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438:; their fine ends made for little resistance when under tow ... The ultimate degradation awaited a barge. There was no way up, only down-- down to the category of coal hulks ... Having strong solid bottoms ... they could handle the great weight of bulk coal which filled their holds. It was a grimy, untidy, unglamorous end for any vessel which had seen the glory days."
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During the wars of the 18th and 19th century, almost every nation's navy suffered from a lack of volunteers and had to rely on some form of forced recruitment. The receiving ship partly solved the problem of unwilling recruits escaping; it was difficult to get off the ship without being detected, and
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system is no longer maintained or has been removed altogether. The word hulk also may be used as a verb: a ship is "hulked" to convert it to a hulk. The verb was also applied to crews of Royal Navy ships in dock, who were sent to the receiving ship for accommodation, or "hulked". Hulks have a variety
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Receiving ships were typically older vessels that could still be kept afloat, but were obsolete or no longer seaworthy. The practice was especially common in the age of wooden ships, since the old hulls would remain afloat for many years in relatively still waters after they had become too weak to
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is a hulk used as housing, generally when there is a lack of quarters available ashore. An operational ship may be used for accommodation, but a hulk can accommodate more personnel than the same hull would accommodate as a functional ship. For this role, the hulk is often extensively modified to
391:
prevented the sending of convicts to North
America. Instead, increasingly large numbers of British convicts were held aboard hulks in the major seaports and landed ashore in daylight hours for manual labour such as harbor dredging. From 1786, prison hulks were also used as temporary
196:
123:
were then used in such tasks as placing or removing the lower masts of a vessel under construction or repair. These lower masts were the largest and most massive single timbers aboard a ship, and erecting them without the assistance of either a sheer hulk or land-based
135:, built in 1694, was the first of only three purpose-built vessels. There were at least six sheer hulks in service in Britain at any time throughout the 1700s. The concept spread to France in the 1740s with the commissioning of a sheer hulk at the port of Rochefort.
507:
Hulks were used in pairs during salvage operations. By passing heavy cables under a wreck and connecting them to two hulks, a wreck could be raised using the lifting force of the tide or by changing the buoyancy of the hulks.
607:, "one of only two Pacific Coast steam schooners to be powered by steam turbines," was hulked in 1928, she was moored off Long Beach, California and used as a gambling ship until destroyed by a fire of unknown cause.
420:. The hulk was a floating warehouse which could be moved as needed to simplify the transfer of gunpowder to warships. Its location, away from land, also reduced the possible damage from an explosion.
303:
Receiving ships often served as floating hospitals as many were assigned in locations without shore-based station hospitals. Often the afloat surgeon would take up station on the receiving ship.
461:
suffered a similar ignominious ending. She was not even spared the humiliation of concealing her tragic end from the eyes of her former envious rivals, but was condemned to end her days as a
84:, many hulls served longer as hulks than they did as functional ships. Wooden ships were often hulked when the hull structure became too old and weak to withstand the stresses of sailing.
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scow towed up the Sound with a load of brick and concrete behind a stuck up parvenu tug. Ever and anon as if to emphasize her newly acquired importance, the tug would bury the old-time
72:
that is afloat, but incapable of going to sea. Hulk may be used to describe a ship that has been launched but not completed, an abandoned wreck or shell, or to refer to a ship whose
131:
The concept of sheer hulks originated with the Royal Navy in the 1690s, and persisted in
Britain until the early nineteenth century. Most sheer hulks were decommissioned warships;
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producing a steady supply of ships too worn-out to use in combat, but still afloat. Their widespread use was a result of the large number of French sailors captured during the
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532:) and in 2012 created a database of known hulk assemblages in England. They identified 199 separate hulk assemblages ranging in size from two vessels to over 80.
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improve living conditions. Receiving hulks and prison hulks are specialized types of accommodation hulks. During World War II, purpose-built
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a half-century later. By 1814, there were eighteen prison hulks operating at
Portsmouth, sixteen at Plymouth and ten at Chatham.
550:, by some measures the largest ship ever built, served in this capacity from 2004 until 2010. In 2009 and 2010, two of the four
311:
469:
beauty in a cloud of filthy smoke. Imagine the feelings of an ex-Cape Horner under such conditions! There should have been a
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Illustration from a treatise on salvaging from 1734, showing the traditional method of raising a wreck with the help of
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More recently, ships have been hulked when they become obsolete or when they become uneconomical to operate.
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473:. Everybody who knows anything about ships, knows that they have feelings just the same as anybody else.
387:
Prison hulks were also convenient for holding civilian prisoners, commencing in
Britain in 1776 when the
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of uses such as housing, prisons, salvage pontoons, gambling sites, naval training, or cargo storage.
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551:
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were attached to the base of a hulk's lower masts or beam, supported from the top of those masts.
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was last seen lying off
Gibraltar as a coal hulk; and that superb old greyhound of the ocean, the
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The
American-built clipper ship, 1850-1856 : characteristics, construction, and details
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142:, mate and six seamen, with larger numbers coming aboard only when the sheers were in use.
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520:) is where more than one vessel has been hulked in the same location. A project by
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By 1807 the Royal Navy had standardised sheer hulk crew numbers to comprise a
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619:, now a museum ship in Melbourne, Australia. Another is the barque
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544:(FPSO) units, effectively very large floating oil storage tanks.
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Several of the largest former oil tankers have been converted to
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633:, now restored and regularly sailing from Sydney, Australia.
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One by one these old
Champions of the Seas disappeared. The
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ended her days as a coaling hulk in the Cape Verde
Islands.
434:, William L. Carothers wrote, "Clippers functioned well as
934:
859:
809:
Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organisation 1793-1815
482:, Valentine's Manual of Old New York, Issue 3, p. 94-95
115:
of a ship under construction or repair. Booms known as
1017:"Thames Discovery Programme - Hulk Assemblages Survey"
610:
One vessel rescued from this ignominious end was the
594:; others are restored and put to new uses, such as a
471:
Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Old Clippers
1184:
1149:
909:The Wooden World - An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy
834:The Wooden World - An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy
766:The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650–1840
590:may await. Some are repurposed, for example as a
296:most seamen of the era did not know how to swim.
1043:Hulk Assemblages: Assessing the national context
174:A fleet of ships and hulks in Portsmouth harbour
449:
764:Gardiner, Robert; Lavery, Brian, eds. (1992).
1129:
570:A vessel's hulking may not be its final use.
8:
936:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 144, 189.
861:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 281, 284.
427:was usually, but not always, a ship's last.
768:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 106–107.
728:"1·30 Welland Ship Company hulked on board"
292:before they are assigned to a ship's crew.
103:) was used in shipbuilding and repair as a
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1122:
1114:
1040:Museum Of London Archaeology (2012–2013),
759:
757:
755:
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542:floating production storage and offloading
30:For the early European coastal craft, see
1051:
288:used in harbour to house newly recruited
886:. Strand, London.: Cassell. p. 46.
598:. Some even return revitalised to sea.
516:A hulk assemblage (sometimes known as a
300:withstand the rigors of the open ocean.
202:Model of the decommissioned 50-gun ship
714:
152:
911:. London: Fontana Press. p. 149.
836:. London: Fontana Press. p. 145.
811:. Conway Maritime Press. p. 289.
997:. New York: Valentine's Manual: 94–95
27:Ship that is afloat, but not seagoing
7:
961:. Camden, ME: International Marine.
430:Of the fate of the fast and elegant
162:Portsmouth Harbour with prison hulks
987:"The Clipper Ships of Old New York"
991:Valentine's Manual of Old New York
740:"British Other Vessels sheer hulk
190:Dockyard positioned to make a lift
25:
554:, then the largest ships afloat,
480:The Clipper Ships of Old New York
364:. They were used extensively in
1207:Ship-Submarine Recycling Program
1101:
1087:
1073:. California Wreck Divers. 2001.
208:, formerly in the collection of
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179:
167:
155:
376:, and continued throughout the
111:, primarily to place the lower
697:Mechanised coal hulks (Sydney)
147:Historical depictions of hulks
1:
1092:The dictionary definition of
884:War at Sea in the Age of Sail
654:Britannia Royal Naval College
478:Henry Collins Brown, (1919),
1046:, Archaeology Data Service,
957:Crothers, William L (1997).
530:Nautical Archaeology Society
522:Museum of London Archaeology
270:The American receiving ship
562:, were converted to FPSOs.
396:(jails) for convicts being
214:Musée national de la Marine
1263:
794:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
526:Thames Discovery Programme
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315:Her front line days over,
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212:and now on display at the
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29:
1157:Ceremonial ship launching
1144:Life cycle of a Navy ship
416:was a hulk used to store
382:French Revolutionary Wars
128:was extremely difficult.
32:Hulk (medieval ship type)
907:Roger, N. A. M. (1986).
882:Lambert, Andrew (2000).
832:Roger, N. A. M. (1986).
258:were used in this role.
37:Not to be confused with
1021:www.thamesdiscovery.org
932:Lavery, Brian (2012).
857:Lavery, Brian (2012).
807:Lavery, Brian (2012).
588:recreational dive site
504:
485:
408:Hulks used for storage
347:
277:
246:
245:, barracks for marines
61:
60:harbour, 19th century.
1185:After decommissioning
738:Harrison, Cy (2016).
601:When lumber schooner
552:TI-class supertankers
536:Hulks in modern times
495:
360:was a hulk used as a
314:
269:
238:
51:
1110:at Wikimedia Commons
983:Brown, Henry Collins
702:Moored training ship
659:British prison hulk
389:American Revolution
1169:Ship commissioning
505:
441:The famed clipper
348:
278:
276:during World War I
251:accommodation hulk
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225:Accommodation hulk
210:Duhamel du Monceau
62:
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1106:Media related to
918:978-0-00-686152-2
843:978-0-00-686152-2
332:victualling depot
121:Blocks and tackle
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746:. Three Decks.
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518:ship graveyard
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350:Main article:
328:receiving ship
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256:barracks ships
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1174:lists by year
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1024:. Retrieved
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999:. Retrieved
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239:French ship
205:Entreprenant
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1226:Museum ship
1221:Target ship
622:James Craig
596:museum ship
547:Knock Nevis
414:powder hulk
398:transported
358:prison hulk
352:Prison ship
324:prison hulk
307:Prison hulk
273:C. W. Morse
82:age of sail
1247:Ship types
1026:2022-03-02
709:References
669:Guard ship
664:Depot ship
580:breakwater
524:(with the
444:Red Jacket
378:Napoleonic
370:Royal Navy
336:guard ship
101:shear hulk
97:sheer hulk
91:Sheer hulk
74:propulsion
1217:Scuttling
724:HMS Tamar
649:Blockship
576:blockship
572:Scuttling
560:TI Africa
463:New Haven
425:coal hulk
418:gunpowder
402:Australia
319:Temeraire
242:Souverain
188:Sheerness
140:Boatswain
1241:Category
985:(1919).
637:See also
631:Tasmania
528:and the
502:pontoons
476:—
344:breakers
340:paid off
216:in Paris
744:(1694)"
722:Log of
685:Warrior
676:Donegal
556:TI Asia
498:anchors
290:sailors
133:Chatham
80:In the
52:A hulk
1001:May 2,
965:
940:
915:
890:
865:
840:
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772:
687:(1860)
678:(1858)
612:barque
586:, or
436:barges
368:, the
117:sheers
58:Toulon
54:moored
18:Hulked
1108:Hulks
574:as a
394:gaols
284:is a
113:masts
68:is a
43:barge
1202:Hulk
1095:hulk
1003:2010
963:ISBN
938:ISBN
913:ISBN
888:ISBN
863:ISBN
838:ISBN
813:ISBN
770:ISBN
683:HMS
674:HMS
558:and
380:and
317:HMS
286:ship
99:(or
70:ship
66:hulk
39:scow
1219:or
1048:doi
629:in
400:to
249:An
56:in
41:or
1243::
1019:.
993:.
989:.
792:.
752:^
582:,
578:,
412:A
404:.
356:A
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95:A
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1137:e
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1123:v
1071:"
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995:3
971:.
946:.
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846:.
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346:.
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