33:
308:
32:
599:
included Humam amongst the "finest
Persian writers and poets of classical Persian" that Azerbaijan had produced. Leonard Lewisohn calls him one of the most distinguished figures of his time due to his poetry, teachings, piety, and Sufi spirituality. According to the modern historian Dhabihallah Safa;
405:
On the accusation of financial misappropriation, Shams al-Din
Juvayni was executed on 17 October 1284. He left a goodbye letter, which specifically mentions Humam when addressing the clerics of Tabriz. Although Humam was close to the Juvayni family, the execution of Shams al-Din Juvayni did not hurt
364:
that Humam could enter the spiritual and literary circle of the
Persian-speaking political elite. Humam played an important role in the cultural and political environment of Tabriz, during a period which the Ilkhanate rulers were being
295:
and the latter's son Sadr al-Din
Ibrahim Hamuya, suggests that Humam was possibly associated with the order. According to Hafiz Husayn ibn Karbala'i, Humam's Sufi master was Hasan Bulghari, whilst the 18th-century text
507:, and then various panegyrics about distinguished politicians and rulers of the Ilkhanate realm, such as Shams al-Din Juvayni, Rashid al-Din Hamadani, Sultan Tekuder, and Sultan Öljaitü. Humam also wrote many
210:(collection of short poems)—which was assembled soon after his death—he died at the age of 78. This demonstrates that Humam was born in 1238/39, as he died in 1314/15. Most of his life, Humam lived in
357:
taken from the court treasury. He referred Humam as an "exemplar for all mortals, the crème de la crème of his epoch… a man unique in his age, the most perfect man in the entire human species."
1167:
1152:
893:
446:
Humam died in 1314/15 at the age of 78, and was buried in the
Sorkhab district of Tabriz. Soon after his death, Rashid al-Din Hamadani assembled his
923:
Ingenito, Domenico (2013). "'Tabrizis in Shiraz are Worth Less than a Dog:' Sa'dī and Humām, a
Lyrical Encounter". In Pfeiffer, Judith (ed.).
1172:
1133:
1079:
913:
879:
849:
1157:
604:, Humam has his own original and sweet style; his thematic inventiveness is charming and fresh, and in poetic art he holds a high degree."
292:
1177:
1103:
973:
942:
1162:
1031:
307:
406:
his career. He managed to affiliate himself with the grand vizier Sa'd al-Din Savaji, and then the latter's successor,
133:. He was one of the most distinguished figures of his time due to his poetry, teachings, piety, and Sufi spirituality.
334:
323:
It was in Tabriz that Humam distinguished himself amongst the political and intellectual figures. He was close to the
204:
poet. Details regarding his early life and education are obscure, including his place of birth. According to Humam's
402:. Humam returned the favour by inviting Shams al-Din Juvayni to a grand meal served on four hundred Chinese plates.
1057:
1089:
1048:
301:
1095:
History and
Historiography of Post-Mongol Central Asia and the Middle East: Studies in Honor of John E. Woods
399:
327:, from whom he enjoyed political and cultural protection. Humam was provided with the funds to establish a
407:
257:
245:
155:
1187:
1182:
237:
985:
342:
316:
241:
151:
842:
Encyclopædia
Iranica, Volume XV/1: Joči–Judeopersian communities of Iran V. Qajar period (1786-1925)
532:("Book of epic verses"), which he completed in his final years. The latter was written in the same
410:, whom Humam dedicated much of his work to. Humam also found support amongst the Ilkhanid Sultans
1052:
889:
280:
549:
genre, and imitated his style and tone. Like Saadi, Humam focuses mostly on the topic of love;
1129:
1099:
1075:
1022:
1010:
994:
969:
938:
909:
875:
845:
584:
538:
386:). Humam was later given the honour of accompanying Shams al-Din Juvayni on his assignment to
215:
1067:
1040:
1002:
990:
961:
930:
863:
638:
considered Humam along with Saadi "the only two perfect masters of the genre of the
Persian
627:
395:
114:
72:
1121:
1113:
1036:
901:
867:
859:
837:
596:
576:
833:
225:
between 1265 and 1307. He occasionally took trips to other places, including a visit to
1044:
623:
533:
324:
206:
141:
1146:
1071:
872:
Encyclopædia
Iranica, Volume XIII/3: Iran II. Iranian history–Iran V. Peoples of Iran
471:
219:
168:
1117:
1006:
433:
1026:
926:
Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th - 15th Century Tabriz
635:
615:
528:, a treatise on love, which he completed in his mid-40s. The second was the bigger
375:
about the religious syncretism of this period, especially under the Ilkhanid ruler
366:
346:
897:
1093:
924:
158:. Humam died at the age of 78, and was buried in the Sorkhab district of Tabriz.
573:
272:
154:
in 1284, Humam managed to find support amongst other political figures, such as
934:
1014:
565:. Because of this, Humam was later referred to as "the Saadi of Azerbaijan."
144:, who lent him political and cultural protection, and helped him establish a
580:
477:
In 1972, the historian Rashid Ayvadi composed a critical edition of Humam's
288:
265:
222:
126:
82:
965:
557:(divine love). Humam wrote also verse replies to the majority of Saadi's
504:
387:
198:
37:
Humam-i Tabrizi and Shirazi Sheikh in a bath. Folio from a manuscript of
906:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/4: Historiography III–Homosexuality III
521:
516:
411:
329:
312:
304:. However, neither of those figures are mentioned in Humam's writings.
276:
226:
178:
173:
146:
264:
rhetoric, grammar, and style. Humam responded by assembling a book of
150:(Sufi lodge) in Tabriz. Following the execution of his Juvayni patron
1128:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 238–245.
908:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 434–435.
874:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 321–326.
495:
467:
422:
391:
371:
284:
261:
211:
201:
163:
137:
130:
122:
77:
42:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
572:
was written in two languages mixed together, which according to the
956:
Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance
954:
844:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 71–74.
618:, Humam is called one of the greatest masters. Other poets such as
341:("Book of companionship") to. Sharaf al-Din Harun Juvayni's father
300:("Memorial of Abraham's scripture") claims that Humam's master was
167:, and followed the same style and tone of that of his contemporary
1126:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume III/3: Azerbaijan IV–Bačča(-ye) Saqqā
619:
463:
376:
354:
306:
230:
545:
Humam considered Saadi to be the greatest writer of the romantic
485:, and thus around 3944 couplets, 165 of which are in Arabic. The
140:, where he became an influential figure. He became close to the
500:
600:"despite the fact that he was influenced heavily by Saadi's
450:, which included both poetry in Arabic and Persian. Humam's
252:("Key to the Key") to him. The work was a commentary on the
752:
750:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
129:
era, who composed works in Persian, as well as some in
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
454:
was still active in 1487, as reported by Dawlatshah.
1118:"Azerbaijan vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"
503:), followed by a poem praising the Islamic prophet
90:
66:
58:
50:
23:
1030:
984:
953:
275:, as demonstrated by a poem that praises the four
236:Most sources accept the account of the biographer
553:(figurative, human romantic love) and especially
626:also commended Humam by citing his lines, while
256:("Key to the Sciences"), a textbook composed by
717:
462:Humam's poetry was influenced by poets such as
864:"Iran v. Peoples of Iran (1) A General Survey"
729:
8:
136:Humam spent most of his life in the city of
741:
542:("The enclosed garden of truth") by Sanai.
240:, which claims that Humam was a student of
1058:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
31:
20:
804:
768:
756:
688:
161:Most of his poetry was in the form of a
1066:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 41–50.
650:
268:as a homage to Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi.
218:region that served the capital of the
780:
7:
816:
792:
1168:14th-century Persian-language poets
1153:13th-century Persian-language poets
630:imitated his style in seven of his
514:Humam is known to have written two
511:in honour of several Sufi masters.
118:
16:Persian Sufi poet (c.1238–c. 1315)
14:
319:, both patrons of Humam-i Tabrizi
311:15th-century miniature depicting
70:
1072:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1137
993:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
628:Muhammad Shirin Maghribi Tabrizi
1007:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_30552
438:
427:
416:
381:
353:with an annual income of 1,000
1001:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
244:. Humam was also a student of
185:("Book of companionship") and
1:
1173:14th-century Iranian writers
1098:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
121:; 1238/39 – 1314/15), was a
1158:13th-century Iranian people
718:Hanaway & Lewisohn 2004
579:, was a mix of Persian and
335:Sharaf al-Din Harun Juvayni
298:Tadhkira-yi suhuf-i Ibrahim
287:of two masters of the Sufi
1204:
1178:Burials in Maqbaratoshoara
983:Lewisohn, Leonard (2016).
929:. Brill. pp. 77–129.
583:, the latter which was an
349:of Ilkhanate—supplied the
333:(Sufi lodge) in Tabriz by
1092:; Tucker, Ernest (2006).
986:"Humām al-Dīn al-Tabrīzī"
935:10.1163/9789004262577_005
730:Minorsky & Blair 2000
248:, who dedicated his work
189:("Book of epic verses").
30:
1163:Poets from the Ilkhanate
536:as the influential poem
481:, which encompasses 220
337:, whom he dedicated his
95:Divan of Humam-i Tabrizi
742:Woods & Tucker 2006
999:Encyclopaedia of Islam
834:"Jovayni, Ṣāḥeb Divān"
832:Biran, Michal (2009).
614:("Book of lovers") by
587:native to Azerbaijan.
408:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
320:
258:Siraj al-Din al-Sakaki
246:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
197:Humam-i Tabrizi was a
156:Rashid al-Din Hamadani
966:10.4324/9780203417874
952:Lane, George (2003).
591:Legacy and assessment
369:. He regularly wrote
310:
302:Sa'id al-Din Farghani
260:and which focused on
238:Dawlatshah Samarqandi
530:Kitab-i mathnaviyyat
400:Mu'in al-Din Parwana
360:It was through this
343:Shams al-Din Juvayni
317:Shams al-Din Juvayni
242:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
229:and a pilgrimage to
187:Kitab-i mathnaviyyat
171:. He also wrote two
152:Shams al-Din Juvayni
103:Kitab-i mathnaviyyat
819:, pp. 321–326.
807:, pp. 238–245.
720:, pp. 434–435.
989:. In Fleet, Kate;
539:Hadiqat al-haqiqat
390:as advisor to the
321:
281:Rashidun Caliphate
1135:978-0-71009-115-4
1081:978-90-04-11211-7
915:978-0-933273-78-8
894:Lewisohn, Leonard
881:978-0-933273-89-4
851:978-1-934283-14-1
783:, pp. 71–74.
524:); the first was
520:(poem in rhyming
489:starts with five
177:(poem in rhyming
119:همام الدین تبریزی
108:
107:
62:1314/15 (aged 78)
41:, Iran, probably
1195:
1139:
1122:Yarshater, Ehsan
1109:
1085:
1053:Heinrichs, W. P.
1034:
1018:
988:
979:
959:
948:
919:
902:Yarshater, Ehsan
890:Hanaway, William
885:
868:Yarshater, Ehsan
855:
838:Yarshater, Ehsan
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
754:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
692:
686:
595:The Iranologist
585:Iranian language
442:
441: 1304–1316
440:
431:
430: 1295–1304
429:
420:
419: 1282–1284
418:
396:Sultanate of Rum
385:
384: 1265–1282
383:
250:Miftah al-Miftah
214:, a city in the
120:
45:, dated 1573-74.
35:
21:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1112:
1106:
1088:
1082:
1045:Bosworth, C. E.
1021:
995:Rowson, Everett
982:
976:
951:
945:
922:
916:
888:
882:
858:
852:
831:
828:
823:
815:
811:
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755:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
695:
687:
652:
648:
597:Richard N. Frye
593:
577:Ehsan Yarshater
568:One of Humam's
460:
437:
426:
415:
380:
293:Sa'id al-Hamuya
254:Miftah al-'Ulum
195:
111:Humam-i Tabrizi
101:
97:
46:
26:
25:Humam-i Tabrizi
17:
12:
11:
5:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1110:
1105:978-9004255395
1104:
1090:Woods, John E.
1086:
1080:
1049:van Donzel, E.
1037:Bearman, P. J.
1019:
991:Krämer, Gudrun
980:
975:978-0415297509
974:
949:
944:978-9004255395
943:
920:
914:
898:"Homām-al-Din"
886:
880:
856:
850:
827:
824:
822:
821:
809:
805:Yarshater 1988
797:
795:, p. 242.
785:
773:
761:
746:
744:, p. 530.
734:
722:
693:
649:
647:
644:
624:Kamal Khujandi
592:
589:
459:
456:
325:Juvayni family
194:
191:
142:Juvayni family
106:
105:
92:
88:
87:
86:
85:
80:
75:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1200:
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1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Yarshater, E.
1111:
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1097:
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1091:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:Bianquis, Th.
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:Blair, Sheila
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
981:
977:
971:
967:
963:
960:. Routledge.
958:
957:
950:
946:
940:
936:
932:
928:
927:
921:
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907:
903:
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813:
810:
806:
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798:
794:
789:
786:
782:
777:
774:
771:, p. 81.
770:
769:Ingenito 2013
765:
762:
759:, p. 77.
758:
757:Ingenito 2013
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
732:, p. 44.
731:
726:
723:
719:
714:
712:
710:
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706:
704:
702:
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698:
694:
690:
689:Lewisohn 2016
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548:
543:
541:
540:
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531:
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523:
519:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
473:
472:Saadi Shirazi
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
444:
435:
424:
413:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
378:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
345:—who was the
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
326:
318:
314:
309:
305:
303:
299:
294:
290:
286:
283:. His Arabic
282:
278:
274:
269:
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232:
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224:
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169:Saadi Shirazi
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149:
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128:
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116:
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100:
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93:
91:Notable works
89:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
44:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1188:1310s deaths
1183:1230s births
1125:
1094:
1063:
1056:
1023:Minorsky, V.
998:
955:
925:
905:
871:
841:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
737:
725:
639:
636:Amir Khusrau
631:
616:Ubayd Zakani
612:Ushshaq-nama
611:
608:
606:
601:
594:
569:
567:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
544:
537:
529:
525:
515:
513:
508:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
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461:
451:
447:
445:
404:
370:
361:
359:
350:
347:grand vizier
338:
328:
322:
297:
273:Sunni Muslim
271:Humam was a
270:
253:
249:
235:
205:
196:
186:
182:
172:
162:
160:
145:
135:
125:poet of the
110:
109:
102:
98:
94:
38:
18:
860:Frye, R. N.
574:Iranologist
526:Suhbat-nama
499:(eulogy or
367:Islamicized
339:Suhbat-nama
183:Suhbat-nama
99:Suhbat-nama
1147:Categories
781:Biran 2009
646:References
266:panegyrics
216:Azerbaijan
39:Nigaristan
1062:Volume X:
1015:1873-9830
817:Frye 2004
793:Lane 2003
581:Old Azeri
493:, then a
289:Kubrawiya
223:Ilkhanate
193:Biography
127:Ilkhanate
83:Old Azeri
1116:(1988).
1055:(eds.).
1032:"Tabrīz"
1029:(2000).
997:(eds.).
896:(2004).
862:(2004).
609:mathnavi
522:couplets
517:masnavis
505:Muhammad
388:Anatolia
179:couplets
174:masnavis
67:Language
1124:(ed.).
904:(ed.).
870:(ed.).
840:(ed.).
826:Sources
632:ghazals
607:In the
602:ghazals
570:ghazals
563:qasidas
559:ghazals
509:qasidas
491:ghazals
483:ghazals
452:khanqah
434:Öljaitü
412:Tekuder
394:of the
372:ghazals
362:khanqah
351:khanqah
330:khanqah
313:Tekuder
291:order,
279:of the
277:caliphs
227:Baghdad
199:Persian
181:), the
147:khanqah
115:Persian
73:Persian
54:1238/39
1132:
1102:
1078:
1051:&
1025:&
1013:
972:
941:
912:
878:
848:
640:ghazal
555:haqiqi
547:ghazal
496:qasida
470:, and
468:Anvari
432:) and
423:Ghazan
392:vizier
355:dinars
285:eulogy
262:Arabic
220:Mongol
212:Tabriz
164:ghazal
138:Tabriz
131:Arabic
78:Arabic
43:Shiraz
1120:. In
1035:. In
900:. In
866:. In
836:. In
620:Hafez
551:majaz
534:metre
487:divan
479:divan
464:Sanai
458:Works
448:divan
377:Abaqa
231:Mecca
207:divan
1130:ISBN
1100:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1011:ISSN
970:ISBN
939:ISBN
910:ISBN
876:ISBN
846:ISBN
622:and
561:and
315:and
202:Sufi
123:Sufi
59:Died
51:Born
1068:doi
1064:T–U
1003:doi
962:doi
931:doi
642:."
501:ode
443:).
421:),
1149::
1074:.
1060:.
1047:;
1043:;
1039:;
1009:.
968:.
937:.
892:;
749:^
696:^
653:^
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