488:
487:
483:
478:
474:
469:
441:
382:
358:
265:
196:Huìchāng huǐ fó
119:
113:
110:
67:
65:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4772:
4770:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4440:
4428:
4423:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4164:Writing system
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4113:Mani's Parents
4109:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4017:
4005:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3867:See of Babylon
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3538:Extracanonical
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3490:Gospel of Mani
3482:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3367:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:Greco-Buddhist
2926:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2885:Burmese pagoda
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2667:Greco-Buddhism
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:United Kingdom
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2545:Czech Republic
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2419:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2309:Abhidharmadīpa
2306:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:B. R. Ambedkar
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Songtsen Gampo
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Eight precepts
1823:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1597:Five Strengths
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1392:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:Mental factors
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1088:Mahamoggallāna
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1003:Avalokiteśvara
999:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
976:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
853:
851:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
804:
798:
796:
790:
789:
787:
786:
781:
776:
765:
762:
761:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
719:
713:
712:
710:on 2015-09-24.
702:
685:
666:
663:
660:
659:
642:
622:
613:
606:
586:
577:
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
523:
514:
512:Philip, p.125.
505:
496:
481:
471:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
457:
452:
447:
440:
437:
408:Zoroastrianism
386:Zoroastrianism
381:
378:
357:
354:
330:
329:
315:
294:Social reasons
291:
268:Emperor Wuzong
264:
261:
249:Zoroastrianism
237:Emperor Wuzong
208:
207:
204:
203:
200:
199:
192:
186:
185:
179:
178:
177:Transcriptions
170:
169:
162:
156:
155:
140:
134:
133:
130:
129:
121:
120:
56:. Please help
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4771:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Martin Palmer
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
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4469:
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4459:
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4404:
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4390:
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4380:
4378:
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4373:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4046:Birth of Mani
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4021:
4020:Leshan Temple
4018:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Cangnan Stele
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3547:New Testament
3545:
3544:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3139:Miscellaneous
3136:
3130:
3129:Vegetarianism
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:Buddha in art
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:United States
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Padmasambhava
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2074:Major figures
2071:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:Western tulku
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Five precepts
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1799:Dhamma vicaya
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Buddhābhiṣeka
1565:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Enlightenment
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1201:Dhamma theory
1199:
1197:
1196:Buddha-nature
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:Samantabhadra
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
986:
983:
981:
978:
974:
968:
966:
960:
958:
952:
950:
944:
942:
936:
934:
928:
926:
920:
919:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
852:
850:
846:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
803:
800:
799:
797:
795:
791:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
767:
766:
763:
758:
753:
748:
740:
735:
733:
728:
726:
721:
720:
717:
709:
705:
703:81-7214-441-5
699:
695:
691:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
668:
664:
656:
645:
643:1-60680-248-8
639:
635:
634:
626:
623:
617:
614:
609:
603:
599:
598:
590:
587:
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
542:
536:
533:
527:
524:
518:
515:
509:
506:
500:
497:
492:
485:
482:
476:
473:
466:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
434:
430:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
404:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
362:
355:
352:
350:
347:(Syrian) and
346:
342:
338:
333:
327:
323:
319:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:money-lending
299:
295:
292:
289:
284:
280:
276:
273:
272:
271:
269:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
230:
226:
218:
214:
205:
193:
191:
187:
184:
180:
175:
171:
163:
161:
157:
152:
149:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
117:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75: –
74:
70:
69:Find sources:
63:
59:
55:
49:
48:
47:single source
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
4646:Paul Pelliot
4504:Yuan dynasty
4487:
4394:(speculated)
4392:Daqin Pagoda
4322:Tang dynasty
4288:Nestorianism
4223:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4152:
4145:
4133:
4111:
4104:
4074:Icon of Mani
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
3932:Commandments
3897:Organisation
3783:
3749:Shad Ohrmazd
3699:
3633:Moni Guangfo
3631:
3526:
3519:
3498:The Epistles
3317:Bodhisattvas
3237:Christianity
3232:Baháʼí Faith
3097:Dharmachakra
3087:Prayer wheel
3077:Prayer beads
2845:Architecture
2724:969 Movement
2661:
2508:Saudi Arabia
2486:Central Asia
2479:South Africa
2301:
2284:
2217:Panchen Lama
2122:Buddhapālita
1718:Satipatthana
1713:Mindful Yoga
1626:Recollection
1540:Brahmavihara
1411:Japanese Zen
1406:Chinese Chan
1366:Animal realm
1173:Key concepts
995:Bodhisattvas
807:Three Jewels
708:the original
693:
672:
653:
647:. Retrieved
632:
625:
616:
596:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
544:
535:
526:
517:
508:
499:
490:
484:
475:
429:Tang dynasty
426:
421:
412:Christianity
405:
402:
398:Yuan dynasty
383:
374:
370:
363:
359:
343:
339:
335:
331:
317:
293:
274:
266:
241:Tang dynasty
224:
222:
190:Hanyu Pinyin
111:
101:
94:
87:
80:
68:
44:
4683:F. S. Drake
4673:P. Y. Saeki
4664: [
4661:Haneda Toru
4446: [
4434: [
4417: [
4377:Xi'an Stele
4023: [
4011: [
3999: [
3939:Three Seals
3836:Persecution
3811:Amr ibn Adi
3796:Bögü Qaghan
3572:Xuastvanift
3528:Shabuhragan
3449:Zarathustra
3419:Manichaeism
3162:Dharma talk
2991:Asalha Puja
2787:Eschatology
2590:Switzerland
2570:New Zealand
2498:Middle East
2407:Philippines
2327:Afghanistan
2132:Bodhidharma
2117:Buddhaghosa
2037:Householder
1947:Monasticism
1900:Bodhisattva
1755:Prostration
1708:Mindfulness
1636:Anapanasati
1619:Kammaṭṭhāna
1416:Korean Seon
1356:Asura realm
1351:Human realm
1291:Ten Fetters
1246:Parinirvana
1148:Uppalavanna
1113:Mahākaccana
1098:Mahākassapa
1030:Kṣitigarbha
1025:Ākāśagarbha
922:Suddhodāna
867:Four sights
794:Foundations
311:slave labor
307:pawnbroking
283:bankrupting
4713:Categories
4580:Marco Polo
4185:In fiction
4037:Visual art
3970:Repentance
3965:Evangelism
3944:Pañcavidyā
3887:Miqlāsiyya
3821:Lü Shinang
3774:Hegemonius
3769:Aphthonius
3540:literature
3506:Pragmateia
3279:Psychology
3259:Gnosticism
3247:Comparison
3242:Influences
3224:Comparison
3107:Bhavacakra
3065:Kushinagar
3040:Pilgrimage
2986:Māgha Pūjā
2941:Bodhi Tree
2757:Buddhology
2747:Abhidharma
2739:Philosophy
2672:Menander I
2540:Costa Rica
2491:Uzbekistan
2332:Bangladesh
2286:Dhammapada
2270:Pali Canon
2232:Ajahn Chah
2212:Dalai Lama
2112:Kumārajīva
2107:Vasubandhu
2082:The Buddha
1990:Zen master
1925:Sakadagami
1905:Buddhahood
1836:Pratimokṣa
1651:Shikantaza
1607:Meditation
1582:Deity yoga
1453:Madhyamaka
1346:Deva realm
1241:Mindstream
1191:Bodhicitta
1103:Aṅgulimāla
970:Devadatta
946:Yaśodharā
849:The Buddha
839:Middle Way
649:2011-12-14
467:References
390:Manicheism
314:business.”
257:Manicheism
114:April 2019
84:newspapers
4678:Chen Yuan
4603:By region
4414:Yishenlun
4365:Artifacts
4308:Silk Road
4284:Nestorius
4192:Ming Cult
3984:Buildings
3960:Eucharist
3918:Presbyter
3909:Patriarch
3734:Mar Sisin
3607:Irk Bitig
3567:Kephalaia
3478:Scripture
3444:Sakyamuni
3435:(Founder)
3347:Festivals
3327:Buddhists
3289:Theosophy
3092:Symbolism
3082:Hama yumi
3055:Bodh Gaya
2822:Socialism
2797:Evolution
2772:Economics
2610:Venezuela
2525:Australia
2520:Argentina
2444:Sri Lanka
2439:Singapore
2357:Indonesia
2319:Countries
2260:Tripiṭaka
2222:Ajahn Mun
2097:Nagarjuna
2092:Aśvaghoṣa
1975:Anagārika
1970:Śrāmaṇerī
1965:Śrāmaṇera
1960:Bhikkhunī
1920:Sotāpanna
1809:Passaddhi
1750:Offerings
1725:Nekkhamma
1602:Iddhipada
1522:Practices
1492:Theravada
1465:Vajrayana
1458:Yogachara
1428:Pure Land
1341:Six Paths
1328:Cosmology
1108:Anuruddha
1083:Sāriputta
1073:Kaundinya
1065:Disciples
1040:Vajrapāṇi
892:Footprint
857:Tathāgata
460:Langdarma
416:heretical
349:Muh-hu-fo
263:Rationale
54:talk page
4620:Xinjiang
4478:Guo Ziyi
4402:Writings
4298:Peshitta
3905:Archegos
3872:Denawars
3831:Lin Deng
3744:Mar Adda
3739:Mar Zaku
3729:Mar Ammo
3724:Apostles
3706:Asrestar
3646:Theology
3592:Xiabuzan
3454:Narayana
3426:Prophets
3365:Category
3294:Violence
3264:Hinduism
3212:Sanskrit
3167:Hinayana
3152:Amitābha
3112:Swastika
2981:Uposatha
2971:Holidays
2956:Calendar
2802:Humanism
2640:Kanishka
2630:Timeline
2454:Thailand
2422:Kalmykia
2417:Buryatia
2402:Pakistan
2387:Mongolia
2382:Maldives
2377:Malaysia
2342:Cambodia
2207:Shamarpa
2202:Nichiren
2152:Xuanzang
2087:Nagasena
2005:Rinpoche
1735:Pāramitā
1577:Devotion
1497:Navayana
1485:Dzogchen
1448:Nichiren
1396:Mahayana
1388:Branches
1266:Saṅkhāra
1015:Mañjuśrī
972:(cousin)
964:(cousin)
932:(mother)
924:(father)
912:Miracles
862:Birthday
779:Glossary
752:Buddhism
439:See also
345:Ta Ch’in
245:Buddhism
4625:Beijing
4615:Sichuan
4610:Shaanxi
4563:Related
4461:Related
4443:Zunjing
3975:Fasting
3953:Rituals
3924:Hearers
3912:Apostle
3764:Agapius
3759:Faustus
3716:History
3342:Temples
3322:Buddhas
3284:Science
3274:Judaism
3269:Jainism
3187:Lineage
3147:Abhijñā
3117:Thangka
3060:Sarnath
3045:Lumbini
2966:Funeral
2961:Cuisine
2837:Culture
2812:Reality
2762:Creator
2752:Atomism
2622:History
2595:Ukraine
2555:Germany
2474:Senegal
2464:Vietnam
2392:Myanmar
2192:Shinran
2182:Karmapa
2157:Shandao
2127:Dignāga
2052:Śrāvaka
2032:Donchee
2027:Kappiya
1985:Sayadaw
1955:Bhikkhu
1930:Anāgāmi
1887:Nirvana
1853:Samadhi
1740:Paritta
1681:Tonglen
1676:Mandala
1631:Smarana
1612:Mantras
1560:Upekkha
1530:Bhavana
1480:Shingon
1433:Tiantai
1286:Tathātā
1276:Śūnyatā
1271:Skandha
1261:Saṃsāra
1256:Rebirth
1231:Kleshas
1221:Indriya
1123:Subhūti
1008:Guanyin
962:Ānanda
954:Rāhula
834:Nirvana
774:Outline
665:Sources
326:Nirvana
229:Chinese
98:scholar
4630:Fujian
4512:Clergy
4342:Alopen
4330:Clergy
3991:Cao'an
3915:Bishop
3877:Astati
3851:Qianku
3779:Marcus
3700:Archon
3684:Gnosis
3337:Sutras
3332:Suttas
3197:Siddhi
3182:Koliya
3157:Brahmā
3072:Poetry
3018:Mantra
3008:Kasaya
2880:Pagoda
2860:Kyaung
2855:Vihāra
2850:Temple
2792:Ethics
2635:Ashoka
2585:Sweden
2580:Poland
2575:Norway
2565:Mexico
2550:France
2535:Canada
2530:Brazil
2469:Africa
2449:Taiwan
2412:Russia
2337:Bhutan
2297:Vinaya
2177:Naropa
2167:Saraha
2102:Asanga
1858:Prajñā
1767:Refuge
1730:Nianfo
1691:Tertön
1686:Tantra
1671:Ganana
1661:Tukdam
1587:Dhyāna
1555:Mudita
1550:Karuṇā
1443:Risshū
1438:Huayan
1371:Naraka
1311:Anattā
1306:Dukkha
1301:Anicca
1206:Dharma
1158:Channa
1093:Ānanda
1078:Assaji
1045:Skanda
948:(wife)
917:Family
897:Relics
822:Sangha
817:Dharma
812:Buddha
700:
681:412087
679:
640:
604:
322:Taoism
298:Han Yu
279:Uyghur
255:, and
231::
100:
93:
86:
79:
71:
4668:]
4547:Sites
4450:]
4438:]
4421:]
4224:Notes
4027:]
4015:]
4003:]
3921:Elect
3860:Sects
3439:Jesus
3309:Lists
3177:Kalpa
3172:Iddhi
3035:Music
3030:Mudra
2996:Vassa
2976:Vesak
2946:Budai
2892:Candi
2875:Stupa
2807:Logic
2560:Italy
2459:Tibet
2397:Nepal
2367:Korea
2362:Japan
2352:India
2347:China
2292:Sutra
2247:Texts
2197:Dōgen
2187:Hōnen
2172:Atiśa
2137:Zhiyi
2047:Achar
2015:Tulku
2010:Geshe
1995:Rōshi
1980:Ajahn
1935:Arhat
1895:Bodhi
1865:Vīrya
1782:Sacca
1777:Satya
1772:Sādhu
1760:Music
1703:Merit
1696:Terma
1656:Zazen
1592:Faith
1545:Mettā
1226:Karma
1186:Bardo
1153:Asita
1143:Khema
1133:Upāli
1118:Nanda
956:(son)
930:Māyā
907:Films
784:Index
366:Ennin
290:life.
105:JSTOR
91:books
4347:Adam
4310:and
4286:and
3754:Mihr
3459:Seth
3433:Mani
3207:Pāḷi
3192:Māra
3102:Flag
2503:Iran
2427:Tuva
2372:Laos
2000:Lama
1848:Śīla
1816:Śīla
1804:Pīti
1794:Sati
1745:Puja
1666:Koan
1572:Dāna
1163:Yasa
1050:Tārā
698:ISBN
677:OCLC
638:ISBN
602:ISBN
433:Arab
410:and
388:and
233:会昌毁佛
223:The
166:会昌毁佛
77:news
4739:845
2929:Art
2865:Wat
1401:Zen
431:by
400:.
288:lay
60:by
4715::
4666:ja
4448:zh
4436:zh
4419:zh
4025:zh
4013:zh
4001:zh
3512:,
3508:,
3504:,
3500:,
3496:,
3492:,
2431:ru
692:.
652:.
305:,
259:.
251:,
145:會昌
4257:e
4250:t
4243:v
3609:†
3516:)
3488:(
3411:e
3404:t
3397:v
2433:)
2429:(
1647:)
1643:(
738:e
731:t
724:v
683:.
610:.
227:(
151:佛
148:毀
116:)
112:(
102:·
95:·
88:·
81:·
64:.
50:.
20:)
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