652:, but this link was not proposed by Hippocrates or Galen, who referred primarily to bodily fluids. While Galen thought that humors were formed in the body, rather than ingested, he believed that different foods had varying potential to act upon the body to produce different humors. Warm foods, for example, tended to produce yellow bile, while cold foods tended to produce phlegm. Seasons of the year, periods of life, geographic regions, and occupations also influenced the nature of the humors formed. As such, certain seasons and geographic areas were understood to cause imbalances in the humors, leading to varying types of disease across time and place. For example, cities exposed to hot winds were seen as having higher rates of digestive problems as a result of excess phlegm running down from the head, while cities exposed to cold winds were associated with diseases of the lungs, acute diseases, and "hardness of the bowels", as well as ophthalmies (issues of the eyes), and nosebleeds. Cities to the west, meanwhile, were believed to produce weak, unhealthy, pale people that were subject to all manners of disease. In the treatise,
46:
1688:, the humoral theory's demise hastened even further. This demonstrates that there is only one precise cause and one specific issue for each and every sickness or disorder that has been diagnosed. Additionally, the identification of messenger molecules like hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters suggests that the humoral theory has not yet been made fully moribund. Humoral theory is still present in modern medical terminology, which refers to humoral immunity when discussing elements of immunity that circulate in the bloodstream, such as hormones and antibodies.
683:, Galen further emphasized the importance of the qualities. An ideal temperament involved a proportionally balanced mixture of the four qualities. Galen identified four temperaments in which one of the qualities (warm, cold, moist, or dry) predominated, and four more in which a combination of two (warm and moist, warm and dry, cold and dry, or cold and moist) dominated. These last four, named for the humors with which they were associated—sanguine, choleric, melancholic and phlegmatic—eventually became better known than the others. While the term
1748:, in which the character Petruchio, a choleric man, uses humoral therapy techniques on Katherina, a choleric woman, in order to tame her into the socially acceptable phlegmatic woman. Some examples include: he yells at the servants for serving mutton, a choleric food, to two people who are already choleric; he deprives Katherina of sleep; and he, Katherina and their servant Grumio endure a cold walk home, for cold temperatures were said to tame choleric temperaments.
909:, suggested that the four humors were based upon the observation of blood clotting in a transparent container. When blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour, four different layers can be seen: a dark clot forms at the bottom (the "black bile"); above the clot is a layer of red blood cells (the "blood"); above this is a whitish layer of white blood cells (the "phlegm"); the top layer is clear yellow serum (the "yellow bile").
639:
are well mixed. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. The body depends heavily on the four humors because their balanced combination helps to keep people in good health. Having the right amount of humor is essential for health. The pathophysiology of disease is consequently brought on by humor excesses and/or deficiencies.
91:
4044:
805:(wisdom)". Through this, Galen found a connection between these three parts of the soul and the three major organs that were recognized at the time: the brain, the heart, and the liver. This idea of connecting vital parts of the soul to vital parts of the body was derived from Aristotle's sense of explaining physical observations, and Galen utilized it to build his view of the human body. The organs (named
648:
popularity for centuries, largely through the influence of the writings of Galen (129–201 AD). The four essential elements—humors—that make up the human body, according to
Hippocrates, are in harmony with one another and act as a catalyst for preserving health. Hippocrates' theory of four humors was linked with the popular theory of the four elements (earth, fire, water, and air) proposed by
1668:
centuries in the
Byzantine Empire when traditional secular Greek culture gave way to Christian influences. Though the use of humoralist medicine continued during this time, its influence was diminished in favor of religion. The revival of Greek humoralism, owing in part to changing social and economic factors, did not begin until the early ninth century. Use of the practice in modern times is
1565:
861:) to winter". He also related a correspondence between humors and seasons based on the properties of both. Blood, as a humor, was considered hot and wet. This gave it a correspondence to spring. Yellow bile was considered hot and dry, which related it to summer. Black bile was considered cold and dry, and thus related to autumn. Phlegm, cold and wet, was related to winter.
695:
and
Western European medical establishments that adopted and adapted classical medical philosophy, believed that each of these humors would wax and wane in the body, depending on diet and activity. When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of the four humors, then said patient's personality and/or physical health could be negatively affected.
664:
1637:
1103:. Some of the first descriptions of jaundice come from the Hippocratic physicians (icterus). The ailment appears multiple times in the Hippocratic Corpus, where its genesis, description, prognosis, and therapy are given. The five kinds of jaundice mentioned in the Hippocratic Corpus all share a yellow or greenish skin color.
1107:
contemporary medical practice, their capacity for observation as they described the various forms of jaundice is remarkable. In the
Hippocratic Corpus, the Hippocratic physicians make multiple references to jaundice. At that time, jaundice was viewed as an illness unto itself rather than a symptom brought on by a disease.
823:) of a person. While the correspondence of parts of the body to the soul was an influential concept, Galen decided that the interaction of the four humors with natural bodily mechanisms were responsible for human development and this connection inspired his understanding of the nature of the components of the body.
1006:). Depression was attributed to excess or unnatural black bile secreted by the spleen. Cancer was also attributed to an excess of black bile concentrated in a specific area. The seasonal association of black bile was to autumn as the cold and dry characteristics of the season reflect the nature of man.
978:, or in excretions such as vomit and feces. The associated qualities for yellow bile are hot and dry with the natural association of summer and fire. It was believed that an excess of this humor in an individual would result in emotional irregularities such as increased anger or irrational behaviour.
1106:
A modern doctor will undoubtedly start to think of the symptoms listed in contemporary atlases of medicine after reading the clinical symptoms of each variety of jaundice listed in the
Hippocratic Corpus. Despite the fact that the Hippocratic physicians' therapeutic approaches have little to do with
694:
Disease could also be the result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors. These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. Greeks and Romans, and the later Muslim
659:
A fundamental idea of
Hippocratic medicine was the endeavor to pinpoint the origins of illnesses in both the physiology of the human body and the influence of potentially hazardous environmental variables like air, water, and nutrition, and every humor has a distinct composition and is secreted by a
638:
The Human body contains blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and
1667:
Although advances in cellular pathology and chemistry criticized humoralism by the 17th century, the theory had dominated
Western medical thinking for more than 2,000 years. Only in some instances did the theory of humoralism wane into obscurity. One such instance occurred in the sixth and seventh
1659:
further developed the idea that beneficial medical substances could be found in herbs, minerals and various alchemical combinations thereof. These beliefs were the foundation of mainstream
Western medicine well into the 17th century. Specific minerals or herbs were used to treat ailments simple to
957:
It was thought that the nutritional value of the blood was the source of energy for the body and the soul. Blood was believed to consist of small proportional amounts of the other three humors. This meant that taking a blood sample would allow for determination of the balance of the four humors in
698:
Therefore, the goal of treatment was to rid the body of some of the excess humor through techniques like purging, bloodletting, catharsis, diuresis, and others. Bloodletting was already a prominent medical procedure by the first century, but venesection took on even more significance once Galen of
647:
Although the theory of the four humors does appear in some
Hippocratic texts, other Hippocratic writers accepted the existence of only two humors, while some refrained from discussing the humoral theory at all. Humoralism, or the doctrine of the four temperaments, as a medical theory retained its
1680:
Humoral theory was the grand unified theory of medicine, before the invention of modern medicine, for more than 2000 years. The theory was one of the fundamental tenets of the teachings of the Greek physician-philosopher
Hippocrates (460–370 BC), who is regarded as the first practitioner of
1083:
and liver also have to function normally for proper digestion. If there are any abnormalities in gastric digestion, the liver, blood vessels, and tissues cannot be provided with the raw chylous, which can cause abnormal humor and blood composition. A healthy functioning liver is not capable of
786:
Humorism theory was improved by Galen, who incorporated his understanding of the humors into his interpretation of the human body. He believed the interactions of the humors within the body were the key to investigating the physical nature and function of the organ systems. Galen combined his
1726:
and others developed a set of characters based on the humors. Those with too much blood were sanguine. Those with too much phlegm were phlegmatic. Those with too much yellow bile were choleric, and those with too much black bile were melancholic. The idea of human personality based on humors
1022:
as it is defined today. Phlegm was used as a general term to describe white or colorless secretions such as pus, mucus, saliva, sweat, or semen. Phlegm was also associated with the brain, possibly due to the color and consistency of brain tissue. The French physiologist and Nobel laureate
1735:. Through the neo-classical revival in Europe, the humor theory dominated medical practice, and the theory of humoral types made periodic appearances in drama. The humors were an important and popular iconographic theme in European art, found in paintings, tapestries, and sets of prints.
900:
These terms only partly correspond to modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and phlegm has a very different meaning. It was believed that the humors were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made.
1043:– where is it? Who will ever see it? Who has ever seen it? What can we say of this fanciful classification of humors into four groups, of which two are absolutely imaginary?" The seasonal association of phlegm is winter due to the natural properties of being cold and wet.
1122:: earth, fire, water, and air, with the earth producing the natural systems. Since this theory was influential for centuries, later scholars paired qualities associated with each humor as described by Hippocrates/Galen with seasons and "basic elements" as described by
787:
interpretation of the humors with his collection of ideas concerning nature from past philosophers in order to find conclusions about how the body works. For example, Galen maintained the idea of the presence of the Platonic tripartite soul, which consisted of "
1660:
complex, from an uncomplicated upper respiratory infection to the plague. For example, chamomile was used to decrease heat, and lower excessive bile humor. Arsenic was used in a poultice bag to 'draw out' the excess humor(s) that led to symptoms of the plague.
3457:
Emtiazy, M., Keshavarz, M., Khodadoost, M., Kamalinejad, M., Gooshahgir, S. A., Shahrad Bajestani, H., ... Alizad, M. (2012). Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna.
656:, a Hippocratic physician is described arriving to an unnamed city where they test various factors of nature including the wind, water, and soil to predict the direct influence on the diseases specific to the city based on the season and the individual.
924:, published in the mid-19th century by J. L. Ideler. In this text, the author establishes the relationship between elements of the universe (air, water, earth, fire) and elements of the man (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm). He said that:
643:
The existence of fundamental biochemical substances and structural components in the body remains a compellingly shared point with Hippocratic beliefs, despite the fact that current science has moved away from those four Hippocratic humors.
660:
different organ. Aristotle's concept of eucrasia—a state resembling equilibrium—and its relationship to the right balance of the four humors allow for the maintenance of human health, offering a more mathematical approach to medicine.
5142:
45:
699:
Pergamum declared blood to be the most prevalent humor. The volume of blood extracted ranged from a few drops to several litres over the course of several days, depending on the patient's condition and the doctor's practice.
1071:
to absorb and carry on digestion. Chylous is changed into chymous in the hepatic digestion stage. Chymous is composed of the four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. These four humors then circulate in the
3453:
Edwards. "A treatise concerning the plague and the pox discovering as well the meanes how to preserve from the danger of these infectious contagions, as also how to cure those which are infected with either of them".
864:
Galen also believed that the characteristics of the soul follow the mixtures of the body, but he did not apply this idea to the Hippocratic humors. He believed that phlegm did not influence character. In his
1710:
The concept of humorism was not definitively disproven until 1858. There were no studies performed to prove or disprove the impact of dysfunction in known bodily organs producing named fluids (humors) on
777:. Based on Hippocratic medicine, it was believed that for a body to be healthy, the four humors should be balanced in amount and strength. The proper blending and balance of the four humors was known as
1087:
Humors are the end product of gastric digestion, but they are not the end product of the digestion cycle, so an abnormal humor produced by hepatic digestion will affect other digestive organs.
3516:, Book I, New York 2001, p. 147: "The radical or innate is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call cambium, and make those secondary humors of ros and gluten to maintain it ".
1079:
If anything goes wrong leading up to the production of humors, there will be an imbalance leading to disease. Proper organ functioning is necessary in the production of good humor. The
3504:
Moore, Philip. "The hope of health wherin is conteined a goodlie regimente of life: as medicine, good diet and the goodlie vertues of sonderie herbes, doen by Philip Moore." 1564.
691:
dispositions, Galen used it to refer to bodily dispositions, which determined a person's susceptibility to particular diseases, as well as behavioral and emotional inclinations.
1648:
a sick person or applying hot cups to a person were based on the humoral theory of imbalances of fluids (blood and bile in those cases). Methods of treatment like bloodletting,
467:
3583:
3497:
2307:
3237:
4203:
4100:
679:. The qualities of the humors, in turn, influenced the nature of the diseases they caused. Yellow bile caused warm diseases and phlegm caused cold diseases. In
1652:
and purges were aimed at expelling a surplus of a humor. Apocroustics were medications intended to stop the flux of malignant humors to a diseased body part.
1067:
stage. Each stage digests food until it becomes suitable for use by the body. In gastric digestion, food is made into chylous, which is suitable for the
707:
Even though humorism theory had several models that used two, three, and five components, the most famous model consists of the four humors described by
5208:
5149:
2019:
The Beginnings of Western Science: the European Scientific Tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, prehistory to A.D. 1450
628:, suggested that a moderate imbalance in the mixture of these fluids produces behavioral patterns. One of the treatises attributed to Hippocrates,
5113:
4082:
2882:"An Address On Ancient Humorism and Modern Humorism: Delivered at the International Congress of Physiology held in Vienna, September 27th to 30th"
928:
The people who have red blood are friendly. They joke and laugh about their bodies, and they are rose-tinted, slightly red, and have pretty skin.
612:
is usually credited with applying this idea to medicine. In contrast to Alcmaeon, Hippocrates suggested that humors are the vital bodily fluids:
3258:
2834:
2638:
4307:
1929:
1904:
817:) that contributed to the maintenance of the human body, and the expression of these functions is shown in characteristic activities (called
4559:
1617:
The humoralist system of medicine was highly individualistic, for all patients were said to have their own unique humoral composition. From
3576:
962:
nature (enthusiastic, active, and social). Blood is considered to be hot and wet, sharing these characteristics with the season of spring.
111:
2618:
1626:
5242:
5162:
3353:
3326:
3301:
3280:
3196:
3146:
3109:
2982:"Relation between Body Humors and Hypercholesterolemia: An Iranian Traditional Medicine Perspective Based on the Teaching of Avicenna"
2663:
2595:
2503:
2433:
2155:
2026:
1973:
1842:
1129:
The following table shows the four humors with their corresponding elements, seasons, sites of formation, and resulting temperaments:
1027:, when describing humorism's "phlegm or pituitary secretion" in 1910, asked rhetorically, "this strange liquid, which is the cause of
3272:
3925:
3910:
2468:
2078:
1877:
1604:
500:
1633:, who mostly criticized Galen's theories of human anatomy and not the chemical hypothesis of behavioural regulation (temperament).
3520:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
2929:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
2678:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise the Nature of Man". In van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
5252:
4537:
4334:
3930:
600:
The concept of "humors" (chemical systems regulating human behaviour) became more prominent from the writing of medical theorist
4662:
3212:
5247:
5187:
5129:
4845:
4324:
4048:
3569:
153:
2520:
4181:
3920:
1586:
906:
475:
116:
3343:
2449:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012-01-01). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
620:, yellow bile, and black bile. Alcmaeon and Hippocrates posited that an extreme excess or deficiency of any of the humors (
4982:
3706:
539:
Humorism began to fall out of favor in the 17th century and it was definitively disproved in the 1850s with the advent of
2655:
5194:
4449:
1076:. In the last stage of digestion, tissue digestion, food becomes similar to the organ tissue for which it is destined.
4805:
4522:
4075:
3766:
1797:
209:
5215:
2576:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
2484:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
2414:
Jouanna, Jacques (2012). "The Legacy of the Hippocratic Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours".
5201:
4932:
4875:
4399:
3915:
3900:
1685:
1622:
1308:
1299:
1575:
931:
The people who have yellow bile are bitter, short tempered, and daring. They appear greenish and have yellow skin.
4815:
4262:
3895:
3821:
3512:
1582:
1263:
1234:
558:
4773:
4667:
4633:
4517:
3993:
3905:
3592:
1430:
1205:
529:
344:
121:
1959:
543:, which was able to show that many diseases previously thought to be humoral were in fact caused by microbes.
1055:
is a continuous process taking place in every animal, and it can be divided into four sequential stages. The
934:
The people who are composed of black bile are lazy, fearful, and sickly. They have black hair and black eyes.
5180:
5098:
4850:
4532:
4471:
4242:
3935:
3811:
3656:
3507:
1744:
1176:
157:
1715:
traits simply because the list of temperament traits was not defined up until the end of the 20th century.
5012:
4880:
4793:
4768:
4758:
4616:
4319:
4186:
4068:
3676:
3661:
1830:
1739:
974:
nature (ambitious, decisive, aggressive, and short-tempered). It was thought to be fluid found within the
917:
552:
525:
309:
30:
This article is about humors in ancient and medieval medicine. For the related theory of temperament, see
675:, was thought to be the direct cause of all diseases. Health was associated with a balance of humors, or
589:
medicine presented a theory of three humors (doṣas), which they sometimes linked with the five elements (
5017:
5002:
4895:
4527:
4466:
4461:
4354:
3826:
3801:
3491:
2301:
1473:
1321:
493:
420:
269:
219:
214:
136:
131:
667:
The four humors as depicted in an 18th-century woodcut: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine and melancholic
5007:
4967:
4638:
4444:
4237:
4166:
3791:
3786:
3771:
3641:
630:
377:
359:
294:
187:
1543:
The Unani school of medicine, practiced in Perso-Arabic countries, India, and Pakistan, is based on
5103:
4937:
4247:
3816:
3711:
2635:
1312:
199:
149:
3138:
2729:
902:
524:, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by
5173:
5072:
5047:
4885:
4835:
4710:
4544:
4492:
4379:
4359:
4114:
3836:
3751:
3736:
3716:
3646:
3613:
3525:
3275:, p. 204 in Webster's New World Medical Dictionary, 3rd Edition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009
3099:
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2345:
2084:
1487:
1481:
1411:
1100:
1032:
601:
126:
101:
1965:
1551:
medicine in its emphasis on the four humors as a fundamental part of the methodologic paradigm.
897:)." He further said that blood is a mixture of the four elements: water, air, fire, and earth.
5237:
5135:
5108:
5037:
4705:
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4601:
4507:
4149:
4139:
3945:
3882:
3857:
3806:
3746:
3681:
3418:"William Shakespeare and the Four Humors: Elizabethan Medical Beliefs by Dr. Gail Kern Paster"
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1969:
1925:
1900:
1838:
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1119:
1051:
Humors were believed to be produced via digestion as the final products of hepatic digestion.
1015:
987:
971:
959:
946:
774:
604:(c. 540–500 BC). His list of humors was longer and included fundamental elements described by
435:
425:
349:
246:
168:
31:
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1899:. Indian medical tradition (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 37–39.
1834:
1823:
1818:
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1630:
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nature, thought to be associated with reserved behavior. The phlegm of humorism is far from
533:
486:
430:
299:
231:
192:
106:
1664:, in pre-modern medicine, were medications chewed in order to draw away phlegm and humors.
1315:
adopted the theory of humorism from Greco-Roman medicine, notably via the Persian polymath
5093:
5061:
4947:
4922:
4611:
4576:
4571:
4487:
4419:
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The Legacy of the Hippocrates Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours
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The Legacy of the Hippocrates Treatise The Nature of Man: The Theory of the Four Humours
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4029:
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390:
226:
182:
95:
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1995:
1669:
354:
241:
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2521:"Descriptions of blood and blood disorders before the advent of laboratory studies"
1858:
1723:
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1354:
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621:
592:
90:
1924:. Indian medical tradition (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
891:) by blood. But the nature of phlegm has no effect on the character of the soul (
4927:
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4414:
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1268:
1247:
1210:
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609:
562:
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329:
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1703:, but this is not a remnant of the humor theory. It is merely a literal use of
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3028:
Papavramidou, Niki; Fee, Elizabeth; Christopoulou-Aletra, Helen (2007-12-01).
2811:"melancholy | Origin and meaning of melancholy by Online Etymology Dictionary"
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649:
605:
471:
455:
334:
324:
314:
289:
17:
3053:
2810:
2778:
2293:
2132:
916:
texts were written during the golden age of the theory of the four humors in
5143:
An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
5052:
4870:
4820:
4788:
4763:
4628:
4434:
4409:
4374:
4176:
4119:
3890:
3666:
3633:
3555:
3029:
1513:
1395:
1052:
672:
445:
236:
3561:
3321:(Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101.
3296:(Reprinted. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
3061:
3007:
2915:
2897:
2796:
2770:
2547:
2357:
2258:
2223:
2215:
2123:
4810:
4344:
4292:
4252:
4171:
3776:
3731:
1728:
1700:
1506:
1469:
1442:
1325:(1025). Avicenna summarized the four humors and temperaments as follows:
1316:
1218:
1096:
1028:
676:
586:
450:
339:
39:
35:
2349:
2107:"The Hippocratic account of Mental Health: Humors and Human Temperament"
1681:
medicine, appropriately referred to as the "Father of Modern Medicine".
663:
5057:
4957:
4890:
4800:
4753:
4720:
4006:
3623:
2859:
2400:
2325:
1732:
1696:
1589: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1419:
1080:
1056:
937:
Those who have phlegm are low spirited, forgetful, and have white hair.
879:) are caused by yellow bile in the soul, perseverance and consistency (
284:
77:
3524:. Studies in Ancient Medicine. Vol. 40. Brill. pp. 335–360.
565:, though it was not systemized until ancient Greek thinkers. The word
4865:
4001:
3781:
3671:
1792:
1649:
1433:
1415:
1389:
1239:
1019:
830:
755:
741:
727:
617:
27:
Ancient Greek and Roman system of medicine involving four fluid types
3538:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
3470:
Karenberg, A. (2015). "Blood, Phlegm and Spirits: Galen on Stroke".
3375:
3345:
Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy
2656:
Medicine, Rationality and Experience: An Anthropological Perspective
2272:
Karenberg, A. (2015). "Blood, Phlegm and Spirits: Galen on Stroke".
1636:
3405:. National Trust Historic Houses and Collections Annual 2012: 4–11.
2055:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012). van der Eijk, Philip (ed.).
1084:
converting abnormal chylous into normal chylous and normal humors.
4439:
3651:
1781:
1635:
1544:
1457:
1425:
1363:
1358:
1303:
1272:
1181:
1068:
1060:
826:
712:
662:
625:
613:
319:
274:
44:
1922:
A concise introduction to Indian medicine: = La médecine Indienne
920:
after Galen. One of those texts was an anonymous treatise called
4060:
2237:
Jackson, William A (2001). "A short guide to humoral medicine".
949:, where character types were based on their humoral complexion.
716:
264:
4064:
3565:
1897:
A concise introduction to Indian medicine: la médecine indienne
1707:, i.e. pertaining to bodily fluids (such as blood and lymph).
1629:
until at least 1543 when it was first seriously challenged by
1558:
624:) in a person can be a sign of illness. Hippocrates, and then
582:
304:
1001:
995:
892:
886:
880:
874:
856:
850:
844:
838:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
778:
768:
762:
748:
734:
720:
576:
570:
3213:"Popular medical treatments – cupping, bleeding and purging"
2105:
Tsagkaris, Christos; Kalachanis, Konstantinos (2020-09-20).
1964:. Translated by J Chadwick. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p.
4512:
3242:
Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
1621:
onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and
1994:
Kalachanis, Konstantinos; Michailidis, Ioannis E. (2015).
1865:. New York City: Medical Life Press. pp. 67, 87, 104.
837:, and says that, "As for ages and the seasons, the child (
38:. For the use of humor in writing or public speaking, see
1695:
or humoral regulation when describing substances such as
3129:
The Rise of Experimental Biology: An Illustrated History
2379:
Hankinson, R. J. (1991). "Galen's Anatomy of the Soul".
885:) by the melancholic humor, and simplicity and naivety (
1063:
digestion stage, the vascular digestion stage, and the
65:(black bile), divided between the male and female sexes
2021:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1996:"The Hippocratic View on Humors and Human Temperament"
1751:
The theory of the four humors features prominently in
3191:(1st pbk. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 281.
49:
16th-century German illustration of the four humors:
715:. The four humors of Hippocratic medicine are black
5122:
5086:
4913:
4746:
4676:
4480:
4215:
4202:
4107:
4015:
3992:
3944:
3881:
3835:
3632:
3599:
3101:
Circles of Thorns: Hieronymus Bosch and Being Human
1329:Avicenna's (ibn Sina) four humors and temperaments
894:τοῦ δὲ φλέγµατος ἡ φύσις εἰς µὲν ἠθοποιῗαν ἄχρηστος
585:', metaphorically 'flavor'). Early texts on Indian
474:. In order to explore related topics, please visit
3399:"Jacob Jordaens's Elements and Humours Tapestries"
2619:"Biomedicine and Health: Galen and Humoral Theory"
1822:
3189:Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine
1625:, and dominated the view of the human body among
994:itself deriving from the Greek for 'black bile',
3319:The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800
3294:The Western medical tradition, 800 BC to AD 1800
3448:The Western Medical Tradition 800 BC to AD 1800
3450:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
2326:"Galen: On Blood, the Pulse, and the Arteries"
1503:Infrigidants harmful, calefacients beneficial
922:On the Constitution of the Universe and of Man
829:recalls the correspondence between humors and
773:). Each corresponds to one of the traditional
590:
4101:List of topics characterized as pseudoscience
4076:
3577:
3380:International Journal of Development Research
873:, Galen stated: "Sharpness and intelligence (
494:
8:
3496:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
2306:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
905:(1921), a Swedish physician who devised the
557:The concept of "humors" may have origins in
2935:. Selected Papers. Brill. pp. 335–60.
2684:. Selected Papers. Brill. pp. 335–60.
2148:Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe
4212:
4083:
4069:
4061:
3584:
3570:
3562:
3268:
3266:
1958:Mann, W. N. (1983). G. E. R. Lloyd (ed.).
799:(directed spiritedness, i.e. desire), and
501:
487:
164:
68:
5209:The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience
5150:Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science
2997:
2905:
2786:
2585:
2493:
2458:
2423:
2150:. University Printing House. p. 13.
2122:
2068:
1727:contributed to the character comedies of
1605:Learn how and when to remove this message
1095:According to Hippocratic humoral theory,
835:On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato
3522:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
3472:History of Medicine: The Russian Journal
2673:
2671:
2578:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2486:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2451:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2416:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2111:Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal
2061:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
2057:"Hippocratic Medicine and Greek Tragedy"
1327:
843:) corresponds to spring, the young man (
608:, such as water, earth, fire, air, etc.
34:. For humors in Ayurvedic medicine, see
5114:Suppressed research in the Soviet Union
3187:Bynum, W.F.; Porter, Roy, eds. (1997).
2860:"Home : Oxford English Dictionary"
1810:
1800:(Five Principles of Chinese philosophy)
1644:Typical 18th-century practices such as
941:Seventeenth century English playwright
597:): earth, water, fire, air, and space.
256:
167:
76:
3489:
3253:
3251:
2962:
2952:
2711:
2701:
2299:
1876:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert.
3369:
3367:
3365:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2319:
2317:
2100:
2098:
7:
3540:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013.
3460:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
3374:Bhikha, Rashid; Glynn, John (2017).
3030:"Jaundice in the Hippocratic Corpus"
2986:Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal
2835:"Early Theories about Cancer Causes"
2000:European Journal of Social Behaviour
1989:
1987:
1985:
1587:adding citations to reliable sources
3422:Pitt Health Sciences Library System
3034:Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery
1640:The four humors and their qualities
1118:'s theory suggested that there are
1111:Unification with Empedocles's model
958:the body. It was associated with a
634:, describes the theory as follows:
5163:James Randi Educational Foundation
2239:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
1944:Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC),
970:Yellow bile was associated with a
25:
3926:Medical community of ancient Rome
3911:Food and diet in ancient medicine
3376:"The Theory of Humours Revisited"
2658:Cambridge University Press, 1994
2330:Journal of the History of Biology
2063:. Selected Papers. Brill: 55–80.
1920:Mazars, Guy (2006). "Chapter 2".
1895:Mazars, Guy; Mazars, Guy (2006).
1863:Essays in the History of Medicine
1500:harmful, infrigidants beneficial
986:Black bile was associated with a
811:) had specific functions (called
4560:Strauss–Howe generational theory
4538:Moon landing conspiracy theories
4335:Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
4043:
4042:
3931:Nutrition in classical antiquity
3484:10.17720/2409-5834.v2.2.2015.15k
2540:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03130.x
2286:10.17720/2409-5834.v2.2.2015.15k
2176:British Columbia Medical Journal
1563:
1539:Perso-Arabic and Indian medicine
1131:
89:
5188:The Natural History of Quackery
5130:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
3236:Knapton, James; Knapton, John.
1574:needs additional citations for
1014:Phlegm was associated with all
3921:Mental illness in ancient Rome
3098:Lewis-Anthony, Justin (2008).
1884:– via perseus.tufts.edu.
907:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
855:) to autumn, and the old man (
1:
3342:Williams, William F. (2013).
2841:. The American Cancer Society
2251:10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01804-6
2172:"The history of bloodletting"
1686:Doctrine of Specific Etiology
1655:16th-century Swiss physician
849:) to summer, the mature man (
5195:The Psychology of the Occult
4450:Traditional Chinese medicine
4325:Doktor Koster's Antigaspills
4182:Superseded scientific theory
3317:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1998).
3292:Conrad, Lawrence I. (1998).
2197:"The demise of bloodletting"
1002:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
779:
769:
756:
742:
735:
728:
671:The imbalance of humors, or
577:
4806:Electronic voice phenomenon
4663:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
4523:Chemtrail conspiracy theory
3767:Quintus Gargilius Martialis
2043:On Airs, Waters, and Places
2017:Lindberg, David C. (2007).
1738:The humors can be found in
654:On Airs, Waters, and Places
591:
5269:
5202:The Ragged Edge of Science
4933:Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff
4876:Pseudoscientific metrology
4400:Miracle Mineral Supplement
3916:Gynecology in ancient Rome
3901:Disability in ancient Rome
3558:in MP3 format, 45 minutes.
3556:Episode on the four humors
3104:. Bloomsbury. p. 70.
3083:Wittendorff, Alex (1994).
2645:Page accessed Feb 15, 2015
2453:. Brill. pp. 335–59.
2393:10.1163/156852891321052787
2006:(2): 1–5 – via EJSB.
1825:The Golden Age of the Moor
1691:Modern medicine refers to
1366:related to serious humor,
1309:Medieval medical tradition
1300:Medicine in medieval Islam
1297:
996:
893:
887:
881:
875:
857:
851:
845:
839:
763:
749:
721:
571:
569:is a translation of Greek
550:
200:Interdisciplinary sciences
29:
5243:Obsolete medical theories
4816:Facilitated communication
4098:
4038:
3896:Dentistry in ancient Rome
3513:The Anatomy of Melancholy
3397:Mulherron, Jamie (2012).
3087:. G.E.C. Gad. p. 45.
3046:10.1007/s11605-007-0281-1
2587:10.1163/9789004232549_017
2519:Hart GD (December 2001).
2495:10.1163/9789004232549_017
2460:10.1163/9789004232549_017
2425:10.1163/9789004232549_017
2342:10.1007/s10739-006-9116-2
2204:J R Coll Physicians Edinb
2070:10.1163/9789004232549_005
1159:
711:and developed further by
559:Ancient Egyptian medicine
5216:The Skeptic's Dictionary
4774:Biological transmutation
4694:Faster-than-light travel
4668:Enneagram of Personality
4634:Recovered-memory therapy
4518:9/11 conspiracy theories
3906:Disease in Imperial Rome
3593:Medicine in ancient Rome
2753:Viswanathan, VK (2010).
2324:Boylan, Michael (2007).
2146:Lindemann, Mary (2010).
345:Research and development
5253:Mythological substances
5181:The Demon-Haunted World
5099:Bourgeois pseudoscience
4533:COVID-19 misinformation
4472:Young blood transfusion
4243:Anthroposophic medicine
3936:Surgery in ancient Rome
3657:Asclepiades of Bithynia
3530:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21
3217:Die Welt der Habsburger
3169:. Thefreedictionary.com
3125:Lutz, Peter L. (2002).
2941:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21
2690:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.21
2288:(inactive 2024-06-22).
1882:A Greek-English Lexicon
1745:The Taming of the Shrew
1684:With the advent of the
733:), yellow bile (Greek:
581:(literally 'juice' or '
5248:Ancient Greek medicine
5013:Corentin Louis Kervran
4881:Rapid prompting method
4769:Biodynamic agriculture
4759:Aquatic ape hypothesis
4617:Historical negationism
4320:Doctrine of signatures
4187:True-believer syndrome
3662:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
3486:(inactive 2024-06-22).
2898:10.1136/bmj.2.2596.921
2771:10.4161/gmic.1.2.11227
2580:. Brill. p. 342.
2488:. Brill. p. 340.
2418:. Brill. p. 339.
2216:10.4997/JRCPE.2014.117
2124:10.32437/mhgcj.v3i1.83
2089:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.9
1831:Transaction Publishers
1641:
1408:Subjective sensations
888:ἁπλοῦν καὶ ἠλιθιώτερον
687:came to refer just to
668:
641:
553:Ancient Greek medicine
257:Extrascientific fields
169:Intrascientific fields
66:
5018:The Light (newspaper)
5003:William Donald Kelley
4896:Voice stress analysis
4528:Climate change denial
4467:Wind turbine syndrome
4462:Vertebral subluxation
4355:Germ theory denialism
3802:Charmis of Marseilles
3536:Williams, William F.
3257:NY Times Book Review
2862:. Oed.com. 2019-12-31
1946:On the Sacred Disease
1639:
1512:Dry regimen harmful,
1486:Rough skin, acquired
1322:The Canon of Medicine
1110:
1059:digestion stage, the
761:), and blood (Greek:
666:
636:
421:Science communication
270:Communication studies
48:
5008:Robert F. Kennedy Jr
4968:Ignatius L. Donnelly
4639:Past life regression
4498:Arabian Judah theory
4445:Traditional medicine
4238:Alternative medicine
4167:Pathological science
3792:Crinas of Marseilles
3787:Athenaeus of Attalia
3772:Thessalus of Tralles
3642:Pedanius Dioscorides
3446:Conrad, Lawrence I.
1961:Hippocratic writings
1583:improve this article
1521:Relation to weather
1494:Foods and medicines
1401:Difficult digestion
1289:Influence and legacy
1091:Relation to jaundice
631:On the Nature of Man
378:Scientific integrity
360:Vocational education
295:Knowledge management
5104:Demarcation problem
4938:Brigitte Boisselier
4567:Hollow Earth theory
4550:Generational theory
4248:Applied kinesiology
3712:Marcellus Empiricus
3416:Kern Paster, Gail.
3165:The Free Dictionary
2980:Emtiazy, M (2012).
2274:History of Medicine
2195:Thomas, DP (2014).
1627:European physicians
1424:Lack of desire for
1330:
1313:Golden Age of Islam
882:ἑδραῖον καὶ βέβαιον
681:On the Temperaments
72:Part of a series on
5174:Skeptical Inquirer
5073:Paul Joseph Watson
5048:Hans Alfred Nieper
4886:Statement analysis
4836:Intelligent design
4711:Reactionless drive
4545:Conversion therapy
4493:Ancient astronauts
4380:Leaky gut syndrome
4360:HIV/AIDS denialism
4115:Cargo cult science
3837:Medical literature
3752:Serenus Sammonicus
3737:Criton of Heraclea
3717:Caelius Aurelianus
3647:Soranus of Ephesus
3273:"Humoralism" entry
2815:www.etymonline.com
2730:"The Four Humours"
2641:2015-02-26 at the
1642:
1623:Islamic physicians
1328:
1101:Hippocratic Corpus
1099:is present in the
747:), phlegm (Greek:
669:
602:Alcmaeon of Croton
96:Science portal
67:
61:(yellow bile) and
5225:
5224:
5136:Cults of Unreason
5109:Scientific method
5038:Ministry of Ayush
4983:Nicholas Gonzalez
4909:
4908:
4846:Law of attraction
4826:Flat Earth theory
4706:Quantum mysticism
4646:Scientific racism
4602:Pseudoarchaeology
4508:Conspiracy theory
4206:characterized as
4150:Pseudomathematics
4140:Pseudoarchaeology
4058:
4057:
3858:De materia medica
3807:Scribonius Largus
3747:Marcellus of Side
3682:Antiochis of Tlos
3386:(9): 15029–15034.
3040:(12): 1728–1731.
2880:Richet C (1910).
1931:978-81-208-3058-5
1906:978-81-208-3058-5
1819:van Sertima, Ivan
1788:Five temperaments
1776:Comedy of humours
1771:Classical element
1740:Elizabethan works
1615:
1614:
1607:
1536:
1535:
1509:articles harmful
1385:Functional power
1286:
1285:
990:nature, the word
871:The Nature of Man
775:four temperaments
511:
510:
436:Scientific method
426:Science education
367:
366:
350:Strategic studies
32:four temperaments
16:(Redirected from
5260:
5078:Andrew Wakefield
4779:Creation science
4738:Water-fueled car
4700:Perpetual motion
4622:Holocaust denial
4592:Nibiru cataclysm
4587:Nazi archaeology
4390:Macrobiotic diet
4213:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4046:
4045:
3984:Pneumatic school
3742:Sextus Empiricus
3727:Gessius of Petra
3692:Aurelius Opilius
3619:Spoon of Diocles
3586:
3579:
3572:
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2892:(2596): 921–26.
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2626:
2623:encyclopedia.com
2615:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2558:. Archived from
2525:
2516:
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1693:humoral immunity
1631:Andreas Vesalius
1610:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1567:
1559:
1555:Western medicine
1527:Worse in winter
1524:Worse in summer
1331:
1294:Islamic medicine
1132:
1065:tissue digestion
1047:Humor production
1005:
999:
998:
896:
895:
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793:(spiritedness),
792:
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738:
731:
724:
723:
596:
580:
574:
573:
530:Roman physicians
503:
496:
489:
431:Research funding
300:Language studies
205:Natural sciences
178:Applied sciences
165:
98:
94:
93:
69:
21:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5118:
5094:Bogdanov affair
5082:
5062:Claude Vorilhon
4948:Robert Charroux
4923:Sucharit Bhakdi
4915:
4905:
4742:
4672:
4612:Genocide denial
4577:Japhetic theory
4572:Indigo children
4488:2012 phenomenon
4476:
4420:Patent medicine
4340:Energy medicine
4313:Colon cleansing
4298:Crystal healing
4233:Adrenal fatigue
4207:
4205:
4198:
4103:
4094:
4089:
4059:
4054:
4034:
4025:Antonine Plague
4011:
3988:
3974:Methodic school
3959:Eclectic school
3954:Dogmatic school
3940:
3877:
3872:Medicina Plinii
3831:
3762:Aemilia Hilaria
3757:Sextus Placitus
3628:
3595:
3590:
3547:
3519:
3488:
3469:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3373:
3372:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3249:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3172:
3170:
3163:"Infrigidate –
3161:
3160:
3156:
3149:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3027:
3026:
3015:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2961:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2734:malankazlev.com
2728:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2643:Wayback Machine
2634:
2630:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2598:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2528:Br. J. Haematol
2523:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2298:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2104:
2103:
2096:
2081:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1976:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1767:
1758:Divided Kingdom
1721:
1678:
1662:Apophlegmatisms
1611:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1580:
1568:
1557:
1541:
1480:skin, acquired
1474:swollen eyelids
1466:Flaccid joints
1453:Physical signs
1306:
1296:
1291:
1277:Cold and moist
1186:Warm and moist
1113:
1093:
1049:
1012:
984:
968:
955:
876:ὀξὺ καὶ συνετόν
868:
705:
555:
549:
507:
461:
460:
416:
415:
406:
405:
401:Research ethics
396:Logical fallacy
386:Reproducibility
381:
380:
369:
368:
227:Social sciences
183:Formal sciences
162:
161:
141:
88:
87:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5230:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5191:
5184:
5177:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5087:Related topics
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5068:Randolph Stone
5065:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5043:Theodor Morell
5040:
5035:
5033:Joseph Mercola
5030:
5028:Jenny McCarthy
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4993:Graham Hancock
4990:
4988:Goop (company)
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:Vernon Coleman
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4728:Teleportation
4725:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4656:Melanin theory
4653:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4604:
4599:
4597:Parapsychology
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4481:Social science
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4430:Primal therapy
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4395:Magnet therapy
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4308:Detoxification
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4193:Voodoo Science
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4135:Fringe science
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4030:Cyprian Plague
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Empiric school
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3865:Galenic Corpus
3861:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Meges of Sidon
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3609:Cimolian earth
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3546:
3545:External links
3543:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3517:
3508:Burton, Robert
3505:
3502:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3408:
3389:
3361:
3355:978-1135955298
3354:
3334:
3328:978-0521475648
3327:
3309:
3303:978-0521475648
3302:
3284:
3281:978-0544188976
3262:
3247:
3228:
3204:
3198:978-0415164184
3197:
3179:
3154:
3148:978-0896038356
3147:
3117:
3111:978-1906286217
3110:
3090:
3075:
3013:
2972:
2921:
2872:
2851:
2839:www.cancer.org
2826:
2802:
2745:
2721:
2667:
2664:978-0521425766
2647:
2628:
2603:
2597:978-9004232549
2596:
2568:
2565:on 2011-07-08.
2511:
2505:978-9004232549
2504:
2476:
2469:
2441:
2435:978-9004232549
2434:
2406:
2387:(2): 197–233.
2371:
2313:
2264:
2229:
2187:
2163:
2157:978-0521272056
2156:
2138:
2094:
2079:
2047:
2034:
2028:978-0226482057
2027:
2009:
1981:
1975:978-0140444513
1974:
1950:
1937:
1930:
1912:
1905:
1887:
1868:
1850:
1844:978-1560005810
1843:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1755:'s 2005 novel
1753:Rupert Thomson
1720:
1717:
1677:
1674:
1613:
1612:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:Bad in autumn
1530:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1484:
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1449:
1440:
1428:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1351:Morbid states
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1275:
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1245:
1242:
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1229:
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1216:
1213:
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1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:
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1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1112:
1109:
1092:
1089:
1048:
1045:
1025:Charles Richet
1011:
1008:
983:
980:
967:
964:
954:
951:
939:
938:
935:
932:
929:
918:Greek medicine
867:On Hippocrates
704:
701:
548:
545:
518:humoral theory
509:
508:
506:
505:
498:
491:
483:
480:
479:
463:
462:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
441:Science policy
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
413:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:Cognitive bias
388:
382:
376:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
364:
363:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
251:
250:
249:
244:
239:
234:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
202:
197:
196:
195:
190:
180:
172:
171:
163:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
122:Disambiguation
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
26:
24:
18:Humoral theory
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5265:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5157:Fortean Times
5154:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:Deepak Chopra
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4916:pseudoscience
4912:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Cryptozoology
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Anti-gravity
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4607:Pseudohistory
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:Generationism
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:5G conspiracy
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:Catastrophism
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:FasciaBlaster
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Correactology
4286:
4284:
4283:Chromotherapy
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:pseudoscience
4201:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Pseudohistory
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4130:Fringe theory
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4092:Pseudoscience
4086:
4081:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4051:
4050:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Miasma theory
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:Cassius Felix
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:Sextius Niger
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Antonius Musa
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3557:
3553:
3550:BBC Radio4's
3549:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3466:(3), 133–138.
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3423:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3348:. Routledge.
3347:
3346:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3238:"Apocroustic"
3232:
3229:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3180:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3155:
3150:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:(3): 133–38.
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2956:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2705:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:Medical Blood
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:(4): 719–28.
2533:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2470:9789004232549
2466:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2336:(2): 207–30.
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2245:(9): 487–89.
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2080:9789004232549
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:Hippocrates,
2038:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2010:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1859:Sudhoff, Karl
1854:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:, such as in
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1670:pseudoscience
1665:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1609:
1606:
1598:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1572:This section
1570:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1418:, burning at
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:Inflammations
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1244:Cold and dry
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1215:Warm and dry
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:four elements
1117:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1074:blood vessels
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:melaina kholé
993:
989:
981:
979:
977:
973:
965:
963:
961:
952:
950:
948:
944:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
903:Robin Fåhræus
898:
872:
862:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
784:
781:
776:
771:
760:
758:
746:
744:
737:
732:
730:
729:melaina chole
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
696:
692:
690:
689:psychological
686:
682:
678:
674:
665:
661:
657:
655:
651:
645:
640:
635:
633:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
595:
594:
588:
584:
579:
568:
564:
560:
554:
546:
544:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
526:Ancient Greek
523:
519:
515:
504:
499:
497:
492:
490:
485:
484:
482:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
379:
373:
372:
361:
358:
356:
355:Urban studies
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
260:
255:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:Environmental
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
201:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:
170:
166:
159:
155:
151:
145:
144:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
97:
92:
86:
85:
83:
82:
79:
75:
71:
70:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5023:Mike Lindell
4943:Rhonda Byrne
4914:Promoters of
4901:Water memory
4841:Laundry ball
4733:Tractor beam
4689:Cold fusion
4385:Lunar effect
4369:
4330:Ear candling
4278:Chiropractic
4268:Bloodletting
4258:Bates method
4228:Aromatherapy
4191:
4157:Junk science
4047:
3968:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3844:
3551:
3537:
3521:
3511:
3492:cite journal
3475:
3471:
3463:
3459:
3447:
3441:Bibliography
3426:. Retrieved
3421:
3411:
3402:
3392:
3383:
3379:
3344:
3337:
3318:
3312:
3293:
3287:
3259:Bad Medicine
3241:
3231:
3220:. Retrieved
3216:
3207:
3188:
3182:
3171:. Retrieved
3164:
3157:
3135:Humana Press
3128:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3078:
3037:
3033:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2944:. Retrieved
2931:
2924:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2864:. Retrieved
2854:
2843:. Retrieved
2838:
2829:
2818:. Retrieved
2814:
2805:
2765:(2): 75–76.
2762:
2759:Gut Microbes
2758:
2748:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:
2724:
2693:. Retrieved
2680:
2654:Byron Good.
2650:
2631:
2622:
2577:
2571:
2560:the original
2531:
2527:
2514:
2485:
2479:
2450:
2444:
2415:
2409:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2333:
2329:
2302:cite journal
2277:
2273:
2267:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2210:(1): 72–77.
2207:
2203:
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2175:
2166:
2147:
2141:
2117:(1): 33–37.
2114:
2110:
2060:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2018:
2012:
2003:
1999:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1921:
1915:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1824:
1813:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1737:
1731:and, later,
1724:Theophrastus
1722:
1709:
1704:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1666:
1654:
1643:
1616:
1601:
1592:
1581:Please help
1576:verification
1573:
1542:
1498:Calefacients
1414:, excessive
1412:Bitter taste
1320:
1307:
1196:Yellow bile
1161:Temperaments
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1128:
1114:
1105:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1050:
1013:
997:μέλαινα χολή
991:
985:
969:
956:
940:
921:
911:
899:
866:
863:
834:
825:
785:
754:
743:xanthe chole
740:
726:
722:μέλαινα χολή
706:
697:
693:
684:
680:
670:
658:
653:
646:
642:
637:
629:
622:bodily fluid
599:
566:
556:
538:
534:philosophers
521:
517:
513:
512:
310:Liberal arts
188:Mathematical
62:
58:
54:
50:
4928:Del Bigtree
4415:Panchagavya
4405:Naturopathy
4273:Body memory
4223:Acupuncture
4108:Terminology
3851:De Medicina
3845:Gynaecology
3812:Andromachus
3707:Archagathus
3552:In Our Time
2963:|work=
2712:|work=
1784:of Ayurveda
1713:temperament
1619:Hippocrates
1516:beneficial
1447:wakefulness
1248:Melancholic
1225:Black bile
1211:Gallbladder
976:gallbladder
966:Yellow bile
947:humor plays
709:Hippocrates
703:Four humors
685:temperament
610:Hippocrates
593:pañca-bhūta
563:Mesopotamia
541:germ theory
414:Instruments
335:Professions
5232:Categories
5168:Quackwatch
4998:David Icke
4978:Max Gerson
4973:Gaia, Inc.
4861:Numerology
4856:Lysenkoism
4851:Levitation
4831:Graphology
4716:Dean drive
4651:Aryan race
4582:Mediumship
4457:Trepanning
4425:Phrenology
4365:Homeopathy
4263:Biorhythms
4162:Paranormal
3797:Damocrates
3677:Philonides
3634:Physicians
3222:2021-02-14
3173:2012-01-11
3137:. p.
3085:Tyge Brahe
2946:2021-12-06
2866:2020-04-04
2845:2020-10-08
2820:2019-05-03
2755:"Humor me"
2739:2020-04-08
2695:2021-12-06
2181:2022-12-06
1833:. p.
1805:References
1701:antibodies
1676:Modern use
1657:Paracelsus
1549:Avicennian
1514:humectants
1438:sleepiness
1434:salivation
1394:Deficient
1388:Deficient
1368:rheumatism
1298:See also:
1281:Phlegmatic
1231:Adulthood
1124:Empedocles
1116:Empedocles
1041:cacochymia
1037:rheumatism
1016:phlegmatic
992:melancholy
988:melancholy
982:Black bile
943:Ben Jonson
852:παρακµάζων
736:ξανθὴ χολή
650:Empedocles
606:Empedocles
551:See also:
522:humoralism
476:navigation
472:philosophy
466:This is a
456:Technology
330:Polemology
325:Philosophy
315:Literature
290:Humanities
280:Futurology
237:Economical
137:Philosophy
132:Literature
53:(phlegm),
5123:Resources
5053:Mehmet Oz
4871:Polygraph
4821:Feng shui
4789:Dianetics
4764:Astrology
4629:Pseudolaw
4435:Radionics
4410:Palmistry
4375:Iridology
4177:Snake oil
4120:Charlatan
3891:Archiater
3827:Herodotus
3667:Oribasius
3424:. YouTube
3054:1873-4626
2965:ignored (
2955:cite book
2779:1949-0976
2714:ignored (
2704:cite book
2381:Phronesis
2294:2409-5834
2133:2612-2138
1878:"χυ_μ-ός"
1595:July 2022
1462:lassitude
1396:digestive
1373:Lassitude
1334:Evidence
1053:Digestion
1033:chlorosis
846:νεανίσκος
820:energeiai
796:epithumos
673:dyscrasia
468:subseries
446:Scientist
247:Political
57:(blood),
5238:Humorism
4811:Eugenics
4794:Auditing
4370:Humorism
4345:Fad diet
4293:Cryonics
4253:Ayurveda
4216:Medicine
4172:Quackery
4049:Category
3994:Religion
3969:Humorism
3946:Theories
3777:Albucius
3732:Antyllus
3614:Speculum
3510:. 1621.
3428:10 April
3062:17896166
3008:22737569
2916:20765282
2886:Br Med J
2797:21326912
2639:Archived
2556:10602937
2548:11843802
2366:30093918
2358:18175602
2350:29737480
2259:11543877
2224:24995453
1861:(1926).
1821:(1992).
1765:See also
1729:Menander
1697:hormones
1646:bleeding
1470:Diarrhea
1443:Insomnia
1377:Loss of
1317:Avicenna
1260:Old age
1219:Choleric
1190:Sanguine
1173:Infancy
1097:jaundice
972:choleric
960:sanguine
780:eukrasia
719:(Greek:
677:eucrasia
587:Ayurveda
514:Humorism
451:Research
340:Religion
232:Cultural
210:Physical
193:Computer
117:Glossary
107:Category
40:Humorist
36:Ayurveda
4958:Clonaid
4891:Ufology
4801:Dowsing
4754:Alchemy
4721:EMDrive
4677:Physics
4303:Cupping
4204:Topics
4017:Plagues
4007:Vejovis
3817:Eudemus
3624:Strigil
3070:9253867
2999:3372029
2907:2336103
2788:3023582
2625:. 2021.
2401:4182386
1798:Wu Xing
1733:Plautus
1719:Culture
1705:humoral
1650:emetics
1545:Galenic
1359:febrile
1357:become
1311:in the
1257:Winter
1254:Phlegm
1228:Autumn
1199:Summer
1170:Spring
1151:Element
1081:stomach
1061:hepatic
1057:gastric
1029:tumours
833:in his
831:seasons
814:chreiai
757:phlegma
285:History
154:Outline
127:History
102:Outline
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1416:thirst
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1390:energy
1379:vigour
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1202:Youth
1167:Blood
1141:Season
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1020:phlegm
1010:Phlegm
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790:thumos
750:φλέγμα
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4125:Crank
3883:Roles
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3652:Galen
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1269:Brain
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