56:
49:
775:
439:
285:
in 637, Yazdegerd left Hulwan for the eastern provinces of his realm, and the town fell into the hands of the pursuing Arabs under Jarir ibn
Abdallah Bajali in 640. In the early 640s, the town was of strategic importance as a frontier post between the Mesopotamian lowlands and the still
1279:
301:
In the early
Islamic period, until the 10th century, the town is described "as a flourishing town in a fertile district producing much fruit" (L. Lockhart). It was situated on the
254:
740:
340:, and its houses were built of both stone and bricks. Though the climate was hot, dates, pomegranates and figs grew abundantly. According to the 10th-century
358:
380:
in 1046, while an earthquake in 1049 completed the town's destruction. Although rebuilt, it never recovered its former prosperity, and is now the town of
1302:
453:
1312:
620:
733:
709:
665:
598:
97:
1307:
686:
1153:
444:
653:
726:
636:
The Lands of the
Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur
448:
281:(r. 632–651), took refuge in Hulwan for a while during his flight from Ctesiphon. After another heavy defeat at the
48:
237:
1317:
819:
1226:
1064:
1178:
787:
1263:
1209:
1087:
266:, as the Sasanian rulers began to use the Zagros Mountains as a summer retreat away from the capital of
1258:
1234:
1173:
1143:
995:
842:
749:
274:
85:
1031:
350:
adds that the town was surrounded by a wall with eight gates, and included, alongside a mosque, a
1242:
362:
222:
924:
827:
705:
682:
661:
640:
616:
594:
586:
342:
313:. Nevertheless, as in Sasanian times, it was fiscally tied to the Mesopotamian lowlands (the
783:
697:
608:
282:
214:
142:
134:
1204:
1018:
906:
888:
287:
634:
1158:
1095:
804:
630:
381:
202:
190:
150:
1296:
1138:
1105:
1041:
1003:
937:
865:
850:
796:
320:
302:
278:
1148:
957:
377:
368:
Around the turn of the 11th century, the town was governed by the semi-independent
347:
149:, located on the entrance of the Paytak Pass, nowadays identified with the town of
774:
676:
1118:
1008:
700:. In Frye, R. N.; Fisher, William Bayne; Gershevitch, Ilya; et al. (eds.).
325:
263:
1253:
1199:
1183:
1168:
1054:
932:
764:
702:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
591:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
333:
259:
241:
112:
99:
1072:
980:
718:
267:
194:
186:
162:
17:
644:
1026:
975:
970:
914:
896:
809:
373:
295:
170:
166:
1163:
1077:
942:
878:
855:
369:
337:
310:
218:
178:
1193:
1113:
1049:
985:
873:
832:
31:
262:(r. 590–628) it was included in the quarter of the West, along with
232:("the joy of Khusraw the victorious"), and the city itself probably
965:
947:
315:
306:
177:
488–496, 498–531), but it is far more ancient: it was known since
174:
290:, and was garrisoned by troops, including Persian defectors (the
351:
146:
75:
722:
252:. Although like the rest of Media it belonged to the quarter (
217:, the name derives from the settlement of Greek captives from
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
228:
Under the
Sasanian Empire, the district of Hulwan was called
593:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–304.
658:
1280:
List of cities, towns and villages in
Kermanshah Province
704:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–56.
541:
539:
225:, who founded the town of Celonae or Kelonai (Κέλωναι).
466:
464:
346:
the town's figs were dried and widely exported, while
323:(r. 661–680) it became the capital of western Jibal (
27:
Ancient
Iranian town near present-day Sarpol-e Zahab
1272:
1131:
1104:
1086:
1063:
1040:
1017:
994:
956:
923:
905:
887:
864:
841:
818:
795:
782:
757:
91:
81:
71:
660:. Leiden, and New York: BRILL. pp. 571–572.
734:
698:"The Arab conquest of Iran and its aftermath"
309:province to be met travelling eastwards from
8:
37:
792:
741:
727:
719:
557:
530:
36:
518:
494:
482:
372:dynasty, until they were expelled by the
209:) and was the capital of the district of
1214:Dokan Davood Inscription,Sar Pol-e-Zahab
410:
332:According to the 10th-century traveller
613:Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization
454:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
433:
431:
392:
1235:Statue of Herakles in Behistun complex
545:
506:
470:
639:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
569:
422:
161:Later Arab tradition, as recorded by
7:
1259:Bas relief of Gotarzes II of Parthia
365:between the 8th and 12th centuries.
294:), who were settled there under the
185:, when it lay on the border between
138:
25:
696:Zarrinkub, Abd al-Husain (1975).
376:. It was taken and burned by the
277:in 636, the last Sasanian ruler,
773:
437:
336:, the town was half the size of
305:, and was the first town of the
236:("victorious Kavad"). After the
54:
47:
533:, pp. 62–63, 191, 227–228.
1303:History of Kermanshah province
678:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest
55:
1:
1247:Hunters cave,Behistun_complex
1159:The Stone cave Hossein Kuhkan
141:) was an ancient town on the
270:on the Mesopotamian plain.
675:Morony, Michael G. (2005).
30:For the city in Egypt, see
1334:
1313:Destroyed populated places
213:(Χαλωνῖτις). According to
29:
1250:Jamé Mosque of Kermanshah
771:
238:Muslim conquest of Persia
206:
42:
820:Eslamabad-e Gharb County
585:Busse, Heribert (1975).
165:, considered the town a
1217:Tagh e gara,Patagh pass
1065:Salas-e Babajani County
587:"Iran under the Būyids"
1196:dakhmeh(Darbad,Sahneh)
1179:Sorkh Deh chamber tomb
589:. In R.N. Frye (ed.).
457:. London: John Murray.
258:) of the North, under
1308:Former cities in Iran
1264:Anubanini rock relief
1227:Khaja Barookh's House
1210:Tekyeh Moaven al-molk
1088:Sarpol-e Zahab County
681:. Gorgias Press LLC.
652:Lockhart, L. (1986).
359:metropolitan province
244:and became known as:
169:foundation dating to
113:34.46500°N 45.85500°E
1239:Emad al doleh Mosque
1174:Essaqwand Rock Tombs
1144:Behistun Inscription
996:Qasr-e Shirin County
843:Gilan-e Gharb County
357:The town was also a
286:Sasanian-controlled
750:Kermanshah Province
572:, pp. 297–298.
509:, pp. 192–193.
447:, ed. (1854–1857).
413:, pp. 571–572.
275:Battle of Qadisiyya
109: /
86:Kermanshah Province
39:
1243:Tekyeh Biglarbeygi
363:Church of the East
197:, it was known as
118:34.46500; 45.85500
1290:
1289:
1223:Ghoori Ghale Cave
1154:Temple of Anahita
1127:
1126:
925:Kermanshah County
828:Eslamabad-e Gharb
485:, pp. 12–13.
240:, the words were
128:
127:
63:Shown within Iran
16:(Redirected from
1325:
1273:populated places
793:
777:
743:
736:
729:
720:
715:
692:
671:
648:
626:
604:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
534:
528:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
486:
480:
474:
468:
459:
458:
441:
440:
435:
426:
420:
414:
408:
283:Battle of Jalula
215:Diodorus Siculus
208:
143:Zagros Mountains
140:
124:
123:
121:
120:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
58:
57:
51:
40:
21:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1318:Sasanian cities
1293:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1268:
1231:Chiyajani Tappe
1205:Do-Ashkaft Cave
1123:
1100:
1082:
1059:
1036:
1019:Ravansar County
1013:
990:
952:
919:
907:Kangavar County
901:
889:Javanrud County
883:
860:
837:
814:
778:
769:
753:
747:
712:
695:
689:
674:
668:
651:
631:Le Strange, Guy
629:
623:
607:
601:
584:
581:
576:
568:
564:
558:Le Strange 1905
556:
552:
544:
537:
531:Le Strange 1905
529:
525:
517:
513:
505:
501:
493:
489:
481:
477:
469:
462:
443:
438:
436:
429:
421:
417:
409:
394:
390:
288:Iranian plateau
159:
117:
115:
111:
108:
103:
100:
98:
96:
95:
67:
66:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1331:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1220:Sarab Niloufar
1218:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1096:Sarpol-e Zahab
1092:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
998:
992:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
962:
960:
954:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
911:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
893:
891:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
870:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
853:
847:
845:
839:
838:
836:
835:
830:
824:
822:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
805:Kerend-e Gharb
801:
799:
790:
780:
779:
772:
770:
768:
767:
761:
759:
755:
754:
748:
746:
745:
738:
731:
723:
717:
716:
710:
693:
687:
672:
666:
649:
627:
622:978-1136199806
621:
609:Huart, Clément
605:
599:
580:
577:
575:
574:
562:
560:, p. 191.
550:
548:, p. 142.
535:
523:
519:Zarrinkub 1975
511:
499:
495:Zarrinkub 1975
487:
483:Zarrinkub 1975
475:
473:, p. 141.
460:
445:Smith, William
427:
415:
391:
389:
386:
382:Sarpol-e Zahab
343:hudud al-'alam
158:
155:
151:Sarpol-e Zahab
126:
125:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
62:
53:
52:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:Kohneh Bridge
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1106:Sonqor County
1103:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:Sahneh County
1039:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Qasr-e Shirin
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
993:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
963:
961:
959:
955:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
916:
913:
912:
910:
908:
904:
898:
895:
894:
892:
890:
886:
880:
877:
875:
872:
871:
869:
867:
866:Harsin County
863:
857:
854:
852:
851:Gilan-e Gharb
849:
848:
846:
844:
840:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
823:
821:
817:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
800:
798:
797:Dalahu County
794:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
766:
763:
762:
760:
756:
751:
744:
739:
737:
732:
730:
725:
724:
721:
713:
711:0-521-20093-8
707:
703:
699:
694:
690:
684:
680:
679:
673:
669:
667:90-04-08118-6
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
628:
624:
618:
615:. Routledge.
614:
610:
606:
602:
600:9780521200936
596:
592:
588:
583:
582:
578:
571:
566:
563:
559:
554:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
524:
521:, p. 19.
520:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
497:, p. 13.
496:
491:
488:
484:
479:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
456:
455:
450:
446:
434:
432:
428:
425:, p. 10.
424:
419:
416:
412:
411:Lockhart 1986
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
393:
387:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
330:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
303:Khurasan Road
299:
297:
293:
289:
284:
280:
279:Yazdegerd III
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
122:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
50:
41:
33:
19:
1188:
1149:Taq-e Bostan
958:Paveh County
701:
677:
657:
635:
612:
590:
565:
553:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
452:
418:
378:Seljuq Turks
367:
356:
348:al-Muqaddasi
341:
331:
324:
314:
300:
291:
272:
253:
250:Firuz Qubadh
249:
245:
233:
229:
227:
210:
198:
182:
160:
130:
129:
18:Hulwan, Iran
546:Morony 2005
507:Morony 2005
471:Morony 2005
354:synagogue.
326:Mah al-Kufa
264:Mesopotamia
246:Shadh Firuz
234:Peroz Kavad
145:in western
116: /
92:Coordinates
1297:Categories
1254:Godin Tepe
1200:Ghar Parau
1184:Malek Tomb
1169:Ganj Dareh
1055:Mian Rahan
933:Kermanshah
765:Kermanshah
688:1593333153
570:Busse 1975
423:Huart 2013
388:References
334:Ibn Hawqal
321:Mu'awiya I
298:caliphs.
273:After the
260:Khosrau II
242:Arabicized
230:Shad Peroz
211:Chalonitis
104:45°51′18″E
101:34°27′54″N
1073:Tazehabad
981:Nowdeshah
611:(2013) .
319:). Under
268:Ctesiphon
195:Seleucids
193:. To the
187:Babylonia
181:times as
163:al-Tabari
1027:Ravansar
976:Bayangan
971:Banevreh
915:Kangavar
897:Javanrud
810:Gahvareh
784:Counties
654:"Ḥulwān"
633:(1905).
374:Kakuyids
296:Rashidun
183:Khalmanu
179:Assyrian
171:Kavadh I
167:Sasanian
72:Location
1164:Dinavar
1078:Ezgeleh
943:Kuzaran
938:Halashi
879:Bisotun
856:Sarmast
758:Capital
645:1044046
579:Sources
449:"Chala"
370:Annazid
361:of the
338:Dinavar
311:Baghdad
219:Boeotia
175:reigned
157:History
135:Persian
1194:Median
1189:Hulwan
1132:Sights
1114:Sonqor
1050:Sahneh
986:Nowsud
874:Harsin
833:Homeyl
788:cities
752:, Iran
708:
685:
664:
643:
619:
597:
442:
352:Jewish
292:Khamra
223:Xerxes
131:Hulwan
82:Region
38:Hulwan
32:Helwan
1119:Satar
1032:Shaho
1009:Sumar
966:Paveh
948:Robat
316:Sawad
307:Jibal
203:Greek
199:Chala
191:Media
139:حلوان
786:and
706:ISBN
683:ISBN
662:ISBN
641:OCLC
617:ISBN
595:ISBN
329:).
255:kust
248:and
207:Χάλα
189:and
147:Iran
76:Iran
221:by
1299::
656:.
538:^
463:^
451:.
430:^
395:^
384:.
205::
153:.
137::
742:e
735:t
728:v
714:.
691:.
670:.
647:.
625:.
603:.
201:(
173:(
133:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
