860:, but the hula ʻauana can be performed with bare feet or shoes. In the old times, they had their leis and other jewelry but their clothing was much different. Females wore a wrap called a "paʻu" made of tapa cloth and men wore loincloths, which are called "malo." Both sexes are said to have gone without a shirt. Their ankle and wrist bracelets, called "kupeʻe", were made of whalebone and dogteeth as well as other items made from nature. Some of these make music-shells and bones will rattle against each other while the dancers dance. Women perform most Hawaiian hula dances. Female hula dancers usually wear colorful tops and skirts with lei. However, traditionally, men were just as likely to perform the hula. A grass skirt is a skirt that hangs from the waist and covers all or part of the legs. Grass skirts were made of many different natural fibers, such as hibiscus or palm.
945:
467:) banned the use of 'Ōlelo Hawai'i in schools. This, in combination with a general usurpation of Hawaiian social, political, and linguistic autonomy resulted in a mass decline of the Hawaiian language, to the near brink of extinction. As a result of Americanization, including the spread of Christianity, many traditional chants became viewed as pagan and were ultimately forgotten. But a cultural resurgence beginning in the late 1960s, and carrying through to today has revitalized many Hawaiian practices, including spoken language and chant, and has been furthered by increasing support from various institutions, including Pūnana Leo Hawaiian language immersion schools, funded by the Hawai'i State Department of Education as well as major hula competitions such as the Merrie Monarch Festival, which officially began in 1971.
1019:
737:
amuse the chief and his or her entourage. Hula performances were a form of fealty, and often of flattery to the chief. During the performances the males would start off and the females would come later to close the show off. Most kahiko performances would begin with an opening dance, kaʻi, and end with a closing dance, hoʻi, to state the presence of the hula. There were hula celebrating his lineage, his name, and even his genitals (hula maʻi). Sacred hula, celebrating
Hawaiian gods, were also danced. All these performances must be completed without error (which would be both unlucky and disrespectful).
294:
40:
869:
829:
51:
168:
776:
documented that early
Hawaiian musicians did not really focus on elaborating pure instrumental music but simply used the nose-blown flute that can only produce no more than four notes. However, after the Hawaiian culture met with Western music, some Hawaiian musicians developed several instrument-playing techniques in which the traditional Hawaiian repertoire was embedded. For example, the appearance of a Hawaiian guitar-playing method, named "
641:
1010:, or account of how the world was made first and foremost through the god of life and water, Kane. Kumu Leato is cited as saying, "When Kane and the other gods of our creation, Lono, Kū, and Kanaloa created the earth, the man, and the woman, they recited incantations which we call Oli or Chants and they used their hands and moved their legs when reciting these oli. Therefore this is the origin of hula."
1310:
931:, but it does occur often. Most, if not all, hula hālau have a permission chant in order to enter wherever they may practice. They will collectively chant their entrance chant, then wait for the kumu to respond with the entrance chant, once he or she is finished, the students may enter. One well known and often used entrance or permission chant is Kūnihi Ka Mauna/Tūnihi Ta Mauna.
1112:
749:
614:
536:
847:
Regalia plays a role in illustrating the hula instructor's interpretation of the mele. From the color of their attire to the type of adornment worn, each piece of an auana costume symbolizes a piece of the mele auana, such as the color of a significant place or flower. While there is some freedom of
175:
Hula dancing is complex, with many hand motions used to represent the words in a song or chant. For example, hand movements can signify aspects of nature, such as the swaying of a tree in the breeze or a wave in the ocean, or a feeling or emotion, such as fondness or yearning. Foot and hip movements
526:
Oli performer does not purposely learn repertoire with the aim of merely learning the melodies, but the performative techniques. The most important thing for performer to master is decide which style the poetic text can be perfectly fitted into and figure out the way that can flawlessly combine both
308:
Hula kahiko, often defined as those hula composed prior to 1894 which do not include modern instrumentation (such as guitar, ʻukulele, etc.), encompasses an enormous variety of styles and moods, from the solemn and sacred to the frivolous. Many hula were created to praise the chiefs and performed in
279:
songs are relatively modern and they were also disseminated as notated sheet music, the joint effort of contemporary ethnomusicologists and songwriters. The other the two hula types, hula ku'i and hula 'ōlapa are a challenge to editors in terms of textualizing and representing them within a critical
490:
Oli is universally considered as the most typical type of indigenous music that is not constructed onto meters. In fact, the artistic expression of oli varies according to the circumstances where the performance is conducted, which is also the reason why there are five different articulatory vocal
284:
text format is applied in both genres, constructed with two or four lines of text, with each of them commonly set to a uniform number of beats. During performance, it is a usual practice that the songs are separated into stanzas which are repeated by a brief rhythmic interlude. Among the genres of
736:
Hula performed for spontaneous daily amusement or family feasts were attended with no particular ceremony. However, hula performed as entertainment for chiefs were anxious affairs. High chiefs typically traveled from one place to another within their domains. Each locality had to house, feed, and
432:
can be taken to mean poetry or linguistic composition. Hula (chant with dance) and oli (chant without dance) are two general styles in which mele can be used/performed. Generally, "all mele may be performed as oli (chant without dance), but only certain types such as name chants, sex chants, love
756:
Modern hula arose from adaptation of traditional hula ideas (dance and mele) to
Western influences. The primary influences were Christian morality and melodic harmony. Hula ʻauana still tells or comments on a story, but the stories may include events since the 1800s. The costumes of the women
775:
While the whole
Hawaiian repertoire can be mainly categorised into two sides, hua kahiko and hula 'auana, the sound accompaniments have been regarded as one of the symbolic signs to distinguish them. In indigenous Hawaiian music, poetic text has always been an essential artistic element. It was
274:
Five hula genres can be placed across a spectrum with "the most ancient" on the left and "the most modern" on the right side. The Hula pahu and hula 'āla'apapa subcategories are ancient, originating before the introduction of
Christianity. Thanks to well-preserved documentation, guidelines for
1151:
was instrumental in raising its profile and popularity on the
American stage, performing the hula in New York and Boston, teaching society figures the dance, and touring the country with the Royal Hawaiian Orchestra. However, a more traditional hula was maintained in small circles by older
439:
contains 43 different words to describe voice quality; the technique and particularity of chanting styles is crucial to understanding their function. The combination of general style (with or without dance) and the context of the performance determines what vocal style a chant will use.
486:
style. Students often stand outside the entrance and chant repeatedly until the kumu decides to grant them permission to enter, and uses a different chant in response. This is an example of how oli is integrated into modern day cultural practices, within the context of hula training.
357:," translates loosely as "You bear both the good and the bad consequences of the poetry you compose" The idea behind this saying originates from the ancient Hawaiian belief that language possessed mana, or "power derived from a spiritual source" particularly when delivered through
633:, or barkcloth, which was just long enough to go around the waist. Visitors report seeing dancers swathed in many yards of tapa, enough to increase their circumference substantially. Dancers might also wear decorations such as necklaces, bracelets, and anklets, as well as many
848:
choice, most hālau follow the accepted costuming traditions. Women generally wear skirts or dresses of some sort. Men may wear long or short pants, skirts, or a malo (a cloth wrapped under and around the groin). For slow, graceful dances, the dancers will wear
148:
created significant changes in the formal
Hawaiian arts, including hula. "Ai Kahiko", meaning "in the ancient style" are those hula written in the 20th and 21st centuries that follow the stylistic protocols of the ancient hula kahiko.
727:
The lei and tapa worn for sacred hula were considered imbued with the sacredness of the dance, and were not to be worn after the performance. Lei were typically left on the small altar to Laka found in every hālau, as offerings.
1000:(the goddess of the oceans) when she finally found an island where she couldn't be touched by the waves. There at a chain of craters on the island of Hawai'i she danced the first dance of hula signifying that she finally won.
784:
guitar", requires musician to tune the guitar by slackening the strings and pluck out main melody with the high-pitched strings when the lower-pitched strings are also worked on for the production of constant bass pattern.
1170:
has become an annual one week long hula competition held in the spring that attracts visitors from all over the world. It is to honor King David Kalākaua who was known as the Merrie
Monarch as he revived the art of hula.
1053:
who devoted herself to the old ways, as the patron of the ancients chants (mele, hula), she stressed the importance to revive the diminishing culture of their ancestors within the damaging influence of foreigners and
3392:
1759:
Queen Ka’ahumanu, the favorite wife of
Kamehameha I and an acting Regent during the reign of Kamehameha II and Kamehameha III became a practicing Christian, and banned the hula and accompanying mele from all public
1003:
Kumu Hula (or "hula master") Leato S. Savini of the
Hawaiian cultural academy Hālau Nā Mamo O Tulipa, located in Waiʻanae, Japan, and Virginia, believes that hula goes as far back as what the Hawaiians call the
839:
The traditional Hawaiian hula costume includes kapa cloth skirts and men in just the malo (loincloth) however, during 1880s hula 'auana was developed from western influences. It is during this period that the
143:
Terminology for two additional categories is beginning to enter the hula lexicon: "Monarchy" includes any hula which were composed and choreographed during the 19th century. During that time the influx of
504:: Comparing with the kepakepa, syllables are sustained a bit longer in kawele, but yet to be easily identified in pitches. It tends to be a more suitable form for recitation and declamation among Olis.
3387:
365:(composers) and chanters was of utmost reverence and importance. Oli was an integral component of ancient Hawaiian society, and arose in nearly every social, political and economic aspect of life.
944:
772:
The subject of the songs is as broad as the range of human experience. People write mele hula ʻauana to comment on significant people, places or events or simply to express an emotion or idea.
327:
Hula kahiko is performed today by dancing to the historical chants. Many hula kahiko are characterized by traditional costuming, by an austere look, and a reverence for their spiritual root.
820:
Occasional hula ʻauana call for the dancers to use implements, in which case they will use the same instruments as for hula kahiko. Often dancers use the ʻUlīʻulī (feathered gourd rattle).
368:
Traditional chant types are extremely varied in context and technical components, and cover a broad range of specific functions. Among them (in vague descending order of sacredness) exist
721:
Traditional male dancers wore the everyday malo, or loincloth. Again, they might wear bulky malo made of many yards of tapa. They also wore necklaces, bracelets, anklets, and lei.
320:
or have dire consequences. Dancers who were learning to do such hula necessarily made many mistakes. Hence they were ritually secluded and put under the protection of the goddess
116:
There are many sub-styles of hula, with the two main categories being Hula ʻAuana and Hula Kahiko. Ancient hula, performed before Western encounters with Hawaiʻi, is called
309:
their honor, or for their entertainment. Types of hula kahiko include ʻālaʻapapa, haʻa, ʻōlapa, and many others. Today hula kahiko is simply stated as "Traditional" Hula.
280:
edition. These two genres reflect the social transformation and westernization within the region, influenced by American economics and politics. More importantly, the same
1103:
surrounded all aspects of hula training and practice, even as late as the early 20th century. Teachers and students were dedicated to the goddess of the hula, Laka.
629:, or wrapped skirt, but were topless. Today this form of dress has been altered. As a sign of lavish display, the pāʻū might be much longer than the usual length of
2707:
1848:
1547:
3624:
312:
Many hula dances are considered to be a religious performance, as they are dedicated to, or honoring, a Hawaiian goddess or god. As was true of ceremonies at the
1038:
forbade public performances. However, many of them continued to privately patronize the hula. By the 1850s, public hula was regulated by a system of licensing.
346:, this was the only available method of ensuring accuracy. Chants told the stories of creation, mythology, royalty, and other significant events and people.
1909:
3198:
1746:
2858:
1241:. This book includes the original Hawaiian of the Pele and Hi'iaka myth and as such provides an invaluable resource for language students and others.
510:: It is regarded as the most commonly used kind of oli, which the sustained pitch monotone carries the poetic form in a more vocally-embellished way.
171:
In the 1890s and early 1900s, hula dancers and Hawaiian musicians toured the U.S. mainland. This advertisement appeared in an Ohio newspaper in 1921.
3775:
2823:
285:
hula, the corresponding melodic structure and the strophic musical structure make modern hula ku'i and hula 'ōlapa distinguishable from the others.
3596:
2929:
2679:
740:
Visiting chiefs from other domains would also be honored with hula performances. This courtesy was often extended to important Western visitors.
498:: A conversational patter that is expected to be performed swiftly, where the syllables are usually too short to allow pitches to be identified.
120:. It is accompanied by chant and traditional instruments. Hula, as it evolved under Western influence in the 19th and 20th centuries, is called
2636:
2577:
780:", was attributed to the perfect combination happened when guitarist is muting the strings with a steel bar; another guitar-playing approach, "
3814:
3346:
3230:
1284:
1270:
605:
The dog's-tooth anklets sometimes worn by male dancers could also be considered instruments, as they underlined the sounds of stamping feet.
516:: It uses sustained pitches more often and there can be multiple pitches following fundamental configuration throughout the musical context.
58:
Frank Kawaikapuokalani Hewett performs during a ceremony transferring control over the island of Kahoʻolawe from the U.S. Navy to the state.
3472:
3321:
1159:
In response to several Pacific island sports teams using their respective native war chants and dances as pre-game ritual challenges, the
852:
such as a muʻumuʻu for women and a sash for men. A fast, lively, "rascal" song will be performed by dancers in more revealing or festive
1693:
1659:
1625:
844:
began to be seen everywhere although, Hula 'auana costumes are usually more western-looking, with dresses for women and pants for men.
724:
The materials for the lei worn in performance were gathered in the forest, after prayers to Laka and the forest gods had been chanted.
3876:
2957:
1018:
1864:
1251:. Many of the original Hawaiian hula chants, together with Emerson's descriptions of how they were danced in the nineteenth century.
527:
the text and the oli style according to the given context, such time limits and the particular situation where the oli is delivered.
2863:
2722:
1294:
1289:
Nanette Kilohana Kaihawanawana Orman, ʻʻHula Sister: A Guide to the Native Dance of Hawaiiʻʻ. Honolulu: Island Heritage Pub., 2015.
1163:
football team started doing a war chant and dance using the native Hawaiian language that was called the ha'a before games in 2007.
464:
1359:
3780:
3639:
2597:
2197:
2170:
1902:
3108:
3497:
3306:
3073:
2117:
3740:
3035:
2992:
2873:
2259:
2202:
302:
680:. They are arranged in a dense layer of around fifty leaves. Kī were sacred to the goddess of the forest and the hula dance
3790:
3148:
2891:
2833:
2813:
2785:
2742:
275:
performers to bring the poetic text back on stage remain clear in manuscript sources. On the other side of the continuum,
1566:
3856:
3750:
3730:
3702:
3659:
3143:
3113:
2972:
2752:
2305:
989:. This story locates the source of the hula on Hawaiʻi, in the Puna district at the Hāʻena shoreline. The ancient hula
3826:
3669:
3589:
3098:
2922:
2853:
2808:
2672:
2244:
1895:
316:, the platform temple, even a minor error was considered to invalidate the performance. It might even be a presage of
293:
39:
3123:
3068:
3083:
3063:
2818:
996:
Another story is that Pele, the goddess of fire, was trying to find a home for herself running away from her sister
324:
during the learning period. Ceremonies marked the successful learning of the hula and the emergence from seclusion.
3818:
3770:
3735:
3725:
3371:
3002:
2848:
2828:
1918:
1853:
1705:
1671:
1637:
1371:
3103:
3058:
3822:
3765:
3311:
3240:
3158:
3078:
2982:
2604:
2533:
2385:
1946:
1772:
1140:
1087:
appears not to have been used in hula kuʻi, evidently because its sacredness was respected by practitioners; the
1754:
1152:
practitioners. There has been a renewed interest in hula, both traditional and modern, since the 1970s and the
433:
chants, and chants dedicated to the gods of hula (ritual dance), may be performed as hula (chant with dance)."
428:
can hold many different meanings, and is often translated to mean simply, song. However, in a more broad sense,
3866:
3851:
3745:
3260:
2732:
2629:
2548:
2458:
1743:
1244:
1234:
100:
3649:
3552:
2967:
2952:
2592:
2345:
2269:
2094:
1592:
1167:
868:
618:
3118:
637:(in the form of headpieces (lei poʻo), necklaces, bracelets, and anklets (kupeʻe)), and other accessories.
456:
is a style many would liken to song, as it is melodic in nature and includes sustained pitches, often with
3810:
3582:
3408:
3208:
3163:
3012:
2915:
2702:
2665:
2294:
2217:
2112:
2089:
1878:
1838:
873:
2987:
2977:
1719:
3871:
3861:
3619:
3547:
3341:
3088:
3017:
2938:
2717:
2518:
2289:
2003:
236:
113:
who settled there. The hula dramatizes or portrays the words of the oli or mele in a visual dance form.
31:
2425:
1986:
1546:
Kawate, M.; Uchida, J.; Coughlin, J.; Melzer, M.; Kadooka, C.; Kam, J.; Sugano, J.; Fukuda, S. (2014).
342:. It was codified in genealogies and chants, which were memorized and passed down. In the absence of a
828:
3634:
3537:
3413:
3351:
3331:
3316:
3213:
3153:
3093:
2868:
2767:
2688:
2125:
1951:
1160:
1153:
1136:
540:
3785:
3684:
3605:
3193:
3007:
2997:
2903:
2843:
2762:
2299:
2192:
1324:
1035:
1030:
missionaries, who arrived in 1820, often denounced the hula as a heathen dance holding vestiges of
672:
667:
50:
1093:
gourd (Lagenaria sicenaria) was the indigenous instrument most closely associated with hula kuʻi.
3760:
3679:
3366:
3356:
3290:
3245:
3188:
3040:
2962:
2757:
2747:
2737:
2727:
2279:
2084:
1689:
1655:
1621:
1528:
1488:
1454:
1355:
125:
3326:
832:
474:(hula schools) asking permission to enter the space in order to partake in the knowledge of the
1755:
The Power of the Hula: A Performance Text for Appropriating Identity Among First Hawaiian Youth
167:
3806:
3674:
3664:
3654:
3644:
3492:
3178:
2838:
2790:
2712:
2646:
2624:
2612:
2498:
2284:
1685:
1651:
1617:
1446:
1385:
1351:
1290:
1280:
1266:
794:
436:
335:
2370:
298:
124:(a word that means "to wander" or "drift"). It is accompanied by song and Western-influenced
3755:
3707:
3629:
3542:
3442:
3361:
3285:
3270:
2463:
2264:
2249:
2222:
2207:
2184:
2130:
2079:
1520:
1438:
1050:
478:(teacher) is a key component to being a student. Many hālau use a variation of "Kūnihi," an
343:
276:
256:
110:
106:
68:
1861:
1034:. The newly Christianized aliʻi (royalty and nobility) were urged to ban the hula. In 1830
3512:
3423:
3280:
3265:
2587:
2553:
2523:
2390:
2157:
1981:
1882:
1868:
1750:
1042:
974:, at a sacred place in Kaʻana. After Laka died, her remains were hidden beneath the hill
806:
640:
145:
3467:
3527:
3447:
3275:
3250:
3235:
3218:
3203:
2558:
2528:
2395:
2350:
2254:
2234:
2074:
1148:
1124:
802:
339:
240:
3846:
3840:
3457:
3225:
3173:
3168:
2405:
2365:
2212:
2152:
1966:
1941:
1315:
1200:
1027:
766:
244:
3482:
2420:
2147:
2069:
1998:
1956:
1933:
1479:
Silva, Kalena (1989). "Hawaiian Chant: Dynamic Cultural Link or Atrophied Relic?".
1184:
997:
986:
952:
777:
634:
2513:
2508:
224:
3562:
3502:
3477:
3183:
2617:
2468:
2448:
2163:
2023:
1993:
1887:
1511:
Tatar, Elizabeth (1981). "Toward a Description of Precontact Music in Hawai'i".
1046:
849:
841:
268:
220:
137:
3418:
2028:
2013:
1813:
1305:
1206:
1144:
644:
630:
1450:
3532:
3255:
2493:
2059:
1328:, the kī, a sacred plant whose leaves are traditionally used for hula skirts
1220:
1055:
781:
656:
232:
1798:
The Arts of Kingship: Hawaiian Art and National Culture of the Kalakaua Era
1111:
17:
793:
The musicians performing hula ʻauana will typically use portable acoustic
3557:
3517:
3336:
2355:
2326:
2043:
2038:
1971:
1131:
Hula changed drastically in the early 20th century as it was featured in
1116:
1031:
1006:
857:
692:
281:
248:
1492:
757:
dancers are less revealing and the music is heavily Western-influenced.
748:
613:
3522:
3487:
3437:
3428:
2543:
2478:
2380:
2142:
2008:
1458:
1132:
1074:
1066:
971:
652:
460:, or vibrato of the voice that holds vowel tones at the ends of lines.
133:
1532:
769:. A lead voice sings in a major scale, with occasional harmony parts.
3452:
3393:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2538:
2488:
2274:
2033:
1426:
1120:
1100:
1096:
1062:
853:
706:
686:
252:
216:
129:
92:
1442:
1049:(1874–1891), who encouraged the traditional arts. With the Princess
577:—small knee drum made of a coconut shell with fish skin (kala) cover
491:
techniques were developed in oli repertoire. These five styles are:
1524:
718:. However, Tongan leaf skirts generally use red and yellow leaves.
535:
152:
There are also two main positions of a hula dance: either sitting (
3507:
3462:
2432:
2415:
2400:
2239:
2018:
1828:
1819:
Everything Related To Hula Dancing, Hula History & Hula Theory
1110:
1070:
928:
882:
827:
747:
711:
639:
612:
554:
534:
313:
292:
264:
260:
166:
49:
38:
1833:
2503:
2473:
2453:
2410:
2375:
2360:
2229:
2178:
2064:
1976:
1961:
970:, goddess of the hula, gave birth to the dance on the island of
967:
681:
648:
567:
321:
317:
228:
3578:
2911:
2661:
1927:
List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania
1891:
1875:
1408:
Ancestry of Experience: A Journey into Hawaiian Ways of Knowing
897:
Often there is a hierarchy in hula schools - starting with the
3388:
Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium
2319:
2313:
2136:
1818:
985:, who danced to appease her fiery sister, the volcano goddess
549:
452:
sounds like rapid speech and is often spoken in long phrases.
30:
This article is about the Hawaiian dance. For other uses, see
77:
1851:
Article about "Ka Hula Piko" on Molokai, by Jill Engledow.
1843:
963:
There are various legends surrounding the origins of hula.
765:
The mele of hula ʻauana are generally sung as if they were
83:
1823:
448:
are examples of styles differentiated by vocal technique.
361:(chant). Therefore, skillful manipulation of language by
463:
A law passed in Hawai'i in 1896 (shortly after American
412:(expression/call out). An important distinction between
1773:"First White Exponent of the Hula Returns to the Stage"
271:; however, the hula is unique to the Hawaiian Islands.
176:
often pull from a basic library of steps including the
894:
means "source of knowledge", or literally "teacher".
522:: it is exclusively applied as the laments in funeral.
1258:. An analysis of the `Ala`apapa style of sacred hula.
80:
3716:
3693:
3612:
3571:
3401:
3380:
3299:
3136:
3049:
3026:
2945:
2902:
2886:
2799:
2776:
2695:
2654:
2645:
2567:
2441:
2338:
2103:
2052:
1932:
1757:" (2013). Doctoral Dissertations. Paper 56, p. 21:
74:
71:
1420:
1418:
1416:
251:) that come from other Polynesian islands such as
1800:(Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2009), 2.
1410:(Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2012), 6.
617:Dancer with ʻuliʻuli, hula kahiko competition,
1265:. Honolulu : Island Heritage Pub., 2011.
1088:
1082:
922:
916:
910:
904:
898:
207:
201:
195:
189:
183:
177:
159:
153:
46:performance in Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
3590:
2923:
2673:
1903:
752:Dancer (Hula ʻauana), Merrie Monarch Festival
625:Traditional female dancers wore the everyday
8:
880:Hula is taught in schools or groups called
1704:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1670:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1636:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1556:) Diseases in Hawaii's Commercial Orchards"
1370:. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library,
1081:(kuʻi means "to combine old and new"). The
856:. The hula kahiko is always performed with
442:Kepakepa, kāwele, olioli, ho'āeae, ho'ouēuē
3597:
3583:
3575:
2930:
2916:
2908:
2680:
2666:
2658:
2651:
1910:
1896:
1888:
1862:American Aloha : Hula Beyond Hawaiʻi
1753:, HawaiiHistory.org; also: Hong, Cesily, "
1197:American Aloha : Hula Beyond Hawaiʻi
1045:had a resurgence during the reign of King
571:—sharkskin covered drum; considered sacred
1593:"Ti Leaf: Canoe Plant of Ancient Hawai'i"
1388:. Hawaii Ocean project. February 1, 2018
1017:
943:
927:(students). This is not true for every
867:
583:—water-worn lava stone used as castanets
543:with hula implements Puʻili and ʻuliʻuli
164:dance). Some dances utilize both forms.
1506:
1504:
1502:
1338:
1199:(2003) By Lisette Marie Flannery &
1814:Hula Teacher On What's My Line 8/26/62
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
949:Female dancers of the Sandwich Islands
589:—feathered gourd rattles (also ʻulili)
2065:"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)
1771:M'Swigan, Marie (February 23, 1930).
1481:The Journal of the Polynesian Society
955:, the artist aboard the Russian ship
710:are also used in religious dances in
7:
3805:For other topics including Oceanian
2198:French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands
1876:Hula Dance Class Salt Lake County UT
1744:Missionaries and the Decline of Hula
700:) during religious rituals. Similar
1425:Stillman, Amy Ku'uleialoha (2005).
1263:Kumu hula : roots and branches
1193:(2000) Directed by Catherine Tatge
696:were allowed to wear kī leaf leis (
676:) leaves may also be worn over the
3144:Austral Islands (French Polynesia)
1249:The Unwritten Literature of Hawaii
1058:that was forever changing Hawaii.
966:According to one Hawaiian legend,
25:
813:Steel guitar—accents the vocalist
465:overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
2598:World Invitational Hula Festival
1824:Hawaiian Music and Hula Archives
1591:Gamayo, Darde (August 4, 2016).
1308:
959:, which visited Hawai'i in 1816.
215:There are other related dances (
67:
2118:Australian Aboriginal astronomy
1844:Hula Dance fine art photography
1349:are usually not danced to; cf.
1191:Holo Mai Pele - Hālau ō Kekuhi
1181:Kumu Hula: Keepers of a Culture
353:(Hawaiian saying or proverb), "
297:Hula kahiko performance at the
27:Hawaiian traditional dance form
3625:Federated States of Micronesia
3508:Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)
3199:Federated States of Micronesia
2958:Federated States of Micronesia
2708:Federated States of Micronesia
2203:Federated States of Micronesia
1061:Practitioners merged Hawaiian
886:. The teacher of hula is the
303:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
1:
1919:Culture of indigenous Oceania
1427:"Textualizing Hawaiian Music"
1386:"A Brief History of the Hula"
1277:The Hula; A Revised Edition:
95:dance form expressing chant (
3347:Oceanian legendary creatures
1849:"Where Tradition Holds Sway"
1239:The Myth of Pele and Hi'iaka
1077:to create the new form, the
482:, most typically done in an
355:'O 'oe ka luaʻahi o kāu mele
3827:Category:Culture of Oceania
105:). It was developed in the
3893:
3429:Chatham Islander (Moriori
2327:Weriyeng navigation school
1857:Vol. 11 No.2 (March 2007).
1706:University of Hawaii Press
1672:University of Hawaii Press
1638:University of Hawaii Press
1563:HānaiʻAi/The Food Provider
1372:University of Hawaii Press
531:Instruments and implements
29:
3877:Austronesian spirituality
3803:
2171:traditions and ceremonies
1925:
1829:Hula Preservation Society
1107:20th century hula dancing
816:Bass—maintains the rhythm
3776:Northern Mariana Islands
3231:Northern Mariana Islands
3109:Northern Mariana Islands
2859:Northern Mariana Islands
2630:Festival of Pacific Arts
1834:Merrie Mondarch Festival
1345:chants which are called
1135:spectacles, such as the
1115:"Honolulu Entertainers"
915:(helpers), and then the
3741:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3074:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2824:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2593:Merrie Monarch Festival
1867:April 25, 2009, at the
1854:Maui No Ka 'Oi Magazine
1749:April 18, 2016, at the
1279:Bess Press Inc., 2011.
1168:Merrie Monarch Festival
1089:
1083:
981:Another story tells of
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
714:, where it is known as
619:Merrie Monarch Festival
396:(procreation/genital),
208:
202:
196:
190:
184:
178:
160:
154:
3553:Torres Strait Islander
2939:Literature of Oceania
2295:Micronesian Navigation
1839:European Hula Festival
1702:in Hawaiian Dictionary
1668:in Hawaiian Dictionary
1634:in Hawaiian Dictionary
1565:: 1–11. Archived from
1368:in Hawaiian Dictionary
1128:
1023:
1022:Hula dancers, c. 1885.
993:describes this event.
960:
877:
874:Hinaleimoana Wong-Kalu
836:
753:
704:leaf skirts worn over
663:
622:
544:
539:Hula dance researcher
305:
172:
59:
47:
3719:and other territories
3523:Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)
3409:Indigenous Australian
3307:Australian Aboriginal
3052:and other territories
2802:and other territories
2689:Languages of Oceania
2290:Polynesian Navigation
2270:Torres Strait Islands
1881:May 25, 2021, at the
1114:
1021:
947:
871:
831:
751:
643:
616:
538:
296:
170:
53:
42:
32:Hula (disambiguation)
3606:Religion in Oceania
3538:Taiwanese aborigines
2892:Languages of Oceania
1777:The Pittsburgh Press
1572:on December 10, 2015
1550:Cordyline terminalis
1261:Ishmael W. Stagner:
1161:University of Hawaii
1154:Hawaiian Renaissance
801:used as part of the
795:stringed instruments
684:, and as such, only
595:—split bamboo sticks
541:Joann Kealiinohomoku
158:dance) or standing (
3857:Dances of Polynesia
3811:indigenous currency
2090:Sāmoa 'ava ceremony
1325:Cordyline fruticosa
1183:(1989) Directed by
673:Cordyline fruticosa
126:musical instruments
2406:Polynesian sailing
1690:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
1656:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
1622:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
1356:Samuel Hoyt Elbert
1129:
1024:
961:
878:
837:
754:
664:
623:
563:—double gourd drum
545:
306:
173:
60:
48:
3834:
3833:
3799:
3798:
3791:Wallis and Futuna
3736:Clipperton Island
3694:Associated states
3291:Wallis and Futuna
3132:
3131:
3124:Wallis and Futuna
3069:Clipperton Island
3027:Associated states
2898:
2897:
2882:
2881:
2874:Wallis and Futuna
2819:Clipperton Island
2777:Associated states
2625:Pacific Community
2613:Pasifika Festival
2346:Aboriginal dugout
2285:Wallis and Futuna
1872:(2003) - PBS film
1720:"A Hip Tradition"
1686:Mary Kawena Pukui
1652:Mary Kawena Pukui
1618:Mary Kawena Pukui
1352:Mary Kawena Pukui
1285:978-1-57306-312-8
1271:978-1-59700-621-7
1245:Nathaniel Emerson
1235:Nathaniel Emerson
1067:vocal performance
940:Legendary origins
666:A skirt of green
655:, in traditional
437:Hawaiian language
16:(Redirected from
3884:
3781:Pitcairn Islands
3751:French Polynesia
3731:Christmas Island
3660:Papua New Guinea
3640:Marshall Islands
3613:Sovereign states
3599:
3592:
3585:
3576:
3493:Norfolk Islander
3438:Fijian (iTaukei)
3241:Papua New Guinea
3114:Pitcairn Islands
3084:French Polynesia
3064:Christmas Island
2993:Papua New Guinea
2973:Marshall Islands
2946:Sovereign states
2932:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2864:Pitcairn Islands
2834:French Polynesia
2814:Christmas Island
2743:Papua New Guinea
2723:Marshall Islands
2696:Sovereign states
2682:
2675:
2668:
2659:
2652:
2637:Papua New Guinea
2300:Marshall Islands
2250:Pitcairn Islands
2245:Papua New Guinea
2185:Lomilomi massage
2131:Caroline Islands
2004:Papua New Guinea
1912:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1801:
1796:Stacy Kamehiro,
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1560:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1476:
1463:
1462:
1422:
1411:
1406:Leilani Holmes,
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1343:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1166:Since 1964, the
1092:
1086:
1036:Queen Kaʻahumanu
991:Ke Haʻa Ala Puna
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
876:, Honolulu, 2013
376:(ritual dance),
344:written language
336:Hawaiian history
257:The Cook Islands
211:
205:
199:
193:
187:
181:
163:
157:
111:Native Hawaiians
107:Hawaiian Islands
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
54:Hula in Hawaii.
21:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3867:Dance in Hawaii
3852:Music of Hawaii
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3795:
3718:
3712:
3695:
3689:
3670:Solomon Islands
3608:
3603:
3567:
3397:
3376:
3295:
3261:Solomon Islands
3128:
3051:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3003:Solomon Islands
2941:
2936:
2894:
2878:
2801:
2795:
2778:
2772:
2753:Solomon Islands
2691:
2686:
2641:
2588:Aloha Festivals
2563:
2437:
2396:Paopao (Tuvalu)
2386:Māori migration
2334:
2306:Stick charts of
2260:Solomon Islands
2143:Chatham Islands
2105:
2099:
2048:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1883:Wayback Machine
1869:Wayback Machine
1810:
1805:
1804:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1751:Wayback Machine
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1601:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1513:Ethnomusicology
1510:
1509:
1500:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1443:10.2307/4153041
1424:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1350:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1275:Jerry Hopkins,
1256:Hula `Ala`apapa
1231:
1177:
1137:Kodak Hula Show
1109:
1071:dance movements
1043:performing arts
1016:
942:
937:
866:
850:formal clothing
833:Kealiʻi Reichel
826:
807:lead instrument
791:
763:
746:
734:
611:
533:
424:is as follows:
400:(lamentation),
333:
291:
146:Western culture
70:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Norfolk Island
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:American Samoa
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3697:
3696:of New Zealand
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Norfolk Island
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:American Samoa
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3029:of New Zealand
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:Norfolk Island
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:American Samoa
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2779:of New Zealand
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2662:
2656:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2578:Garma Festival
2571:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Alingano Maisu
2348:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Norfolk Island
2232:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:kapa (Hawaiʻi)
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1858:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:External links
1806:
1803:
1802:
1789:
1763:
1736:
1711:
1677:
1643:
1609:
1597:Big Island Now
1583:
1538:
1525:10.2307/851556
1519:(3): 481–492.
1498:
1464:
1431:American Music
1412:
1399:
1377:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1273:
1259:
1254:Amy Stillman,
1252:
1242:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1176:
1173:
1149:Signe Paterson
1125:Salt Lake City
1108:
1105:
1047:David Kalākaua
1015:
1012:
941:
938:
936:
933:
865:
862:
825:
822:
818:
817:
814:
810:
809:
803:rhythm section
790:
787:
762:
759:
745:
742:
733:
730:
610:
607:
603:
602:
601:—rhythm sticks
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
564:
558:
532:
529:
524:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
332:
329:
290:
287:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3889:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:New Caledonia
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Easter Island
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:New Caledonia
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Easter Island
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:New Caledonia
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Easter Island
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:New Caledonia
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2829:Easter Island
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:Dugout (boat)
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:New Caledonia
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:Easter Island
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:Geo-specific,
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:Broad culture
2051:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1316:Hawaii portal
1306:
1301:
1296:
1295:1-61710-257-1
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1201:Evann Siebens
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:Lili'uokalani
1048:
1044:
1041:The Hawaiian
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1001:
999:
998:Namakaokahaʻi
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
934:
932:
930:
925:
921:(dancers) or
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
893:
889:
885:
884:
875:
870:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
845:
843:
834:
830:
823:
821:
815:
812:
811:
808:
804:
800:
799:
798:
796:
788:
786:
783:
779:
773:
770:
768:
767:popular music
760:
758:
750:
743:
741:
738:
731:
729:
725:
722:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
688:
683:
679:
675:
674:
669:
661:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
636:
632:
628:
620:
615:
609:Dress/Outfits
608:
606:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
552:
551:
547:
546:
542:
537:
530:
528:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:(genealogy),
383:
380:(cosmogeny),
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:ʻŌlelo Noʻeau
347:
345:
341:
337:
330:
328:
325:
323:
319:
315:
310:
304:
300:
295:
288:
286:
283:
278:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
169:
165:
162:
156:
150:
147:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
88:
64:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3872:Group dances
3862:Tiki culture
3717:Dependencies
3703:Cook Islands
3414:Austronesian
3159:Cook Islands
3050:Dependencies
3036:Cook Islands
2800:Dependencies
2786:Cook Islands
2609:New Zealand
2483:
2464:fire dancing
2325:
2318:
2304:
2183:
2169:
2162:
2148:Cook Islands
2134:
2095:Wood carving
2070:Kava culture
1957:Cook Islands
1860:
1852:
1797:
1792:
1782:December 23,
1780:. Retrieved
1776:
1766:
1758:
1739:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1701:
1695:
1694:"lookup of
1680:
1667:
1661:
1660:"lookup of
1646:
1633:
1627:
1626:"lookup of
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1574:. Retrieved
1567:the original
1562:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1516:
1512:
1487:(1): 85–90.
1484:
1480:
1437:(1): 69–94.
1434:
1430:
1407:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1380:
1367:
1361:
1360:"lookup of
1346:
1341:
1323:
1276:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1219:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1185:Robert Mugge
1180:
1165:
1158:
1130:
1095:
1078:
1060:
1040:
1025:
1014:19th century
1005:
1002:
995:
990:
982:
980:
975:
965:
962:
956:
953:Louis Choris
951:depicted by
948:
896:
891:
887:
881:
879:
846:
838:
819:
792:
778:steel guitar
774:
771:
764:
755:
739:
735:
732:Performances
726:
723:
720:
715:
705:
702:C. fruticosa
701:
697:
691:
685:
677:
671:
665:
657:
645:Hula dancers
626:
624:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
566:
560:
548:
525:
519:
513:
507:
501:
495:
489:
483:
479:
475:
471:
469:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
435:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:(love), and
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
348:
340:oral history
334:
326:
311:
307:
273:
214:
174:
151:
142:
128:such as the
121:
117:
115:
101:
96:
62:
61:
55:
43:
36:
3650:New Zealand
3483:Micronesian
3473:Marshallese
3342:Micronesian
3214:New Zealand
3154:Austronesia
2983:New Zealand
2887:by category
2733:New Zealand
2618:Te Matatini
2469:firewalking
2218:New Zealand
2164:Lau Islands
2126:Austronesia
1994:nguzu nguzu
1982:New Zealand
1952:Austronesia
1724:Smithsonian
1602:January 21,
1576:January 21,
1392:January 12,
1214:The Haumana
903:(teacher),
842:grass skirt
789:Instruments
744:Hula ʻauana
331:Chant (Oli)
289:Hula kahiko
269:New Zealand
241:Fa'ataupati
138:double bass
99:) or song (
44:Hula kahiko
18:Hula kahiko
3841:Categories
3503:Polynesian
3478:Melanesian
3419:Sama-Bajau
3352:Polynesian
3332:Melanesian
3317:Mangarevan
3194:Micronesia
2904:Literature
2574:Australia
2320:navigation
1548:"Ti Leaf (
1333:References
1207:Hula Girls
1145:Vaudeville
1065:, chanted
1028:Protestant
909:(leader),
872:Kumu Hula
835:Hula Hālau
805:, or as a
520:ho'ouweuwe
472:hālau hula
406:hoʻoipoipo
374:hula kuahu
372:(prayer),
277:hapa haole
245:Tau'olunga
136:, and the
3620:Australia
3543:Tokelauan
3372:Vanuatuan
3300:Mythology
3256:Slit drum
3246:Polynesia
3189:Melanesia
3149:Australia
2953:Australia
2703:Australia
2647:Languages
2568:Festivals
2494:kapa haka
2391:Outrigger
2113:Australia
2085:Polynesia
2060:areca nut
1947:Australia
1729:March 22,
1554:fruticosa
1451:0734-4392
1221:Kumu Hina
1141:Hollywood
1139:, and in
1079:hula kuʻi
1056:modernism
1026:American
976:Puʻu Nana
888:kumu hula
858:bare feet
782:slack key
480:oli kāhea
388:(birth),
382:koʻihonua
370:mele pule
363:haku mele
233:kapa haka
56:Kumu hula
3819:folklore
3635:Kiribati
3572:Religion
3558:Visayans
3533:Tahitian
3513:Rapa Nui
3443:Hawaiian
3424:Chamorro
3381:Research
3367:Tuvaluan
3357:Rapa Nui
3337:Menehune
3179:Kiribati
2968:Kiribati
2718:Kiribati
2584:Hawaiʻi
2559:'upa'upa
2499:Kiribati
2449:ʻAparima
2371:Hōkūleʻa
2193:Kiribati
2044:tivaevae
2024:taʻovala
1972:magimagi
1879:Archived
1865:Archived
1747:Archived
1692:(2003).
1658:(2003).
1624:(2003).
1493:20706253
1358:(2003).
1302:See also
1117:sideshow
1075:costumes
1032:paganism
1007:Kumulipo
972:Molokaʻi
864:Training
698:lei lāʻī
587:ʻUlīʻulī
581:ʻIliʻili
561:Ipu heke
553:—single
496:kepakepa
450:Kepakepa
404:(game),
392:(name),
378:kūʻauhau
318:bad luck
282:strophic
249:Lakalaka
221:'aparima
219:, hura,
134:ʻukulele
93:Hawaiian
3823:cuisine
3786:Tokelau
3685:Vanuatu
3528:Tagalog
3518:Rotuman
3488:Negrito
3458:Ivatans
3448:Ilocano
3433:Rekohu)
3286:Vanuatu
3271:Tokelau
3119:Tokelau
3018:Vanuatu
2869:Tokelau
2768:Vanuatu
2655:by area
2544:tautoga
2479:hivinau
2381:Karakoa
2280:Vanuatu
2106:general
2014:tā moko
2009:reimiro
1999:Oceania
1760:venues.
1459:4153041
1143:films.
1133:tourist
983:Hiʻiaka
935:History
924:haumana
906:alaka'i
824:Regalia
653:Lahaina
599:Kālaʻau
514:ho'āeae
446:'aiha'a
398:kanikau
299:pa hula
109:by the
91:) is a
3825:, see
3807:cinema
3761:Hawaii
3680:Tuvalu
3548:Tongan
3498:Papuan
3453:Igorot
3402:People
3362:Samoan
3312:Fijian
3281:Tuvalu
3266:Tahiti
3094:Hawaii
3013:Tuvalu
2844:Hawaii
2763:Tuvalu
2554:Tuvalu
2539:tāmūrē
2534:Tahiti
2524:Rotuma
2514:pa'o'a
2509:'ote'a
2489:kailao
2356:Bangka
2339:Canoes
2275:Tuvalu
2075:Lapita
2034:tattoo
1533:851556
1531:
1491:
1457:
1449:
1293:
1283:
1269:
1224:(2014)
1216:(2013)
1210:(2006)
1127:, 1920
1121:circus
1101:prayer
1097:Ritual
1063:poetry
957:Rurick
918:'ōlapa
854:attire
707:tupenu
687:kahuna
662:skirts
593:Pūʻili
508:olioli
502:kawele
484:olioli
454:Olioli
444:, and
420:, and
253:Tahiti
247:, and
225:'ote'a
217:tamure
206:, and
203:ʻuwehe
191:kāwelu
179:kāholo
132:, the
130:guitar
122:ʻauana
118:kahiko
3815:dress
3675:Tonga
3665:Samoa
3655:Palau
3645:Nauru
3468:Māori
3463:Lumad
3327:Māori
3322:Maohi
3276:Tonga
3251:Sāmoa
3236:Palau
3219:Māori
3204:Nauru
3137:Music
3008:Tonga
2998:Samoa
2988:Palau
2978:Nauru
2758:Tonga
2748:Samoa
2738:Palau
2728:Nauru
2549:Tonga
2442:Dance
2433:Walap
2416:Vinta
2401:Paraw
2265:Tonga
2255:Sāmoa
2240:Palau
2223:Māori
2208:Nauru
2080:Māori
2039:tēfui
2029:tapa
2019:tabua
1987:Māori
1570:(PDF)
1559:(PDF)
1529:JSTOR
1489:JSTOR
1455:JSTOR
1229:Books
1175:Films
1147:star
1119:at a
929:hālau
912:kōkua
883:hālau
761:Songs
712:Tonga
693:aliʻi
647:in a
575:Puniu
555:gourd
410:kāhea
386:hānau
314:heiau
265:Tonga
261:Samoa
3847:Hula
3821:and
3756:Guam
3708:Niue
3630:Fiji
3563:Yami
3226:Niue
3184:Lali
3174:Guam
3169:Fiji
3089:Guam
3041:Niue
2963:Fiji
2839:Guam
2791:Niue
2713:Fiji
2605:Fiji
2529:siva
2504:meke
2484:hula
2474:haka
2459:fara
2454:cibi
2426:list
2421:Waka
2411:Proa
2376:Kaep
2361:Drua
2230:Niue
2179:Guam
2158:Fiji
1977:moai
1784:2020
1731:2018
1696:maʻi
1662:hoʻi
1628:kaʻi
1604:2019
1578:2019
1447:ISSN
1394:2021
1291:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1099:and
1084:pahu
1073:and
987:Pele
968:Laka
900:kumu
892:Kumu
716:sisi
690:and
682:Laka
678:pāʻū
660:leaf
649:Luau
631:tapa
627:pāʻū
621:2003
568:Pahu
557:drum
476:kumu
458:'i'i
430:mele
426:mele
422:mele
418:hula
394:maʻi
390:inoa
349:The
338:was
322:Laka
267:and
229:haka
209:ʻami
197:hela
185:kaʻo
161:luna
155:noho
102:mele
63:Hula
2519:poi
2314:Yap
2137:Pwo
1967:Lei
1942:Ahu
1934:Art
1552:or
1521:doi
1439:doi
1362:oli
1347:oli
1123:in
1090:ipu
651:in
635:lei
550:Ipu
470:In
414:oli
402:hei
359:oli
301:in
237:poi
97:oli
3843::
3817:,
3813:,
3809:,
3431:or
2133:,
1775:.
1722:.
1700:.
1688:;
1666:.
1654:;
1632:.
1620:;
1595:.
1561:.
1527:.
1517:25
1515:.
1501:^
1485:98
1483:.
1467:^
1453:.
1445:.
1435:23
1433:.
1429:.
1415:^
1366:.
1354:;
1247:,
1237:,
1156:.
1069:,
978:.
890:.
797:.
668:kī
658:kī
416:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
243:,
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
212:.
200:,
194:,
188:,
182:,
140:.
78:uː
3829:.
3598:e
3591:t
3584:v
2931:e
2924:t
2917:v
2681:e
2674:t
2667:v
2135:-
2120:)
1911:e
1904:t
1897:v
1786:.
1733:.
1708:.
1698:"
1674:.
1664:"
1640:.
1630:"
1606:.
1580:.
1535:.
1523::
1495:.
1461:.
1441::
1396:.
1374:.
1364:"
1297:.
1187:.
670:(
87:/
84:ə
81:l
75:h
72:ˈ
69:/
65:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
